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Linguistics 5 Historical Linguistics Historical Linguistics Roslyn Burns Goals Linguistics 5 Recap Historical Linguistics Sound Change Lecture II Morphology Semantics Roslyn C. Burns University of California Berkeley November 14, 2012 Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics Outline Historical Linguistics Roslyn Burns Goals Recap Road Map Sound 1 Goals Change 2 Morphology Recap Semantics 3 Sound Change 4 Morphology 5 Semantics Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics Goals Historical Linguistics Roslyn Burns Goals Recap Sound Abstract Change The goal of this lecture is to exemplify a few basic principles of Morphology Semantics historical linguistics by looking at West Germanic languages, in particular, the history of the English language. Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics Recap of Friday's Lecture Historical Linguistics Roslyn Burns Last Time We talked About: Goals Recap Language Families Sound Proto-Language Change Morphology Daughter Language Semantics Subgrouping The Comparative Method Cognates Reflexes Correspondence Sets Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics Germanic Family Tree Historical Linguistics Proto-Germanic Roslyn Burns Goals Recap West North East Sound Change Icelandic yGothic Morphology NorthSea Franconian Alpine Semantics English Dutch German Language Families Proto-Language: A hypothesised predecessor of another language. Unwritten and derived through reconstruction (*). Daughter Language: A successor of another language. Subgroup: A cluster of daughter languages which share features. Shared features are usually due to shared development path from the proto-language. Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics Germanic Family Tree Historical Linguistics Proto-Germanic Roslyn Burns Goals Recap West North East Sound Change Icelandic yGothic Morphology NorthSea Franconian Alpine Semantics English Dutch German Language Families Proto-Language: A hypothesised predecessor of another language. Unwritten and derived through reconstruction (*). Daughter Language: A successor of another language. Subgroup: A cluster of daughter languages which share features. Shared features are usually due to shared development path from the proto-language. Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics Germanic Family Tree Historical Linguistics Proto-Germanic Roslyn Burns Goals Recap West North East Sound Change Icelandic yGothic Morphology NorthSea Franconian Alpine Semantics English Dutch German Language Families Proto-Language: A hypothesised predecessor of another language. Unwritten and derived through reconstruction (*). Daughter Language: A successor of another language. Subgroup: A cluster of daughter languages which share features. Shared features are usually due to shared development path from the proto-language. Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics Germanic Family Tree Historical Linguistics Proto-Germanic Roslyn Burns Goals Recap West North East Sound Change Icelandic yGothic Morphology NorthSea Franconian Alpine Semantics English Dutch German Language Families Proto-Language: A hypothesised predecessor of another language. Unwritten and derived through reconstruction (*). Daughter Language: A successor of another language. Subgroup: A cluster of daughter languages which share features. Shared features are usually due to shared development path from the proto-language. Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics Germanic Family Tree Historical Linguistics Proto-Germanic Roslyn Burns Goals Recap West North East Sound Change Icelandic yGothic Morphology NorthSea Franconian Alpine Semantics English Dutch German Language Families Proto-Language: A hypothesised predecessor of another language. Unwritten and derived through reconstruction (*). Daughter Language: A successor of another language. Subgroup: A cluster of daughter languages which share features. Shared features are usually due to shared development path from the proto-language. Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics Germanic Family Tree Historical Linguistics Roslyn Burns WestGermanic Goals Recap Sound NorthSea Franconian Alpine Change Dutch Morphology AngloFrisian LowGerman German Yiddish PennDutch Semantics English Frisian Cognates: Words in related languages that that descend from the same source. They must have similarity in form and sense. Reflex: The modern instantiation of an older form. Correspondence Set: A list of cognates whose reflexes are used to derive an older form. Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics How do we do the Comparative Method? Historical Linguistics Goal of the Comparative Method Roslyn Burns The goal of the comparative method is reconstruction of older Goals forms (proto-forms). The results of the comparative method Recap help us in part to establish subgroupings. Sound Change Morphology 1 Find cognates in a language. Semantics 2 Compile a list of them. 3 Look for regularities in the differences/similarities of reflexes. 4 Write a rule for how you get from the more general reflex to the more specific reflex. 5 Congratulate yourself for doing reconstruction. Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics yyet Conclusion There is regularity in the appearence t, s; t, ts. `ts' and `s' are restricted to Alpine German (High German). In Alpine German *t −!fs, tsg Let's Reconstruct! Historical Linguistics Look at the alveolar consonants (except sonorants) Roslyn Burns English Frisian L.German Dutch German Yiddish Goals ten tiin tian tien zehn tsen Recap two tou twee twee zwei tsvey Sound Change tile tichel T¨ajel tegel Ziegel tsigl Morphology eat ite ¨ate(n) eten essen esn Semantics foot foet Foot voet Fuss fus jitte jeete(n) gieten giessen gisn Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics yyet Conclusion There is regularity in the appearence t, s; t, ts. `ts' and `s' are restricted to Alpine German (High German). In Alpine German *t −!fs, tsg Let's Reconstruct! Historical Linguistics Look at the alveolar consonants (except sonorants) Roslyn Burns English Frisian L.German Dutch German Yiddish Goals ten tiin tian tien zehn tsen Recap two tou twee twee zwei tsvey Sound Change tile tichel T¨ajel tegel Ziegel tsigl Morphology eat ite ¨ate(n) eten essen esn Semantics foot foet Foot voet Fuss fus jitte jeete(n) gieten giessen gisn Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics yyet Let's Reconstruct! Historical Linguistics Look at the alveolar consonants (except sonorants) Roslyn Burns English Frisian L.German Dutch German Yiddish Goals ten tiin tian tien zehn tsen Recap two tou twee twee zwei tsvey Sound Change tile tichel T¨ajel tegel Ziegel tsigl Morphology eat ite ¨ate(n) eten essen esn Semantics foot foet Foot voet Fuss fus jitte jeete(n) gieten giessen gisn Conclusion There is regularity in the appearence t, s; t, ts. `ts' and `s' are restricted to Alpine German (High German). In Alpine German *t −!fs, tsg Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics Let's Reconstruct! Historical Linguistics Look at the alveolar consonants (except sonorants) Roslyn Burns English Frisian L.German Dutch German Yiddish Goals ten tiin tian tien zehn tsen Recap two tou twee twee zwei tsvey Sound Change tile tichel T¨ajel tegel Ziegel tsigl Morphology eat ite ¨ate(n) eten essen esn Semantics foot foet Foot voet Fuss fus yyet jitte jeete(n) gieten giessen gisn Conclusion There is regularity in the appearence t, s; t, ts. `ts' and `s' are restricted to Alpine German (High German). In Alpine German *t −!fs, tsg Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics The Golden Horn of Gallehus Historical Linguistics Roslyn Burns Goals Recap Sound Change Morphology Semantics Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics The Golden Horn of Gallehus Historical Linguistics Roslyn Burns Goals Recap Sound Change Morphology Semantics Figure : ekhlewagastiz.holtijaz.horna.tawido. Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics History of English Sounds: Old English Historical Linguistics Roslyn Burns Goals Recap Sound Change Loss of Nasal before Fricative (*N ! 0/ C[+fricative]) Morphology Semantics Palatalization (*C[+velar] ! C[+palatal]/ V[+front]) Allophonic Status of voiced and voiceless fricatives Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics History of English Sounds: Old English Historical Linguistics Roslyn Burns Goals Recap Sound Loss of Nasal before Fricative (*N ! 0/ C[+fricative]) Change O.Eng g¯os `goose'; O.HighGerman gans Morphology O.Eng f¯if ‘five’; O.HighGerman fimf Semantics Palatalization (*C[+velar] ! C[+palatal]/ V[+front]) Allophonic Status of voiced and voiceless fricatives Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics History of English Sounds: Old English Historical Linguistics Roslyn Burns Goals Recap Sound Loss of Nasal before Fricative (*N ! 0/ C ) Change [+fricative] Morphology Palatalization (*C[+velar] ! C[+palatal]/ V[+front]) Semantics O.Eng cin `chin'; O.HighGerman kinni O.Eng gield `yield'; O.HighGerman gelt `pay' Allophonic Status of voiced and voiceless fricatives Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics History of English Sounds: Old English Historical Linguistics Roslyn Burns Goals Recap Sound Loss of Nasal before Fricative (*N ! 0/ C ) Change [+fricative] Morphology Palatalization (*C[+velar] ! C[+palatal]/ V[+front]) Semantics Allophonic Status of voiced and voiceless fricatives w¯if `woman', wive `women' O.Eng fox `fox'; fyxe`female fox, vixen'; fyxen `of a fox' Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics History of English Sounds: Middle English Historical Linguistics Roslyn Burns Goals Recap Sound Change Morphology Phonemicization of voiced and voiceless fricatives Semantics Reduction of unstressed vowels to [@] Roslyn Burns Historical Linguistics History of English Sounds: Middle English Historical Linguistics Roslyn Burns Goals Recap Sound Phonemicization of voiced and voiceless fricatives Change Morphology faith (< O.Fr
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