CMS and the LHC Run 1 Legacy

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WELCOME V OLUME 5 5 N UMBER 1 J ANUARY /F EBRUARY 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the January/February 2015 issue of CERN Courier. CMS and the The coming year at CERN will see the restart of the LHC for Run 2. As the meticulous preparations for running the machine at a new high energy near their end on all fronts, the LHC experiment collaborations continue LHC Run 1 legacy to glean as much new knowledge as possible from the Run 1 data. Other labs are also working towards a bright future, for example at TRIUMF in Canada, where a new flagship facility for research with rare isotopes is taking shape.

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TRIUMF TRIBUTE CERN & Canada’s new Emilio Picasso and research facility his enthusiasm SOCIETY EDITOR: CHRISTINE SUTTON, CERN for rare isotopes for physics The thinking behind DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY JESSE KARJALAINEN/IOP PUBLISHING, UK p26 p19 a new foundation p50

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier January/February 2015 Contents 4 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS Covering current developments in high-energy Which do you want to engage? physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories afﬁ liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for CERNCOURIER January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN management.

Editor Christine Sutton V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a N u a r y /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 News editor Kate Kahle CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Beamline Electronic Precision Current E-mail cern [email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 5 N E W s Instrumentation Transducers Web cerncourier.com • The LHC gears up for season 2 • Pakistan to become associate Advisory board Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, James Gillies, Horst Wenninger member state of CERN • CERN-JINR reciprocal observers Laboratory correspondents: LHCf detectors are back in the LHC tunnel Narrowing down Argonne National Laboratory (US) Tom LeCompte • • Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin the ‘stealth stop’ gap with ATLAS CMS measures the ‘underlying Cornell University (US) D G Cassel • DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck event’ in pp collisions LHCb observes two new strange-beauty EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini • Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino baryons • Profi ling jets with ALICE• Two teams take big Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz steps forward in plasma acceleration Nuclei come under the • TURN-KEY Solution for Photon Beam • Precision current measuring Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher • GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter microscope in California Position Monitors and for Power transducers with closed-loop current IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov Supply System for Optics transformer technology (Zero Flux INFN (Italy) Romeo Bassoli 13 s CiENCEWatCh Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen • Low Noise and High Resolution technology) JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Nobukazu Toge 15 s t r O W a t C h Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein a • Ethernet Connectivity • Galvanic isolation between primary Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta NCSL (US) Ken Kingery and secondary conductor Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer 17 a r C h i v E • Firmware Remote Update Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman • Current-Output and Voltage-Output Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle F E a t u r E s versions available Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Julia Maddock 19 Emilio Picasso’s contagious enthusiasm for physics SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan A tribute to his many contributions to physics, especially at CERN.

Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, 23 CMS: fi nal Run I results on the Higgs boson Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 Measurements of the properties of the Higgs boson discovered in 2012. Publisher Susan Curtis Magnet Power MTCA.4 Production editor Lisa Gibson Technical illustrator Alison Tovey 26 ARIEL begins a new future in rare isotopes Supply Systems MicroTCA for Physics Group advertising manager Chris Thomas Advertisement production Katie Graham First beam in the superconducting linac Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage marks a fi ne start for TRIUMF’s new Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen fl agship facility. Art director Andrew Giaquinto

Advertising Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); 29 F a C E s &P L a C E s E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 • Digital Current Regulation Loop: General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland 43 r E C r u i t M E N t • New standard for industry and science E-mail: [email protected] easiness to adapt to any load condition In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: • Infrastructure for management of China Keqing Ma, Library, Institute of High Energy Physics, 47 B O O k s h E L F PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China • High Modularity and Extreme Rear Transition Module (RTM) boards E-mail: [email protected] Germany Antje Brandes, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany 50 v i E W P O i N t Configurability E-mail: desypr@desy.de • Custom design solutions Italy Loredana Rum or Anna Pennacchietti, INFN, Casella Postale 56, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy • Ethernet Connectivity E-mail: [email protected] UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star • Firmware Remote Update Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ E-mail: [email protected] US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, St Charles, IL 60174, US

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© 2015 CERN ISSN 0304-288X • Beamline Electronic Instrumentation On the cover: The CMS detector, opened up for installation work in preparation • Precision Current Transducers for Run 2 of the LHC. During the long shutdown, the collaboration has been hard at work on analysis of the Higgs boson discovered in Run 1 (see p23). (Image credit: • Magnet Power Supply Systems CMS Collaboration.) • MTCA.4 - MicroTCA for Physics www.caenels.com 3

CC_CAENels_September2014_bcINSIDE.indd 1 28/07/14 16:37 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier January/February 2015 Contents 4 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS Covering current developments in high-energy Which do you want to engage? physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories afﬁ liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for CERNCOURIER January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN management.

Editor Christine Sutton V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a N u a r y /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 News editor Kate Kahle CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Beamline Electronic Precision Current E-mail [email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 5 N E W s Instrumentation Transducers Web cerncourier.com • The LHC gears up for season 2 • Pakistan to become associate Advisory board Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, James Gillies, Horst Wenninger member state of CERN • CERN-JINR reciprocal observers Laboratory correspondents: LHCf detectors are back in the LHC tunnel Narrowing down Argonne National Laboratory (US) Tom LeCompte • • Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin the ‘stealth stop’ gap with ATLAS CMS measures the ‘underlying Cornell University (US) D G Cassel • DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck event’ in pp collisions LHCb observes two new strange-beauty EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini • Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino baryons • Profi ling jets with ALICE• Two teams take big Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz steps forward in plasma acceleration Nuclei come under the • TURN-KEY Solution for Photon Beam • Precision current measuring Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher • GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter microscope in California Position Monitors and for Power transducers with closed-loop current IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov Supply System for Optics transformer technology (Zero Flux INFN (Italy) Romeo Bassoli 13 s CiENCEWatCh Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen • Low Noise and High Resolution technology) JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Nobukazu Toge 15 s t r O W a t C h Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein a • Ethernet Connectivity • Galvanic isolation between primary Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta NCSL (US) Ken Kingery and secondary conductor Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer 17 a r C h i v E • Firmware Remote Update Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman • Current-Output and Voltage-Output Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle F E a t u r E s versions available Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Julia Maddock 19 Emilio Picasso’s contagious enthusiasm for physics SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan A tribute to his many contributions to physics, especially at CERN.

Advertising Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); 29 F a C E s &P L a C E s E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 • Digital Current Regulation Loop: General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland 43 r E C r u i t M E N t • New standard for industry and science E-mail: [email protected] easiness to adapt to any load condition In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: • Infrastructure for management of China Keqing Ma, Library, Institute of High Energy Physics, 47 B O O k s h E L F PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China • High Modularity and Extreme Rear Transition Module (RTM) boards E-mail: [email protected] Germany Antje Brandes, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany 50 v i E W P O i N t Configurability E-mail: [email protected] • Custom design solutions Italy Loredana Rum or Anna Pennacchietti, INFN, Casella Postale 56, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy • Ethernet Connectivity E-mail: [email protected] UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star • Firmware Remote Update Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ E-mail: [email protected] US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, St Charles, IL 60174, US

Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11. Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55

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C E r N Picoammeter/Electrometer The LHC gears up for season 2 Reinvented. With the end of the long shutdown in sight, Beams came knocking on teams at CERN have continued preparations the LHC’s door in for the restart of the Large Hadron Collider November. These images (LHC) this spring after reaching several show the transverse beam important milestones by the end of 2014. profi le in the LHC Beams came knocking at the LHC’s door injection lines (TI2 left, for the fi rst time on 22–23 November, when TI8 right).(Image credit: protons from the Super Proton Synchrotron CERN.) passed into the two LHC injection lines and were stopped by beam dumps just short of entering the accelerator. The LHC operations team used these tests to check the control systems, beam instrumentation and points around the LHC ring. fi nished fi lling the arc sections of the transfer-line alignment. Secondary particles Meanwhile, the operations team were LHC with liquid helium. This marked – primarily muons – generated during the training the magnets in sector 6-7. The an important step on the road to cooling dump were in turn used to calibrate the fi rst training quench was performed on the entire accelerator to 1.9 K. During the two LHC experiments located close to the 31 October (CERN Courier December 2014 end-of-year break, the cryogenic system transfer lines: ALICE and LHCb. p6), reaching a current of around 10,000 A, was then set to stand-by, with elements such During the same weekend, the operations which corresponds to a magnetic fi eld of as stand-alone magnets emptied of liquid team also carried out direct tests of LHC 6.9 T and a proton beam energy of 5.8 TeV helium. These elements were to return to CONFIDENTLY MEASURE DOWN TO 0.01 fA AND UP TO 10 PΩ Keysight B2980A Series Picoammeters/Electrometers equipment. They looked at the timing (during Run 1, the LHC ran with proton cryogenic conditions in January, to allow the synchronization between the beam and the energies of up to 4 TeV). On 9 December, operations team to perform more tests on the The Keysight B2980A Series brings you features that will boost Battery option models: yes LHC injection and extraction systems by the team successfully commissioned road to the LHC’s Run 2. measurement confidence and unveil insights. Previously hidden Real-time histogram and time domain viewer pulsing the injection kicker magnets and sector 6-7 to the nominal energy for Run 2 triggering the beam-dump system in point 6, – 6.5 TeV, for proton collisions at 13 TeV. true signals now can be detected thanks to battery operation Current measure: 0.01 fA - 20 mA Sommaire en français for AC power line noise free measurement. Critical measurement despite having no beam. The 154 superconducting dipole magnets Resistance measurement: Up to 10 PΩ Tests of each of the eight LHC sectors that make up this sector were powered to Le LHC se prépare à sa deuxième période 5 phenomenon won’t be overlooked, thanks to real-time histograms Voltage source: Up to ±1000 V continued apace. By the end of November, around 11,000 A. This increase in nominal d’exploitation and time-domain displays. And with setup integrity checker copper-stabilizer continuity measurements energy was possible thanks to the long Le Pakistan devient État membre associé 6 software you can easily isolate issues. So start taking sensitive Reading rate: Up to 20,000 rdg/s were underway in sector 4-5 and were about shutdown, which began in February 2013 and du CERN measurements confidently with the world’s most precise and to start in sector 3-4. Electrical quality allowed the consolidation of 1700 magnet assurance tests were being carried out in interconnections, including more than 10,000 CERN-JINR : concession réciproque d’un 6 accurate graphical picoammeters/electrometers. sectors 2-3 and 7-8, and powering tests were superconducting splices. The magnets in all statut d’observateur progressing in sectors 8-1, 1-2, 5-6 and 6-7. of the other sectors are undergoing similar Cooling and ventilation teams were also busy training prior to 6.5 TeV operation. Les détecteurs de LHCf de retour dans le 6 carrying out maintenance of the systems at In mid-December, the cryogenics team tunnel du LHC ATLAS : Nouvelles limites sur la zone de 7 camoufl age du stop The four large experiments of the LHC CMS mesure l’événement sous-jacent dans 7 See more details with histogram view. – ALICE, ATLAS, CMS les collisions pp and LHCb – are also LHCb observe deux nouveaux baryons s-b 8 undergoing major preparatory work for ALICE détermine les profi ls de jets 9 View a video demo and more. Run 2, after the long Grand pas en avant pour l'accélération 9 www.keysight.com/find/b2980a_info shutdown during which plasma important programmes for maintenance and Les noyaux étudiés au microscope en 10 improvements were Californie achieved. They are now Comment la lumière rend les oiseaux bleus 13 entering their fi nal commissioning phase. Here, members of the ATLAS collaboration are Les sursauts gamma constituent une 15 Scan to view video demo. cleaning up the inside of the ATLAS detector prior to closing the cavern in preparation for Run 2. (Image credit: CERN-PHOTO-201412-248-3.) menace pour la vie © Keysight Technologies, Inc. 2014

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C OLLaBOratiON Pakistan to become associate member state of CERN Narrowing down the ‘stealth stop’ gap with ATLAS

In late 2011, ~~ ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 light LSP. Gaps in the excluded region for t t production, t b f f’ / t c / t W b / t t status: ICHEP 2014 On 19 December, CERN’s director-general, it will allow Pakistani scientists to become ATLAS launched 500 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 intermediate stop masses are reduced but –1 –1 ATLAS preliminary L int = 20 fb = 8 TeVs L int = 4.7 fb = 7 TeVs ~t t 0 Rolf Heuer, and the chairman of the Pakistan CERN staff members, and to participate in a dedicated 1 1 0L [1406.1122] 0L [1208.1447] persist, including the prominent region ~t t 0 1L [1407.0583] 1L [1208.2590] 1 1 2L [1403.4853] 2L [1209.4186] Atomic Energy Commission, Ansar Parvez, CERN’s training and career-development programme ~t t 0 corresponding to the stealth stop. 1 400 1 1L [1407.0583], 2L [1403.4853] - ~t W b 0 1 1 0L [1407.0608] - signed in Islamabad the agreement admitting programmes. Finally, it will allow Pakistani targeting searches for the supersymmetric ~t c 0 0L [1407.0608], 1L [1407.0583] - Standard Model top-quark measurements 1 1 b f f’ 0 1 the Islamic Republic of Pakistan to associate industry to bid for CERN contracts, partner of the top quark – the scalar top, or observed limits expected limits can be exploited to get a different handle

300 all limits at 95% CL 0 ~χ 1 0 0 membership of CERN, in the presence of therefore opening up opportunities “stop” – which could be pair-produced in 1 m on the potential presence of a stealth stop. ~χ w χ~ 1

(GeV) + m

c + m + m t prime minister Nawaz Sharif and diplomatic for industrial collaboration in areas of high-energy proton–proton collisions. If 0 1 /m b The latest ATLAS high-precision top– b < m < m ~t 1 ~t 1 < m 0 m m m 200 ~t 1 c m 1 antitop cross-section measurement (CERN representatives of CERN member states. advanced technology. not much heavier than the top quark, this –1 Lint = 20.3 fb This followed approval by CERN Council new particle is expected to play a key role in Courier September 2014 p7), together with 0 b f f’ 1 to proceed towards associate membership Ansar Parvez, right, and Rolf Heuer sign the explaining why the Higgs boson is light. 100 a state-of-the-art theoretical prediction, agreement to admit Pakistan to associate has allowed ATLAS to exclude a stealth for Pakistan during its 172nd session held CERN-JINR reciprocal While earlier supersymmetry (SUSY) 0 –1 –1 W b 1 Lint = 4.7 fb Lint = 20 fb –1 in September 2014. The agreement is still membership of CERN. (Image credit: SIPR, searches at the LHC have already set Lint = 20.3 fb stop between the mass of the top quark and observers 0 subject to ratifi cation by the government PAEC.) stringent exclusion limits on strongly 200 300 400 500 600 700 177 GeV, for a stop decaying to a top quark of Pakistan. During its December meeting, Council also produced SUSY particles, these generic m~ (GeV) and the LSP. t1 The Islamic Republic of Pakistan and Pakistan is also involved in accelerator welcomed the Joint Institute for Nuclear searches were not very sensitive to the stop. The measurement of the top–antitop CERN signed a co-operation agreement developments, making it an important Research, JINR, for the fi rst time as an observer to If it exists, the stop could decay in a number Summary of ATLAS exclusion limits for spin correlation adds extra sensitivity in 1994. The signature of several protocols partner for CERN. Council, as part of a reciprocal arrangement that of ways, depending on its mass and other various modes of scalar-top decay. The because the stop and the top quark differ followed, and Pakistan contributed to The associate membership of Pakistan also sees CERN becoming an observer at JINR. SUSY parameters. Most of the searches green triangle illustrates the limit derived by half a unit in spin. The latest ATLAS building the CMS and ATLAS experiments. will open a new era of co-operation that Founded as an international organization at Dubna at the LHC assume that the stop decays to from the top–antitop cross-section and measurement (ATLAS Collaboration Today, Pakistan contributes to the ALICE, will strengthen the long-term partnership near Moscow in 1956, JINR soon forged a close the lightest SUSY particle (LSP) and one spin-correlation measurements. 2014e) uses the distribution of the azimuthal ATLAS and CMS experiments, and between CERN and the Pakistani scientifi c partnership with CERN that saw exchanges of or more Standard Model particles. The angle between the two leptons from the operates a Tier-2 computing centre in the community. Associate membership personnel and equipment throughout the cold war LSP is typically assumed to be stable and more abundantly. top decays, together with cross-section Worldwide LHC Computing Grid that helps will allow Pakistan to participate in the and beyond (CERN Courier November 2004 p9). only weakly interacting, making it a viable Use of the full LHC Run-1 data set, information, to extend the limit for the to process and analyse the massive amounts governance of CERN, through attending the candidate for dark matter. Events with together with the development of novel stealth stop up to 191 GeV. of data that the experiments generate. meetings of the CERN Council. Moreover, stop-pair production would therefore feature analysis techniques, has pushed the stop The rigorous search programme large missing transverse momentum as the exclusion in all directions. The fi gure undertaken by ATLAS has ruled out L h C EXPEriMENts two resulting LSPs escape the detector. shows the ATLAS limits as of the ICHEP large parts of interesting regions of the following days, cabling, commissioning and The fi rst set of results from the 2014 conference, in the plane of LSP mass stop model and closed in on a stealth stop. LHCf detectors the geometrical survey of the detectors took searches by ATLAS were presented at the versus stop mass for each of the following It leaves the door open for discovery of place without any serious trouble. International Conference on High-Energy stop decays: to an on-shell top quark and a stop beyond the current mass reach, are back in the LHCf will restart the activity to relaunch Physics (ICHEP) in 2012. A stop with mass the LSP (right-most area); to an off-shell or in remaining sensitivity gaps, at the the data-acquisition system in early 2015, between around 225 and 500 GeV for a top quark and the LSP (middle area); to higher-energy and higher-luminosity to be ready for the dedicated operation nearly massless LSP was excluded for the a bottom quark, off-shell W boson, and LHC Run 2. LHC tunnel time in May 2015 when the LHC will simplest decay mode. Exclusion limits were the LSP (left-most grey area); or to a provide low luminosity, low pile-up and also set for more complex stop decays. charm quark and the LSP (left-most pink ● Further reading high β* (20 m) proton–proton collisions. These searches revealed a sensitivity area). The exclusion is achieved by the ATLAS Collaboration 2014a JHEP 09 015. The Large Hadron At √s = 13 TeV, these collisions correspond gap when the stop is about as heavy as the complementarity of four targeted searches ATLAS Collaboration 2014b JHEP 11 118. Collider forward (LHCf) to interactions in the atmosphere of cosmic top quark – a scenario that is particularly (ATLAS Collaboration 2014a–2014d). The ATLAS Collaboration 2014c JHEP 06 124. experiment measures rays with energy of 0.9 × 1017 eV. This is the interesting and well motivated theoretically. results eliminate a stop of mass between ATLAS Collaboration 2014d Phys. Rev. D. 90 neutral particles emitted energy at which the origins of the cosmic Such a “stealth stop” hides its presence in approximately 100 and 700 GeV (lower 052008. around zero degrees of the hadron rays are believed to switch from galactic the data, because it resembles the top quark, masses were excluded by data from the ATLAS Collaboration 2014e arXiv:1412.4742, interactions at the LHC. Because these “very LHCf’s Arm1 detectors installed in the LHC to extragalactic, and a sudden change of which is pair-produced roughly six times Large Electron–Positron collider) for a submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. forward” particles carry a large fraction tunnel. (Image credit: T Sako.) the primary mass is expected. Cosmic-ray of the collision energy, they are important physicists expect to confi rm this standard for understanding the development of tunnel for data-taking with proton–lead scenario of cosmic rays based on the CMS measures the ‘underlying event’ consists of the remnants of the two protons atmospheric air-shower phenomena collisions in 2013, while Arm1 was highest-energy LHC data. that did not participate in the hard scatter, produced by high-energy cosmic rays. Two being upgraded to be a radiation-hard Another highlight of the 2015 run will in pp collisions including the products of any additional independent detectors, Arm1 and Arm2, detector, using Gd2SiO5 scintillators. be common data-taking with the ATLAS soft, multiple-parton interactions. Present are installed in the target neutral absorbers After completion of the upgrade for both experiment. LHCf will send trigger signals in every proton–proton (pp) collision, this (TANs) at 140 m from interaction point 1 Arm1 and Arm2, the performance of the to ATLAS, and ATLAS will record data Ever since the earliest any detailed studies of elementary particle soft-physics component is referred to as the (IP1) in the LHC, where the single beam detectors was tested at the Super Proton after pre-scaling. Based on a preliminary experiments with hadron physics with hadron collisions at all. “underlying event”, and its understanding is pipe is split into two narrow pipes. Synchrotron fi xed beam line in Prévessin Monte Carlo study using PYTHIA8, which beams, and subsequently The question was whether the physics of a crucial factor in increasing the precision After a successful physics operation in October 2014. Both Arm1 and Arm2 selected events with low central activity in during the era of the hadron “interesting” particle production could be of physics measurements at high pT. Now, in 2009/2010, the LHCf collaboration were then reinstalled in the LHC tunnel ATLAS, LHCf can select very pure (99%) colliders heralded by CERN’s distinguished from that of the “background” the CMS collaboration has released its latest immediately removed their detectors from on 17 and 24 November, respectively. The events produced by diffractive dissociation Intersecting Storage Rings, it has been clear contribution in hadron collisions. While analysis of the underlying event data at the tunnel in July 2010 to avoid severe installation went smoothly, thanks to the processes. The identifi cation of the origin that hadron collisions are highly complicated the former is typically a single parton– 2.76 TeV at the LHC.

radiation damage. The Arm2 detector, in well-equipped remote-handling system of the forward particles will help future processes. Indeed, initially it was far from parton scattering process at very high The measurement builds on experimental ▲ the direction of IP2, came back into the for the TAN instrumentation. During the developments of hadronic-interaction models. obvious whether it would be possible to do transverse momentum (pT), the latter techniques that have been developed at

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C OLLaBOratiON Pakistan to become associate member state of CERN Narrowing down the ‘stealth stop’ gap with ATLAS

(GeV) + m

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Fermilab’s Tevatron and previously at the Comparison of underlying-event activity in CMS preliminary transverse density LHC to perform measurements that are the transverse region at different 0.9 pp √s = 7 TeV FastJet anti-kT pp √s = 7 TeV Profi ling jets jet track 1.2 |η | < 0.3; | η | < 0.9 track

s = 7 TeV (R = 0.2) sensitive to the physics of the underlying √ centre-of-mass energies in CMS, with the (R = 0.4) 0.8 track p > 0.15 GeV/c p > 0.15 GeV/c T ch ch

T | track| < 0.9 jet, event. The main idea is to measure particle average charged-particle multiplicity jet, 0.7 η ␴ 1.0 ␴ FastJet anti-kT production in the region of phase space plotted as a function of pT of the leading or 0.6 with ALICE R = 0.4 √s = 2.76 TeV orthogonal to the high-p charged-particle jet. jet T process – that is, in 0.8 0.5 |η | < 0.5 ALICE the transverse plane. In its latest analysis of the leading jet: 0.4 (R = 0.2) < 2 (R = 0.6) PYTHIA Perugia-2011 10 ch ch

| | , p > 1 GeV 0.6 underlying event data at 2.76 TeV, CMS has T the evolution of the underlying-event 0.3 jet, charged particles: jet,

〉 /[ ΔηΔ ( Δφ )] HERWIG ␴ | | < 2, p > 0.5 GeV ␴ measured both the average charged-particle ch T properties with collision energy. CMS “Jets are collimated sprays 0.4 ch multiplicity as well as the p sum for the 〈 N data has therefore presented measurements at of particles.” This ubiquitous 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 T √s = 0.9 TeV charged particles. The scale of the hard PYTHIA 6 Z2* centre-of-mass energies of 0.9, 2.76 and characterization used in p jet,ch (GeV/c) 0.2 PYTHIA 8 CUETP8S1 T dN/dz parton–parton scattering is defi ned by the pT HERWIG++ UE-EE-5C 7 TeV. Soon, there will be new data from many articles in the fi eld of jet of the most energetic jet of the event. 0 Run 2 at the LHC. The centre-of-mass physics has once again been Top: Ratios of jet cross-sections for charged jets The measurements are expected to 0204060 80 100 energy of 13 TeV will necessitate further confi rmed by the ALICE collaboration, jets reconstructed with resolution 1/N 1 pjet (GeV) result in more accurate simulations T measurements, and provide an opportunity in a measurement of the production parameters 0.2 and 0.4, and 0.2 and 0.6. The of pp collisions at the LHC. Because to probe the ever-present underlying event in cross-sections, fragmentation and spatial ratios in data are compared with ALICE the properties of the underlying event free parameters that need to be “tuned” to uncharted territory. structure of charged jets reconstructed from event-generator simulations. Right: Scaled 20–30 GeV/c cannot be derived from fi rst principles reproduce experimental measurements such charged particle tracks. pT spectra of charged particles in jets for 30–40 GeV/c in QCD, Monte Carlo generators employ as the current one from CMS. ● Further reading Jets observed in collisions of LHC different bins of jet transverse momentum. 40–60 GeV/c CMS Collaboration 2014 CMS-PAS-FSQ-12-025. 60–80 GeV/c phenomenological models with several An important part of the studies concerns beams emerge from the violent scattering –1 of quarks and gluons. The highly energetic momenta (p ) from 20 to 100 GeV/c can be 10 T 0 scattered partons develop a parton shower measured and analysed particle by particle. 0.60.40.2 0.8 1.0 zch = pparticle,ch/pjet,ch LHCb observes two new strange-beauty baryons via sequential gluon splittings, which With the detector’s excellent low-momentum T T fragments into the measured hadrons – tracking capabilities, ALICE is unique in the constituents of the jet. In heavy-ion being able to measure constituents down to of constituent pT in the reduced 0 – – The LHCb collaboration Ξb π pair minus the sum of the π mass collisions, jets are an important diagnostic a pT of 150 MeV/c. Measurements at low jet transverse-momentum variable 0 ch particle,ch jet,ch has discovered two new LHCb and the measured Ξb mass. This defi nition tool for studying quark–gluon plasma and constituent pT are crucial for heavy-ion z = pT /pT , which measures the 2

– c 30 2 120 particles, the Ξb´ and c means that the lightest possible mass for (QGP) at the LHC, where effects arising collisions, where gluon radiation induced by fraction of the total charged-jet pT carried *– / 20 0 – ch Ξb . Predicted to exist by the Ξb π pair – the threshold for the decay from the interaction of the scattered the medium is expected to enhance the yield by a given jet constituent. For z > 0.1, the quark model, they are both baryons entries per 0.1 MeV/ 10 – is at δm = 0. The two peaks are clear partons with the dense produced medium of soft jet particles. the distributions for different charged-jet 80 0 – *– containing three quarks, in this case, b, s 2 345 observation of the Ξ´ (left) and Ξ (right) are expected. Indeed, a strong suppression The left-hand part of the fi gure shows p are consistent with each other. This 2 b b T and d. The new particles – which thanks to δm (MeV/c ) baryons above the hatched-red histogram of jet production in lead–lead collisions is the ratios of cross-sections for jets scaling is broken for the lowest zch, owing the heavyweight b quarks are more than six 40 representing the expected background. The observed, along with a modifi cation of the measured with different choices of the to the increase of the multiplicity of soft jet – *– times as massive as the proton – join the Ξb, Ξb is clearly the more unstable of the two, jet-fragment distributions. resolution parameter, R. Using a distance constituents with higher jet pT. entries per 0.45 MeV found several years ago by the D0 and CDF because its peak is wider. This is consistent The interpretation of these effects measure that combines azimuthal angle The measurement of jet properties in 0 Ξ – experiments at Fermilab (CERN Courier 010 20 30 40 with the pattern of masses: the b´ mass is requires detailed reference measurements and pseudo-rapidity differences as proton–proton collisions is the fi rst step 2 2 2 2 July/August 2007 p6). δm (MeV/c ) just slightly above the energy threshold, so it of the jet structure and fragmentation in Δr = Δφ + Δη , the jet pT for a given R towards studies of the “quenched” jets in the 0 – The three particles are differentiated by can decay to Ξb π , but only just – its width is proton–proton collisions, where no medium is the summed pT of the jet constituents more complex environment of heavy-ion the spin, j, of the sd diquark, and the overall Distribution of the mass difference, δm, for consistent with zero, with an upper limit of is formed. In ALICE, charged jets are accumulated in a cone of size R. The ratio is collisions. They provide a reference for P 0 – – spin-parity, J , of the baryon, and in turn the Ξb π candidates. The points with error bars Γ(Ξb´ ) < 0.08 MeV at 95% confi dence level. reconstructed in the central barrel from a measure of the jet structure, i.e. the angular future measurements of the modifi cation of relative spins of the quarks affect the masses show right-sign candidates in the signal The results show the extraordinary tracks measured with the inner tracking distribution of jet constituents, and the jet fragmentation and structure in heavy-ion P + 0 of the particles. With j = 0 and J = ½ , the region for the Ξb mass, and the hatched precision of which LHCb is capable: the system and the time-projection chamber. observed increase of R with jet pT indicates collisions, including studies of identifi ed – – 0 Ξb is the lightest, and so decays relatively histogram shows wrong-sign candidates mass difference between the Ξb´ and the Ξb Full jets contain neutral as well as charged stronger collimation for more energetic hadrons in jets using the unique particle slowly through the weak interaction, leading with the same selection. The curve shows is measured with an uncertainty of about particles measured with the ALICE jets. The ALICE measurements show that identifi cation capabilities of ALICE at to its discovery at Fermilab’s Tevatron. The the nominal fi t to the right-sign candidates. 0.02 MeV/c2, less than four-millionths of electromagnetic calorimeter (CERN Courier 80% of the energy of the reconstructed jet is the LHC. – *– P + P + 2 0 Ξb´ and Ξb have j = 1, and J = ½ and J = 3/2 , Inset: detail of the region 2.0–5.5 MeV/c . the Ξb mass. By observing these particles May 2013 p8), but for this recent study the typically found within 15° of the jet axis. respectively, and should decay either strongly and measuring their properties with such analysis did not include neutral particles in The right-hand part of the fi gure ● Further reading or electromagnetically, depending on their at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, the accuracy, LHCb is making a stringent test of the jet reconstruction. Jets with transverse shows the jet-fragmentation distribution ALICE Collaboration 2014 arXiv:1411.4969 [nucl-ex]. masses. remainder at 8 TeV. Signal candidates were models of nonperturbative QCD. Theorists 0 – LHCb analysed proton–proton collision reconstructed in the fi nal state Ξb π , where will be able to use these measurements as an a D v a N C E D aCCELEratOrs 0 data from the LHC corresponding to an the Ξb was identifi ed through its decay anchor point for future predictions. –1 0 + – + – + integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb , to observe Ξb → Ξc π , Ξc → p K π . Two teams take big steps forward in plasma acceleration the new particles through their decay to The fi gure shows the distribution of ● Further reading 0 – Ξb π . A third of the data were collected δm, defi ned as the invariant mass of the LHCb Collaboration 2014 arXiv:1411.4849 [hep-ex]. The high electric-fi eld gradients that can be approaches reached important milestones. Berkeley Lab Laser Accelerator (BELLA) set up in plasma have offered the promise One team, working at the Facility for facility boosted electrons to the highest of compact particle accelerators since Advanced Accelerator Experimental energies ever recorded for the laser-wakefi eld the late 1970s. The basic idea is to use the Tests (FACET) at SLAC, demonstrated technique. space-charge separation that arises in the plasma-wakefi eld acceleration with both Several years ago, a team at SLAC wake of either an intense laser pulse or a a high gradient and a high energy-transfer successfully accelerated electrons in the Leader in VACUUM VALVES pulse of ultra-relativistic charged particles effi ciency – a crucial combination not tail of a long electron bunch from 42 GeV to

(CERN Courier June 2007 p28). Towards previously achieved. At Lawrence Berkeley 85 GeV in less than 1 m of plasma (CERN ▲ www.vatvalve.com the end of 2014, groups working on both National Laboratory, a team working at the Courier April 2007 p5). In that experiment,

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s = 7 TeV (R = 0.2) sensitive to the physics of the underlying √ centre-of-mass energies in CMS, with the (R = 0.4) 0.8 track p > 0.15 GeV/c p > 0.15 GeV/c T ch ch

| | , p > 1 GeV 0.6 underlying event data at 2.76 TeV, CMS has T the evolution of the underlying-event 0.3 jet, charged particles: jet,

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Left: Energy-spectrum of a smaller nuclear systems, particularly energy-transfer efficiency (%) 01400 800 200 10 20 30 40 50 charge density [nC/SR/(MeV/c)] 4.2 GeV electron beam pA collisions. One new approach to this t = 1.00 fm/c t = 1.75 fm/c t = 3.00 fm/c t =0.34 5.00 fm/c 4 0.32 0.32 0.32 spectral charge density (nC GeV accelerated in the question is being pursued at RHIC, in which 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1 3 2 laser-wakefi eld experiment He collided with gold last year (CERN 0.28 0.28 0.28 80 0.4 0.26 0.26 0.26 at BELLA. Courier December 2014 p19), to see how the 0 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.22 0.22 0.22 0 triangular initial state manifests itself in the –2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Temperature [GeV] 60 Temperature [GeV] 0.2 0.3 0.18 Temperature [GeV] 0.18 0.18 temperature (GeV) collision products (ﬁ gure 2). y co-ordinate (fm) –4 0.16 0.16 Some of these phenomena also appear in 0.16

40 0.2 horizontal angle (mrad) –1 high-multiplicity pp collisions. One example –4 –2 024–4–2024–4 –2 024–4–2024 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 is “the ridge” observed as two-particle x co-ordinate (fm) momentum (GeV/c) correlations between particles with similar shots sorted by efficiency 20 0.1 3 –1 azimuthal angles, but separated by large Fig. 2. An example of a calculation of the time evolution of a He + Au event from the initial to ) Left: Beam spectra from 92 shots, sorted by the total energy-transfer effi ciency (black line), rapidities (CERN Courier June 2014 p10). In fi nal state. The colour scale indicates the local temperature. The arrows are proportional to 0 17 18 19 20 21 22 in the plasma-wakefi eld experiment at FACET. The red line shows the core energy-transfer contrast, one other expected consequence the velocity of the fl uid cell from which the arrow originates. (Image credit: J L Nagleet al. energy, E (GeV) e f fi c i e n c y. of the quark–gluon plasma – jet quenching – 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 112301. appears to be present only in AA collisions, the particles leading the bunch created the succeeded in accelerating some 74 pC of 0.3 PW peak power to create a plasma for the most part. remain the subject of spirited theoretical addition to hadronic collisions, one session wakefi eld to accelerate those in the tail, and charge in the core of the trailing bunch channel in a 9-cm-long capillary discharge The meeting also covered recent discussion. One key question addressed in was devoted to ultra-peripheral collisions, the total charge accelerated was small. Since of electrons to about 1.6 GeV per particle waveguide and accelerate electrons to theoretical developments. As the Napa was the search for the colour-glass where two colliding nuclei interact then, FACET has come on line. Using the fi rst in a gradient of about 4.4 GeV/m (Litos the record energy of 4.2 GeV (Leemans centre-of-mass energies increase, collisions condensate (CGC), a hypothetical state of electromagnetically. Here, reactions such as 2 km of the SLAC linac to deliver an electron et al. 2014). The fi nal energy spread for the et al. 2014). Importantly, the 16 J of laser probe partons with smaller and smaller matter where the gluons produce coherent photonuclear production of vector mesons beam of 20 GeV, the facility is designed core particles was as low as 0.7%, and the energy used was signifi cantly lower than momentum fractions (Bjorken-x values). fi elds. These CGCs lead to new nuclear are sensitive to details of the nuclear to produce pairs of high-current bunches maxiumum effi ciency of energy transfer in previous experiments – a result of using And as the x-values decrease, the parton phenomena. initial state. with a small enough separation to allow the from the wake to the trailing bunch was in the preformed plasma waveguide set up density increases, and at low enough The meeting included presentations on The congenial atmosphere led to many trailing bunch to be accelerated in the plasma excess of 30%. by pulsing an electrical discharge through x values, saturation must set in. This a variety of experimental techniques. The fruitful discussions, and a third conference is wakefi eld of the drive bunch (CERN Courier Meanwhile, a team at Berkeley has been hydrogen in a capillary. The combination of happens when gluons begin to recombine RHIC and LHC collaborations all made planned in Lisbon in 2016. March 2011 p23). successfully pursuing laser-wakefi eld increased electron-beam energy and lower as well as to split. Although saturation is presentations highlighting their data and ● For more about IS2014, visit http://is2014. Using the pairs of bunches at FACET, acceleration for more than a decade (CERN laser energy bodes well for the group’s aim expected on general principles, the details plans for AA, pA and pp collisions. In lbl.gov. some of the earlier team members together Courier November 2004 p5). This research to reach the target of 10 GeV. with new colleagues have carried out an was boosted when the specially conceived experiment in the so-called “blow-out” BELLA facility recently came on line with ● Further reading regime of plasma-wakefi eld acceleration, its petawatt laser (CERN Courier October W P Leemans et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 where maximum energy gains at maximum 2012 p10). In work published in December, 245002. You know what effi ciencies are to be found. The team the team at BELLA used laser pulses at M Litos et al. 2014 Nature 515 93. you want to detect: h E a v Y i O N s

Nuclei come under the microscope - X-rays in California - Gamma-rays Your perfect partner C - Neutrons for quality It has long been known that, when they LHC have demonstrated the existence M are put under a sufﬁ ciently energetic of anisotropic particle production. The vacuum components - Particles Y microscope, nuclei reveal a complicated angular distributions look very similar to structure – the more energetic the probe, the those observed in AA collisions, where CM more complex the structure. In recent years, the anisotropy has been attributed to MY continuing studies of deuteron–nucleus hydrodynamic fl ow. The material produced (dA) and proton–nucleus (pA) collisions in these collisions appears to fl ow like CY

have demonstrated that many features ﬁ rst a low-viscosity fl uid, and the ﬁ nal-state CMY observed in heavy-ion (AA) collisions are anisotropy mimics that present in the also present in these lighter collisions, and initial elliptic-shaped collision region. K some of these features have even been seen Recent studies at Brookhaven’s Relativisitic in high-multiplicity pp collisions. Such Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) as well as at factors have generated the present intense the LHC have shown that, in addition to the Now available interest in nuclear structure that was evident American-football-shaped collision region, on our new website when more than 120 physicists gathered in there are also event-to-event anisotropies SCIONIX Holland B.V. T. +39.011.0968307 – F. +39.011.0968393 California’s Napa Valley on 3–7 December, caused by the different random positions of [email protected] - www.vaqtec.com to discuss the initial state in these collisions nucleons within the nucleus. Much of the Tel. +31 30 6570312 during the 2nd International Conference observed anisotropy might be explained Fax. +31 30 6567563 We know how to on Initial Stages in High-Energy Nuclear by models based on hydrodynamic fl ow. Fig. 1. A pPb collision seen in the ALICE Email. [email protected] build your detectors Collisions (IS2014). One focus of IS2014 was the question detector. Such collisions look similar to those www.scionix.nl In particular, pA collisions at the of how hydrodynamic fl ow can arise in seen in PbPb reactions.

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C OMPILED BY J OHN S WAIN , N ORTHEASTERN U NIVERSITY How light can make birds blue

Many birds have brilliant blue colouring Birds, such as this indigo bunting, appear owing not to pigments, but to the light bright blue as a result of light scattering in scattering from tiny structures in their the structure of their feathers, but reds feathers and then interfering. However, cannot be produced the same way in nature. this has never been found to produce reds, (Image credit: Wikimedia Commons/Dawn oranges or yellows. To fi nd out more, Sofi a Scranton.) Magkiriadou of Harvard University and colleagues simulated the process in feathers beads the expected red was dominated by this way in nature. However, it also suggests by using randomly packed plastic beads of an additional peak at shorter wavelengths how red materials could be designed using varying sizes. They found that for small beads, produced by scattering from the backs of hollow beads to suppress the back-scattering. the scattering was dominated by wavelengths the beads. This meant that, once again, the corresponding to the inter-bead spacing. For result was blue, therefore explaining why the ● Further reading the smaller beads this was blue, but for larger longer-wavelength colours are not produced S Magkiriadou et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. E 90 062302. The origins of drinking alcohol? Are men stupid? Touching the void Human ancestors were able to metabolize The Darwin Awards are given to people ethanol 10 million years ago. Matthew A hologram is a 3D who have done idiotic things that have led Carrigan of Santa Fe College in Gainesville, image, but now there to their demise and elimination from the Florida, and co-workers tracked the gene is an equivalent that gene pool. Now, a study of the data from coding for digestive alcohol dehydrogenase you can also feel. 1995–2014 by Ben Lendrem, a student at class IV (ADH4) – an enzyme that processes Benjamin Long and the King Edward VI School in Morpeth in ethanol – in 28 mammals, including colleagues at the the UK, has revealed a disturbing trend. 17 primates over more than 70 million years University of Bristol used a 2D phased array Of the 413 award nominations, 332 were of evolution. They found that ADH4 from of ultrasound transducers to produce the independently verifi ed and confi rmed. Of the ancestors of humans, chimpanzees and sensation of touch on the skin via an acoustic these, 282 went to men and 36 to women. gorillas 10 million years ago was far more radiation force. Together with a 3D visual Men are, therefore, signifi cantly more likely effi cient than that of more ancient ancestors. display, the net result is a touchable hologram. than women to receive the dubious award The timing corresponds to when our ancestors Obvious applications include allowing doctors (P < 0.0001). Any fi nal conclusions are left came down from trees, suggesting that this to feel imaged diseased tissue or a tumour to the reader. might have occurred to help hominids adapt to without cutting or even touching a patient, life on the ground, where there would be more allowing people to “touch” fragile or distant ● Further reading fermented fruit than in the trees. objects, and enabling touchable controls B A D Lendrem et al. 2014 BMJ 2014;349:g7094. fl oating in space. ● Further reading Ultrafast imaging M A Carrigan et al. 2014 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. ● Further reading doi: 10.1073/pnas.1404167111. B Long et al. 2014 ACM Transactions on Graphics A new ultrafast camera can take 33 181, doi: 10.1145/2661229.2661257. 100 thousand million frames a second. Chirality from non-chirality For a video about the effect, visit www.youtube. Liang Gao and colleagues at Washington com/watch?v=kaoO5cY1aHk. University in St Louis used the image A major puzzle in the origin of life is how geometry and optics of a streak camera chiral biomolecules occur in one-handedness. Above: Ultrasound is focused to create together with compressed sensing to reach René Steendam of Radboud University the shape of a virtual sphere. (Image this new record. With no need for specialized in Nijmegen and colleagues started with credit: Bristol Interaction and Graphics illumination – it is “receive-only” – it can achiral reactants and, for the fi rst time, group, University of Bristol.) imagine fl uorescent or bioluminescent produced a chiral amine that is similar to objects. The technique, called compressed an amino acid and is enantiopure – i.e. has ultrafast photography, has been single-handedness. The mechanism involves to shedding light on the possible origin of demonstrated for laser-pulse refl ection and chiral-product molecules acting as catalysts biomolecular chirality, it also suggests new refraction, photon racing in two media, and for their own production and a process known routes to the totally asymmetric syntheses of apparently (with no transfer of information) as Viedma ripening. Together, these amplify important molecules such as drugs. faster-than-light phenomena. any small fl uctuation in net chirality so that it takes control of the reaction and leads ● Further reading ● Further reading to a 100% pure chiral product. In addition R R E Steendam et al. 2014 Nature Comm. 5 5543. L Gao et al. 2014 Nature 516 74.

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C OMPILED BY J OHN S WAIN , N ORTHEASTERN U NIVERSITY How light can make birds blue

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Untitled-1 1 02/01/2015 09:48 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 Ready to jump in at any stage of your Control System Project... CERN Courier January/February 2015 Astrowatch

C OMPILED BY M ARC TÜRLER , ISDC AND O BSERVATORY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF G ENEVA , AND CHIPP, U NIVERSITY OF Z URICH Gamma-ray bursts are a real threat to life

A new study confi rms the potential hazard Artist’s rendering of a GRB, of nearby gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), and where life-damaging gamma quantifi es the probability of an event on rays are produced by two Earth and more generally in the Milky Way relativistic jets powered by a and other galaxies. The authors fi nd a 50% new-born black hole at the heart chance that a nearby GRB powerful enough of an exploding massive star. to cause a major life extinction on the planet (Image credit: ESO/A Roquette.) took place during the past 500 million years (Myr). They further estimate that GRBs prevent complex life like that on Earth in 90% of the galaxies. Sun. Calculations suggest that a fl uence of fraction of elements heavier than hydrogen GRBs occur about once a day from 100 kJ/m2 would create a depletion of 91% of and helium. This reduces the GRB hazard in random directions in the sky. Their origin this life-protecting layer on a timescale of a the Milky Way by a factor of 10 compared remained a mystery until about a decade month, via a chain of chemical reactions in the with the overall rate. We build the complete ago, when it became clear that at least some atmosphere. This would be enough to cause a The Milky Way would therefore be among long GRBs are associated with supernova massive life-extinction event. Some scientists only 10% of all galaxies in the universe – CS cost-efficiently from tried explosions (CERN Courier September 2003 have proposed that a GRB could have been at the larger ones – that can sustain complex p15). When nuclear fuel is exhausted at the the origin of the Ordovician extinction some life in the long-term. The two theoretical and proven components NEW centre of a massive star, thermal pressure 450 Myr ago, which wiped out 80% of the astrophysicists also claim that GRBs prevent can no longer sustain gravity and the core species on Earth. evolved life as it exists on Earth in almost collapses on itself. If this process leads to the With increasing statistics on GRBs, a new every galaxy that formed earlier than about formation of a rapidly spinning black hole, study now confi rms a 50% likelihood of a fi ve-thousand-million years after the Big accreted matter can be funnelled into a pair devastating GRB event on Earth in the past Bang (at a redshift z > 0.5). Despite obvious, of powerful relativistic jets that drill their 500 Myr. The authors, Tsvi Piran from the necessary approximations in the analysis, Control System Studio (CSS) way through the outer layers of the dying Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Raul these results show the severe limitations set star. If such a jet is pointing towards Earth, its Jimenez from the University of Barcelona by GRBs on the location and cosmic epoch LABVIEW ORACLE, mySQL, etc. high-energy emission appears as a GRB. in Spain, further show that the risk of life when complex life like that on Earth could We master all control system The luminosity of long GRBs – the most extinction on extra-solar planets increases arise and evolve across thousands of millions technologies for Big Physics powerful ones – is so intense that they are towards the denser central regions of the of years. This could help explain Enrico cPCI, PXIe, VME, xTCA, MTCA.4 FPGA programming observed throughout the universe (CERN Milky Way. Their estimate is based on the Fermi’s paradox on the absence of evidence Courier April 2009 p12). If one were to rate of GRBs of different luminosity and for an extraterrestrial civilization. PVSS, FESA, DOOCS, TINE, ACS... Timing system, MPS happen nearby, the intense fl ash of gamma the properties of their host galaxies. Indeed, rays illuminating the Earth for tens of seconds the authors found previously that GRBs are ● Further reading could severely damage the thin ozone layer more frequent in low-mass galaxies such as T Piran and R Jimenez 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 that absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the the Small Magellanic Cloud with a small 231102.

Picture of the month

This image from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), located high in the Chilean Andes, reveals an unprecedented view of a planet-forming disc around a young star. The major systems of ALMA, which consists of 54 antennas with 12-m dishes and 12 smaller 7-m dishes, were completed in early 2013 (CERN Courier May 2013 p43). This fi rst-released image from ALMA with the antennas in the near-fi nal confi guration is the sharpest picture ever made at submillimetre wavelengths, and even exceeds the resolution achieved with the Hubble Space Telescope (Picture of the month, CERN Courier Expert staff to cover peak loads and beyond* November 2011 p13). By showing concentric bright rings separated by gaps around the star HL Tauri, the image suggests that ALMA is *yes, we do maintenance and support, even write up the documentation! witnessing the formation of planet-like bodies in this stellar disc, about 450 light-years away. Seeing such features in a star that is only one-million years old has astounded ALMA’s scientists, and could revolutionize theories of planetary formation. (Image credit: ALMA Choose the arrangement that suits you best: (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO).) outsourcing (on-site or off-site), development services, or a customized turnkey solution. 15 www.cosylab.com CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 Ready to jump in at any stage of your Control System Project... CERN Courier January/February 2015 Astrowatch

C OMPILED BY M ARC TÜRLER , ISDC AND O BSERVATORY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF G ENEVA , AND CHIPP, U NIVERSITY OF Z URICH Gamma-ray bursts are a real threat to life

Picture of the month

This image from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), located high in the Chilean Andes, reveals an unprecedented view of a planet-forming disc around a young star. The major systems of ALMA, which consists of 54 antennas with 12-m dishes and 12 smaller 7-m dishes, were completed in early 2013 (CERN Courier May 2013 p43). This fi rst-released image from ALMA with the antennas in the near-fi nal confi guration is the sharpest picture ever made at submillimetre wavelengths, and even exceeds the resolution achieved with the Hubble Space Telescope (Picture of the month, CERN Courier Expert staff to cover peak loads and beyond* November 2011 p13). By showing concentric bright rings separated by gaps around the star HL Tauri, the image suggests that ALMA is *yes, we do maintenance and support, even write up the documentation! witnessing the formation of planet-like bodies in this stellar disc, about 450 light-years away. Seeing such features in a star that is only one-million years old has astounded ALMA’s scientists, and could revolutionize theories of planetary formation. (Image credit: ALMA Choose the arrangement that suits you best: (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO).) outsourcing (on-site or off-site), development services, or a customized turnkey solution. 15 www.cosylab.com CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier January/February 2015 CERN Courier Archive: 1972

Mineral Insulated (MI) Cable A LOOK BACK TO CERN C OURIER VOL . 12, J ANUARY 1972, COMPILED BY P EGGIE R IMMER SiO2 Coax and Triax cables suitable for microwave signals C E r N We were among the first pioneering companies to manufacture mineral-insulated cable to improve product performance and reliability. New home for apprentices On 9 December, a ceremony was Inside the new “Centre d’Apprentissage”. held to inaugurate the CERN “Centre (Image credit: CERN.) d’Apprentissage”, with people from CERN’s Training and Education Section, blowing, vacuum techniques, etc, as well as the apprentices and their supervisors, and gaining experience of working in a physics representatives of the Geneva authorities group. Those training in mechanics and concerned with apprentice training. electronics do another two and a half years Following an initiative of the Geneva of practical work. “Département du Commerce et de At the end of the training, the apprentices l’lndustrie”, in 1966 a small number of young take examinations for certifi cates that people began apprentice training at CERN. enable them to move into industry or A revision of the training programmes was laboratories in member states, or to apply carried out last year, which led to the creation programmes at the centre to supplement for a position at CERN after several years of the centre, a specially converted barrack the theoretical work: in workshop practice, experience elsewhere. Though on a modest fi tted with equipment providing a range of technical design and electrical and scale, the apprentice scheme is one way of practical facilities. electronics systems. Laboratory assistants using the wide range of expertise at CERN Apprentices can now spend their fi rst then do another year and a half covering in training young people of the region. Temperature is our business | www.okazaki-mfg.com 18 months at CERN following common topics such as surface treatment, glass ● Compiled from text on p8.

a r O u N D t h E L a B s On the move okazaki-cernad-193x125-Jan15.indd 1 19/12/2014 10:04 CERN: Left, one of the Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC) protection resistors installed in the power-supply circuit Verify and Optimize your Designs The Application Builder provides you with tools to of the magnet to dissipate the energy stored easily design a custom interface for your multiphysics in the superconducting magnet of the bubble ® models. Use COMSOL Server to distribute your apps chamber (up to 750 MJ), should any fault with COMSOL Multiphysics to colleagues and customers worldwide. send the superconductor “normal”. ● From p11. NOW FEATURING THE APPLICATION BUILDER Visit comsol.com/release/5.0 TRIUMF: Middle, the huge lid of the vacuum tank of the TRIUMF cyclotron (being built on the campus of British Columbia University, (Image credit: CERN.) (Image credit: TRIUMF.) (Image credit: USAEC.) FROM MODEL Vancouver, Canada) being turned for its fi nal cleaning. The triangular projections are supports on which the lid rests on the Compiler’s Note Still on a modest scale, CERN trains six technical and two administrative fl oor. The pips, liberally sprinkled over the surface, take the tie rods coming from the apprentices each year, following codes of practice applicable in Geneva. support structure to prevent the vacuum tank However, young people far and wide benefi t directly or indirectly from the rich variety of educational programmes offered by the laboratory. TO APP collapsing under atmospheric pressure (a load of about 2700 tonnes) when it is pumped out. At any one time, there can be hundreds of member-state and ● From p14. non-member-state students on site: doctoral students stay for 6–36 months, technical and administrative students for 4–12 months, Batavia: Right, one of the last panels of the while summer students and CERN openlab students are around for a few geodesic dome topping the bubble-chamber weeks during the long vacation. control building at NAL swinging into place. As for physics teachers, there are three-day and three-week As reported previously, these panels are programmes in English, plus week-long programmes in the mother constructed from discarded beverage cans bonded between layers of strong plastic, tongue of the participants, currently in more than 25 languages – fi rst languages for about a quarter following an idea by a NAL materials of the world’s population. CERN provides all scientifi c, administrative and technical support, national specialist. About 120,000 cans are built into language facilitators, lecturers and guides. The lecture materials and archived video recordings the completed roof. constitute a unique resource for teaching physics in schools around the globe. ● © Copyright 2014 COMSOL From p41.

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for research During a scientiﬁ c career that spanned six

Goodfellow Cambridge Limited ON-LINE CATALOGUE decades, Emilio Picasso, who passed away last Ermine Business Park October, played some key roles, especially at Huntingdon PE29 6WR UK Tel: 0800 731 4653 or +44 1480 424 800 CERN, where he was widely appreciated. Fax: 0800 328 7689 or +44 1480 424 900 [email protected]

Never has such an illustrious career at CERN hung from so slender a thread of improbability. He was in Genoa, I was 70 000 PRODUCTS SMALL QUANTITIES FAST DELIVERY CUSTOM MADE ITEMS in Geneva. Were we destined to meet? In Bristol? As a result of some tiny chance? His fi nal day of a one-year sabbatical. My fi rst day of a visit. All alone on his last evening, Emilio wanted to say This photo from CERN Courier August 1966 shows the fi rst muon goodbye to Bristol and went to a bar. Out of hundreds of storage ring built at CERN and the team carrying out the g-2 options, I ended up in the same bar...and got a warm experiment on the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. Left welcome. I described the new g-2 experiment, which was to right: S van der Meer, F J M Farley, M Giesch, R Brown, J Bailey, just starting to roll: the fi rst ever muon storage ring at 1. 2 GeV E Picasso and H Jöstlein. (Image credit: CERN/PI 284.6.66.) to dilate the muon lifetime to 27 μs and see more precession cycles. Simon van der Meer was on board but no the particle now known as the pion in cosmic rays. one else. Emilio loved fundamental physics, and there and So it was not surprising that Emilio arrived in Bristol as a NATO then he offered to join the project, visiting CERN from Genoa postdoctoral fellow in 1962/1963. There, his chance meeting with and later becoming a full-time member of staff. Little did Farley in Bristol in 1963 set him on course to CERN. When he I know that I would be making speeches and writing articles offered to join the g-2 experiment, Farley accepted with pleasure, in his honour: Chevalier of Legion of Honour of France and soon Emilio started travelling to Geneva from Genoa, becom- and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the ing a research associate at CERN in 1964. From the beginning he Republic of Italy. insisted on understanding everything in depth. He wrote Fortran Francis J M Farley programs, checked the calculations and found some mistakes, which luckily for the future of the experiment were not lethal. Emilio read physics at the University of Genoa, where he stayed Emilio’s enthusiasm was contagious, and he and Farley gradu- after receiving his doctorate in July 1956. Within a small team, he ally assembled a small team. Farley recalls: “There were many worked mainly on technical aspects of visual particle detectors, diffi culties, but eventually it worked and we measured the anoma- fi rst with gas bubble chambers – based on using a supersaturated lous moment of the muon to 270 ppm. The result disagreed with solution of gas in a liquid at room temperature – and diffusion theory by 1.7σ but we were sure of our number (confi rmed by the chambers. By the early 1960s, he had moved on with some of his next experiment) and we published anyway. (The fashionable shib- collaborators to study proton and meson interactions in nuclear boleth is that you need 5σ for an effect; true if you are looking for emulsions, and participated in the International Co-operative a bump in a wiggly graph, which might be anywhere. But for one Emulsion Flights, which took two large stacks of emulsion plates number 2–3σ is important and anything over 3σ is huge – see p37 high into the atmosphere to detect the interactions of energetic this issue). The discrepancy was enough to worry the theorists, who cosmic rays. This international collaborative effort included the set to work and discovered a new correction. Then they agreed with Bristol group of Cecil Powell, recipient of the 1950 Nobel Prize in us. This was a triumph for the experiment.” ▲ Physics for his work on emulsions and their use in the discovery of In 1967 Farley moved to a job in England and Emilio became

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for research During a scientiﬁ c career that spanned six

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Electron–Positron (LEP) collider. He asked Philippe Bernard and Emilio Picasso 1927–2014 Herbert Lengeler to put together a research programme, and they in turn proposed that Emilio should co-ordinate collaboration with Emilio Picasso in 1983. to look for gravitational waves produced by particles circulating in a storage outside laboratories because of his “vivid interest in RF supercon- (Image credit: ring. Superconducting RF cavities were to be used as detectors. The attempt ductivity” and his “excellent contacts” in the fi eld. The result was CERN-PHOTO-8309793-1.) was unsuccessful, but it gave Emilio the opportunity to get to know the that in spring 1979, Emilio became team leader of the development technology of superconducting cavities – knowledge that was to serve him programme at CERN, and responsible for co-ordination with other After a long illness, Emilio Picasso extremely well later at the Large Electron–Positron collider (LEP). laboratories – in Genoa, Karlsruhe, Orsay and Wuppertal. passed away on 12 October. One of In 1981, the LEP project was approved by CERN Council, alas under very The development work at CERN led to superconducting cavities the earliest and most outstanding diffi cult conditions, i.e. with a reduced and constant budget. In addition, that could achieve the necessary high electric-fi eld gradients, and staff members of CERN, he the requisite personnel had to be found among the staff of the newly the team went on to design and build, in collaboration with Euro- made remarkable contributions unifi ed CERN I and CERN II laboratories. Under such conditions it was not pean industries, the system of superconducting RF that was eventu- to the prodigious success of the easy to fi nd the right person to lead the LEP project. Several outstanding ally deployed in LEP during the 1990s. In 1986, Emilio and others At the LEP ground-breaking ceremony on 13 September 1983. organization for more than 50 years. accelerator experts were available at CERN, and it would have been an proposed the installation of a maximum of 384 superconducting Left to right: Emilio Picasso, the French president François Born in Genoa on 9 July 1927, obvious step to appoint one of them as project leader. However, because it cavities to reach an energy of at least 220 GeV in the centre-of- Mitterand, the Swiss president Pierre Aubert, and Herwig Emilio fi rst studied mathematics, followed by two years of physics. After his became necessary to reassign about a third of the CERN staff to new tasks mass. In the end 288 such cavities were installed, and LEP eventu- Schopper. (Image credit: CERN-PHOTO-8309631-1.) doctorate he became assistant professor for experimental physics at the – implying that personal relations established across many years had to be ally reached a total energy of 208 GeV. Emilio would later express University of Genoa, and began research in atomic physics before changing broken – I considered the human problems as dominant. Hence I appointed sadness that the collider’s energy was never brought to its fullest Emilio began to focus again on the detection of gravitational to particle physics. Emilio as project leader for LEP, a decision that was greeted by many with potential with the maximum number of cavities. waves, an interest that had continued even while he was a director Short stays with the betatron at Torino and with the electron synchrotron at amazement. I considered his human qualities for this task to be more at CERN, when he supported the installation of the EXPLORER Frascati provided him with his fi rst experiences with particle accelerators. He important than some explicit technical know-how. Emilio was respected Leader of LEP gravitational-wave detector at the laboratory in 1984. He was nom- then went to Bristol in the years 1962/1963, where he joined the group of Cecil by the scientists as well as by the engineers. He was prepared to listen to However, he was to take on a still more signifi cant role in 1980, when inated director of the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa in 1991, Powell, who had received the Nobel prize in 1950 for investigating cosmic people, and his moderating temper, his honesty and reliability, and last but at the suggestion of the new director-general, Herwig Schopper, where he had been named professor a decade earlier, and served radiation using photographic emulsions and discovering the π meson. There not least his Mediterranean warmth, were indispensable for the successful CERN Council designated him LEP project leader. With Schopper’s as such for the following four years, retiring from CERN in 1992. Emilio met Francis Farley who told him that he intended to measure at CERN construction and operation of what was by far the largest accelerator of its agreement, Emilio began by setting up the LEP Management Board, At Pisa, he played a key role in supporting approval of Virgo – the anomalous magnetic moment of muons circulating in a storage ring. After time. His name will always remain linked with this unique project, LEP – a consisting of the best experts at CERN, in all of the various aspects, the laser-based gravitational-wave detector adopted by INFN and some drinks they became friends, and Emilio decided to join Farley on the true testament to Emilio’s skills as a scientist and as a project leader. from magnets, RF and vacuum to civil engineering and experimen- CNRS, which is currently running near Cascina, Pisa. CERN experiment. After his retirement I visited Emilio often in a small offi ce in the theory tal halls. The board met one day a week throughout the period of Emilio’s love for physics problems lasted throughout his life in sci- The measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment – or more precisely division, where he had settled to study fundamental physics questions LEP’s construction, discussing all of the decisions that needed to ence – a life during which warmth and welcome radiated. He knew the deviation of its value from the Bohr magneton, expressed as “g-2” – yields again. But he also took up other charges. One of the most important tasks be taken, including the technical specifications for contracts with how to switch people on. Now, sadly, this bright light is dimmed, but an extremely important quantity for testing quantum electrodynamics (QED). was the directorship of the Scuola Normale Superiore at Pisa from 1991 to industry. Schopper would regularly join in, mainly to observe and the afterglow remains and will be with us for many years. Emilio was attracted by this experiment because it matched two different 1995, where he had been nominated professor in 1981 – a commitment that participate in the decision-making process, which took place in a aspects of his thinking. He was fascinated by fundamental questions, and at he could not fulfi l at the time because of his CERN engagements. warm and enthusiastic atmosphere. ● Further reading the same time the experiment required new technologies for magnets. Emilio received many distinctions, among them the title of Cavaliere di The main aspect of the project in which Emilio had no experi- For Emilio Picasso’s memories from the days at LEP, see chapter 3 in From 1963, Emilio commuted between Genoa and CERN, becoming a Gran Croce dell’Ordine al Merito della Repubblica, one of the highest orders ence was civil engineering, but one of the early major issues con- From the PS to the LHC: 50 Years of Nobel Memories in High-Energy research associate in 1964 to work on the g-2 experiment and a CERN staff of the Italian state. cerned the exact siting of the tunnel, which in the initial plans was Physics, L Alvarez-Gaumé et al. (Springer 2012). member in 1966. In addition to Farley, John Bailey and Simon van der Meer Despite the heavy demands of his job he always cared about his family, to pass for 12 km beneath some 1000 m of water-bearing limestone For more on the g-2 experience, see “G minus TWO plus EMILIO” by joined the group, which Emilio was later to lead. The measurements went on and in return his wife Mariella gave him loving support in diffi cult times. in the Jura mountains. While this would avoid the larger commu- F J M Farley, CERN-OPEN-2002-006. for 15 years at two successive storage rings (the second with Guido Petrucci We all regret that sadly Emilio was not well enough to enjoy the enormous nities in France and Switzerland, it presented formidable tunnel- and Frank Krienen), and achieved an incredible accuracy of 7 ppm, so recent success of CERN. Science has lost a great physicist and many of us a ling challenges. Rather than downsize, Emilio decided to look into Résumé becoming one of the most famous precision tests of QED. dear friend. locating the ring further from the mountains. This needed crucial Emilio Picasso : la passion de la physique In 1978, Luigi Radicati convinced Emilio to participate in an experiment ● Herwig Schopper, CERN director-general, 1981–1988. support from the local people, and he was instrumental in setting up regular meetings with the communes around CERN. The result Emilio Picasso, décédé en octobre 2014, était renommé pour ses was that in the fi nal design, the LEP tunnel passed for only 3.3 km qualités de chef, ainsi que pour son caractère chaleureux et son group leader, having joined the CERN staff in November 1966. ested in the possibility of detecting gravitational waves by exploit- under the Jura, beneath 200 m of limestone at most. enthousiasme pour la physique fondamentale. Dans cet hommage, Together with John Bailey they discovered the magic energy, 3.1 GeV, ing suitably coupled superconducting RF cavities. The idea was to This final design was approved in December 1981 and con- on retrouvera certains aspects des activités de physique d’Emilio at which electric fi elds do not affect the spin precession. This led to detect the change of the cavity Q-value induced by gravitational struction of the tunnel started in 1983. It was not without incident: Picasso, en particulier au CERN, où il a dirigé les expériences a new muon storage ring with a uniform magnetic fi eld and vertical waves. They were joined by Francesco Pegoraro and CERN’s when water burst into the part of the tunnel underneath the Jura, it sur le g-2 du muon après avoir rejoint l’Organisation en 1966. focusing using an electric quadrupole fi eld. Emilio masterminded Philippe Bernard, and published papers analysing the principle in formed a river that took six months to eliminate, and the smooth Par la suite, il devait coordonner la conception et la construction this much larger project, creating a warm happy atmosphere and 1978/1979. It was an unconventional idea, which Emilio continued planning for construction and installation became a complex jug- des cavités supraconductrices pour le Grand collisionneur encouraging new ideas. The muon precession could now be followed to consider and improve on and off with various collaborators for gling act. Nevertheless by July 1988, the fi rst sector was installed électron-positon (LEP). Nommé chef de projet pour le LEP en 1981, out to 500 μs and g-2 was measured to 7 ppm. The team had the right the next quarter of a century. However, at the end of the 1970s a completely. A test with beam proved that the machine was indeed il a dirigé la construction du plus grand accélérateur de particules number again (confi rmed by the later measurement at Brookhaven much larger project lay on CERN’s horizon. well designed, and just over a year later, the fi rst collisions were du monde, dans le tunnel de 27 km qui abrite actuellement le LHC. National Laboratory) and this time it agreed with the theory. In November 1978, John Adams – then CERN’s executive observed on 13 August 1989. While the g-2 saga was coming to an end, Emilio and Luigi director-general – decided to push R&D on superconducting RF Following the completion of the construction phase of LEP, and Christine Sutton, CERN, based on contributions kindly supplied by Radicati, who was then a visiting scientist at CERN, became inter- with a view to increasing the energy reach of the proposed Large the end of his successful mandate as leader of the LEP project, Francis Farley, Günther Plass and Italo Manelli.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 2015 IEEE Nuclear Science CERN Courier January/February 2015 Symposium & Medical LHC physics Imaging Conference CMS: fi nal Run I results 22nd International Symposium on Town and Country Hotel Room-Temperature Semiconductor 31 October – 7 November X-Ray and Gamma-ray Detectors Abstract Submission Deadline: on the Higgs boson 5 May, 2015 Electronics Applications in Medical www.nss-mic.org/2015 Imaging, Physics, Radiation Detectors –1 –1 Industry, Homeland Measurements submitted recently for 19.7 fb (8 TeV) + 5.1 fb (7 TeV) Instrumentation CMS combined Security, Space and publication by CMS show that the Higgs boson +0.26 +0.13 (syst.) mH = 125.02 –0.27 (stat.)–0.15 Algorithms Biology at 125 GeV is, at least so far, consistent with stat. + syst. the minimal scalar sector expected in the stat. only H → γγ stat. + syst. Standard Model. 124.70 stat. only ± 0.31 (stat.) 0.15 (syst.)±

Since the inception of the LHC, a central part of its physics programme has been aimed at establishing or ruling out the existence of the Higgs boson, the stubbornly missing building block of the Stand- H → Z Z 125.59 ard Model of elementary particles. After the discovery of a Higgs +0.44(stat.)+0.15 (syst.) boson by the ATLAS and CMS experiments was announced in July –0.40 –0.17 2012, the study of its properties became of paramount importance in 124 125 126 understanding the nature of this boson and the structure of the scalar m (GeV) sector. Given the measured mass of the Higgs boson, all of its proper- H ties are predicted by the theory, so deviations from the predictions of Fig. 1. Results of the mass measurement in the two high-resolution the Standard Model could open a portal to new physics. channels, H → γγ and H → ZZ → 4 leptons, and their combination. The CMS collaboration recently completed the full LHC Run 1 data analysis in each of the most important channels for the Higgs boson for publication. The results combining individual the decay and production of the Higgs. Bosonic decays such as channels are remarkably coherent. H → ZZ → 4 leptons (4l), H → γγ, and H → WW → lνlν, and fer- A ﬁ rst major outcome of the combination is a precise measurement mionic decays such as H → bb, H → ττ and H → μμ, were studied, of the mass of the Higgs boson. This is achieved by exploiting the two and the results have been published. All of the analyses are based channels with the highest resolution: H → γγ and H → ZZ → 4l. on the proton–proton collision data collected in 2011 and 2012 Thanks to the high precision and accurate calibration of the CMS at the LHC, corresponding to 5 fb–1 at 7 TeV and 20 fb–1 at 8 TeV electromagnetic calorimeter, the H → γγ channel gives a most pre-

centre-of-mass energy. The di-boson channels are observed with cise single-channel measurement of MH = 124.70±0.34 GeV. Using signifi cance close to or above 5σ. The Standard Model’s hypothesis the combination with the H → ZZ → 4l channel, the fi nal measure- + +0.29 of 0 for the spin-parity of the observed Higgs boson is found to ment of MH = 125.03–0.31 GeV is obtained with an excellent precision be favoured strongly against other spin hypotheses (0– ,1±, 2±). The of two per mille. The measurements in the two channels (fi gure 1) are Vesna Sossi Adam Alessio comparison of off-shell and on-shell production of the Higgs boson compatible at the level of 1.6σ, indicating full consistency with the University of British Columbia University of Washington in the ZZ channel also sets a constraint on the natural width of the hypothesis of a single particle. The measured value of the mass is General Chair MIC Program Chair Higgs boson that is comparable to the width expected in the Stand- used for further studies of the Higgs-boson’s couplings. It is worth ard Model. Furthermore, evidence is established for the direct cou- noting that the uncertainty is still dominated by the statistical uncer- Tom Lewellen Lawrence MacDonald pling to fermions, with signifi cance above 3σ for the decay to ττ. tainty and will therefore improve in Run 2. University of Washington University of Washington The combination of all of the production and decay channels pro- The various measurements performed at the two centre-of-mass Deputy General Chair MIC Deputy Program Chair vides the opportunity to obtain a global view of the most important energies are carried out in a large number (around 200) of mutu- Higgs-boson parameters, and to disentangle the contributions to the ally exclusive event categories. Each category addresses one or John Valentine Ralph James measured rates from the various processes. The fi rst preliminary more of the different production and decay channels. Four produc- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory results on the full Run 1 data were presented by CMS last July at the tion mechanisms are considered. Gluon–gluon fusion (ggH) is a NSS Program Chair RTSD Co-Chair International Conference on High Energy Physics in Valencia. Now, purely quantum process, where a single Higgs boson is produced ▲ the collaboration has submitted the fi nal “Run 1 legacy” results on via a virtual top-quark loop. In vector-boson fusion (VBF), the Chiara Guazzoni Michael Fiederle Politecnico de Milano & INFN Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum NSS Deputy Program Chair RTSD Co-Chair 23

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LHC physics LHC physics INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC WIRING LTD 19.7 fb–1 (8 TeV) + 5.1 fb–1 (7 TeV) CMS 19.7 fb–1(8 TeV) + 5.1 fb–1(7 TeV) 19.7 fb–1(8 TeV) + 5.1 fb–1(7 TeV) SWINDON WILTSHIRE CMS mH = 125 GeV CMS 2 observed t γ 1 +0.08 H→WW γ 68% CL YOUR PARTNER IN CONTRACT combined μ = 1.00±0.14 [1.00±0.09(stat.)–0.07 (theo)±0.07(syst.)] SM Higgs Z → W YOUR PARTNER IN CONTRACT untagged H 95% CL ELECTRONIC MANUFACTURE H → γγ VBF tag μ = 1.12±0.24 1 –1 SM Higgs ELECTRONIC MANUFACTURE VH tag H→ 10 ttH tag ττ H → ZZ 0/1 jet 95% CL 1/2 H→ZZ μ = 1.00±0.29 2 jets H→bb b

0/1 jet f –2 τ κ 0 H WW VBF tag or (g/2v) 10

→

μ = 0.83±0.21 VH tag λ ttH tag 0/1 jet μ (M, ε) fit H → ττ VBF tag –1 10–3 μ = 0.91±0.28 VH tag 68% CL ttH tag 95% CL H → bb VH tag ttH tag μ = 0.84±0.44 –2 10–4 –4 –2 0246 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.1 1 10 100 best fit ␴/␴SM κv mass (GeV) Left: Fig. 2. Measurements of signal strength for the overall combination (solid vertical line with green band representing the Fig. 4. Graphical representation of the results obtained from uncertainty) and different combinations, grouped by predominant decay mode, and additional tags targeting a specifi c production likelihood scans for a model where the gluon and photon mechanism. Right: Fig. 3. The 68% CL contours for individual channels (coloured swaths), and for the overall combination (thick loop-interactions with the Higgs boson are resolved in terms of

curve) for the (κV, κf ) parameters. The cross indicates the global best-fi t values. The dashed contour bounds the 95% CL confi dence other Standard Model particles. The dashed line corresponds to

region for the combination. The diamond represents the Standard Model expectation at (κV, κf ) = (1, 1). the Standard Model expectation. The inner bars represent the 68% CL intervals, while the outer bars represent the 95% CL Higgs boson is produced in association with two quarks. Lastly, in Standard Model have been carried out, and all of the results indi- intervals. The ordinate differs between fermions and vector iew.co.uk Tel +44 (0) 1793 694033 [email protected] VH- and ttH-associated production, the Higgs boson is produced cate consistency with the predictions. For instance, the so-called bosons to take account of the expected Standard Model scaling of UNIT 10, BIRCH, KEMBREY PARK, SWINDON, WILTSHIRE, SN2 8UU either in association with a W/Z boson or with a top–antitop quark “custodial” symmetry that fi xes the relative couplings κW/κZ of the the coupling with mass, depending on the type of particle. The pair. The main decay channels are indicated on the left of fi gure 2, Higgs boson to W and Z bosons is verifi ed at the 15% precision continuous line shows the result of the coupling–mass fi t, while the which shows the measurement of the signal strength μ, d e fi n e d level and the couplings to fermions of the third family are verifi ed inner and outer bands represent the 68% and 95% CL regions. as the ratio of the measured yield relative to the Standard Model at the 20–30% precision level. prediction. All of the measurements are found to be consistent with The Higgs boson is tightly connected with the mechanism for LHC run (Run 2) at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The new μ = 1, which by defi nition indicates consistency with the prediction. generating mass in the Standard Model: the Yukawa couplings energy frontier promises increased reach into the Higgs sector, but The combination of all of the measurements gives an overall signal for the fermions are predicted to be proportional to the mass of also a unique look at a totally new, unchartered territory. strength of 1.00±0.13. The fi gure also shows the signal strengths the fermions themselves, while the gauge couplings to the vector measured for the different decay tags. All of the combinations are bosons are proportional to the masses squared of the vector bosons. ● Further reading obtained using simultaneous likelihood fi ts of all channels, with Figure 4 illustrates this by showing the couplings to the Standard CMS Collaboration arXiv:1412.8662 [hep-ex], submitted to Eur. Phys. J. C. all of the systematic and theory uncertainties profi led in the fi ts. Model particles as a function of the mass of their masses. All of CMS Collaboration arXiv:1411.3441, submitted to Phys. Rev. D. Signal strengths compatible with Standard Model expectations the measurements are in excellent agreement with the expected CMS Collaboration 2014 Phys. Lett. B 736 64. are also found for each of the production mechanisms, with an behaviour of the couplings, indicated by the black line. In this plot observation of ggH production at more than 5σ and evidence for the H → μμ channel is also included and, even though it currently Résumé VBF, VH and ttH production at close to or above 3σ. has a large uncertainty, it is consistent with the fi tted line. This CMS: résultats défi nitifs de la première période d’exploitation Another set of tests of consistency with the Standard Model con- demonstrates beautifully that the Higgs boson is linked to the fun- concernant le boson de Higgs sist of introducing coupling modifi ers, κ, that scale the Standard damental fi eld at the origin of the masses of particles. Model couplings. The simplest case is to allow one scaling factor La collaboration CMS vient d’achever l’analyse complète des

for the coupling of the Higgs boson to the vector bosons (κV) and Summary and conclusions données de la première période d’exploitation du LHC pour chacune

one for the coupling to fermions (κf), and to resolve the loops – CMS has just submitted for publication the ﬁ nal Run 1 measure- des voies de désintégration et de production du boson de Higgs, namely gluon–gluon fusion and γγ decay – using Standard Model ments of the properties of the Higgs boson – mass, couplings and découvert au LHC en 2012. À présent, la collaboration présente pour contributions only. spin-parity parameters – with the highest precision allowed by the publication les résultats défi nitifs de cette exploitation pour ce qui Figure 3 shows the 1σ contours obtained from the different decay current statistics. So far, all of the results are found to be consistent, concerne le boson de Higgs. Les résultats combinant différentes voies

channels in the plane κf versus κV, and from their combination. The within uncertainties, with the newly established scalar sector, just de désintégration sont remarquablement cohérents. Ils montrent only channel that can distinguish between the different relative signs as predicted for the spontaneous electroweak symmetry breaking de façon très concluante que le couplage du boson de Higgs avec of the two couplings is H → γγ, because of the negative interference in the Standard Model. The measurements provide overwhelming d’autres particules correspond, dans la limite des incertitudes, between the top-quark and W-boson contributions in the loop. The evidence that the observed Higgs-boson couples to other particles aux prédictions liées à la description de la brisure de symétrie combination (thick curve) shows that the measurement is consist- in a way that is consistent with the Standard Model predictions. électrofaible spontanée dans le Modèle standard.

ent within 1σ with κV = κf = 1, while the opposite sign hypothesis, After achieving the major milestone of completing all of the most

κV = – κf = 1, is excluded with a conﬁ dence limit (CL) larger than 95%. important Run 1 Higgs-boson measurements, the CMS experiment Guillelmo Gomez-Ceballos, Marco Pieri and Yves Sirois for the CMS Many other tests of modified couplings with respect to the will now direct its efforts towards the exploitation of the upcoming collaboration.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 CMS

CERN Courier January/February 2015 CERN Courier January/February 2015

0/1 jet f –2 τ κ 0 H WW VBF tag or (g/2v) 10

→

curve) for the (κV, κf ) parameters. The cross indicates the global best-fi t values. The dashed contour bounds the 95% CL confi dence other Standard Model particles. The dashed line corresponds to

for the coupling of the Higgs boson to the vector bosons (κV) and Summary and conclusions données de la première période d’exploitation du LHC pour chacune

ent within 1σ with κV = κf = 1, while the opposite sign hypothesis, After achieving the major milestone of completing all of the most

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier January/February 2015 CERN Courier January/February 2015 TRIUMF TRIUMF ARIEL begins a new future in rare isotopes

The superconducting electron linac for ARIEL, TRIUMF’s new ﬂ agship facility, has achieved its ﬁ rst accelerated beam.

TRIUMF is Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics, located in Vancouver. Founded in 1968, the laboratory’s particle-accelerator-driven research has grown from nuclear and particle physics to include vibrant programmes in materials science, nuclear medicine and accelerator science, while maintaining strong particle-physics activities elsewhere, for example at CERN and the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex. Currently, the laboratory’s fl agship on-site programme uses rare-isotope beams (RIBs) for both discovery and application in the physical and health sciences. Rare isotopes are not found in nature, yet they have properties Fig. 1. TRIUMF’s new ARIEL building houses the target hall, that have shaped the evolution of the universe in fundamental ways, remote-handling facilities, mass-separation and radioactive beam front from powering the burning of stars to generating the chemical ele- end, and electrical and mechanical services. Funding for the civil ments that make up life on Earth. These isotopes are foundational construction was provided by the Province of British Columbia. for modern medical-imaging techniques, such as positron-emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography, and research. In addition, ARIEL will deliver important social and are useful for therapeutic purposes, including the treatment of can- economic impacts, in the production of medical isotopes for tar- cer tumours. They are also powerful tools for scientifi c discovery, geted cancer therapy, in the characterization of novel materials, for example in determining the structure and dynamics of atomic and in the continued advancement of accelerator technology in nuclei, understanding the processes by which heavy elements in the Canada, both at the laboratory and in partnership with industry. Fig. 2. The newly commissioned fi rst stage of the SRF electron linac for ARIEL, showing the electron gun (cylinder far right), injector universe were created, enabling precision tests of fundamental sym- cryomodule (bottom centre) and accelerator cryomodule (ACM far left). A second ACM will ultimately bring the accelerator to the 50 MeV metries that could challenge the Standard Model of particle physics, The e-linac and 500 kW design specifi cations. Funding was provided by the Canadian government and the CFI. (All image credits: TRIUMF.) and serving as probes of the interfaces between materials. ARIEL-I, the fi rst stage of ARIEL, was funded in 2010 by the TRIUMF’s Isotope Separator and Accelerator – ISAC – is one of Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the British Columbia structure, and accelerated using up to fi ve 1.3 GHz superconducting the world’s premier RIB facilities. ISAC’s high proton-beam power Knowledge Development Fund, and the Canadian government. It cavities, housed in one 10 MeV injector cryomodule (ICM) and two (up to 50 kW) that produces the rare isotopes, its chain of accelerators comprises the ARIEL building (fi gure 1), completed in 2013, and a accelerator cryomodules, each providing 20 MeV energy gain. that propels them up to energies of 6–18 MeV per nucleon for heavy 25 MeV, 100 kW superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) electron The design and layout of the e-linac are compatible with a future and light-mass beams, respectively, and its experimental equipment linear accelerator (e-linac), which is the fi rst stage of a new elec- recirculation arc that can be tuned either for energy-recovery or that measures their properties are unmatched in the world. tron driver designed ultimately to achieve 50 MeV and 500 kW for energy-doubling operation. The electron source, designed and con- The Advanced Rare IsotopE Laboratory (ARIEL) was con- the production of radioactive structed at TRIUMF, exhibits reduced fi eld-emission and a novel ceived to expand these capabilities in important new directions, beams via photo-fi ssion. modulation scheme: the RF power is transmitted via a ceramic and to establish TRIUMF as a world-leading laboratory in acceler- ARIEL was The ARIEL-I e-linac, which waveguide between the grounded vessel and the gun, so the ampli- ator technology and in rare-isotope research for science, medicine accelerated its first beam to fi er is at ground potential. The source has been successfully tested and business. To expand the number and scope of RIBs feeding conceived as a 23 MeV in September 2014, is a to the full current specifi cation of 10 mA cw. Specially designed TRIUMF’s experimental facilities, ARIEL will add two high- world-leading state-of-the-art accelerator fea- short quadrupoles (fi gure 3) present minimum electron-beam aber- power driver beams – one electron and one proton – and two new facility in turing a number of technologi- rations by shaping the poles to be locally spherical, with radius isotope production-target and transport systems. cal breakthroughs (figure 2). 4π times the aperture radius (Baartman 2012). Together with the existing ISAC station, the two additional target rare-isotope The 10 mA continuous wave The injector and accelerator cryomodules house the SRF cavi- stations will triple the current isotope-production capacity, enable research for science, (cw) electron beam is generated ties (fi gure 4, p28), which are cooled to 2K and each driven by a full utilization of the existing experimental facilities, and satisfy medicine and in a 300 kV DC thermionic grid- 300 kW klystron. To take advantage of prior developments – and Fig.3. Close-up of the “short” quadrupoles used in the researcher demand for isotopes used in nuclear astrophysics, funded-cathode assembly modu- to contribute to future projects – TRIUMF chose the 1.3 GHz electron-beam transport line. These TRIUMF-designed magnets damental nuclear studies and searches for new particle physics, business. lated at 650 MHz, bunched by a technology, the same as other global accelerator projects includ- employ a novel pole design that presents minimal aberrations to ▲ as well as in characterizing materials and in medical-isotope room-temperature 1.3 GHz RF ing the XFEL in Hamburg, the LCLS-II at SLAC, and the the electron beam.

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The superconducting electron linac for ARIEL, TRIUMF’s new ﬂ agship facility, has achieved its ﬁ rst accelerated beam.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier January/February 2015 CERN Courier January/February 2015 TRIUMF Faces & Places enabling long-running experiments for fundamental symmetries that are not practical currently. ● Photo-fi ssion will allow the production of very neutron-rich isotopes at unprecedented intensities for precision studies of r-process i N N O v a t i O N nuclei. ● The multi-user capability will establish depth-resolved CERN inaugurates the IdeaSquare building β-detected NMR as a user facility, unique in the world. ● High production rates of novel alpha-emitting heavy nuclei will On 9 December, members of CERN Council accelerate development of targeted alpha tumour therapy. had the opportunity to take part in the The new facility will also provide important societal benefi ts. inauguration of a refurbished building named In addition to the economic benefi ts from the commercialization IdeaSquare, after a new project designed of accelerator technologies (e.g. PAVAC), ARIEL will expand to nurture innovation at CERN. The aim Fig. 4. Close-up of the 1.3 GHz SRF cavity employed in the TRIUMF’s outstanding record in student development through is to bring together researchers, engineers, ARIEL e-linac. The technology chosen is the same as other participation in international collaborations and training in people from industry and young students, and encourage them to come up with new ideas current and proposed global accelerator projects. TRIUMF advanced instrumentation and accelerator technologies. The that are useful for society, inspired by CERN’s transferred the technical expertise to the Canadian company e-linac has provided the impetus to form Canada’s fi rst graduate ongoing detector R&D and upgrade projects. PAVAC Industries Inc. in a successful research–industry programme in accelerator physics. One of only a few worldwide, Originally created in response to requests partnership. the programme is in high demand globally and has already pro- from experimentalists working in the duced award-winning graduates. collaborations, IdeaSquare has evolved into a proposed International Linear Collider. ARIEL is not only the future of TRIUMF, it also embodies the place where innovative ideas meet established Through technology transfer from TRIUMF, the Canadian mission of TRIUMF at large: scientifi c excellence, societal impact, expertise. Although the project is still in its pilot phase, two EU-funded projects have company PAVAC Industries Inc. fabricated the niobium cavities and economic benefi t. And it is off to a great start. found their home in the IdeaSquare building and TRIUMF constructed the cryomodules, based on the ISAC at Point 1 on the LHC, and 46 students have top-loading design (fi gure 2 bottom centre, p27). The TRIUMF/ ● Further reading already participated in the Challenge-Based PAVAC collaboration, which goes back to 2005, was born from the For more information, see the articles on ISAC and ARIEL in Innovation courses that are based there. The vision of “made in Canada” superconducting accelerators. Now, Hyperfi ne Interactions 225, issue 1–3 (2014), or visit www.triumf. building – once an old storage space – has 10 years later, the relationship is a glowing example of a positive ca/ariel. been refurbished creatively, using reinforced President of CERN Council, Agnieszka Zalewska, centre, Tula Teeri, rector of Aalto partnership between industry and a research institute. R Baartman 2012 Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 15 074002. shipping containers and an old bus for University, right, and CERN’s director-general, Rolf Heuer, decorate the celebratory cake at offi ce space and a meeting room, and has a the inauguration of the IdeaSquare building. (Image credit: CERN-PHOTO-201412-263-137.) International partnerships have been essential in facilitating ready-to-use technical infrastructure. technical developments for the e-linac. In 2008, TRIUMF went Résumé IdeaSquare, which has already gathered and Innovation Unit. The unit works with needed to take part in the IdeaSquare into partnership with the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre Isotopes rares : premiers pas d’ARIEL over a hundred new ideas – some of which and engages external partners to foster the programme is to have an idea worth (VECC) in Kolkata, for joint development of the ICM and the con- might be prototyped at CERN eventually development and innovation potential of nurturing – that is, an idea that combines struction of two of them: one for ARIEL and one for ANURIB, TRIUMF, le laboratoire national canadien pour la physique des – was set up by Marzio Nessi and Markus detector technology outside the domain innovation with usefulness in particle India’s next-generation RIB facility, which is being constructed particules et la physique nucléaire, abrite l’une des installations Nordberg within CERN’s Development of particle physics. The only requirement physics and for society. les plus en vue pour la production d’isotopes rares. L’installation in Kolkata. In 2013, the collaboration was extended to include the C OLLaBOratiON development of components for ARIEL’s next phase, ARIEL-II. à isotopes rares ARIEL (Advanced Rare IsotopE Laboratory) a community of European researchers, generic In addition, collaborations with Fermilab, the Helmholtz Zen- été conçue pour renforcer les capacités existantes afi n d’explorer New international R&D on high-fi eld magnets and high-gradient trum Berlin and DESY were indispensable for the project. de nouvelles directions prometteuses, et ainsi établir TRIUMF structures for the Future Circular Collider and ARIEL’s development is continuing with ARIEL-II, which will en tant que laboratoire de premier plan au niveau mondial pour offi ces to aid Compact Linear Collider studies are of great complete the e-linac and add the new proton driver, production tar- les technologies des accélérateurs et la recherche sur les isotopes importance for both organizations. Scientists gets and transport systems in preparation for fi rst science in 2017. rares pour la science, la médecine et l’industrie. La première CERN-KEK from Europe, including CERN, form part Funding for ARIEL-II has been requested from the CFI on behalf phase, ARIEL-I, inclut un accélérateur linéaire d’électrons of the preparation team for the International Linear Collider project that is being pursued of 19 universities, led by the University of Victoria, and matching supraconducteur, qui a accéléré son premier faisceau à 23 MeV en partnership in Japan. funds are being sought from fi ve Canadian provinces. septembre 2014. The new offi ces provide not only physical ARIEL will bring unprecedented capabilities: Rüdiger Voss, head of international space but also administrative help for ● The multi-user RIB capability will not only triple the RIB hours Lia Merminga, Accelerator Division head, Shane Koscielniak, e-linac CERN and KEK, the Japanese high-energy relations at CERN, front left, and Atsuto researchers travelling to and settling in delivered to users, but also increase the richness of the science by project leader, and Reiner Krücken, Science Division head, TRIUMF. accelerator research organization, have a Suzuki, director-general of KEK, signed the at the partner laboratory. Registration long history of collaboration. An agreement agreement during the 9th CERN-KEK procedures at a new laboratory and in signed at KEK on 21 November puts this on meeting. (Image credit: KEK.) a new country are often tricky, and the even fi rmer ground: both organizations will offi ce staff will make sure that accelerator establish CERN-KEK offi ces to increase the test facilities ATF and ATF2 all feature specialists can focus on R&D rather than Download your copy today collaborative effort on accelerator R&D and on the strategy roadmaps for the future on paperwork. The offi ces will also handle construction projects of mutual interest. of particle physics, both in Europe and in offi cial visits from the partner organization http://cerncourier.com/digital A number of key projects fall into this Japan. While the programmes at the Japan and from other regions – planning and CERNCOURIER category. The LHC and its luminosity Proton Accelerator Complex – including arranging travel, meetings, workshops and upgrade, the LHC injectors, linear-collider upgrades and KEK’s future SuperKEKB training, and the exchange and transport of has gone digital studies and the associated accelerator electron–positron collider – involve a broad hardware components.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier January/February 2015 CERN Courier January/February 2015 Faces & Places Faces & Places Silicon Drift Detectors • Solid State Design • Easy to Use a W a r D s to Jorge Lopez of University of Texas, El construction, installation, calibration and • Low Cost Paso, not only for “his extensive research operation for experiments at LAMPF, accomplishments in theoretical nuclear FNAL, RHIC and at CERN, and for APS announces prizewinners for 2015 physics, pioneering work in heavy-ion enthusiastic mentoring of a large number FAST SDD® collision dynamics and development of of undergraduate students while being systematic ways to study problems of recognized for outstanding teaching at the Count Rate = >1,000,000 CPS nuclear fragmentation”, but also for “his undergraduate level”. Last but by no means relentless work in building bridges to Latin least, there are a number of awards for young Resolution Peaking Time America and his outreach to the Hispanic people. Of these, the 2015 Henry Primakoff 125 eV FWHM 4 µs community to increase diversity in physics”. Award for Early-Career Particle Physics 130 eV FWHM 1 µs Particle physics also features in the goes to Rouven Essig of State University of 140 eV FWHM 0.2 µs awarding of the 2015 Prize for a Faculty New York, Stony Brook, for his “seminal 160 eV FWHM 0.05 µs Member for Research in an Undergraduate contributions to theoretical models of dark Institution. Donald Isenhower of Abilene matter with new gauge interactions, and for Christian University receives the award for leadership of the APEX experiment at the SDD Spectrum 5.9 “his essential contributions in hardware Jefferson Laboratory”. keV 55Fe eV FWHM

Counts 125 Breakthrough prizes for the 25 mm2 x 500 µm 11.2 µs peaking time 6.4 dark universe P/B Ratio: 20000/1 keV Energy (keV) Some of the APS prizewinners, left to right: George Zweig, Pierre Ramond, Larry McLerran and Hasan Padamsee. (Image credits: Left to Resolution vs Peaking Time right: G Zweig, Chalmers University of Technology, BNL, Fermilab.) 180 25 mm2 170 The American Physical Society (APS) has theoretical foundations of experimental Achievement in the Physics of Particle announced many of its awards for 2015, ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. His Accelerators is another important award 160 Standard SDD including major prizes in nuclear and particle work has been a crucial guide to experiments that recognizes and encourages outstanding ® physics, astroparticle physics and cosmology. at RHIC and the LHC, and he has mentored a work. Hasan Padamsee of Fermilab 150 FAST SDD

Last year saw many anniversaries, generation of young theorists”. receives the 2015 prize “for his leadership 140 including the 50th anniversary of two Experimental work at Brookhaven’s and pioneering world-renowned research in papers predicting the existence of quarks, RHIC is also recognized this year with the superconducting radiofrequency physics, 130 by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig Tom W Bonner Prize, which recognizes materials science, and technology, which Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) 120 CERN Courier contributed to remarkable advances in the 0 1 2 3 4 5 ( March 2014 p37). For 2015, and encourages outstanding experimental Peaking Time (μs) the APS honours Zweig of Massachusetts research in nuclear physics, including capability of particle accelerators”. Institute of Technology with the J J Sakurai the development of a method, technique In astroparticle physics and cosmology, the Throughput Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics. This or device that signifi cantly contributes Hans A Bethe Prize recognizes outstanding 1,00,0000 prize, which recognizes and encourages in a general way to nuclear-physics work in theory, experiment or observation 0.2 μs outstanding achievement in particle theory, research. The recipients of the 2015 in the areas of astrophysics, nuclear physics, Left to right: Brian Schmidt, Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess at the award ceremony. is awarded to Zweig for “his independent prize are Howard Wieman of Lawrence nuclear astrophysics, or closely related (Image credit: Breakthrough Prize.) 100,000 1 μs proposal that hadrons are composed Berkeley National Laboratory and Miklos fi elds. James Lattimer of State University of of fractionally charged fundamental Gyulassy of Columbia University. They New York, Stony Brook, receives the 2015 The 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Physics in 2011 (CERN Courier November 4 μs constituents, called quarks or aces, and for are rewarded for “developing foundational prize for his “outstanding theoretical work Fundamental Physics, which recognizes 2011 p5). 10,000 developing its revolutionary implications experimental and theoretical tools to enable connecting observations of supernovae major insights into the deepest questions The awarding of the 2015 Breakthrough Output Count Rate (OCR) Output Count for hadron masses and properties”. and guide generations of experiments and neutron stars with neutrino emission of the universe, has been awarded to Saul prizes, which honour top scientists and The 2015 Dannie Heineman Prize for in relativistic heavy-ion physics. The and the equation of state of matter beyond Perlmutter of the University of California mathematicians, took place in a gala 1,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,0000 Mathematical Physics, which recognizes combination of experiment and theory led nuclear density”. The 2015 Einstein Prize Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National ceremony held on 9 November at NASA’s Input Count Rate (ICR) outstanding publications in the fi eld, also to the initial discoveries at RHIC, ongoing recognizing outstanding accomplishments Laboratory, and members of the Supernova Hangar 1 in Mountain View, California. goes to a well-known fi gure in theoretical precision studies of the properties of hot in the fi eld of gravitational physics goes to Cosmology Project, and to Brian Schmidt of The following day, the Breakthrough particle physics. Pierre Ramond of the nuclear matter, and to exploration of the Jacob Bekenstein of Hebrew University for the Australian National University, and Adam Prize Symposium took place at Stanford University of Florida receives the prize for nuclear-matter phase diagram”. “his ground-breaking work on black-hole Riess, of Johns Hopkins University and University, with talks from the prize “his pioneering foundational discoveries Elsewhere in experimental particle entropy, which launched the fi eld of the Space Telescope Science Institute, and winners. In addition, awards were handed in supersymmetry and superstring theory, physics, the 2015 W K H Panofsky black-hole thermodynamics and transformed members of the High-Z Supernova Team. out in a category for junior researchers in particular the dual model of fermions Prize, which recognizes and encourages the long effort to unify quantum mechanics The two teams, totalling 51 people, will in physics – the New Horizons in Physics and the theory of the Kalb–Ramond fi eld”. outstanding achievements in the fi eld, goes and gravitation”. share the $3 million prize, awarded for Prize. These, again, recognized work on the Still in the theoretical domain, the Herman to Stanley Wojcicki of Stanford University. The APS awards also go beyond “the most unexpected discovery that the “dark side of the universe”, with an award Feshbach Prize recognizes and encourages He receives the award “for his leadership the recognition of pure research. The expansion of the universe is accelerating, given to Philip Schuster and Natalia Toro Please see our web site for complete outstanding research in theoretical and innovative contributions to experiments Edward A Bouchet Award “promotes the rather than slowing as had been long of the Perimeter Institute “for pioneering specifications and vacuum applications nuclear physics. The 2015 prize goes to probing the fl avour structure of quarks participation of under-represented minorities assumed”. Their discovery, which is the ‘simplifi ed models’ framework for new Larry McLerran of Brookhaven National and leptons, in particular for his seminal in physics by identifying and recognizing interpreted in terms of “dark energy” – a physics searches at the LHC, as well as Laboratory (BNL) for “his pioneering role in the success of the MINOS neutrino a distinguished minority physicist who mysterious anti-gravitational force that spearheading new experimental searches ® Inc. contributions to our understanding of oscillation experiment”. has made signifi cant contributions to drives the accelerating expansion – was for dark sectors using high-intensity AMPTEK QCD at high energy-density and laying the The Robert R Wilson Prize for physics research”. The 2015 award goes also honoured with the Nobel Prize in electron beams”. [email protected] www.amptek.com 30 31

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier January/February 2015 CERN Courier January/February 2015 Faces & Places Faces & Places

s Y M P O s i u M i N D u s t r Y Michigan honours Spain and France show their wares at CERN

Homer Neal Companies from two of CERN’s member number of the most relevant research transfer at CERN, as well as the opportunity states recently took the opportunity institutes and a few technology universities to visit the LHC underground. to display their products and services also attended, with the aim of building a On 1–3 December it was the turn of In April, colleagues and friends from around at CERN. strong and durable connection between representatives from 37 French companies the world gathered at the University of First, on 28 October, the state the Spanish science industry network and in sectors related to particle physics Michigan in Ann Arbor for a symposium to secretary of science, development and activities at CERN. to meet scientists, engineers and other honour Homer Neal. innovation for Spain, Carmen Vela Olmo, The two-day programme of events potential purchasers at the 13th “France After receiving his BS degree at Indiana visited the laboratory to inaugurate the included the opportunity to visit different at CERN” exhibition. The main subjects University in 1961, Homer gained his PhD “Spain at CERN” exhibition, which departments at CERN and discuss covered electrical engineering, electronics, at Michigan in 1966, mentored by Mike provided a showcase for Spanish industry. supplies and services linked to the many informatics, mechanical engineering, Longo. While he was there he shared an It was the fi rst time that Spanish companies technologies that underpin CERN’s vacuum and low-temperature technologies, offi ce with fellow graduate student Sam have exhibited at CERN, and 47 of them activities, from civil engineering to vacuum instrumentation and safety. The fi rst day Ting and they became close friends. At the Homer Neal, right, with the sculpture by Jens Zorn showing collisions of protons at D0 and showed their wares and discussed business and cryogenic systems. There were also included presentations on technology symposium, despite an important meeting at ATLAS, presented to him at the symposium. (Image credit: M Okunawo and S Lemons.) opportunities. Representatives from a presentations on knowledge and technology transfer and purchasing at CERN. CERN the previous day with senior Chinese government offi cials, Sam used all available measurement of the W boson’s mass. wisdom allowed the Michigan ATLAS group high-tech devices to deliver an excellent talk Jianming Qian, who has worked with to make a major contribution to the discovery about their days together in Ann Arbor. Homer since joining Michigan in 1993, of the Higgs boson. Homer’s next step was a year at CERN as described him as a physicist, a colleague and Shawn McKee of Michigan noted Homer’s a National Science Foundation postdoctoral a mentor, fi rst in D0 at the Tevatron and then impact on developing cyber-infrastructure fellow, after which he returned to Indiana in ATLAS at the LHC. Jianming stressed and collaborative tools for both Michigan in 1967 as an assistant professor, where he how Homer’s strong and persistent interest and the high-energy physics community, started the university’s high-energy physics in spin physics infl uenced the direction benefi ting from his leadership roles in group. He became a tenured associate of the group’s research. Examples are the both academia and industry. Homer was a professor in 1970 and then a full professor discoveries of the Ξb and Ωb baryons at D0, pioneer in developing collaborative tools to in 1972. In 1974 he spent a sabbatical year as a result of the spin analyses that Homer ensure that all LHC physicists can contribute at the Bohr Institute. Then, in the years initiated to study Λ and Λb baryons. During effectively to the physics programme. He 1976–1981, he served as Indiana’s dean the height of Michigan’s D0 programme, chaired the ATLAS computing review of research and graduate development, Homer also had the vision to see that committee in 1999 and secured funding and was simultaneously head of Indiana’s the group’s future would be at the LHC, for a Tier-2 site at Michigan and Michigan spin-physics group, doing experiments fi rst therefore leading Michigan to join ATLAS. State. He has also been instrumental at the new polarized beam at Argonne’s Eduard De La Cruz Burelo, now at in many cyber-infrastructure projects, Left: On inaugurating the “Spain at CERN” exhibition, state secretary of science, development and innovation for Spain, Carmen Vela Zero Gradient Synchrotron, and then using Cinvestav-IPN in Mexico, recalled working such as Campus Automated Rich Media Olmo, left, shakes hands with CERN’s director-general, Rolf Heuer. (Image credit: CERN-PHOTO-201410-219-5.) Right: Nicolas a polarized target at Fermilab’s unpolarized as a postdoc under Homer, fi rst on D0, Archiving (CARMA), which recorded all the Niemtchinow, second from right, ambassador and permanent representative of France to the United Nations Offi ce and other 200 GeV proton beam. where he noted in particular the Λb analysis, symposium presentations. international organizations in Geneva, tours the “France at CERN” exhibition, with CERN’s director for accelerators and technology, The fi rst three sessions of the symposium which led to what was then the world’s best The fourth session of the symposium Frédérick Bordry, far right, and director-general Rolf Heuer, centre. (Image credit: CERN-PHOTO-201412-252-55.) focused on Homer’s experiments at lifetime measurement for this particle, as focused on Homer’s leadership Brookhaven, Argonne, SLAC, Fermilab’s well as the discoveries of the Ξb and Ωb. He contributions, for example to the US N EW P r O D u C t s Main Ring and Tevatron and, most also recalled the many hours spent with government as a member of the National recently, at CERN’s LHC. Paul Grannis Homer on the hyperon polarization puzzle in Science Board, and as a regent of the AUREA Technology has announced now enhanced with new essential features obtained by a high degree of modularity of Stony Brook discussed his and Homer’s proton–proton scattering, fi guring out how to Smithsonian Institute. He also serves on the its newly designed fast, near-infrared to address high-performance computing in conjunction with water cooling of all intertwined careers, starting with Paul’s PhD measure polarization parameters and how to board of Ford Motor Company – the only single-photon counting module, (HPC) projects. The two major developments components. For further details, contact thesis at Berkeley and Homer’s at Michigan, test various theories in D0 and ATLAS. car company in the US not to go bankrupt SPD_NIR_OEM_120MHz, which provides consist of a smaller, 1U 17" short depth, Giovanbattista Mattiussi, tel +39 345 7153193, both measuring spin parameters in proton– Howard Gordon of Brookhaven, who leads during the 2008 recession – and his valuable gated-mode operation up to 120 MHz which is ideal for high-density environments, e-mail Giovanbattista.mattiussi@eurotech. proton elastic scattering. They next crossed the US ATLAS programme, praised Homer’s high-tech advice was praised strongly by trigger rate with very fast timing resolution, and the implementation of Mellanox com, or visit www.eurotech.com. paths in 1981 when Homer became Stony leadership and accomplishments in ATLAS. William Coughlin, president and CEO of < 150 ps. It performs with a very-low-noise FDR Connect-X3 Infi niBand. For more Brook’s provost, providing support when In leading the strong Michigan ATLAS group Ford Global Technology LLC. In academia, dark count rate of < 5.000 cps and high information, contact Ludovica Delpiano, Zurich Instruments AG has recently Paul’s D0 experiment at Fermilab was he has used his physics vision and exceptional Homer was chosen to serve as provost of photon-detection effi ciency up to 30%. e-mail [email protected] launched the UHF-DIG Digitizer as a fully being planned in 1983. Homer meanwhile negotiating skill, for example securing Stony Brook in the years 1981–1986. He Parameter set-ups and data transmission are or visit www.e4company.com. featured digitizer option for its high-end maintained his own research programme resources at Michigan to make signifi cant returned to Michigan in 1987 as chair of the managed via a USB and Bluetooth interface signal-processing platform UHFLI Lock-in by commuting to SLAC monthly to take contributions to ATLAS. On Homer’s physics department, and in 1993 was chosen and easy-to-use graphical interface. For more Eurotech has announced the launch of the Amplifi er (the UHFLIf). This latest shifts on the High Resolution Spectrometer initiative, Michigan hired Bing Zhou in 1997 to be Michigan’s research vice president, details, contact Jerome Prieur, e-mail jerome. Hi√e (High Velocity) system, a new addition extension represents the fi rst time that a experiment. Their paths intertwined again to lead the construction and development of before becoming its interim president in [email protected] or visit www. to the Aurora line of supercomputers. lock-in amplifi er has been equipped with the in 1986 when Homer joined D0, agreeing the ATLAS muon detector and, under Zhou, the years 1996/1997. More recently, he was aureatechnology.com. A new family of HPC systems, built on capability of storing a raw digitized signal to instrument the inter-cryostat region Michigan built the largest monitored drift elected to be president of the American the innovative “Brick” supercomputing along with demodulated samples. For further of the calorimeter. This detector was chambers of the ATLAS endcap muon system Physical Society in 2015. E4 Computer Engineering and Applied architecture, the Hi√e HPC systems are information, contact Stephan Koch, tel +41 44 crucial in several major D0 results, such and also operates one of the three worldwide ● For all of the presentations, visit http:// Micro Circuits Corporation have launched optimized for accelerated workloads, offering 5150415, e-mail [email protected], or as the discovery of the top quark and the muon-detector calibration centres. Homer’s nealsymposium.physics.lsa.umich.edu/. the low-power platform ARKA RK003, high performance and energy effi ciency visit www.zhinst.com/products/uhfl i/uhf-dig.

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s Y M P O s i u M i N D u s t r Y Michigan honours Spain and France show their wares at CERN

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N u C L E a r P h Y s i C s plethora of new results in strangeness which together with the experimental processes involved, as Avraham Gal, Emiko physics obtained by the BESIII and CLAS results allows a better and more accurate Hiyama and Francesco Pederiva showed. EXON 2014 highlights research with exotic nuclei collaborations were reported on and understanding of the processes occurring in Wolfram Weise, director of ECT*, discussed during the workshop. the low-energy QCD sector. The techniques presented a fascinating report on pending The study of kaonic atoms provides another include effective fi eld theories, lattice issues in low-energy strong interactions EXON 2014, the International Symposium tool for obtaining valuable information calculations – where new results were shown with strangeness. In addition, 10 years of the on Exotic Nuclei, took place on for low-energy QCD. Following the fi rst by Ulf-G Meißner – and few- and many-body EU-supported HadronPhysics Integrating 8–13 September in Kaliningrad – the exploratory measurement of kaonic deuterium approaches. Activities in Europe was celebrated in a talk seventh time that the event has been held in by the SIDDHARTA collaboration at the Another rapidly evolving fi eld – especially by Carlo Guaraldo, the project’s co-ordinator. Russia. It was organized by the fi ve largest DAΦNE facility at the Frascati National following the discovery of neutron stars of The workshop was organized by Catalina scientifi c centres where this important and Laboratory, a precision measurement is two solar masses – is the study of the possible Curceanu (LNF-INFN, Italy), Laura actively developing fi eld of nuclear physics planned by the SIDDHARTA-2 collaboration. role of strangeness in astrophysics. The Fabbietti (Excellence Cluster, TUM, is successfully studied: JINR in Dubna, Combined with SIDDHARTA’s measurement equation of state for neutron stars including Germany), Carlo Guaraldo (LNF-INFN, GANIL in France, RIKEN in Japan, GSI in The symposium attracted around 160 participants. (Image credit: JINR.) of kaonic hydrogen, it will enable the fi rst strangeness (hyperons or kaons), or even Italy), Jiri Mares (Nuclear Physics Institute, Germany and the National Superconducting extraction of the isospin-dependent antikaon– (strange) quark stars or strangelets, is a Rez Prague, Czech Republic), Johann Cyclotron Laboratory in the US. Around the highest calibre and for the organization experiment on the synthesis of element nucleon scattering lengths – fundamental fl ourishing fi eld of research. Discussions on Marton (SMI-Vienna, Austria) and Ulf-G 160 scientists from 24 countries took part, of joint scientifi c research. The scientifi c 117, in collaboration with scientists from quantities for understanding low-energy QCD the possible role of strangeness in neutron Meißner (Bonn and FZ Jülich, Germany). the largest delegations being from France programme included invited reports on the American laboratories who provided the in the strangeness sector. stars followed presentations by Alessandro ● For all of the presentations, see (12 persons), Germany (10), Japan (10) latest trends in the physics of exotic nuclei target of 249Bk, which was undertaken at On the theoretical side, refi ned Drago, Ignazio Bombaci and Andreas www.oeaw.ac.at/smi/research/topics/ and the US (8). Scientifi c centres in these and new projects at the largest accelerator the FLNR cyclotron by a large group of calculations and methods are yielding results Schmitt. The study of the neutron-rich strong-interaction/leannis-hp3/ countries are interested in co-operation with complexes and experimental facilities. physicists and chemists under the guidance with continuously improving precision, hypernuclei might help in understanding the leannis-meetings/meeting-october-2014/. JINR and Russian scientifi c centres, which In addition, round-table discussions were of Yuri Oganessian. were represented by 28 participants. organized where leading scientists from A day in the symposium agenda was s C h O O L s Research at these laboratories studies various scientifi c centres around the world devoted to present and future accelerator nuclei in extreme conditions – nuclei with exchanged their views on co-operation in complexes for heavy ions and radioactive Asia-Europe-Pacifi c school goes to India high angular momentum (“violently” fundamental physics and applied research. nuclei in leading scientifi c centres. A new spinning nuclei) or high excitation energy The results of the latest experiments on the generation of accelerators developed at the (“hot” nuclei), large deformation (super- and synthesis and study of nuclei properties of laboratories represented by the co-organizers Following its successful launch in Japan hyper-deformation, nuclei with unusual new superheavy elements were a highlight of the symposium will allow advancement in 2012, the second Asia-Europe-Pacifi c shapes), abnormally large numbers of neutrons of the symposium. Here, the discovery in the synthesis and studies of the properties School of High-Energy Physics (AEPSHEP), or protons (neutron-rich and proton-rich of new superheavy elements shows the of new exotic nuclei. These projects are took place in Puri, Orissa, in India, on nuclei), and superheavy nuclei with proton effectiveness of international collaborations. SPIRAL2 at GANIL, the RI Beam Factory at 4–17 November. In addition to teaching number Z > 110. Studies of nuclear-matter Interesting results have been obtained in RIKEN, the Facility for Antiproton and Ion the participants about particle physics and properties in such extreme conditions give joint research by JINR’s Flerov Laboratory Research in Darmstadt, the DRIВs and NICA related disciplines, an important objective important information about the properties of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR), GSI, and the projects at JINR, and the Facility for Rare for the school is to foster cultural exchange of the microworld, and allow simulation of Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland, in Isotope Beams in Michigan. and networking between young researchers processes that occur in the universe. experiments on the chemical identifi cation ● The around 80 oral presentations and from different countries. The symposium was hosted by the of elements 112 and 114 in beams at the 40 poster reports will be published in A total of 64 students, of 22 different Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, FLNR’s U-400 cyclotron. Another shining a standard issue of Proceedings of the nationalities, took part in an intense Left: A student presents the results of a project on behalf of her group. Right: Students which is well known for training staff of example of successful co-operation is the International Symposium “EXON”. programme of lectures and discussion from India and China discuss physics research during a poster session in Puri. (Image sessions. The students also presented credits: N Ellis.) W O r k s h O P and discussed their own research work in an informal evening poster session, and K Vijayaraghavan, secretary of the their group to represent them in an evening Low-energy QCD with strangeness in Trento participated in group project work. An effort Department of Science and Technology, session. The students carried out their project was made to mix students from different and Naba Mondal, leader of the India-based work with great enthusiasm during free countries in the discussion and project Neutrino Observatory, spoke about the periods in the programme, culminating in Experts and young researchers from across supposed to give mass to the visible universe. groups, as well as in the shared sleeping country’s work in high-energy physics. The a lively after-dinner session on the school’s the world met at the European Centre for At the intersection of nuclear and particle quarters. The school’s teachers, from regular teaching programme also included penultimate day. Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics physics, strangeness nuclear physics plays an 11 different countries, also refl ected the lecturers and a discussion leader from India. In addition to the academic side of the and Related Areas – ECT* – in Trento important role in contemporary physics, being global nature of high-energy physics. An essential ingredient in experimental school, thanks to the local organizers, the on 27–31 October, for the international a rapidly evolving fi eld with new data coming In addition to courses on numerous aspects particle physics is the ability of researchers participants were able to experience many workshop Achievements and Perspectives from experiments worldwide. of particle-physics theory, there were classes to work together in international teams, aspects of Indian culture, including visits in Low-Energy QCD with Strangeness. Among recent experimental results, addressing instrumentation and detectors, collaborating with colleagues from other to the Sun Temple at Konark, to numerous The participants discussed the most recent an intriguing situation is represented Participants at ECT* in Trento. (Image and statistical techniques. The importance countries to achieve a common goal. This sites and temples in and around the city of achievements and future perspectives in by the so-called “deeply bound kaonic credit: C Curceanu.) of training the next generation of young was a motivation for the group projects. Bhubaneswar, and to see Lake Chilka and strangeness nuclear physics, debating the nuclei” (DBKN), where the presence of researchers was refl ected in the fact that the A general subject area was assigned to its associated wildlife. They also had ample possible role of strangeness in astrophysics a strange (anti)quark in the nuclei might Currently, there is no clear, universally directors-general of both CERN (by live each group of about 12 students, who had opportunity to appreciate excellent Indian and the universe. bind it by tens of millions of electron volts accepted experimental signature of the video link) and KEK (in person) lectured at to decide on a specifi c paper to study, and food, including delicious dinners served With a mass between that of light and per nucleon, according to some theories. existence of DBKN. The search for them the school, on particle physics in Europe and then share the work of in-depth study of in the open air, with live performances of heavy quarks, the strange quark represents New results in this sector obtained by the proceeds in parallel with developing a deeper in Asia, respectively. different aspects (including theory and Indian dance. the ideal testing ground for low-energy QCD AMADEUS, FINUDA, FOPI, HADES and understanding of the underlying processes The Indian physics community was experimental set-up and techniques, as well ● The AEPSHEP schools are held every two theories, such as chiral symmetry breaking, E15 collaborations were discussed at the in the interaction of strange particles with well represented. The participants as the data analysis) between the group years in countries of the Asia-Pacifi c region. which together with the Higgs mechanism is workshop, together with future perspectives. ordinary nuclear matter. In addition, a were welcomed via live video link by members, and fi nally select a member of The next will take place in China in 2016.

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C O M P u t i N G Accelerator Paolo Giubellino, ALICE spokesperson, and ALICE Grid family has a new member Latchezar Betev from CERN, and the directors of the IT division of UNAM, Felipe Bracho schools join up On 3 November, CERN’s director of and 570 TB of storage, and represents the and Miguel Alcubierre, and the Instituto de research and computing, Sergio Bertolucci, second largest such structure in Latin Ciencias Nucleares, Fabian Romo, Lukas in California and the secretary general of the Universidad America for ALICE. It is envisaged as a fi rst Nellen and Guy Paic, the importance of the Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), step towards incorporating a full Tier-1 site project for the Mexican physics community’s Eduardo Barzana, signed a memorandum of on the premises, as planned in the initiative collaboration with ALICE was stressed. The The CERN and US Particle Accelerator understanding between UNAM and CERN launched in 2011 jointly by Federico next steps towards the implementation of the Schools recently organized a Joint for the operation of a Tier-2 centre for the Carminati of CERN and Guy Paic, of the Tier1 centre were discussed during a two-day International Accelerator School on ALICE Grid within the Worldwide LHC Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares of UNAM symposium organized for the occasion, with Beam Loss and Accelerator Protection. Computing Grid. and a member of ALICE. a focus on ways to involve more computing Held in Newport Beach, California, on Participants at the joint school. (Image credit: A Pham, Michigan State University.) The inaugurated cluster has 1024 nodes During the signature ceremony attended by scientists in the operation. 5–14 November, this was the 13th in a series of such joint schools, which started in 1985 the Americas. The programme comprised and enthusiasm of the lecturers, as well as the L E t t E r s and also involve the accelerator communities 26 lectures, each of 90 minutes duration, high standard and quality of their lectures. in Japan and Russia. together with 13 hours of case studies. The Initial discussions in California between The changing PS control room this is rubbish. If generally adopted, physics The school in California attracted students were given homework each day, and the heads of the schools resulted in a The Faces & Places item in the November would be frozen. Many famous signals have 58 participants representing 22 different had the opportunity to sit a fi nal exam, which proposal that the next joint school, tentatively issue about CERN control rooms (p45) been less than this: the defl ection of light nationalities, with around half from counted towards university credit. Feedback scheduled for spring 2017, will concentrate suggests that between 1963 and 1974 by the Sun, solar neutrinos, the missing Europe and the other half from Asia and from the participants praised the expertise on RF acceleration systems. not much changed, but the picture at the solar neutrinos, Kamiokande’s 11 neutrinos top right of the sequence actually shows from the 1987 supernova, weak neutral v i s i t s Jean-Pierre Potier using the fi rst graphical currents, and the W boson. More recently, display workstation, an IMLAC PDS-1. the brightness of distant supernovae was While visiting On 27 October, This was installed in 1971, with software only 2–3σ less than predicted. Fixing it up Geneva to deliver a Lapo Pistelli, right, the that displayed the closed orbit and allowed with dark energy won the Nobel prize (for lecture at the UN, Italian vice-minister computer control of the main dipole an alternative explanation, see Farley 2010 the president of at Foreign Affairs and magnets of the Proton Synchrotron. That Proc. Roy. Soc. A466 3089). Ecuador, Rafael International Cooperation, was an important step on the way to fully In a graph with many points, a bump of Correa Delgado, visited CERN. After computerized control of the Super Proton 2σ will show up once in every 200. So yes, left, took the being welcomed by Synchrotron a few years later. Brian Carpenter with the IMLAC PDS-1 in if you do not know where to look, then a 5σ opportunity to the director-general, I wrote the software, and was standing 1971. (Image credit: CERN-CO-7110231.) bump is required. The clinching evidence for make a lightning Rolf Heuer, he was just out of sight when the photograph was the Higgs boson was that both ATLAS and visit to CERN on presented with a taken. The picture also appears in a paper “crazy” ones, and indeed Tony Sanda and I CMS saw a bump in the same place. But if 24 October. This temperature-sensitive mug on “Injection and trapping of the beam at discussed the possibility of using asymmetric you are testing one predicted number, 2σ is included a tour that depicts the history 800 MeV in the CPS” (D Boussard et al. e+e– collisions with Pier at a dinnerYour during guide a to products,interesting, services 3σ is huge. and expertise of the ATLAS of the universe. A visit to 1974 Proc. IXth International Conf. on workshop in Los Angeles. However, it was For 10 years theorists have tried to explain experimental cavern, accompanied by the collaboration spokesperson, the ATLAS experiment High Energy Accelerators (Stanford 1974) Pier who not only suggestedConnect the idea your but also business the 3–4σ todaydiscrepancy for the muon g-2. The Dave Charlton, as well as the opportunity to meet the co-organizer of the followed. (Image credit: pp 475–479). produced the way to do it in reality. I was very result is sound. Three quasi-independent CERN Latin America School of High-Energy Physics, which will be held in CERN-PHOTO-201410- ● Brian Carpenter, University of Auckland. excited straight away, but of course I am a measurements, all agreeing with each other, Ecuador in March. (Image credit: CERN-PHOTO-201410-214 – 12.) 218 – 12.) theorist. Afterwards, I talked to other experts are well above theory. The conclusion is A crazy idea about using asymmetric collisions. They told inescapable: the Standard Model cannot I was interested to read the article on me that it was indeed a crazy idea, but I loved explain this result; it is a pointer to new During a visit to CERN, also on 1 December, Anne-Marie Descôtes, CP violation in the November issue of CERN it and continued to ask other people. Tony physics. But g-2 is only one number. It cannot centre-right, of the Directorate General of Globalization, Development Courier, and would like to comment about Sanda followed it further,FREE telling Japanese say which of the many hypotheses is correct. and Partnerships in the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the sentence that begins at the bottom of experts to learn aboutFind it and out do it. how They did!to get yourFor that business we need a new discovery – and 3σ International Development, visited the LHCb experimental cavern, the left-hand column on p33: “Pier Oddone, ● Ikaros Bigi, University of Notre Dame du Lac. will be fi ne. accompanied by LHCb collaboration members. (Image credit: together with Ikaros Bigi and Tony Sanda, or institution connected.● Francis J M Farley, University of Southampton. CERN-PHOTO-201412-254-12.) proposed…[producing] boosted neutral Is 5σ necessary? From 1957 at CERN he measured the muon g-2 B mesons using asymmetric pairs of e+ and The feature in the November issue on the g-2 in three successive experiments, including two e– beams tuned to the Υ(4S) resonance.” ring repeats the belief that aphysicsworld.com/connect 5σ discrepancy with muon storage rings in close collaboration with I am a fan of novel ideas, in particular is needed for a discovery. In my opinion, Emilio Picasso (see p19 this issue).

Sanja Vlahovic´, left, the minister of science of Montenegro, visited CERN on 1 December. Following a welcome by Rolf Heuer, her visit included the CMS experimental cavern, the Antiproton Decelerator facility and the computer centre, where she heard about the LHC Computing Grid project. (Image Your guide to products, services and expertise credit: CERN-PHOTO-201412-251-3.) Find out how to get your business or institution connected. physicsworld.com/connect 36 37

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O B i t u a r i E s and muons over a large solid angle. At the that the increasing cross-section for hadron looked at the τ sample more holistically, and same time, Perl encouraged Yung-Su Paul production in e+e– annihilation, newly brought the uncertainties in the pattern of Tsai, a SLAC theorist, to work out a complete measured by Mark I, could be fi t using a τ branching fractions below the percent level. Agnès Orkin-Lecourtois 1925–2014 description of the decay of a heavy lepton charmed quark and a heavy lepton, with In the last phase of his life, Perl expressed through weak interactions. He put forward masses, by mysterious coincidence, within concern over the dominance of large-scale the heavy-lepton search as one of the goals of 100 MeV of one another. It took much longer particle-physics experiments, and the En juin 2014, la physicienne Agnès Agnès Orkin-Lecourtois en the experiment in a short, and mainly ignored, for the experimental community to accept concomitant loss of opportunities for young Orkin-Lecourtois disparaissait à l’âge de 1963, entourée de Viki fi nal section of the Mark I proposal. the observation of anomalous e–μ events. people to think independently. He searched 88 ans. Au cours de sa carrière, elle participa Weisskopf, à gauche, alors In 1974 – along with the discoveries of the Perl was steadfastly confi dent in his analysis. for and devoted himself to small-scale à des expériences phare de la physique des directeur général du CERN, et ψ system of resonances and the jet structure of Finally, in 1977, the Pluto and DASP experiments of potentially high impact, in particules, notamment sur l’interaction faible. Charles Peyrou, chef de la fi nal states – events suggesting heavy-lepton experiments at DESY reported confi rmation particular a search for fractional charge Agnès Orkin-Lecourtois naquit à Division des Chambres à production appeared in the Mark I data. These of the production of the new heavy lepton, τ. that used an elegant ink dropper and a video Paris le 3 octobre 1925. Ses parents, juifs traces du CERN. (Crédit were events with one electron and one muon In the 1980s, Perl worked on the successor camera to test unprecedented amounts russes émigrés en France, se séparèrent image : CERN-GE-6306155.) as the only visible particles in the fi nal state. experiment Mark II at the PEP collider of material. He lobbied for new funding et sa mère, tragédienne, se remaria avec It seemed easy to dismiss them at the time. at SLAC. In this period, he was involved mechanisms that could allow young people un acteur de théâtre et de cinéma, Daniel The Mark I detector’s angular coverage was in two more milestones in e+e–-collider to pursue their own creative ideas in the Lecourtois. Il adoptera plus tard Agnès, considerably less than 4π, and its muon and physics. First, he was the godfather of laboratory. He also continued to dispense d’où son double nom. Après la guerre, electron identifi cation systems were weak the fi rst special-purpose precision vertex advice and encouragement to members of durant laquelle la famille se réfugia dans by modern standards. The muon system detector deployed in a colliding-beam succeeding generations. le sud de la France, Agnès poursuivit des Gargamelle. Elle vint au CERN préparer qui, dix ans après la découverte des courants contained only 1.7 absorption lengths of environment. This detector, designed to Perl’s discovery of the τ provides a striking études de sciences physiques à Paris. En l’installation de BP3, dans le premier neutres, mit en évidence les porteurs de material. Electrons were identifi ed as particles measure the lifetime of the τ (0.3 ps), also example of a truly surprising discovery 1950, elle intégra le Laboratoire de l’École faisceau de neutrinos. Elle participa l’interaction électrofaible. with four times minimum ionization in the enabled discovery of the unexpectedly achieved in the context of big science. He Polytechnique de Louis Leprince-Ringuet. également aux travaux du groupe liquide Agnès Orkin-Lecourtois avait une shower counters. It was possible that both long b quark lifetime (1.5 ps). Second, he showed us the level of vision, technical care Avec Daniel Morellet, Louis Jauneau, Jean lourd du CERN, dirigé par Colin Ramm personnalité d’une grande originalité. Très signals were dominated by fakes. But Perl and contested the precision of measurements of and personal toughness that it takes to bring Crussard, Georges Kayas et Tchang-Fong (CERN Courier novembre 2014 p41). cultivée, elle vivait au milieu de milliers his colleagues evaluated the misidentifi cation τ branching-ratios by formulating a “1-prong such a discovery from hints in the data to Hoang, elle faisait partie de l’équipe qui Agnès Orkin-Lecourtois suivit André de livres qu’elle collectionnait. Elle aimait probabilities and argued that the events were problem” – that the sum of branching ratios accepted scientifi c fact. As we work towards étudiait les rayons cosmiques au moyen Lagarrigue lorsqu’il rejoignit en 1964 restaurer les vieilles pierres et conduire de real. If so, these events had no explanation in for 1-prong channels did not add up to the next great breakthrough, he continues to d’émulsions photographiques lancées par le Laboratoire de l’accélérateur linéaire belles voitures. Son esprit indépendant se terms of particles known at the time. the total 1-prong rate. The Mark II group inspire us. des ballons-sondes dans la stratosphère. Ce LAL avec une grande partie de son équipe. traduisait dans le domaine de la physique It did not take long for theorists to realize introduced new analysis methods that ● His colleagues and friends. groupe étudiait notamment les mésons K. Dans les années 1970, elle participa à la par une grande intuition, beaucoup Elle travailla ensuite sur la technique des grande aventure Gargamelle qui mena à de persévérance et des méthodes très chambres à bulles à liquide lourd introduite la découverte des courants neutres faibles personnelles qui la préservaient des dérives à la fi n des années 1950. Elle participa au en 1973, validant la théorie électrofaible. liées aux gigantismes et à l’informatisation Tullio Regge 1931–2014 développement des chambres à bulles à Agnès Orkin-Lecourtois contribua ensuite de notre discipline. liquide lourd BP2 et BP3, précurseurs de aux recherches avec les ISR, puis avec UA1 ● Ses amis et anciens collègues. If mathematical insight into the fundamental back to Turin where he founded a more properties of a physical system is the most group-theoretical approach to supergravity, important tool for a theoretical physicist, usually known as the group-manifold Martin Lewis Perl 1927–2014 Tullio Regge was one of the most brilliant or geometric approach, and worked and creative minds of the second half of extensively on (2+1)-dimensional quantum the 20th century. His contributions to both gravity. During this time he was a visiting Martin Perl, professor emeritus at the Martin Perl in his offi ce. (Image credit: quantum theory and general relativity still scientist at CERN on several occasions. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SLAC.) have a profound impact worldwide. After 1995 he moved to the Politecnico died unexpectedly on 30 September. His Tullio graduated in Turin and gained his in Turin, where he became deeply career encompassed elementary-particle was offered the opportunity to join the new PhD from Rochester in the US. In 1961 he interested in an original approach to the physics from the bubble chamber to the accelerator laboratory, SLAC. He accepted, became a professor of relativity at Turin three-dimensional Ising model, considered colliding-beam era. Most notably, it included as he often related, against the advice and University, and then also a member of the as a two-dimensional one whose graph has a the discovery of the τ lepton, for which he warnings of his Michigan colleagues. He Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton very high genus. won the Nobel prize in 1995. had become fascinated by the problem of the until the early 1980s. Tullio Regge, with Gabriele Veneziano, left, As well as his pioneering work, mostly Perl grew up in a middle-class Jewish relation between the electron and the muon. One of his fi rst radically new ideas was the and Schu Martin, right. (Image credit: André aiming at a formulation of a four-dimensional family in Brooklyn, in an environment that In the early days of SLAC, he mounted a introduction of complex angular momenta Martin.) theory of quantum gravity, Tullio made encouraged his skills as a student and his number of experiments to look for differences for studying the behaviour of scattering other important contributions regarding interest in mechanics. After a term in the between electron and muon interactions, amplitudes in strong interactions, therefore coeffi cients. Most important, he created the so-called Ponzano–Regge model, the Merchant Marine and a stint as a chemical and to search for new particles that could be discovering the intimate relation between a completely new approach to general physics of many-body systems and quantum engineer at General Electric, his interests produced in fi nal-state radiation. the famous “Regge poles”, the bound states relativity based on a discretization of vortices. He also wrote an elegant paper on led him to enroll in physics at graduate As the e+e– collider SPEAR began to of the system and the power-law growth of space–time, universally known as the Regge the two-dimensional Ising model having a school. He entered Columbia and did his of meticulous care in reporting experimental be constructed at SLAC, Perl joined the the amplitudes. This opened the way to the calculus. In this new approach he introduced dodecahedral symmetry group that was later PhD in the lab of Isidor I Rabi, using an results, of working on fundamental group being organized by Burton Richter to Veneziano amplitudes and dual models, later a “triangulation” with four-dimensional recognized as the symmetry of the fullerene atomic resonance method to measure the questions, and of choosing original problems construct a novel particle detector for this reinterpreted as string theories. polyhedra of the space–time. Regge calculus molecule. quadrupole moment of the sodium nucleus. outside of the mainstream. accelerator. The vision of this detector – later Tullio also created the basis for the early is widely applied to solve Einstein equations His outstanding contributions were There Perl absorbed elements of the Rabi Perl spent eight years as a professor at the called the Mark I – was that it would provide a theory of black-hole perturbations with when lack of any symmetry prevents the use recognized with the Heineman Prize for tradition that he was not shy about passing on University of Michigan, working on bubble complete view of elementary-particle events, John Wheeler, and discovered unsuspected of analytical methods. Mathematical Physics in 1964, the Cecil to his younger colleagues – the importance chambers and hadronic reactions. In 1962, he with imaging of charged and neutral particles symmetry properties of the 3-j and Racah Leaving Princeton in 1979, Tullio went Powell Medal in 1987, the Einstein Award in

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1979 and the Dirac Medal of the International passion to spreading scientifi c knowledge, computer art and design, an active politician Centre for Theoretical Physics in 1996. and produced a number of books – serving in the European Parliament and a Tullio was, in my opinion, the best including one reporting his dialogues with fi erce advocate for the rights of the disabled. Samuel Krinsky 1945–2014 mathematically minded Italian theoretical Primo Levi – and many popular articles, ● Riccardo D’Auria, Department of Applied physicist after Enrico Fermi. Everyone who which attracted many young people, Science and Technology, Politecnico of Turin. had the opportunity to collaborate with including myself, to the world of physics. ● For a short autobiographical text by Samuel Krinsky, senior physicist at Source Development Laboratory (SDL), him – and I am one of those lucky people – An eclectic character of great humanity, Tullio Regge, see https://inspirehep.net/ Brookhaven National Laboratory, passed where the demonstration of the outstanding was impressed by his power of reasoning endowed with enormous curiosity and record/1330473/, and for recollections of away on 26 April. He died at age 69, soon qualities of a high-gain, harmonic-generation and his non-conservative way of handling charisma, Tullio had many other interests Regge by Vittorio de Alfaro, see https:// after receiving a diagnosis of an aggressive FEL operating in deep-ultraviolet mode has problems. He devoted time, talent and apart from physics. He was a pioneer in inspirehep.net/record/1330474/. form of brain cancer. played an important role in seeding FEL With a BS in physics from MIT in 1966 projects worldwide. and a PhD in physics from Yale University At NSLS, Krinsky was promoted to in 1971, Krinsky took a research associate senior physicist in 1985 and served in Eckart Lorenz 1938–2014 position at Stony Brook University, where various leadership roles. In January 2008, he he met Martin Blume. Recognizing became group leader of accelerator physics his abilities, Blume took Krinsky to in the project to construct NSLS-II. At the Eckart Lorenz, from the Max Planck projects, teaching and educating young Brookhaven Lab, where he was to spend his time of his death, he was managing the Institute for Physics (MPI), Munich, physicists. He was enthusiastic about entire career. accelerator-physics group within the Photon passed away unexpectedly in Berlin on the 17-m-diameter MAGIC gamma-ray Krinsky started as an assistant physicist Sciences Directorate. 21 June. A familiar face at CERN and other telescope, which he shaped from the earliest in the physics department in 1973 and It was Krinsky who proposed the actual particle-physics laboratories, he also became days (CERN Courier June 2009 p20). received tenure in 1980, after transferring concept of the NSLS-II accelerator – the a leading fi gure in gamma-ray astrophysics, He pioneered several new technologies: to the AGS department in 1977, where he combination of a double-bend achromat applying his expertise in light and particle the reinforced carbon-fi bre frame of the began learning accelerator physics under Samuel Krinsky. (Image credit: BNL.) lattice complemented with damping detection, in particular to imaging refl ector, diamond-machined aluminium Kenneth Green and Renata Chasman. wigglers. This made possible the natural atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs). mirrors, a system for active mirror control, Together with John Blewett, Krinsky, accelerators as light sources – a passion that succession of the NSLS ring to NSLS-II Eckart Lorenz was born on 7 June in 1938. fast positioning of the telescope, PMTs Chasman and Green formed the nucleus drove most of his career. – a brighter, more controllable and more His early memories were linked to the fi nal with a hemispherical window, analogue of the group that became the National Unlike others in the group, who had complex accelerator system, which will be phase of the Second World War and the loss signal conversion and transfer over optical Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) worked only with proton machines, Krinsky superior in many ways and by many orders of his father, to hunger, and the family’s fi bres. MAGIC opened a new window in department in 1982, the year the NSLS appreciated the importance of good vacuum, of magnitude. escape from regions of active military the electromagnetic spectrum – into the began operations as a user facility. stable magnets and good component On a personal level, Krinsky is actions. The by-then catastrophic situation sub-100-GeV range – and some of the novel When Green and Chasman died in 1977, alignment for precision light sources, and remembered for guiding his group, educating only made him stronger, and in later life he technologies played a key role in this. When Krinsky was the only accelerator theorist pushed hard for these basics for NSLS. He his scientists and bringing the NSLS-II seemed never to lose his high spirits. Eckart Lorenz. (Image credit: P Lorenz.) the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) on the team. One indication of his capability was also a major driver for development of storage-ring design to completion. His door When I fi rst met Eckart in June 1990, he collaboration started, Eckart became one of was his early design of a 12 super-period the global orbit-feedback system, for which was always open and his staff discussed had already had a successful career in particle While developing avalanche photodiodes its most enthusiastic members, giving shape X-ray ring similar to what would later the group won an R&D 100 award from R&D their projects with him all day. There was physics at CERN and other laboratories, (APDs) for the needs of IACTs, Eckart soon to the Large Size Telescope of 23 m diameter. be called a third-generation light source. Magazine in 1989. no problem that he would not help with his working in a number of well-known had the idea to use them for much improved He chaired and was a member of many Deemed too risky, it was abandoned in Krinsky also made outstanding advice, wisdom and experience. collaborations involving the Munich group. positron-emission tomography (PET). A international committees, such as CERN’s favour of the eight super-period ring that was contributions to both theory and experiments Krinsky is survived by his wife, Faith, and We started discussing the details of the full-scale APD-based small-animal PET SPS and PS experiments Committee, the eventually built at NSLS. Krinsky had shown for an X-ray free-electron laser (FEL), daughter, Sylvia. Son Benjamin died of the newly planned array of fi ve IACTs within was built and successfully operated for a few DESY Physics Advisory Committee, the tremendous foresight, designing a ring of receiving the International FEL Prize in same form of brain cancer in 1999, while a the High-Energy Gamma Ray (HEGRA) years, offering a spatial resolution of around Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics and lower emittance and with 12 straight sections 2008. His work with Li-Hua Yu and the late student at MIT. cosmic-ray detector on La Palma, the Canary 2.2 mm, to be compared with the 6–8 mm Gravitation International Committee, the for insertion devices. Even at this stage, Robert Gluckstern had a signifi cant impact ● Richard Heese, Timur Shaftan, Ferdinand Islands. From the beginning I was deeply resolution provided typically by commercial Joint Astrophysics Division of the European he was extremely interested in developing on the advent of X-ray FELs. He is credited Willeke and Li-Hua Yu, Brookhaven impressed by his wit and erudition. With his instruments. Today, there are commercial Physical and Astronomical Societies, the wigglers and undulators for use with electron for conceiving of and building Brookhaven’s National Laboratory. unquenchable energy Eckart became the APD-based medical diagnostic instruments. Scientifi c Committee of the Gran Sasso motor and heart of HEGRA, and I had the Eckart’s work initiated several commercial National Laboratory, and the Science good fortune to work with him for 24 years. sensors. For example, Hamamatsu sells Advisory Committee of the IceCube It was never any trouble for Eckart to try matrixes of APDs, as well as hybrid experiment. He supervised 35 PhD and Theodore Todorov 1966–2014 to solve a problem, if possible in the most photodiodes, resulting from development 13 undergraduate (diploma) theses. cost-effi cient way. The AIROBICC detector – work by Eckart, and he initiated at least On 22 May, Eckart was invited to the AIRshower Observation By angle Integrating three types of photomultiplier tube (PMT) Polish embassy in Berlin and accepted into Teddy Todorov, who did important work Teddy Todorov. (Image credit: Sarka Cherenkov Counter – integrated in HEGRA produced by Electron Tubes Enterprises. He the Academy of Sciences of Poland. Shortly on DELPHI, CMS and ATLAS, died in an Todorova.) was his idea and “baby”. This 100-detector also pioneered using PIN diodes for reading before the end of the ceremony, while in high accident on Mont Blanc on 19 October. array was essentially planned and built by two out scintillator – now a widespread technique spirits, he collapsed and never recovered. He Teddy prepared his PhD, which he During his PhD, as a member of the people – Eckart and his PhD student, with the used in experiments at accelerators. passed away a month later. defended in 1993, at IReS-Strasbourg on DELPHI experiment, he measured the help of workshops of course. Only two months To me, Eckart was like Thomas Edison, Most scientists who knew him will the DELPHI experiment at CERN’s Large hadronic decays of the Z0 boson and after installation of the electronics and the who once confessed that whenever he had remember Eckart as a brilliant colleague Electron–Positron (LEP) collider. He was extracted Standard Model parameters, imaging camera on the fi rst HEGRA IACT something in his hands, his fi rst thought was who made important contributions to current then recruited by CNRS, and moved on having developed fi ts to the data. He in the summer of 1992, we obtained the fi rst about improving it. Eckart’s technological high-energy physics, astroparticle physics to the CMS experiment, being built at the presented the DELPHI results in a CERN signal of about 6σ from the Crab Nebula, know-how was for me unique, and not only and the physics of cosmic rays. LHC. In 2007, he moved to the Laboratoire seminar in 1994. which was the fi rst confi rmation of the for a physicist. Our great respect and admiration go out d’Annecy-le-Vieux de physique des When he joined the CMS experiment gamma-ray emission from Crab Nebula – Though he retired 11 years ago, little to him. particules (LAPP-Annecy) and joined the in the 1990s, he very quickly became the Eckart’s credo was effi ciency. changed as Eckart focused more on physics ● Razmik Mirzoyan, MPI, Munich. ATLAS experiment. maestro of the CMS core software. He was

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier January/February 2015 CERN Courier January/February 2015 Faces & Places Recruitment among the architects of the initial CMS he baptized the “Alpine layout”. He was way of pointing out the absurdity of some offline software, and trained many of the active on all fronts of the experiment – the situations, his humour and his tact. We F o r advertising e n q u i r i e s , c o n ta c t CERN C o u R i E R recruitment / c l a s s i F i e d, ioP P u b l i s h i n g , te m P l e c i r c u s , te m P l e Way, b r i s t o l bs1 6hg, uK. te l +44 (0)117 930 1264 Fa x +44 (0)117 930 1178 e- m a i l s a l e s @ cerncourier . c o m people who are managing and developing mechanics, electronics, detector description, remember his great culture. P l e a s e c o n ta c t u s F o r inFormation a b o u t r at e s , c o l o u r o P t i o n s , Publication d at e s a n d d e a d l i n e s . the CMS software today. Much of the tracking software, and the setting up to He loved the mountains and had a unique CMS core software still bears Teddy’s prove the validity of his concept. In parallel, way of talking about them and about hallmark. he led the LAPP team’s participation in the his treks. He loved the days out with his On joining ATLAS and LAPP-Annecy construction and installation of the newly family. in 2007, Teddy initiated and co-ordinated inserted fourth pixel layer (IBL) in ATLAS. Our thoughts go to Sarka, Helena and the development of a new concept for the We miss our colleague Teddy but even Katya. future ATLAS tracking detector, which more our friend: his smile, his voice, his ● His colleagues and friends. Senior and Junior Researchers, Postdoctoral Research M E E t i N G s Assistants, Engineers and Technicians at Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) The 17th Lomonosov Conference on PT2026 NMR Precision Teslameter Elementary Particle Physics will be held at Moscow State University on 20–26 August. The programme includes electroweak Reach new heights theory, Brout–Englert–Higgs physics, tests of the Standard Model and beyond, neutrino Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) will be a new Center for Scientific Research to be built by the National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH) in Bucharest-Magurele, Romania. in magnetic eld physics, astroparticle physics, gravitation and cosmology, developments in QCD, ELI-NP is a complex facility which will host two state-of-the-art machines of high performances: heavy-quark physics, and physics at present and future accelerators. The International • A very high intensity laser, where beams from two 10 PW lasers are coherently added to get intensities of the order of measurement Year of Light (2015) will be celebrated with 1023 - 1024 W/cm2; a special round-table discussion on “Particle • A very intense (~1013 γ/s), brilliant γ beam, ~ 0.1 % bandwidth, with E γ > 19 MeV, which is obtained by incoherent Compton The Metrolab PT2026 sets a new physics in the Year of Light: from Maxwell’s back scattering of a laser light off an intense electron beam (Ee > 700 MeV) produced by a warm linac. standard for precision magnetometers. equations to physics beyond the Standard Leveraging 30 years of expertise building Model”. For further details and registration IFIN-HH – ELI-NP is organizing competitions for filling the following positions: Senior and Junior Researchers, Postdoctoral research (deadline 1 March), see www.icas.ru/ assistants, Engineers and Technicians. The job description, the Candidates’ profiles and the Rules and Procedures of Selection can the world’s gold standard magnetometers, english/LomCon/17lomcon/16lomcon_ be found at www.eli-np.ro. it takes magnetic eld measurement to main.htm. The applications shall be accompanied by the documents requested in the Rules and Procedures of Selection for these positions. new heights: measuring higher elds with PHOTON 2015, the International The applications shall be sent to the Human Resources Department at . better resolution. Conference on the Structure and the [email protected] Interactions of the Photon, will take place The PT2026 offers unprecedented exibility at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, on 15–19 June. The conference CI_Advert_Layout 1 15/12/2014 15:45 Page 1 in the choice of parameters, interfacing includes the 21st International Workshop and probe placement, as well as greatly on Photon–Photon Collisions and the improved tolerance of inhomogeneous International Workshop on High Energy Photon Linear Colliders. Recent progress in CCMay14Cl_ELI_13x4.indd 1 09/04/2014 09:51 elds. And with Ethernet & USB interfaces understanding photon–photon and photon– and LabVIEW software, it ts perfectly into proton processes will be presented, as well as Fully-funded PhD studentships at the Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and Technology modern laboratory environments. recent results on astrophysics and prospects for photon colliders, new acceleration The Cockcroft Institute – a collaboration between academia, national PhD places are currently available at the Cockcroft Institute in: www.agence-arca.com - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master le - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master www.agence-arca.com techniques and future accelerators. For further details on registration (deadline laboratories, and industry based in the north west of England – brings • RF Science and Engineering 10 May), abstract submission, etc, visit together the best particle accelerator scientists, engineers, educators • Particle Tracking and Beam Dynamics and industrialists to conceive, design, construct and use particle photon15.inp.nsk.su. • Mathematical Physics accelerators at all scales and lead the UK’s participation in ﬂagship • Beam diagnostics and instrumentation C O r r E C t i O N s international experiments. Students will join an internationally leading education program with 40+ • Photonics and Metamaterials Unfortunate errors occurred in two PhD students at the Cockcroft Institute. Students will be placed in one of • Laser applications in accelerators obituaries in the November issue of CERN the partner universities (Lancaster, Liverpool or Manchester) in either • Antimatter and Dark Matter research Courier. The caption for the photo of Physics or Engineering departments, depending on the applicant’s • Current and Future Particle Colliders (inc. LHC) aptitude, preference and suitability to the posts. Colin Ramm (p41) is of him as dean at the • Next generation light source facilities University of Melbourne, not as dean at the

Pantone 286 Pantone 032 University of Western Australia, which was his alma mater. Bruno Zumino (p43) died More details and application forms can be found at: Prospective students should forward a CV on 21 June, not 22 June as stated. Because http://www.cockcroft.ac.uk/education/informationPhd.htm and supporting materials to: Janis Davidson, Queries can be sent to Dr G. Burt. Email: [email protected] he died around midnight, there was initial Email: [email protected] Closing date for applications: 27th February, 2015 Magnetic precision has a name www.metrolab.com confusion about the date of his death. Apologies to all concerned.

Science & Technology Facilities Council 42

CCJan15_Classified_43-46.indd 43 07/01/2015 11:23 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier January/February 2015 CERN Courier January/February 2015 Faces & Places Recruitment among the architects of the initial CMS he baptized the “Alpine layout”. He was way of pointing out the absurdity of some offline software, and trained many of the active on all fronts of the experiment – the situations, his humour and his tact. We F o r advertising e n q u i r i e s , c o n ta c t CERN C o u R i E R recruitment / c l a s s i F i e d, ioP P u b l i s h i n g , te m P l e c i r c u s , te m P l e Way, b r i s t o l bs1 6hg, uK. te l +44 (0)117 930 1264 Fa x +44 (0)117 930 1178 e- m a i l s a l e s @ cerncourier . c o m people who are managing and developing mechanics, electronics, detector description, remember his great culture. P l e a s e c o n ta c t u s F o r inFormation a b o u t r at e s , c o l o u r o P t i o n s , Publication d at e s a n d d e a d l i n e s . the CMS software today. Much of the tracking software, and the setting up to He loved the mountains and had a unique CMS core software still bears Teddy’s prove the validity of his concept. In parallel, way of talking about them and about hallmark. he led the LAPP team’s participation in the his treks. He loved the days out with his On joining ATLAS and LAPP-Annecy construction and installation of the newly family. in 2007, Teddy initiated and co-ordinated inserted fourth pixel layer (IBL) in ATLAS. Our thoughts go to Sarka, Helena and the development of a new concept for the We miss our colleague Teddy but even Katya. future ATLAS tracking detector, which more our friend: his smile, his voice, his ● His colleagues and friends. Senior and Junior Researchers, Postdoctoral Research M E E t i N G s Assistants, Engineers and Technicians at Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) The 17th Lomonosov Conference on PT2026 NMR Precision Teslameter Elementary Particle Physics will be held at Moscow State University on 20–26 August. The programme includes electroweak Reach new heights theory, Brout–Englert–Higgs physics, tests of the Standard Model and beyond, neutrino Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) will be a new Center for Scientific Research to be built by the National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH) in Bucharest-Magurele, Romania. in magnetic eld physics, astroparticle physics, gravitation and cosmology, developments in QCD, ELI-NP is a complex facility which will host two state-of-the-art machines of high performances: heavy-quark physics, and physics at present and future accelerators. The International • A very high intensity laser, where beams from two 10 PW lasers are coherently added to get intensities of the order of measurement Year of Light (2015) will be celebrated with 1023 - 1024 W/cm2; a special round-table discussion on “Particle • A very intense (~1013 γ/s), brilliant γ beam, ~ 0.1 % bandwidth, with E γ > 19 MeV, which is obtained by incoherent Compton The Metrolab PT2026 sets a new physics in the Year of Light: from Maxwell’s back scattering of a laser light off an intense electron beam (Ee > 700 MeV) produced by a warm linac. standard for precision magnetometers. equations to physics beyond the Standard Leveraging 30 years of expertise building Model”. For further details and registration IFIN-HH – ELI-NP is organizing competitions for filling the following positions: Senior and Junior Researchers, Postdoctoral research (deadline 1 March), see www.icas.ru/ assistants, Engineers and Technicians. The job description, the Candidates’ profiles and the Rules and Procedures of Selection can the world’s gold standard magnetometers, english/LomCon/17lomcon/16lomcon_ be found at www.eli-np.ro. it takes magnetic eld measurement to main.htm. The applications shall be accompanied by the documents requested in the Rules and Procedures of Selection for these positions. new heights: measuring higher elds with PHOTON 2015, the International The applications shall be sent to the Human Resources Department at . better resolution. Conference on the Structure and the [email protected] Interactions of the Photon, will take place The PT2026 offers unprecedented exibility at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, on 15–19 June. The conference CI_Advert_Layout 1 15/12/2014 15:45 Page 1 in the choice of parameters, interfacing includes the 21st International Workshop and probe placement, as well as greatly on Photon–Photon Collisions and the improved tolerance of inhomogeneous International Workshop on High Energy Photon Linear Colliders. Recent progress in CCMay14Cl_ELI_13x4.indd 1 09/04/2014 09:51 elds. And with Ethernet & USB interfaces understanding photon–photon and photon– and LabVIEW software, it ts perfectly into proton processes will be presented, as well as Fully-funded PhD studentships at the Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and Technology modern laboratory environments. recent results on astrophysics and prospects for photon colliders, new acceleration The Cockcroft Institute – a collaboration between academia, national PhD places are currently available at the Cockcroft Institute in: www.agence-arca.com - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master le - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master www.agence-arca.com techniques and future accelerators. For further details on registration (deadline laboratories, and industry based in the north west of England – brings • RF Science and Engineering 10 May), abstract submission, etc, visit together the best particle accelerator scientists, engineers, educators • Particle Tracking and Beam Dynamics and industrialists to conceive, design, construct and use particle photon15.inp.nsk.su. • Mathematical Physics accelerators at all scales and lead the UK’s participation in ﬂagship • Beam diagnostics and instrumentation C O r r E C t i O N s international experiments. Students will join an internationally leading education program with 40+ • Photonics and Metamaterials Unfortunate errors occurred in two PhD students at the Cockcroft Institute. Students will be placed in one of • Laser applications in accelerators obituaries in the November issue of CERN the partner universities (Lancaster, Liverpool or Manchester) in either • Antimatter and Dark Matter research Courier. The caption for the photo of Physics or Engineering departments, depending on the applicant’s • Current and Future Particle Colliders (inc. LHC) aptitude, preference and suitability to the posts. Colin Ramm (p41) is of him as dean at the • Next generation light source facilities University of Melbourne, not as dean at the

Science & Technology Facilities Council 42

POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATE POSITIONS IN GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS

Cardiff Gravitational Physics (http://www.astro.cardiff.ac.uk/research/gravity/) is seeking applications to fill two postdoctoral research associate positions. You will have the opportunity to take part in the exciting search for gravitational waves in data from the most sensitive interferometers built to date using state-of-the-art computational infrastructure. Group Engineer Employment Opportunities members play leading roles in efforts to search for signals from gamma-ray bursts, supernovae, and the coalescence of neutron star and black hole binaries. They model astrophysical sources of gravitational Starting salary: £20-30k depending on experience and waves using analytical and numerical relativity and develop search algorithms for their detection and qualifications annual bonus, pension, private healthcare interpretation with current and future detectors. The emphasis of the posts will be on developing Laser Quantum Ltd, Emery Court, algorithms for the detection and study of gravitational-wave signals from compact binary mergers or Vale Road, Stockport, Cheshire SK4 3GL unmodelled burst sources in data from Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo, and GEO-HF, or modelling of compact-binary systems using a combination of numerical simulations and analytic methods. Laser Quantum is looking for a number of candidates to join our team and contribute towards a wide range of initiatives within a rapidly growing The positions are available initially for a period of one year, renewable depending on funding and Laser Company with offices in Manchester, Hannover, Konstanz and San performance, and are at the Research Associate (Grade 6) level. w Jose. The successful candidate must be educated to BSc or PhD level; have

www a proven scientific background ideally with experience working with DPSS The position is available from 1st September 2015, but the precise starting date is negotiable. w or Ultrafast laser systems; be able to work under pressure and to achieve

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POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATE POSITIONS IN GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS

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The Paul Scherrer Institute PSI is the largest research centre for natural and engineering Data Analysis in High Energy Physics: A sciences within Switzerland. We perform cutting-edge research in the fields of matter Practical Guide to Statistical Methods By Olaf Behnke, Kevin Kröninger, Grégory Schott and and materials, energy and environment and human health. By performing fundamental Thomas Schörner-Sadenius (eds) and applied research, we work on sustainable solutions for major challenges facing Wiley society, science and economy. PSI is committed to the training of future generations. Paperback: £60 €72 Therefore about one quarter of our staff are post-docs, post-graduates or apprentices. E-book: £48.99 €61.99 Altogether PSI employs 1900 people. Also available at the CERN bookshop This book is actually 11 books in one, with 16 authors, four of whom are also For the use at the beamlines of the Swiss Light Source (SLS) - one of the most editors. All are high-energy physicists, advanced radiation sources worldwide – and for use at future X-ray free electron laser including one theorist, and all are experts (XFEL) facilities the Detector Group develops one- and two dimensional high speed solid in their assigned areas of data analysis, so state detectors. the general level of the book is excellent. In addition, the editors have done a good job putting the 11 chapters together so that In this respect, the SLS Detector Group is seeking a they work as a single book, and they have even given it a global index. Still, each chapter has its own author(s) and its own style, and I will comment on the individual Physicist contributions that I found most interesting. Roger Barlow (“Fundamental Concepts”) Detector Development Swiss Light Source gives a good introduction to the foundations, but surprisingly he has some trouble with frequentist probability, which The most remarkable aspect of this book I got my hands on it, and turning the pages Your tasks is the one that physicists understand best is found in the chapters devoted to topics I recognized a classic. Several random Development and characterization of analogue and single photon counting systems because it is the probability of quantum that are not usually covered in books on reads of its 788 large, dense pages offered (hardware and software) for use at synchrotrons and future XFEL facilities mechanics. Instead of taking an example statistics. Therefore “Classifi cation” (by a deeper insight into a novel domain, far from physics, where experiments are Helge Voss) is treated separately from away from my daily life where I work with Improvement of currently existing systems repeatable and frequentist probability is “Hypothesis Testing” (by Grégory Schott), the microscopic and cosmological worlds. Support of the detector systems and participation in x-ray experiments applicable, he uses life insurance and fi nds describing techniques that are common On deeper inspection, it was nearly all that problems. But his example for Bayes’s in data analysis but not used in traditional I hoped for, with only a couple of areas Your profile theorem works fi ne with frequentist statistics. In “Unfolding”, Volker Blobel where I was disappointed. You should have a PhD in physics preferably in the field of detector development and probabilities, even if they are not reminds us that statistics is really an The forward points out clearly that the from physics. inverse problem, although it is not usually reader should not expect any mention of longtime experience in detector development for synchrotrons. You have good Olaf Behnke and Lorenzo Moneta treated as such. There are two separate cosmology. Yet the topic of the book has a knowledge of analogue and digital electronics and sensors for solid state detectors. (“Parameter Estimation”) have produced chapters on “Theory Uncertainties” and clear interface with the expanding universe Experience in C/C++ programming under linux, FPGA development using VHDL and a useful practical guide for their chapter. other “Systematic Uncertainties”, a chapter via its connection to our solar system, the experience in synchrotron radiation instrumentation would be appreciated. The treatment is remarkably complete and on “Constrained Fits” and two chapters on so-called vacuole Einstein–Straus solution. concise. I especially liked fi gure 2.9, which “Applications”, some of which duplicate Another topic that comes in too short for illustrates the fi t of a typical histogram subjects treated elsewhere, but of course my taste is that of Eddington’s isotropic You will work as a teamplayer in a stimulating international environment, giving you to a single peak, showing the value of from a different point of view. In the (Cartesian) co-ordinates. They appear on excellent opportunities for new initiatives and independent research. chi-square as a function of peak position concluding chapter, Harrison Prosper, in pages 268–269, and resurface in a minor across the whole range of the abscissa, with his inimitable style, takes the reader on “a mention on page 704 before the authors’ We offer a local minimum at every fl uctuation in journey to the fi eld of astronomy”. parametrized post-Newtonian approach Our institution is based on an interdisciplinary, innovative and dynamic collaboration. the data. In summary, this ambitious project has is discussed. While this is in line with the Luc Demortier (“Interval Estimation”) produced a useful book where experimental treatment in the earlier book by one of You will profit from a systematic training on the job, in addition to personal development displays an impressive knowledge of both physicists will fi nd expert knowledge about the authors (Theory and Experiment in possibilities and our pronounced vocational training culture. If you wish to optimally frequentist and Bayesian methodologies, a range of topics that are indispensable to Gravitational Physics by C M Will, CUP combine work and family life or other personal interests, we are able to support you with and is careful to list the good and bad their work of data analysis. 1993), it seems to me that this area has our modern employment conditions and the on-site infrastructure. features of both in a level of detail that I ● Fred James, CERN. grown in signifi cance in recent years. have seen nowhere else, and did not expect The book is not about special relativity, to fi nd in a “practical guide”. He succeeds Gravity: Newtonian, Post-Newtonian, but it is a topic that must of course appear. For further information please contact Dr Bernd Schmitt, phone +41 56 310 23 14. in presenting a balanced view overall, even Relativistic However, it is odd that Box 4.1 on pages though his personal prior shows through in By Eric Poisson and Clifford M Will 191–192 on “Tests of Special Relativity” Please submit your application online (including list of publications and addresses of the fi rst sentence, where the point estimate Cambridge University Press relies on publications from 1977, 1966, referees) for the position as a Physicist (index no. 6114-00). is intuitively defi ned as “in some sense Hardback: £50 $85 1941 and 1938. I can feel the pain of the most likely value”, instead of the more E-book: $68 colleagues – including friends in particle tangible “in some sense the value closest to Also available at the CERN bookshop and nuclear physics – who have worked Paul Scherrer Institute, Human Resources Management, Elke Baumann, 5232 Villigen the true value”. I heard good things about this book before hard during recent decades to improve PSI, Switzerland www.psi.ch 47 46

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limits by many orders of magnitude. The focus was on experiments using traps The book begins with the Heisenberg spin And on page 190, I see a dead point in with ultracold neutrons and confi nement chain, starting from the co-ordinate Bethe the history of special relativity – authors, by a combination of magnetic and/or ansatz and culminating in a discussion of its please note. Lorentz failed to write down gravitational interaction to avoid systematic thermodynamic properties. Delta-interacting the transformation named after him by uncertainties introduced by neutron bosons (the Lieb–Liniger model) are then Poincaré, who guessed the solution to the interactions with material walls. explored, and extended to exactly solvable CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGY invariance of Maxwell’s equations, a guess models associated to a refl ection group. that escaped Lorentz. However, Einstein Astroparticle, Particle, Space Physics After discussing the continuum limit of spin FOR WORLD LEADING LABORATORIES was fi rst to publish his own brilliant and Detectors for Physics Applications: chains, the book covers six- and eight-vertex derivation. Proceedings of the 14th ICATPP Conference models in extensive detail, while later By By S Giani, C Leroy, L Price, P-G Rancoita and We know that no book is perfect and chapters examine advanced topics such as Merlin Merlin Burst Speeds complete, entirely without errors and R Ruchti (eds) multi-component delta-interacting systems A compact, photon counting area detector omissions. So the question to be asked is, World Scientifi c and Gaudin magnets. 1000 how useful is this book to you? To fi nd the Hardback: £117 • Based on Medipix 3RX E-book: £88 1000 answer, I’d recommend reading the highly Proceedings of the Conference in Honour of • 8 energy thresholds 750 articulate preface available, for example, Exploration of the subnuclear the 90th Birthday of Freeman Dyson • No dark noise 750 under “Front Matter” on the publisher’s world is done through By K K Phua, L C Kwek, N P Chang and A H Chan (eds) • No readout deadtime 500 website. I quote a few words because I increasingly complex World Scientifi c • High resolution imaging from 55μm pixels Frame Rate (Hz) 500 could not say it better: “This book is about experiments covering a range of Hardback: £56 250 • 1200 frames per second 1000 approximations Paperback: £29 Frame Rate (Hz) to Einstein’s theory of energy in diverse environments, 250 E-book: £22 • EPICS, TANGO and Labview 0 general relativity, and their applications from particle accelerators and 5 50 500 750 Maximum Burst Length (s) to planetary motion around the Sun, to the underground detectors to satellites in space. As a tribute to Freeman Dyson 0 timing of binary pulsars, to gravitational These research programmes call for new on the occasion of his 90th 5 50 500 waves emitted by binary black holes and techniques, materials and instrumentation to birthday, and to celebrate Maximum Burst Length (s) 500

to many real-life, astrophysical systems... be used in detectors, often of large scale. The his lifelong contributions Frame Rate (Hz) this book is therefore the physics of weak reports from this conference review topics in physics, mathematics, Xspress 3 250 gravitational ﬁ elds.” that range from cosmic-ray observations astronomy, nuclear engineering A revolutionary fluorescence detector readout system with 10X improvement on industry standard0 Personally, I found in the book what I through high-energy physics experiments to and global warming, a conference covering 5 50 500 was looking for: the technical detail of the advanced detector techniques. a range of topics was held in Singapore in • Significant improvements in rate and data quality for x-ray fluorescence Maximum Burst Length (s) physics of large objects such as planets and August 2013. This memorial volume brings • 3.9 Mcps at Molybdenum with Vortex What We Would Like LHC to Give Us stars, which can be as many times larger together an interesting lecture by Professor • 125 eV at 30 kcps with Fe55 with Vortex ASIC than the proton as they are smaller than the By Antonino Zichichi (ed.) Dyson, “Is a Graviton Detectable?”, 300 • Over 30 systems including at SPring-8, APS, CLS, Diamond, SSRL, NSLS-II and MAXLab universe. I could not put the book down, World Scientifi c contributions by speakers at the conference, 300 despite its weight (1.88 kg). Some might Hardback: £104 as well as guest contributions by colleagues • “Almost an order of magnitude increase in dynamic range and peak count rate” GSECARS APS E-book: £78 200 prefer the Kindle edition, but I would hope who celebrated Dyson’s birthday at Rutgers FWHM (eV) Xspress 3 Resolution for a shrunk-silk volume. Whichever you This book is the proceedings University and the Institute for Advanced 200

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100 Vortex ASIC this book is a bargain. It is a great read that Subnuclear Physics, ISSP 2012, 300 will enrich any personal library. 50th Course, held in Erice on Symmetries in Nature: The Scientifi c 0 1 2 3 100 ● Johann Rafelski, University of Arizona. 23 June–2 July 2012. The course Heritage of Louis Michel Output Rate (Mcps) 0 1 2 3 was devoted to celebrations of the By Thibault Damour, Ivan Todorov and Boris Zhilinskii Output Rate (Mcps) 200 Books received 50th anniversary of the subnuclear-physics (eds) FWHM (eV) school, started in 1961 by Antonino Zichichi World Scientifi c Vortex ASIC Next Generation Experiments to Measure with John Bell at CERN, and formally Hardback: £83 the Neutron Lifetime: Proceedings of the established in 1962 by Bell, Blackett, Refl ecting the oeuvre of “a man 100 2012 Workshop Weisskopf, Rabi and Zichichi in Geneva (at of two cultures: the culture 0 1 2 3 By Susan J Seestrom (ed.) CERN). The lectures cover the latest, most of pure mathematics and the Output Rate (Mcps) World Scientifi c signiﬁ cant achievements in theoretical and culture of theoretical physics”, Hardback: £63 experimental subnuclear physics. this volume is centred around E-book: £47 the notion of symmetry and its V2F100 V2F Uncertainty The neutron lifetime is an The Bethe Wavefunction breaking. Starting with particle physics, the 100000 important fundamental By Michel Gaudin (translated by Jean-Sébastien Caux) content proceeds to symmetries of matter, Superior Voltage to Frequency Converter 10000010000 quantity, as well as a parameter Cambridge University Press defects and crystals. The mathematics of Hardback: £70 $110 • Dramatically improves statistical error Std V2F infl uencing important processes group extensions, non-linear group action, 100001000 E-book: $88 in acquisitions below 300ms V2F100 such as nucleosynthesis and the critical orbits and phase transitions is Std V2F • Configure for 10, 20, 50 or 100MHz 1000100 rate of energy production in the Available in English for the ﬁ rst developed along the way. The symmetry V2F100 • 2 Independent Channels 10010

Sun, so there is great interest in improving time, this translation of Michel principles and general mathematical tools Uncertainty (ppm) Measurement La fonction 100000 the limits of its value to a precision level Gaudin’s book provide unity in the treatment of different 101 Measurement Uncertainty (ppm) Measurement of 0.1 s. This workshop, held in November d’onde de Bethe brings this topics. The papers and lecture notes are 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 10000 1 Acquisition Period (ms) 2012, aimed to create a road map of R&D classic work on exactly solvable preceded by a lively biography of Louis Std V2F 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1000 for a next-generation neutron-lifetime models of quantum mechanics Michel, and a commentary that relates his Acquisition Period (ms) V2F100 experiment that can be endorsed by the and statistical physics to a new generation of selected works both to the physics of his 100 North American neutron community. graduate students and researchers in physics. time and to contemporary trends. 10 Measurement Uncertainty (ppm) Measurement

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Anne Richards describes they need to enable them to engage with the wider scientifi c community; to advocate the thinking behind a new the benefi t of pure scientifi c research to key infl uencers; to inspire cultural activities foundation that is spreading and the arts; and to further the development of science in practical applications for CERN’s spirit of scientifi c the wider benefi t of society as a whole, whether in medicine, technology or the curiosity to benefi t the widest environment. The excitement generated by the LHC gives us a unique opportunity to possible public. contribute to society in ways that cannot be done within the constraints of dedicated member-state funding. I fi rst came to CERN as a student in the mid To translate this vision into reality will, of 1980s, and spent an entrancing summer course, take time. The foundation currently learning the extent of my lack of knowledge has a three-person board, made up of myself, in the fi eld of physics (considerable!) and Peter Jenni and the director-general. It meeting fellow students from across Europe has benefi ted from some initial generous and further afi eld. It was a life-changing donations to get it off the ground and allow experience and the beginning of my love us to fund our fi rst projects. affair with CERN. On graduation I returned Anne Richards. (Image credit: The foundation benefi ts from the advice as a research fellow working on the Large CERN-PHOTO-201412-271-1.) of the Fundraising Advisory Board (FAB), Electron–Positron collider, but at the end which ensures compliance with CERN’s of three wonderful years I reluctantly came electoral cycles. There can appear to be more Ethical Policy for Fundraising. It fi lters to the realization that the world of research immediate and pressing concerns competing through ideas for projects looking for ©BICOM_12152.01 0.02.2014 was not for me. I moved into a more for limited spending, so advocacy of the support, and recommends those that are commercial world, and have been working wider benefi ts to society of investment in likely to have the highest impact. The FAB, in the fi eld of investments for more than science is important. chaired by Markus Nordberg, consists 20 years. The case for pure scientifi c research of CERN staff who help us to prioritize However, as the saying goes, you can is sometimes diffi cult to explain. This is the areas on which to focus. In our early take the girl out of CERN but you can’t take not just down to the concepts themselves, years, we have three main themes where CERN out of the girl. I stayed in touch, and which are beyond most of us to understand we are looking for support: education when, a few years ago, I met Rolf Heuer, the at anything but a superfi cial level. It is also and outreach; innovation and knowledge A giant leap in vacuum performance! current director-general, and heard his vision because the most fundamental research exchange; and culture and the arts. With of creating a foundation that would expand does not necessarily know in advance what the help of CERN’s Development Offi ce, CERN’s ability to reach a wider audience, its ultimate usefulness or practicality might we are seeking support from foundations, It has never been easier to improve your processes than today! Our new I was keen to be involved. be. “Trust me, there will be some” does not corporate donors and individuals. No TURBOVAC (T) 350 i and 450 i with integrated electronic drive will allow Science is, in some respects, a fi eld sound convincing, even if experience shows donation is too large or small. of study that is open largely to the most that this generally turns out to be the case. Matteo Castoldi, heading the you to optimize pump-down times and consistently hit your target regarding privileged only. To do it well requires Communication of the tangible benefi ts of Development Offi ce, has been instrumental pressures and gas flows. Designed to offer the best performance:size ratio resources – trained educators, good scientifi c discovery, which can occur a long in the practical side of the foundation, and facilities, textbooks, access to research time after the initial research, is an important is a good person to contact if you have ideas available in the ISO 100/160 size range, they feature a rotor and drag stage and, of course, opportunity. These are not part of securing the ongoing support of for a project, want help in formalizing a design to achieve maximum performance and unparalleled speed, especially available universally. I was fortunate to society for research endeavours, particularly proposal for FAB or would like to discuss for light gases. This new product line is supplemented by the most flexible become a summer student at CERN, but in times of strained fi nancial resources. any aspect of the CERN & Society that is possible for a lucky few only, and After many months of hard work, Foundation. Our website is up and running multi-inlet turbomolecular pumps TURBOVAC 350 - 400 i MI. Intended for the The TURBOVAC i series 350 i, there are many places in the world where the CERN & Society Foundation was – please take a look to fi nd out more, and if requirements of analytical instruments, multi-inlet pumps are prepared for 450 i and 350-400 i MI at a glance established in June 2014. Its purpose is you would like to make a donation just click even basic access to textbooks or research individual design customization to provide an optimum process adaptation. libraries is limited or non-existent. “to spread the CERN spirit of scientifi c on the link. Thank you in advance for your And to those outside of the fi eld of science, curiosity for the inspiration and benefi t of support. Oerlikon Leybold Vacuum GmbH ● Anne Richards, chair of the CERN & Society there is not always a good understanding society”. It aims to excite young people in Bonner Straße 498 Foundation board, is chief investment offi cer, of why these things matter. The return on a the understanding and pursuit of science; D-50968 Köln Aberdeen Asset Management Ltd. For more about the country’s investment in science will come to provide researchers in less privileged T +49 (0)221 347-0 foundation, visit http://giving.web.cern.ch. years into the future, beyond short-term parts of the world with the tools and access F +49 (0)221 347-1250 [email protected] www.oerlikon.com/leyboldvacuum 50

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January/February_OK.indd 1 07/01/15 16:12 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier December 2012 Contents

Covering current developments in high-energy physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories afﬁ liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN CERNCOURIER management.

Editor Christine Sutton V o l u m e 5 2 N u m b e r 1 0 D e C e m b e r 2 0 1 2 News editor Kate Kahle Editorial assistant Carolyn Lee CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail [email protected] 5 N E W s Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 Web cerncourier.com • De-squeezed beams for ALFA and TOTEM • The Republic of Cyprus becomes CERN associate member state First results from Advisory board Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, James Gillies, Horst Wenninger • proton–lead colliding beams Measurement of photons stimulates Laboratory correspondents: • Argonne National Laboratory (US) Cosmas Zachos quest for QGP temperature Leptons on the trail of the unexpected Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin • Cornell University (US) D G Cassel CMS homes in on the heaviest quark LHCb reports fi rst 5σ DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck • • EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini observation of charm mixing • XMM-Newton discovers new Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino source of cosmic rays RIKEN gets clear view of element 113 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz • Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter 10 CiENCEWatCh IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu s IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov INFN (Italy) Romeo Bassoli Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen 11 a s t r O W a t C h JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Youhei Morita Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein 12 a r C h i v E Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta NCSL (US) Ken Kingery Nikhef (Netherlands) Paul de Jong F E a t u r E s Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz 15 One CP-violating phase, three beautiful results PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci Three experiments converge in their quest to measure γ. Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Julia Maddock SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan 19 ENLIGHT: catalysing hadron therapy in Europe

Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd As a pioneering multidisciplinary IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, network celebrates its 10th anniversary, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 some of the founders recall how it all

Publisher Susan Curtis started. Production editor Jesse Karjalainen Technical illustrator Alison Tovey Group advertising manager Chris Thomas 22 The three lives of DORIS: from charm quarks to cell biology Advertisement production Katie Graham DESY’s pioneering and productive ring retires. Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen 25 Accelerators, light sources and all that jazz Art director Andrew Giaquinto A report from IPAC’12 held in New Orleans. Advertising Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); 28 F ACES &P LACES E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178

General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland 33 ECRUITMENT E-mail: [email protected] R In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: China Keqing Ma, Library, Institute of High Energy Physics, PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China 37 B OOKSHELF E-mail: [email protected] Germany Veronika Werschner, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany E-mail: [email protected] 41 I NSIDE S TORY Italy Loredana Rum or Anna Pennacchietti, INFN, Casella Postale 56, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ E-mail: [email protected] US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, I NTERNATIONAL J O U R N A L O F H I G H - E N E R G Y P H Y S I C S St Charles, IL 60174, US CERNCOURIER

V O L U M E 5 2 N U M B E R 1 0 D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 2 Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11. Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55

Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK DORIS: from charm The DORIS machine at DESY retires this year after a long career © 2012 CERN ISSN 0304-288X On the cover : to cell biology that went from particle physics to becoming a synchrotron light source, supplying experiments at HASYLAB, a dedicated laboratory on the DESY site. The image IPAC’12 CERN ENLIGHT Accelerator people Art and science: shows the Laue diffraction pattern of an enzyme called catalase, which splits get together in strange collisions NETWORK New Orleans in the library Catalysing European p25 p32 hadron therapy p19 hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. (Image Credit: Max Plank Society.)

CERN Courier December 2012 Contents

CERNCOURIER V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u a r y /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 Contents 5 N ew s 17 A r c h i v e 29 F a ce s &P l a ce s The LHC gears up for season 2 Pakistan to become associate • • e a t u r e s 43 ec r u i t men t member state of CERN • CERN-JINR reciprocal observers • LHCf F R detectors are back in the LHC tunnel Narrowing down the ‘stealth 19 Emilio Picasso’s contagious enthusiasm for physics • 47 B oo k s h elf stop’ gap with ATLAS • CMS measures the ‘underlying event’ in A tribute to his many contributions to physics, especially at CERN. pp collisions LHCb observes two new strange-beauty baryons • 23 CMS: final Run I results on the Higgs boson 50 V i ewpo i n t Profiling jets with ALICE Two teams take big steps forward • • Measurements of the properties of the Higgs boson discovered in plasma acceleration • Nuclei come under the microscope in in 2012. California 26 ARIEL begins a new future in rare isotopes 13 c i encew a t c h S First beam in the superconducting linac marks a fine start for TRIUMF’s new 15 s t r ow a t c h A flagship facility.

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier December 2012 Contents

CERN Courier December 2012 Contents

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS CERNCOURIER

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