Henri Matisse

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Henri Matisse Henri Matisse Foto van Henri Matisse deur Carl Van Vechten , 1933 Geboorte naam Henri-Émile-Benoit Matisse Gebore 31 Desember 1869 Le Cateau-Cambrésis , Nord Died 3 November 1954 (84 jaar) Nice , Alpes-Mari Nasionaliteit Frans Veld Verf, drukkuns , beeldhouwerk, tekeninge, 'n collage Opleiding Academie Julian , William-Adolphe Bouguereau , Gustave Moreau Beweging Fauvisme , modernisme , impressionisme Werke Vrou met 'n hoed (Madame Matisse) , 1905 in museums: Museum of Modern Art Barnes Stigting Patrons Gertrude Stein , Etta Cone , Claribel Cone , Michael en Sarah Stein, Albert C. Barnes Beïnvloed deur John Peter Russell , Paul Cezanne , Paul Gauguin , Vincent van Gogh , Paul Signac Beïnvloed Hans Hofmann , David Hockney , Tom Wesselmann Vroeë lewe en opvoeding Lees op Vrou, 1894, Museum of Modern Art, Parys Henri-Émile-Benoit Matisse was in Le Cateau-Cambrésis , Nord, Frankryk gebore . Hy het grootgeword in Bohain-en-Vermandois , Picardie, Frankryk, waar sy ouers 'n blom besigheid besit, hy was hul eerste seun. In 1887 het hy na Parys om regte te gaan studeer, werk as 'n hof administrateur in Le Cateau -Cambrésis na die wen van sy kwalifikasie. Hy het eers begin om te verf in 1889, na sy ma het hom kuns voorrade gedurende 'n tydperk van herstellingsoord na aanleiding van' n aanval van blindedermontsteking. Hy het ontdek "'n soort van die paradys" soos hy dit later beskryf, [7] en besluit om 'n kunstenaar te word, diep teleurstellend sy pa . [8 ] [9 ] In 1891 keer hy terug na Parys kuns te studeer by die Academie Julian en het hy 'n student van William-Adolphe Bouguereau en Gustave Moreau . Aanvanklik het hy geverf stillewes en landskappe in 'n tradisionele styl, waar hy redelike vaardigheid behaal. Matisse was beïnvloed deur die werke van die vorige meesters soos Jean-Baptiste-Símeon Chardin , Nicolas Poussin , en Antoine Watteau , sowel as deur moderne kunstenaars soos Édouard Manet , en deur die Japannese kuns . Chardin was een van die Matisse se mees gerespekteerde skilders, as 'n kuns student wat hy gemaak het afskrifte van vier Chardin skilderye in die Louvre. [ 10] In 1896 en 1897, Matisse besoek aan die skilder John Peter Russell op die eiland Belle -Île die kus van Bretagne. Russell het hom aan Impressionisme en die werk van Van Gogh , wat was 'n vriend van Russell, maar was heeltemal onbekend is by die . Matisse se styl verander heeltemal, en hy sal later sê "Russell was my onderwyser en Russell verduidelik kleurteorie vir my. " [9] In 1896 Matisse uitgestal vyf skilderye in die salon van die Societe Nationale des Beaux-Arts , waarvan twee was deur die staat aangekoop. [11] Met die model Caroline Joblau, hy het 'n dogter, Marguerite, wat in 1894 gebore is. In 1898 is hy getroud met Amelie Noellie Parayre; die twee Marguerite saam opgewek en het twee seuns, Jean (gebore 1899) en Pierre (gebore 1900). Marguerite en Amelie dikwels gedien het as modelle vir Matisse. [12] In 1898, op die raad van Camille Pissarro , het hy na Londen om die skilderye te bestudeer JMW Turner en dan het op 'n reis na Corsica . [13 ] Na sy terugkeer na Parys in Februarie 1899, het hy gewerk het langs Albert Marquet en met André Derain , Jean Puy , [14] en Jules Flandrin . [15] Matisse gedompel homself in die werk van ander en in die skuld van die koop van die werk van skilders wat hy bewonder het. Die werk wat hy in sy huis gehang het en vertoon onder meer 'n pleister borsbeeld deur Rodin , 'n skildery deur Gauguin, ' n teken van Van Gogh , en Cezanne se Drie Baders. In Cezanne se sin van pikturale struktuur en kleur, Matisse sy belangrikste inspirasie gevind het . [14 ] Baie van Matisse se skilderye 1898-1901 gebruik maak van 'n divisionist tegniek hy na lesing van Paul Signac se essay, "D'Eugène Delacroix au neo-impressionisme". [13] Sy skilderye van 1902-1903 aangeneem het, 'n tydperk van materiële ontbering vir die kunstenaar, is betreklik somber en openbaar 'n beheptheid met vorm. Dit het sy eerste poging om die beeld, 'n afskrif na Antoine-Louis Barye, in 1899, het hy gewy het baie van sy energie om saam te werk in klei, die voltooiing van die slaaf in 1903 . [16] [ wysig ] vroeë skilderye Blou Pot en Lemon (1897), Hermitage Museum , St. Petersburg , Rusland Vrugte en COFFEEPOT (1898), Hermitage Museum , St. Petersburg , Rusland Vaas van sonneblomme (1898), Hermitage Museum , St. Petersburg , Rusland Breekware op 'n tafel (1900), Hermitage Museum , St. Petersburg , Rusland [ wysig ] Fauvisme Hoofartikel: Fauvisme San Francisco Museum of Modern Art vrou met 'n hoed , 1905. Sy eerste solo-uitstalling by Ambroise Vollard se gallery in 1904, [14] sonder veel sukses. Sy voorliefde vir helder en ekspressiewe kleur het meer uitgespreek nadat hy spandeer die somer van 1904 skildery in St. Tropez met die neo-impressionisten Signac en Henri Edmond Kruis . [13] In daardie jaar het hy geverf die belangrikste van sy werke in die neo- Impressionistiese styl, Luxe, calme et Volupte . [13] In 1905 het hy gereis suidwaarts weer te werk André Derain by Collioure . Sy skilderye van hierdie tydperk word gekenmerk deur die plat vorms en beheerde lyne, en die gebruik pointillisme in 'n minder streng manier as voorheen. In 1905, Matisse en 'n groep van kunstenaars wat nou bekend as " Fauves "uitgestal saam in 'n kamer by die Salon d' Automne . Die skilderye uitgespreek emosie met 'n wilde, dikwels dissonante kleure, sonder inagneming van die onderwerp se natuurlike kleure. Matisse het die Open Window en vrou met die hoed op die Salon . Kritikus Louis Vauxcelles was beskryf die werk met die frase " Donatello au milieu des Fauves! " (Donatello onder die wilde diere), met verwysing na 'n Renaissance -tipe beeldhouwerk wat die kamer met hulle gedeel het . [17 ] Sy kommentaar was gedruk op 17 Oktober 1905 in die Gil Blas, 'n dagblad, en geslaag het in die algemene taalgebruik. [17] [18] Die uitstalling daardeur hewige kritiek "'n pot verf is gegooi in die gesig van die publiek," sê die kritikus Camille Mauclair -maar ook gunstige aandag. [17] Wanneer die skildery wat uitgesonder word vir spesiale veroordeling Matisse se Vrou met 'n hoed , is gekoop deur Gertrude en Leo Stein , die sukkelende kunstenaar se moraal aansienlik verbeter. [17] Les Toits die Collioure , 1905, olie op doek, Die Hermitage , St Petersburg, Rusland Matisse was erken as 'n leier van die Fauves, saam met André Derain, die twee vriendelike mededingers, elk met sy eie volgelinge. Ander lede is Georges Braque , Raoul Dufy en Maurice de Vlaminck . Die symbolistische skilder Gustave Moreau (1826-1898) was die beweging se inspirerende onderwyser, as 'n professor by die École des Beaux- Arts in Parys, stoot hy sy studente om te dink buite die lyne van formaliteit en hul gesigte te volg. In 1907 Apollinaire kommentaar te lewer oor die Matisse in 'n artikel gepubliseer in La Falanx, het gesê, "Ons het nie is hier in teenwoordigheid van' n uitspattige of 'n ekstremistiese onderneming:. Matisse se kuns by uitstek redelike" [19] Maar Matisse se van die tyd ook teëgekom het heftige kritiek, en dit was moeilik vir hom om voorsiening te maak vir sy familie. [9] sy omstrede 1907 skildery Nu bleu was in effigy verbrand by die Armory Show in Chicago in 1913. [20] Die daling van die fauvist beweging na 1906 het niks gedoen om die opkoms van Matisse te raak, baie van sy beste werke is geskep tussen 1906 en 1917, toe hy 'n aktiewe deel van die groot byeenkoms van die artistieke talent in Montparnasse, selfs al het hy nie heeltemal pas in, met sy konserwatiewe voorkoms en ' n streng bourgeois werk gewoontes. Hy het voortgegaan om nuwe invloede te absorbeer, na die lees van ' n groot uitstalling van die Islamitiese kuns in München in 1910, het hy twee maande in Spanje studeer Moorse kuns. Die effek op Matisse se kuns is 'n nuwe vrymoedigheid in die gebruik van' n intense, unmodulated kleur, soos in L' Atelier Rouge (1911 ). [ 13] Matisse het 'n lang verbintenis met die Russiese kuns versamelaar Sergei Shchukin . Hy geskep het een van sy groot werke La Danse spesiaal vir Shchukin as deel van 'n kommissie van twee skildery, die ander skildery Musiek, 1910 . 'N Vroeëre weergawe van La Danse (1909) is in die versameling van die Museum vir Moderne Kuns in New York Stad. [ wysig ] Gertrude Stein, Academie Matisse, en die Cone susters Henri Matisse in Parys, 13 Augustus 1913. Foto deur Carl Van Vechten Die nagereg: Harmony in die Rooi , 1908, Hermitage , Sint Petersburg Omstreeks 1904 het hy met Pablo Picasso, wat 12 jaar jonger as Matisse . [9 ] Die twee het lewenslange vriende sowel as teenstanders geword en word dikwels vergelyk, een van die belangrikste verskil tussen hulle is dat Matisse getrek en geverf uit die natuur, terwyl Picasso Ek het baie meer geneig is om die werk van die verbeelding. Die vakke geverf mees dikwels deur beide kunstenaars was vroue en nog lewe , met Matisse meer geneig om sy figure in ten volle verwesenlik interieurs te plaas . Matisse en Picasso is vir die eerste keer bymekaar gebring by die Parys Salon van Gertrude Stein en haar metgesel Alice B. Toklas . Gedurende die eerste dekade van die 20ste eeu, Amerikaners in Parys - Gertrude Stein, haar broers Leo Stein , Michael Stein en Michael se vrou, Sarah, - was belangrike versamelaars en ondersteuners van Matisse se skilderye. Daarbenewens Gertrude Stein se twee Amerikaanse vriende van Baltimore , die horinkie susters Clarabel en Etta, het groot beskermhere van Matisse en Picasso geword, versameling van honderde van hul skilderye. Die Cone versameling is nou uitgestal in die Baltimore museum van Art . [21] Terwyl talle kunstenaars besoek aan die salon van Stein, baie van hierdie kunstenaars was nie verteenwoordig een van die skilderye op die mure 27 Rue de Fleurus.
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