20197-- Nagamandla Ramya Sri

Indian Journal of Entomology 83(2021) Online published Ref. No. e20197 DoI No.: 10.5958/0974-8172.2020.00255.2

BIONOMICS OF PINK BOLL WORM PECTINOPHORA GOSSYPIELLA (SAUNDERS) ON COTTON AND ITS ALTERNATE HOSTS

Nagamandla Ramya Sri* and Uma Maheswari T

Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, Telangana *Email: [email protected] (corresponding author)

ABSTRACT

A laboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Entomology, PJTSAU, Hyderabad on bionomics of pink boll worm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) on cotton and other alternate hosts. Considerable variation in larval period on host plants was observed, with the shortest of 18.75± 1.40 days being when reared on okra fruits; and the maximum of 24.90±1.42 days being with Bt cotton. Generally, females lived longer than males on all the host plants, with fecundity being maximum on non Bt cotton (162.5± 10.60 eggs/female) followed by abutilon (132.5± 10.50), Bt cotton (128.5± 10.7) and okra (124.5± 10.90). Duration of lifecycle of female was longest on Bt cotton (47.00± 2.34 days) which was on par with that observed with non Bt cotton (45.70± 2.26 days); but this differed significantly from that observed with abutilon (43.85± 1.60 days) and okra (41.30± 1.75 days). The morphometrics revealed variations in larval, prepupal and pupal measurements- the life stages measure maximum when reared on non Bt cotton; and body size and wing span of female was larger than male. Body length of female was maximum when reared with non Bt cotton (7.17± 0.76 mm) which significantly differed from that obtained with Bt cotton (6.65± 1.43 mm), abutilon (6.59± 0.28 mm) and okra (6.60± 0.39 mm). Similarly, maximum wing span of 14.6± 1.09 mm was observed on non Bt cotton which was on par with okra (13.40± 0.54 mm) and Bt cotton (13.20± 1.27 mm) but significantly differed from abutilon (13.0± 0.17 mm).

Key words: Pectinophora gossypiella, biology, morphometrics, non Bt and Bt cotton, alternate hosts, okra, abutilon, total lifecycle, longevity, fecundity, adult size

Cotton is the most important commercial crop Biology and morphometrics of P. gossypiella on cotton grown in India, and the pink boll worm, Pectinophora and on other alternate hosts such as okra (Abelmoschus gossypiella (Saunders) is its serious pest. Due to esculentus) and tuturbenda (Abutilon indicum) were continuous cultivation of Bt cotton hybrids over wide evaluated. Early instar larvae of pink boll worm were area, recently this pest became serious on BG II cotton separated out and released into field collected bolls of hybrids (Fand et al., 2019). The affected bolls rot and cotton, fruits of okra and abutilon. These were reared shed while, those retained on plants open prematurely till adult emergence. Adult male and female were resulting in stained immature fibre, causing 80% kept in oviposition jar containing twig of respective reduction in seed cotton yield and quality of lint plants whose cut end was dipped in sugar solution (Henneberry et al., 1978). In addition to cotton, it has a that helps to improve shelf life of twig (Fand et al., host range of other malvaceous plants such as Hibiscus 2020). Cotton swab dipped in 10% honey solution cardiophyllus Gray, Hibiscus coulteri Gray, Hibiscus was provided as a food for adult. After hatching larvae denudatus Gray. Two species of cultivated malvaceous of same age were transferred into cut opened bolls of plants were also recorded as host plants, namely, okra cotton and fruits of okra and abutilon later, it was wraped (Hibiscus esculentus L.), and hollyhock (Althaea rosea with gum or tape, to avoid escape of the larvae. Such L.) by Rude (1932). This study evaluates its bionomics bolls and fruits were maintained at room temperature on non Bt and Bt cotton, okra and abutilon. under laboratory conditions and at every three days interval, fresh food was given for survived larvae. Sex MATERIALS AND METHODS differentiation was done in larval stage itself by their The study was conducted at the Department external characters. Pupae obtained were collected and of Entomology, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, kept in glass jars covered with muslin cloth for adult Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during August 2018. emergence. Data was recorded on preoviposition and oviposition periods, fecundity, incubation, larval and 2 Indian Journal of Entomology 83(2021) Online published Ref. No. e20197 pupal periods, and adult longevity of both males and cotton (7± 0.52 days) and shortest on okra (5.25± 0.26 females. days). Fourth instar was varying in colour- pale to dark pink with sex distinguishing characters -a pair of testes For morphometrics, different stages i.e., egg, larvae, being dorsally visible on 7th- 8th abdominal segment pupae and adults were observed under stereozoom of male. Its duration was maximum when reared on Bt microscope (n=10). The life history parameters were (6.25± 0.52 days) followed by non Bt cotton (5.25± analyzed using one way ANOVA. Means associated 0.52 days). The larval period was thus significantly with host plants for each variable were separated using affected by host plants, maximum being with Bt cotton least significant difference test when significant values (25.5±1.42 days) (Table 1). were obtained using INDOSTAT software. These present observations are in conformity with RESULTS AND DISCUSSION those of Muralimohan et al. (2009) who observed Egg: In the laboratory, oviposition generally shortest larval period as 21.34± 2.61days on two phase occurred during night time. The fecundity observed diet of cotton seed flour and okra. Similarly, Fand et al and given in Table 1 reveal that it was maximum when (2020) observed a total larval duration of 21.50 days reared on non Bt cotton (162.5± 10.6) and the least when reared on detached green bolls of non-Bt cotton of 124.5 ± 10.9 was with okra. These observations variety. Shrinivas et al. (2019) observed significant corroborate with those of Shah et al. (2013) who found differences in the larval duration on Bt cotton (22.5 to it to be 100 to 200 eggs when reared on cotton bolls. 28.5 days) and okra (20.5 to 24.5 days). The current Shrinivas et al. (2019) reported it to be in a range of 100 observations, however vary with those of Vennila et to 185 eggs/ female on okra and 95 to 175 eggs/ female al. (2007) who reported larval period on cotton as 9-14 on cotton. Fand et al (2020) observed 203.73 eggs when days in hotter region. Shah et al. (2013) observed a 9 reared on detached bolls of non Bt cotton. The present days larval period at 35± 1°C and 13 days at 27.0± 1°C results deviate from those of Cacayorin et al. (1992) as on Cotton. Dharajothi et al. (2016) observed it as 25.10± 70 eggs/ female while Attique (2004) reported it to be 0.994 days when reared on artificial diet. 225 eggs/ female on cotton. Prepupa and pupa: Fourth instar larva become Eggs were flattened, oval, sculptured with reduced in size to form prepupa, with a duration of longitudinal lines, laid singly or in groups of 4-5 which 1.5± 0.10 days, with no significant differences among were initially white, later turned, yellowish to orange the hosts. Pupation took place inside the seeds, bolls red and finally black just before hatching. Incubation and in bracteoles of Bt and non Bt cotton and inside period was 4± 0.0 days. The present results agree with the locules, underside of fruits in okra and abutilon. those of Cacayorin et al. (1992) shown as 3.68± 0.09 Pupae were oval with pointed tip, initially light brown days. Zinzuvadiya et al. (2017) reported incubation in color which later turned into dark brown. Male pupae period as 4.9± 0.99 days and Shrinivas et al. (2019) as were smaller and the distance between genital and anal 3.81± 0.10 and 3.89± 0.25 days on Bt cotton and okra, pore on ventral side was less in comparison to female respectively. Present results are slightly deviating from pupae. No significant difference was observed in the those of Fand et al (2020) and El-Sayed (1960) who mean pupal period as given in the Table 1. reported it as 5.33 and 7.37 days, respectively. Vennila These present observations on prepupa and pupa are et al. (2007) observed its incubation period as 3 days at more or less in agreement with the findings of Cacayorin 35± 1°C and 6 days at 27± 1 °C. et al. (1992) who found pupal period as 7.42± 0.20 Larva: First instar on hatching, was whitish with days. Fand et al (2020) observed this as 7.60 days when brown head capsule, were very active and tried to enter reared on green bolls of non Bt cotton. Muralimohan et the bolls and fruits immediately. Larval duration ranged al. (2009) observed it as 7.96± 1.37 days when reared from 4.5-5.02 days on different hosts with Bt cotton on two phase diet made of cotton seed flour and okra. making it the longest. Second instar larva was whitish Zinzuvadiya et al. (2017) stated the duration of prepupa with brown head capsule on non Bt and Bt cotton, but as 1.60± 0.52 days, and pupal period as 7.30± 0.73 days. became greenish with brown head capsule on okra and Present observations contradict those of Adkisson et al. abutilon with a long duration on Bt cotton (6.5± 0.52 (1960) who reported prepupal and pupal period as 2.2 days), and shortest on okra (4.5± 0.66 days). Third and 8.8 days, respectively. El-Sayed (1960) reported instar was pale pink, with duration being longest on Bt pupal period as 16.7 days at 25°C and Shah et al. (2013) Bionomics of pink boll worm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) on cotton and its alternate hosts 3 Nagamandla Ramya Sri and Uma Maheswari T

Table 1. Biology and morphometrics of P. gossypiella on different host plants

S. Stage of the Bt Range Non Bt Range (mm) Okra Range Abutilon Range No cotton (mm) cotton (mm) (mm) ˄=10 ˄=10 ˄=10 ˄=10 Mean Mean (days) Mean Mean (days) ± SD ± SD (days) ± SD (days) ± SD 1. Incubation period 4.00± 0.00 4.00-4.00 4.00± 00 4.0-4.0 4± 00 4-4 4± 0.00 4-4.0 2. I instar 5.20± 0.91 4.50-6.00 4.70± 0.48 4.5-5.0 4.5± 0.52 3.98-5.02 4.70± 0.48 4.5-5.0 a. II instar 6.50± 0.52 6.50-7.50 5.50± 0.52 5.0-6.0 4.5± 0.66 3.84-5.16 5.35± 0.41 5.5-7.0 b. III instar 7.0± 0.52 6.50-7.50 6.00± 0.33 5.67-6.33 5.25± 0.26 4.99-5.51 6.25± 0.26 6.00-6.50 c. IV instar 6.25± 0.67 5.50-7.00 5.70± 0.94 4.5-6.0 4.5± 0.62 3.88-5.12 4.75± 0.92 4.5-7.0 d. Total larval period 24.90± 1.42 22.8-26.92 21.9± 1.39 19.0-23.0 18.7± 1.40 17.35-20.1 20.85± 1.45 19.40-22.30 3. Pre- pupa 1.55± 0.10 1.40-1.60 1.55± 0.10 1.40-1.60 1.55± 0.10 1.40-1.60 1.5± 0.00 1.50-1.50 4. Pupal period 7.00± 0.80 6.20-7.80 7.25± 1.00 6.50-8.50 7.50± 1.00 6.5-8.5 7.25± 0.25 7.0-7.50 5. Adult longevity a. Male 8.90± 0.39 8.50-9.50 9.05± 0.15 8.90-9.50 9± 0.33 8.67-9.33 9± 0.33 8.50-9.50 b. Female 9.50± 1.17 8.0-11.00 12± 1.17 10.83-13.17 9.5± 1.13 8.37-10.63 10.0± 0.81 9.19-10.81 6. Pre oviposition 2.5± 0.00 2.50-2.50 2.50± 0.00 2.5-2.5 2.5± 00 2.5-2.5 2.5± 0.00 2.5-2.50 period 7. oviposition period 7.0± 0.00 7.0-7.00 7.5± 0.00 7.5-7.5 7.5± 00 7.5-7.5 7.5± 0.00 7.5-7.50 8. Fecundity (no.) 128.5± 10.7 177.8-139.2 162.± 10.60 151.9-173.1 124.5± 10.9 113.6-135.4 132.5± 10.5 122-143.0 9. Total life cycle 46.40± 1.60 45.19-49.06 43.75± 1.54 42.21-45.29 40.80± 1.21 39.2-43.3 42.85± 0.95 40.77-44.48 male 10. Total life cycle 47.0± 2.34 45.20-51.09 45.7± 2.26 42.3-49.5 41.30± 1.75 4 0.20-45.50 43.85± 1.60 41.30 female Morphometrics S. Stage of the insect Bt Non Bt Okra Abutilon No. cotton ˄=10 cotton ˄=10 ˄=10 ˄=10 Range (mm) Mean (mm) Range (mm) Mean (mm) Range (mm) Mean (mm) Range (mm) Mean (mm) ± SD ± SD ±SD ± SD 1. Egg a. Perimeter 1.18-1.42 1.35± 0.07 1.19- 1.46 1.36± 0.07 1.18-1.43 1.35± 0.07 1.17-1.40 1.35± 0.08 2. I instar larva a. Length 0.82-1.00 0.92± 0.04 0.88-1.09 0.95± 0.07 0.83-1.02 0.92± 0.06 0.81-0.99 0.91± 0.06 b. Width of the 0.151-0.167 0.15± 0.06 0.153-0.169 0.16± 0.03 0.15-0.16 0.16± 0.00 0.151-0.165 0.16± 0.00 head capsule 3. II instar larva a. Length 3.30-3.93 3.44± 0.18 3.56-4.00 3.76± 0.17 3.33-3.65 3.48± 0.14 3.30-3.64 3.40± 0.20 b. Width of the 0.31-0.42 0.36± 0.03 0.31-0.45 0.39± 0.05 0.31-0.39 0.36± 0.02 0.30-0.39 0.33± 0.02 Head capsule 4. III instar larva a. Length 6.32-7.34 6.84± 0.74 7.02-7.65 7.49± 0.18 6.53-7.00 6.89± 0.15 6.59-7.24 6.90± 0.23 b. Width of the 0.63-0.76 0.68± 0.22 0.65-0.79 0.70± 0.04 0.60-0.76 0.68± 0.04 0.62-0.72 0.68± 0.02 Head capsule 5. IV instar larva a. Length 9.32-9.69 9.53± 0.12 8.93-12.06 11.3± 0.95 9.02-9.96 9.60± 0.30 9.1-9.90 9.50± 0.30 b. Width of the 1.00-1.23 1.09± 0.06 1.03-1.40 1.24± 0.13 1.00-1.39 1.10± 0.14 1.00-1.26 1.06± 0.06 Head capsule 6. Prepupa a. Length 7.89-8.20 8.06± 0.09 8.62-9.16 9.01± 0.16 7.90-8.29 8.05± 0.10 7.92-8.28 8.04± 0.12 b. Width of the 1.66-2.03 1.87± 0.12 1.98-2.36 2.11± 0.14 1.62-2.02 1.87± 0.14 1.68-1.93 1.85± 0.06 Head capsule 7. Pupae a. Length 6.56-7.46 7.20± 0.26 6.9-7.9 7.50± 0.30 6.60-7.39 7.20± 0.34 6.68-7.08 6.97± 0.12 b. Width 2.01-2.55 2.32± 0.14 2.23-2.69 2.43± 0.13 2.06-2.56 2.32± 0.16 2.09-2.53 2.32± 0.06 8. Adult(Male) a. Body length 5.43-6.08 5.40± 0.28 5.56-6.12 5.74± 0.19 5.20-5.63 5.40± 0.13 5.01-5.59 5.35± 0.10 b. Wing span 8.80-10.82 9.15± 0.66 9.3-10.9 9.60± 0.46 8.60-10.23 9.05± 0.45 8.59-10.69 9.11± 0.12 Adult(Female) a. Body length 5.82-6.98 6.65± 1.43 6.60-8.50 7.17± 0.76 5.90-6.79 6.60± 0.39 5.53-6.73 6.59± 0.16 b. Wing span 10.82-14.18 13.20± 1.27 11.2- 14.9 14.6± 1.09 11.03-14.06 13.4± 0.54 10.36-13.92 13.0± 0.61 SD: Standard deviation 4 Indian Journal of Entomology 83(2021) Online published Ref. No. e20197 as 8 days at 35±1°C and 16 days at 27±1° C. larvae reared on Bt cotton, okra and abutilon (Table 1). Zinzuvadiya et al. (2017) observed these as 6.96± Adult: Adult moths were small, dark brown with 0.65x 1.62± 0.27 mm; and Shrinivas et al. (2019) on Bt irregular black markings on forewing whereas hind cotton as 5.39± 0.40x 0.16±0.03 mm, and on okra as wings are silvery grey with no distinct markings, both 5.46± 0.35x 0.17± 0.03 mm. Fourth instar measured wings are elongated, fringed with long hairs posteriorly maximum with non Bt cotton (11.30± 0.95 x1.24± 0.13 and tip of hind wing is sharply pointed. Male showed mm). This significantly differs from those reared on a longevity at par with all the four hosts - as 8.9± 0.39 Bt cotton, okra and abutilon. The present observations days on Bt cotton, 9.05± 0.15 days on non Bt cotton, on length and head width of larvae are similar to those 9.00± 0.33 days on okra and abutilon. Longevity of given by Shrinivas et al. (2019), who stated these on Bt female was maximum when reared on non Bt cotton cotton as 9.16± 2.04 x 0.48± 0.05 mm. Zinzuvadiya et (12± 1.17 days) which significantly differed with al. (2017) observed these at 9.16± 0.88x 2.45± 0.19 mm that on Bt cotton (9.5± 1.17 days), okra (9.50± 1.13 days) and abutilon (10.0± 0.81 days) (Table 1). These For prepupa the length and head width when reared observations on adult longevity agree with those of on non Bt cotton were 9.01± 0.16 x 2.11± 0.14 mm. This Shrinivas et al. (2019). Cacayorin et al. (1992) reported significantly differed from those reared on Bt cotton, female lifespan as 11.70± 0.48 days. Similarly, Shah okra and abutilon. The least of these measurements was et al. (2013) reported it as 10 and 12 days at 35 ±1°C observed on larvae reared on abutilon (Table 1). These for male and female, respectively. The present results observations are in contradiction with those given by contradict with those of Fand et al (2020) who reported Zinzuvadiya et al. (2017) as 7.67± 0.35 x 2.51± 0.09 male and female longevities. mm. Pupal length was significantly different in larvae reared on non Bt cotton- maximum was with non Bt Lifecycle: Male has a long life cycle (46.40± 1.60 cotton (7.50± 0.30 x 2.43± 0.13 mm); the least of these days) on Bt cotton, which significantly differed from was with larvae reared on abutilon (6.97± 0.10 x 2.32± that on non Bt cotton, okra and abutilon. For female, 0.14) (Table 1). These observations vary with those it was longest of 47.00± 2.34 days when reared on given by Zinzuvadiya et al. (2017) as 8.05± 0.43 x Bt cotton, and this significantly differed from that of, 2.96± 0.24 mm. Shrinivas et al. (2019) reported pupal abutilon and okra (Table 1). These observations agree length and width as 4.15 to 4.54 mm and 1.17 to 1.61 with those of Shrinivas et al. (2019) who reported that mm, respectively on Bt cotton, whereas it was 4.16 to total life cycle was significantly longer on Bt cotton with 4.56 mm and 1.19 to 1.61 mm, respectively on okra. 46.82 days compared to that of okra with 40.58 days. Adult male was the largest when reared on non Bt Morphometrics: The measurements of lifestages cotton (5.74 ± 0.19 mm) which significantly differed reveal that for egg, it ranged from 1.35± 0.07 to 1.36 ± from that on Bt cotton (5.40± 0.28 mm), okra (5.35± 0.07 mm, that did not differ significantly with the hosts. 0.9 mm) and abutilon (5.35± 0.90 mm). However, wing First instar larva when reared on non Bt cotton measured span was maximum on non Bt cotton (9.60± 0.40 mm) 0.95± 0.07x 0.16± 0.00 mm statistically on par with which was on par with that on Bt cotton (9.15± 0.66) those reared on Bt cotton, okra and abutilon (Table 1). and abutilon (9.11± 0.87 mm) but significantly differed These observations contrast with those of Zinzuvadiya with okra (9.05± 0.87 mm). Female measured maximum et al. (2017). Shrinivas et al. (2019) observed that on when reared non Bt cotton (7.17± 0.76 mm) which Bt cotton the first instar measured 0.54± 0.01x 0.17± significantly differed from those reared on Bt cotton 0.02 mm and on okra as 0.54± 0.02x 0.19± 0.02 mm, (6.65± 1.43 mm), abutilon (6.59± 0.28 mm) and okra respectively. The second instar was bigger when reared (6.60± 0.39 mm). Similarly,, maximum wing span of on non Bt cotton (3.76± 0.17 x 0.39± 0.05 mm, thus 14.6± 1.09 mm was observed with non Bt cotton (Table significantly differing from larvae reared on other 1). Adult size observed in the present study vary with hosts. These results vary from those of Zinzuvadiya the observations made by Zinzuvadiya et al. (2017) et al. (2017) who observed this as 2.48± 0.12 x 0.91± who reported the size as 8.37± 1.20 mm length and 0.11 mm; Shrinivas et al. (2019) observed this on Bt 16.60± 1.09 mm wing span (male); and 8.37± 1.12 cotton as 0.91± 0.02 x 0.18± 0.005 mm, and on okra mm length and 17.50± 0.57 mm wingspan when reared as 0.93± 0.03 and 0.18± 0.005 mm. 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(Manuscript Received: July, 2020; Revised: December, 2020; Accepted: December, 2020; Online Published: January, 2021) Online published (Preview) in www.entosocindia.org Ref. No. 20197