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E:\Ficherosxp\1 INTRODUCCIÓN Para PDF.Wpd UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE MEDICINA FACULTAD DE FARMACIA DPTO. DE MEDICINA PREVENTIVA, DEPARTAMENTO DE PARASITOLOGÍA SALUD PÚBLICA Y MICROBIOLOGÍA CONTRIBUCIÓN A LA PREVENCIÓN DE ZOONOSIS PARASITARIAS DERIVADAS DE LA INTRODUCCIÓN Y CRÍA DE AVESTRUCES Y OTRAS RATITES EN ESPAÑA TESIS DOCTORAL Blanca Teresa Simmons Diez Madrid, 2008 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID El Dr. Rafael A. Martínez Díaz, del Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, y el Dr. Francisco Ponce Gordo, del Departamento de Parasitología de la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, HACEN CONSTAR: Que la Licenciada en Biología Dña. Blanca Teresa Simmons Díez ha realizado en los citados Departamentos y bajo su dirección conjunta, el presente trabajo titulado “Contribución a la prevención de zoonosis parasitarias derivadas de la introducción y cría de avestruces y otras ratites en España”, y autorizan la presentación de la memoria al cumplir con todos los requisitos exigidos para la exposición y defensa de la Tesis Doctoral que le permita aspirar al grado de Doctor. En Madrid, a 1 de Septiembre de 2008 Fdo. Rafael A. Martínez Díaz Fdo. Francisco Ponce Gordo Son muchas las personas sin las cuales este trabajo no se habría llevado a cabo. A mis padres Eldon y Blanca Simmons por su continuo apoyo y persistencia (las cosas que se empiezan, aunque por largo que dure, se terminan); a mi madrina Maria Caridad Gomez Diez, por su continuo apoyo moral; a mis primos, sobre todo a Alex y Eva Henrich; a Carlos Gómez Diez, por sus buenas sugerencias en la redacción; a mi amiga Elena Casañas y su familia, por su apoyo y su ayuda; y sobre todo a mis hermanos Pat y Cristina, especialmente a ella, por su comprensión y paciencia conmigo a lo largo de todo este periodo. A todas ellas: mil gracias. Y para terminar, un gracias especial a mis dos directores de tesis, Rafael y Paco, por sus consejos, su paciencia y sobre todo por su amistad. RESUMEN Durante un periodo de 6 años más de 600 avestruces y casi una docena de ñandúes mayoritariamente nacidos y criados en España han sido analizados, identificándose 19 especies de protozoos, todos menos uno (Toxoplasma) de localización intestinal. De los organismos identificados en este estudio, solo el ciliado Balantidium struthionis ha sido previamente citado como específico de ratites. De entre los demás protozoos hallados, las formas compatibles con Trichomonas gallinae y las especies Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, Chilomastix gallinarum, Spironucleus meleagridis y Pleuromonas jaculans han sido descritas por primera vez en ratites, mientras que los organismos identificados comoEntamoeba sp. del grupo de las formadoras de quistes uninucleados y Retortamonas sp. han sido descritos por primera vez en aves. El resto de los organismos encontrados sólo se han podido identificar hasta género: Cryptosporidium sp., Eimeria sp.,/Isospora sp., Entamoeba sp. del grupo de las formadoras de quistes octonucleados, Endolimax sp., Iodamoeba sp., Monocercomonas sp., Retortamonas sp., Giardia sp., Blastocystis sp., y los euglenozoos, por lo que es necesario realizar futuros estudios para completar su identificación. En cualquier caso, los datos obtenidos permiten considerar que la cría y el consumo de avestruces no significa un riesgo especial para la salud humana en lo que a enfermedades producidas por protozoos se refiere, a falta de los datos que se obtengan con estudios más detallados de algunos de los organismos encontrados. ABSTRACT During a 6 year period, more that 600 ostriches and near a dozen of rheas, allmost all of them born and raised in Spain have been analyzed. A total of 19 protozoan species have been found, all but one (Toxoplasma) in the gastrointestinal tract. From the organisms identified in this study only the ciliate Balantidium struthionis has been previously cited as ratite specific. Among the other protozoans found, Trichomonas gallinae-like organisms and the species Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, Chilomastix gallinarum, Spironucleus meleagridis and Pleuromonas jaculans are described for the first time in ratites although having been previously cited in other birds, while Entamoeba sp. of the 1-nucleate mature cyst and Retortamonas sp., have been described for the first time in birds. Other organisms have been only identified to the genus level, as Cryptosporidium sp., Eimeria sp.,/Isospora sp., Entamoeba sp. of the 8-nucleate mature cyst group, Endolimax sp., Iodamoeba sp., Monocercomonas sp., Retortamonas sp., Giardia sp., Blastocystis sp.,and the euglenozoa. Then, further studies are necessary in order to establish their taxonomical status. Anyway, the present data suggest that the farming and consumption of ostriches do not pose a significant risk for the human health in relation to parasitic protozoan diseases as yet to be confirmed by further studies on some of the organisms now found. Índice ÍNDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS ..................................1 2. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA .....................................3 2.1. Las ratites..............................................3 2.1.1. Taxonomía .......................................3 2.1.2. Morfología........................................5 2.1.3. Biología.........................................14 2.1.4. Distribución......................................19 2.1.5. Explotación industrial del avestruz ....................20 2.1.5.1. Historia....................................21 2.1.5.2. Instalaciones de cría .........................22 2.1.5.3. Instalaciones de sacrificio .....................24 2.1.5.4. Comercialización............................25 2.2. Parásitos considerados en este estudio ......................26 2.2.1. Posición taxonómica ...............................26 2.2.2. Amebas .........................................36 2.2.2.1. Familia Entamoebidae ........................39 2.2.3. Flagelados .......................................48 2.2.3.1. Familia Monocercomonadidae ..................55 2.2.3.2. Familia Trichomonadidae ......................64 2.2.3.3. Familia Cochlosomidae .......................75 2.2.3.4. Familia Retortamonadidae .....................79 2.2.3.5. Familia Hexamitidae ..........................85 2.2.3.6. Familia Bodonidae ...........................98 2.2.3.7. Euglenozoos ..............................100 I Índice 2.2.4. Apicomplejos................................... 101 2.2.4.1. Familia Eimeriidae ......................... 110 2.2.4.2. Familia Isosporidae ........................ 114 2.2.4.3. Familia Sarcocystidae ...................... 117 2.2.4.4. Familia Cryptosporiidae ..................... 126 2.2.5. Ciliados ....................................... 131 2.2.5.1. Familia Balantidiidae ....................... 139 2.2.6. Blastocystis .................................... 141 2.2.6.1. Familia Blastocystidae ...................... 147 3. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS..................................... 151 3.1. Material Biológico ..................................... 151 3.1.1. Muestras de granja .............................. 151 3.1.2. Muestras de matadero ............................ 152 3.2. Procesado de las muestras .............................. 155 3.2.1. Heces (bolos fecales) ............................ 155 3.2.2. Contenido de intestino delgado y ciego ............... 156 3.2.3. Contenido de intestino grueso...................... 156 3.2.4. Sangre ........................................ 157 3.2.5. Tejidos y órganos ................................ 157 3.3. Parámetros considerados en el estudio de los protozoos ....... 157 3.4. Descripción de técnicas ................................ 159 3.4.1. Examen directo ................................. 159 3.4.2. Métodos de concentración ......................... 160 3.4.3.Técnicas de tinción............................... 161 3.4.4.Técnicas serológicas para el diagnóstico de la Toxoplasmosis.................................. 165 II Índice 4. RESULTADOS..............................................169 4.1. Relación de organismos encontrados, distribución y prevalecía...........................................169 4.2. Parásitos de localización intestinal.........................173 4.2.1. Amebas ........................................173 4.2.1.1. Género Entamoeba .........................173 4.2.1.2. Género Iodamoeba .........................181 4.2.1.3. Género Endolimax .........................183 4.2.2. Flagelados ......................................186 4.2.2.1. Género Monocercomonas ....................186 4.2.2.2. Género Histomonas .........................188 4.2.2.3. Familia Trichomonadidae .....................189 4.2.2.4. Género Retortamonas .......................194 4.2.2.5. Género Chilomastix.........................196 4.2.2.6. Género Spironucleus ........................200 4.2.2.7. Género Giardia ............................202 4.2.2.8. Género Pleuromonas .......................204 4.2.2.9. Euglenozoos ..............................206 4.2.3. Apicomplejos....................................208 4.2.3.1. Géneros Isospora/Eimeria ....................208 4.2.3.2. Género Cryptosporidium .....................209 4.2.4. Ciliados ........................................212 4.2.4.1. Género Balantidium .........................212 4.2.5. Blastocystis .....................................216 4.3. Parásitos de localización tisular ...........................218 4.3.1. Género Toxoplasma ..............................218
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