Distribution Spatiale Des Invertébrés Benthiques Du Réseau Hydrographique Adour-Garonne

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Distribution Spatiale Des Invertébrés Benthiques Du Réseau Hydrographique Adour-Garonne UNIVERSITE TOULOUSE III – PAUL SABATIER U.F.R. SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA TERRE T H E S E en vue de l’obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE DE TOULOUSE délivré par l’Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier Discipline : Ecologie des systèmes aquatiques présentée et soutenue par Arthur COMPIN Le 18 décembre 2006 Distribution spatiale des invertébrés benthiques du réseau hydrographique Adour-Garonne. Modélisation et impact de l’anthropisation. DIRECTEURS DE THESE Professeur R. Céréghino Professeur P. Lavandier JURY M. Jean-Gabriel Wasson, Directeur de recherche, CEMAGREF, Lyon Rapporteur M. Bruno Rossaro, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italie Rapporteur Mme Françoise Burel, Directeur de recherche, CNRS, Rennes Rapporteur M. Régis Céréghino, Professeur, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III Examinateur M. Pierre Lavandier, Professeur, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III Examinateur M. Eric Chauvet, Directeur de recherche, CNRS, Toulouse Examinateur, Président Remerciements Je remercie les professeurs J.L. Rols et P. Auriol, directeurs du Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes et du Centre d’Ecologie des Systèmes Aquatiques Continentaux ainsi que les membres des équipes auxquelles j’ai appartenu d’avoir permis que j’effectue ce travail de thèse parallèlement à mon activité professionnelle. Je remercie également les Professeurs R. Céréghino et P. Lavandier d’avoir accepté de diriger ce travail. J’exprime ma reconnaissance aux personnes qui ont accepté de juger et de participer au jury de cette thèse. Ce travail présente des résultats issus de collaborations et je remercie à ce titre les professeurs S. Lek, Y.S. Park, N. Giani et R. Céréghino ainsi que les docteurs J. Cayrou et Y. Reyjol. Un grand merci à tous ceux, petits, grands, gros, jeunes ou vieux, français, algériennes, espagnoles, basques, anglaises ou italiens, ariégeois des plaines ou des cimes, aveyronnais, tarnais, lotois, parisiens ou marseillais et que sais-je encore, qui ont contribué à entretenir la biodiversité de ce laboratoire, le rendant le plus souvent propice au travail et à la bonne humeur. J’ai enfin une énorme pensée pour Malvina dont le ventre de plus en plus rond a sûrement été le facteur principal dans l’achèvement de ce manuscrit, ainsi que pour Carvel. Ils me rappellent chaque jour que l’importance d’une thèse est toute relative. Sommaire Introduction.......................................................................................................... 7 I Le réseau hydrographique Adour – Garonne..................... 11 I.1 Une grande variété naturelle ......................................................... 11 I.2 De fortes pressions anthropiques................................................. 12 I.3 Un système complexe ..................................................................... 14 II L’utilisation de données existantes.......................................... 17 II.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 17 II.2 La base de données Adour - Garonne ........................................ 17 II.2.1 Principes.................................................................................. 17 II.2.2 Contenu ................................................................................... 19 II.2.3 Sélection des données ............................................................ 22 II.3 Quand la BD devient SIG ............................................................... 22 III Biotypologie des cours d’eau ...................................................... 25 III.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 25 III.2 Le pool d’espèces régional ............................................................ 28 III.3 Associations spécifiques pour la typologie des cours d’eau .. 30 III.3.1 AFC ......................................................................................... 31 III.3.2 SOM ........................................................................................ 32 III.4 Structure spatiale de la diversité................................................... 35 III.4.1 A l’échelle d’un grand cours d’eau ........................................... 35 III.4.2 A l’échelle de l’ensemble du réseau hydrographique............... 35 III.4.3 Prédiction de la diversité à partir de variables physiques ........ 37 III.5 Discussion.......................................................................................... 38 IV Impacts des activités humaines ................................................. 43 IV.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 43 IV.2 Sensibilité de la richesse des EPTC à différents types de perturbations...................................................................................... 45 IV.2.1 Vers un indice de qualité biologique ........................................ 47 IV.3 Impacts humains sur la structure spatiale en groupes fonctionnels........................................................................................ 49 IV.4 Discussion.......................................................................................... 53 V Conclusion générale.......................................................................... 57 VI Références bibliographiques ....................................................... 61 VII ANNEXE 1 – Publication 1.............................................................. 69 CAYROU, J., COMPIN, A., GIANI, N, CEREGHINO, R. 2000. Associations spécifiques chez les macroinvertébrés benthiques et leur utilisation pour la typologie des cours d'eau. Cas du réseau hydrographique Adour – Garonne (France). Annales de Limnologie 36 : 189-202. VIII ANNEXE 2 – Publication 2 .............................................................. 85 COMPIN, A., Y. S. PARK, S. LEK, and R. CEREGHINO. 2005. Species spatial distribution and richness of stream insects in south-western France using artificial neural networks with potential use for biosurveillance. Pages 221-238 in S. Lek, M. Scardi, P. F. M. Verdonschot, J. P. Descy, and Y. S. Park, editors. Modelling Community Structure in Freshwater Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. IX ANNEXE 3 – Publication 3............................................................ 109 COMPIN, A. & CEREGHINO. 2003. Sensitivity of aquatic insect species richness to disturbance in the Adour-Garonne stream system (France). Ecological Indicators 3 : 135-142. X ANNEXE 4 – Publication 4............................................................ 119 COMPIN, A. & CEREGHINO, R. 2007. Spatial patterns of macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups in streams in relation to physical variables and land use in Southwestern France. Landscape Ecology 22:1215-1225. XI ANNEXE 5 – Liste d’espèces ...................................................... 131 Introduction Les grands réseaux hydrographiques fluviaux drainent de vastes territoires, ils véhiculent et ramènent à l’o céan une grande partie de ce que l’eau issue d es précipitations érode e t transporte à la surface du con tinent (Angelier 2000). Les cours d’eau qui les constituent sont le reflet des paysages qu’ils traversent (Hynes 1975). Ce son t également des écosystèmes au sein desquels vivent de nombreux organismes, leur diversité dépendant étroitement de l’hétérogénéité des habitats disponibles. La croissance démographique et le développement économique vont de pair avec une augm entation sensible des besoins en eau douce pour les activités hum aines qui exercent une pression de plus en plus forte sur les milieux aquatiques continentaux. Le declin de la biodiversité y est bien plus grand que dans les ecosystèmes terrestres (Sala et al. 2000). En Europe, il n'existerait plus qu'un cours d'eau de taille significative (le Flume Tagliamento, Italie) qui s’écoule dans des conditions naturelles (Ward et al. 1999). La directive du 23 octobre 2000 adoptée par le Conseil et par le Parlem ent Européen (DCE 2000) établit un cadre pour une politique co mmunautaire dans le dom aine de l’eau. Elle définit des objectifs de bon état éco logique des cours d’ eau à l’horizon 2015. L’état écologique se référant « à la structure et au fonctionnem ent des écosystèmes aquatiques » ; l’évaluation en repose donc principalement sur les communautés (Roche et al. 2005). De plus dans le cas de la DCE, comme dans ceux de beaucoup de programme de gestion dans le monde, le « grand réseau hydrographique » est clairement désigné comme l’échelle d’étude adaptée. La compréhension de la structure et fonctionnem ent des e cosystèmes à différentes échelles de perception outre son intérêt fondamental rejoint donc les besoins actuels de ges tion intégrée des problèm es d’environnement régionaux ou globaux (Cammeraat 2002). et s’appuie nécessairem ent sur des connaissances scientifiques solides (Poff et al. 1997) Les défis majeur pour les écologistes sont alors d’une part, de développer des outils d’évaluation de l’état écologique des cours d’eau re posant sur la structure et surtout sur le rôl e fonctionnel des com munautés (bio-indicateurs) (Bunn & Davies 2000; L ecerf et al. 2006).D’autre part de dégager et d’interpréter des m odèles de distribution spatiale de la biodiversité (Omernik & Bailey 1997; Ormerod et al. 1999). Ces modèles pour être applicables à des aires géographiques étendues do ivent avoir pour trame une classification des cours d’eau en régions homogènes du point de vue de leur écologie. Parmi les organism
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