English-Nominalizations-Ending-In-Suffixes-Hood-And-Ness-In-The-Framework-Of-Cognitive
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JOSIP JURAJ STROSSMAYER UNIVERSITY OF OSIJEK FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES LORENZA JÄGERA 9, OSIJEK, CROATIA Lana Matijaković English nominalizations ending in suffixes -hood and -ness in the framework of cognitive linguistics doctoral thesis Osijek, 2017 JOSIP JURAJ STROSSMAYER UNIVERSITY OF OSIJEK FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES LORENZA JÄGERA 9, OSIJEK, CROATIA Lana Matijaković English nominalizations ending in suffixes -hood and -ness in the framework of cognitive linguistics doctoral thesis Supervisor: Mario Brdar, Ph.D., Full Professor Osijek, 2017 SVEUČILIŠTE JOSIPA JURJA STROSSMAYERA U OSIJEKU FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET LORENZA JÄGERA 9, OSIJEK, HRVATSKA Lana Matijaković Engleske nominalizacije izvedene sufiksima -hood i -ness u okviru kognitivne linvistike doktorski rad Mentor: prof. dr. sc. Mario Brdar Osijek, 2017. Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1 2. THE AIM OF THE STUDY...............................................................................................1 3. HYPOTHESES...................................................................................................................1 4. METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................2 5. THESIS ORGANIZATION................................................................................................6 6. WORD FORMATION IN ENGLISH................................................................................7 6.1. General notions................................................................................................................7 6.2. Approaches to word-formation.......................................................................................8 6.3. Historical overview of word formation.........................................................................12 6.4. Models in word formation.............................................................................................15 7. COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO WORD FORMATION..............................................16 7.1. On motivation................................................................................................................18 8. WORD FORMATION PROCESSES IN ENGLISH.......................................................22 8.1. Affixation.......................................................................................................................23 8.2. Non-affixation...............................................................................................................24 8.3. Compounding................................................................................................................26 9. ON NOMINALIZATION.................................................................................................29 10. POLYSEMY....................................................................................................................41 10.1. Polysemy in cognitive linguistics................................................................................44 10.2. Polysemy of (English) suffixes....................................................................................48 11. COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS IN GENERAL................................................................60 11.1. Prototype theory...........................................................................................................64 11.2. Frame semantics..........................................................................................................69 11.3. Theory of domains and image-schemas.......................................................................70 11.4. Cognitive approaches to grammar...............................................................................71 11.5. Theory of metaphor and metonymy.............................................................................79 11.5.1. Metaphor...................................................................................................................79 i 11.5.2. Metonymy.................................................................................................................88 11.5.2.1. Metonymic models in literature...........................................................................102 11.5.3. Contrasting and comparing metaphor and metonymy............................................110 11.5.4. Interaction between metaphors and metonymies....................................................115 11.5.5. Metaphor and metonymy in grammar.....................................................................123 11.5.6. Metaphor and metonymy- recent developments.....................................................133 11.6. Conceptual integration theory or blending theory.....................................................134 12. SUFFIXES -HOOD AND -NESS.................................................................................139 13. THE ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................149 13.1. The suffix-hood.........................................................................................................147 13.1.1. Nominal roots.........................................................................................................149 13.1.1.1. The state of what is being expressed by the base noun.......................................149 13.1.1.1.1. States of (non)-human life................................................................................150 13.1.1.1.2. Social statuses and legal rights.........................................................................154 13.1.1.2. A group of people (or animals) sharing the thing referred to by the nominal root......................................................................................................................................159 13.1.1.2.1. A general group of people or animals, a collectivity........................................160 13.1.1.2.2. A group of people denoted by N that stands for a union with a specific purpose, goals of function, often a religious one..............................................................................166 13.1.1.3. A period of time during which one is N...............................................................172 13.1.1.4. An area of the thing referred to by N...................................................................179 13.1.1.5. A part of the body.................................................................................................183 13.1.2. Extensions from the prototypical sense..................................................................184 13.1.3. Adjectival roots.......................................................................................................189 13.1.3.1. The state of being A.............................................................................................189 13.1.3.2. An action of making something A.......................................................................192 13.1.3.3. An instance or example of being A......................................................................193 13.1.4. Extensions from the prototypical sense..................................................................193 ii 13.1.5. Concluding remarks on the suffix -hood................................................................194 13.2. The suffix -ness..........................................................................................................196 13.2.1. An instance or example of the quality or state denoted by the adjectival root (by A)........................................................................................................................................199 13.2.1.1. An act of being A.................................................................................................200 13.2.1.2. An event, a person or a situation that brings about A + ness...............................209 13.2.1.3. A specific type of A + ness..................................................................................212 13.2.1.4. An object exemplifying A + ness........................................................................213 13.2.1.5. Other examples of A + ness in the meaning of manifestation or instance of a state in a certain time period.......................................................................................................220 13.2.2. An activity one is engaged in..................................................................................222 13.2.3. A period of time during which one is in the state of A + ness................................226 13.2.4. An area characterized by being A...........................................................................227 13.2.5. A group of animals..................................................................................................233 13.2.6. Extensions from the prototypical sense..................................................................234 13.2.7. Concluding remarks on the suffix -ness.................................................................242 14. THE PLACEMENT OF METAPHORICAL AND/ OR METONYMIC PROCESSES......................................................................................................................244 15. OVERVIEW OF NOMINALIZATIONS AND THEIR METAPHORICAL AND METONYMIC EXTENSIONS................................................................................249