Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. Vol. 36, No. 2: 143-153, April 2020 https://doi.org/10.5635/ASED.2020.36.2.008
Review article Six New Species of Two Genera Dysidea and Pleraplysilla (Demospongiae: Dictyoceratida: Dysideidae) from Korea
Dong Won Kang1,*, Kyung Jin Lee2, Chung Ja Sim3
1National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea 2National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea 3Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34430, Korea
ABSTRACT
Six new species of two genera Dysidea and Pleraplysilla (Demospongiae: Dictyoceratida: Dysideidae) are described from Jejudo Island, Dokdo Island and Guryongpo, Korea. Among them, five new species of the genus Dysidea are compared with other reported species in fibres structure, cored detritus and fibres arrangement. Dysidea niveus n. sp. is characterized by thin collagenous plate-like fibres. Dysidea dokdoensis n. sp. is similar to D. geomunensis Kim et al., 2020 in skeletal structure, but differs in length of surface conules. Dysidea hydra n. sp. is similar to D. mureungensis Kim et al., 2020 at the surface, but differs in fibres cored with spicules. Dysidea sabulum n. sp. is similar to D. glavea Kim et al., 2020 in cored large sands in fibres, but differs in having numerous large sands cored in fibres throughout the sponge. Dysidea hirsuta n. sp. is unique, only surface fibres cored with large sands but not in choanosome. A new species of genus Pleraplysilla, P. flabellum n. sp. is compared with seven other reported species. This new species is not encrusting but has a thick flabellate shape. Keywords: new species, Dysidea, Pleraplysilla, Dysideidae, Korea
INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS
The genus Dysidea in family Dysideidae was reported to Sponge collections were made from Jejudo Island, Dokdo have over 70 species in the world. This genus is character- Island and Guryongpo, Korea. They were collected from ized by the primary and secondary fibres that are all cored intertidal zone to the depth of 5-20 m using SCUBA during with detritus (Von Lendenfeld, 1886, 1889; De Laubenfels, 2016-2019. Collected specimens preserved in 95% ethyl al- 1936; Bergquist, 1965, 1995; Hoshino, 1985; Lehnert and cohol, were identified based on their morphological charac- Van Soest, 1998; Lee and Sim, 2007; Van Soest et al., 2019; teristics. The external feature of sponges was observed with Kim et al., 2020). Among them five species were reported stereo microscope (Discovery V8, Carl Zeiss, Göttingen, from Korea (Lee and Sim, 2007; Kim et al., 2020). Topsent Germany). The skeletal fibres were studied under a light (1905) erected genus Pleraplysilla for P. minchini, a thin microscope (Axioskop II, Carl Zeiss). The type specimens encrusting sponge. Genus Pleraplysilla is characterized by were deposited in the Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea simple fibres, branching only once or twice but in thicker (MABIK), Seocheon, Korea. specimen branching more frequently. All fibres of this genus have an axial cored with sand grains (Bergquist, 1980). Sev- en species were reported worldwide (Schulze, 1879; Polé- SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNTS jaeff, 1884; Hentschel, 1912; George and Wilson, 1919; De Laubenfels, 1950; Van Soest, 1978; Maldonado and Uriz, Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836 1999). This genus is reported for the first time from Korea. Class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885
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Order Dictyoceratida Minchin, 1900 Material examined. Korea: Jeju-do: Jeju-si, Gujwa-eup, Family Dysideidae Gray, 1867 Pyeongdae-ri, 26 Feb 2019, intertidal zone, rocky substrate, Genus Dysidea Johnston, 1842 depth 5 m, MABIK IV00168261. Description. Thick encrusting, plate-like sponge, size up to 1*Dysidea niveus n. sp. (Fig. 1) 3.5×2 ×1.5 cm. Surface smooth, covered with perforated thin membrane. Oscules open on surface, 0.5-3 mm in di- Material examined. Korea: Jeju-do: Jeju-si, Gujwa-eup, ameter. Color in life, ivory. Texture soft and compressible. Pyeongdae-ri, 8 Aug 2018, intertidal zone, rocky substrate, Skeleton. Skeletal fibres mostly cored with spicules but depth 5 m, MABIKIV00168259. partly primary fibres cored with sands. Primary fibres, cored Description. Thick encrusting, small mass sponge, size up with spicules densely, 100-150 μm in diameter. Secondary to 3×2×1.5 cm. Surface smooth, covered with collagenous fibres, rarely cored with spicules, 30-60-100 μm in diame- membrane with numerous large opening (Fig. 1D) and short ter. Some primary fibres cored with hydrozoan colony (Fig. conules arranged wide and loose. Oscules open on surface, 4C). Primary fibres of near surface conules cored with sands 1 mm in diameter. Color in life, white. Texture firm and (Fig. 5E). compressible. Etymology. The species name, hydra, is named after the Skeleton. All fibres thin, and translucent (Fig. 1E-H). Skel- primary fibres cored with hydrozoan colony. etal fibres are very loosely arranged and rarely cored. Pri- Remarks. This new species is similar to Dysidea mureun- mary fibres, 150-200 μm in diameter. Secondary fibres, 100 gensis Kim et al., 2020 at the surface, but differs in fibres μm in diameter. cored with detritus. This new species mostly fibres cored Etymology. The species name, niveus, is named after the with spicules. white color of sponge. Remarks. The fibres of this sponge are very thin and trans- 4*Dysidea sabulum n. sp. (Fig. 6) lucent and rarely cored with detritus. Material examined. Korea: Jeju-do: Jeju-si, Gujwa-eup, 2*Dysidea dokdoensis n. sp. (Figs. 2, 3) Pyeongdae-ri, 26 Feb 2019, intertidal zone, rocky substrate, depth 5 m, MABIK IV00168262. Material examined. Korea: Gyeongsangbuk-do: Ulleung- Description. Thick encrusting, small mass sponge, size up gun, Ulleung-eup, Dokdo-ri, 12 May 2018, SCUBA diving, to 4.5×2 ×0.8 cm. Surface, covered with thick pigmented depth 15 m, collected by Kim HJ, MABIK IV00168260. membrane, with other green color sponges attached. Fibres Description. Thick encrusting, small mass sponge, size up which come out on surface, cored with fine sands. Numer- to 3×3.5×1 cm. Surface smooth, covered with thick pig- ous oscules open on surface, 0.4-1 mm in diameter. Color in mented membrane and short conules. Several oscules open life, dark purple. Texture soft and compressible. on surface, 1-4 mm in diameter. Color in life, purple. Tex- Skeleton. Primary fibres, dense cored with large sands, ture soft and compressible. 150-200 μm in diameter. Secondary fibres, 40-100 μm in Skeleton. Fibres cored with well mixed sands and spicules, diameter, very short and rarely cored with broken spicules. but partly cored with spicules with membrane. Primary fi- Several short bridged secondary fibres tightly cored with bres cored densely with sands and spicules, 150-200 μm large sands (Fig. 6E, F). in diameter (Fig. 2H). Secondary fibres, partly ladder-like Etymology. The species name, sabulum, is named after the form, cored rarely with sands or spicules, 30-50 μm in di- fibres cored with numerous large sands. ameter. Remarks. This new species is very unique, its fibres cored Etymology. The species name, dokdoensis, is named after a with large sands like genus Psammocinia, but this new spe- locality, Dokdo, Korea. cies has not filaments. Remarks. This new species is similar to Dysidea geomun- ensis Kim et al., 2020 in skeletal structure, but differs in 5*Dysidea hirsuta n. sp. (Fig. 7) length of surface conules. This new species has short sur- face conules. Material examined. Korea: Jeju-do: Jeju-si, Gujwa-eup, Pyeongdae-ri, 26 Apr 2016, intertidal zone, rocky substrate, 3*Dysidea hydra n. sp. (Figs. 4, 5) depth 5 m, MABIK IV00168263.
Korean name: 1*흰색디시디해면 (신칭), 2*독도디시디해면 (신칭), 3*히드라디시디해면 (신칭), 4*큰모래디시디해면 (신칭), 5*거친디시디해면 (신칭)
144 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 36(2), 143-153 Six New Species of Dysidea and Pleraplysilla from Korea
A B
C D
E F
G H
Fig. 1. Dysidea niveus n. sp. A, External morphology; B, Loose skeletal structure; C, Rarely cored wide skeletal fibres; D, Surface perforated membrane; E, Thin wide translucent fibres; F, Cored primary fibres; G, Very rarely cored secondary fibres; H, Rarely cored primary fibres. Scale bars: A=5 mm, B=200 μm, C-H=100 μm.
Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 36(2), 143-153 145 Dong Won Kang, Kyung Jin Lee, Chung Ja Sim
A B
C D
E F
G H
Fig. 2. Dysidea dokdoensis n. sp. A, External morphology; B, Skeletal structure; C, Surface membrane with fibres; D, Skeletal structure; E, F, Rarely cored secondary fibres; G, Rare cored secondary fibres; H, primary fibres cored with sands and spicules. Scale bars: A=5 mm, B=200 μm, C-G=100 μm, H=50 μm.
146 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 36(2), 143-153 Six New Species of Dysidea and Pleraplysilla from Korea
A B
Fig. 3. Dysidea dokdoensis n. sp. A, Partly spicules cored fibres with membrane; B, Fibres cored with sands at near conules. Scale bars: A, B=100 μm.
A B
C D
E F
Fig. 4. Dysidea hydra n. sp. A, External morphology; B, Structure; C, Surface primary fibres cored with hydra; D, Rarely cored pri- mary and secondary fibres; E, F, Primary cored with spicules. Scale bars: A=5 mm, B=200 μm, C–F=100 μm.
Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 36(2), 143-153 147 Dong Won Kang, Kyung Jin Lee, Chung Ja Sim
A B
C D
E F
G H
Fig. 5. Dysidea hydra n. sp. A, B, Closed cored with spicules in the fibres; C, Perforated membrane; D, Rare cored secondary fibres with membrane; E, Conules cored with sands; F–H, Partly cored with sands in primary fibres. Scale bars: A, B=50 μm, C–H=100 μm.
148 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 36(2), 143-153 Six New Species of Dysidea and Pleraplysilla from Korea
A B
C D
E F
G H
Fig. 6. Dysidea sabulum n. sp. A, External morphology; B, Surface under the dissecting microscope; C, Skeletal structure; D, Fibres cored large and small sands; E, F, Large sands connected to several short secondary fibres; G, H, Secondary fibres rarely cored with spicules and sands. Scale bars: A=7 mm, B=3 mm, C=200 μm, D-H=100 μm.
Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 36(2), 143-153 149 Dong Won Kang, Kyung Jin Lee, Chung Ja Sim
A B
C D
E F
G H
Fig. 7. Dysidea hirsuta n. sp. A, External morphology; B, Surface close up; C, D, Surface fibres cored with large sands; E-G, Cored with small sands in primary fibres and rare cored secondary fibres; H, Large sands and rare cored secondary fibres. Scale bars: A=7 mm, B=3 mm, C-H=100 μm.
150 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 36(2), 143-153 Six New Species of Dysidea and Pleraplysilla from Korea
A B
C D
E F
G H
Fig. 8. Pleraplysilla flabellum n. sp. A, External morphology; B, Surface under the dissecting microscope; C, D, Simple primary fibres cored with sands; E, Rare uncored bridged secondary fibres; F, G, Cored primary fibres; H, Wood-like collagen plate at the stalk. Scale bars: A=1 cm, B=1 mm, C=200 μm, D-G=100 μm, H=50 μm.
Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 36(2), 143-153 151 Dong Won Kang, Kyung Jin Lee, Chung Ja Sim
A B
C D
Fig. 9. Pleraplysilla flabellum n. sp. A, Rare branched at the stalk; B, Thick collagenous surface membrane; C, Numerous branched primary fibres near surface; D, Round basal plate at the bottom (arrow). Scale bars: A, B=100 μm, C=0.5 mm, D=1 cm.
Description. Thick encrusting, plate-like sponge, size up to Guryongpo-eup, Guryongpo-ri, 18 Sep 2018, SCUBA div- 3.5×2×1 cm. Surface rough, pigmented membrane rough, ing, depth 15 m, collected by Kim HJ, MABIK IV00168264. covered with large and small sands (Fig. 7B). Oscules open Description. Erect, flabellate growth form with short stalk rarely on top of sponge, 0.4-1 mm in diameter. Color in life, sponge, size up to 6×4 ×1 cm, attached to substratum by purple. Texture soft and compressible. means of small round basal plate, size 1.5×2 cm (Fig. 9D). Skeleton. Skeletal fibres simple arrangement. Surface pri- Surface rough with long sharp coarsely conulose covered mary fibres cored with large sands but only cored with small with skin-like membrane (Fig. 8B). Oscules small and rare, sands at choanosome. Primary fibres, 100-150-250 μm in 0.3-1 mm in diameter. Color in life, yellowish beige. Tex- diameter. Secondary fibres, 80-100 μm in diameter. ture harsh. Etymology. The species name, hirsuta, is named after a Skeleton. All skeletal fibres, dendritic structure and dark rough surface of sponge. purple color. Primary fibres mostly simple and branched Remarks. This new sponge has numerous fibres cored with twice or more in thick fibres (Fig. 8C), and densely cored large sands over the surface of the sponge, but choanosome with sands, 300-400 μm in diameter. Secondary fibres, very primary fibres mostly cored with small sands. Large sands rare and thin, 100 μm in diameter, mostly connected to pri- are very rare. mary fibres at base (Fig. 8E). Wide and hard collagenous plate with several pores at stalk (Fig. 8H). Genus Pleraplysilla Topsent, 1905 Etymology. The species name, flabellum, is named after its resemblance to fan. 1*Pleraplysilla flabellum n. sp. (Figs. 8, 9) Remarks. The texture of this fan shape sponge with thick conules, becomes very hard when it dries up. Material examined. Korea: Gyeongsangbuk-do: Pohang-si,
Korean name: 1*부채플러아프리실라해면 (신칭)
152 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 36(2), 143-153 Six New Species of Dysidea and Pleraplysilla from Korea
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