DOCSLIB.ORG

Developing Green Concept in Kurdistan Region-Iraq

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Developing Green Concept in Kurdistan Region-Iraq GIP in Developing Countries; Developing Green Concept in Kurdistan Region-Iraq Universität Stuttgart Master’s Thesis Green Infrastructure Planning in Developing Countries; Developing Green Concept in Kurdistan Region-Iraq Author Mohamed Sawsan Date of Submission JANUARY 4th, 2011 Author Elke M. Schneider Masterstudiengang Infrastructure Planning Master’s Program Infrastructure Planning GIP in Developing Countries; Developing Green Concept in Kurdistan Region-Iraq Universität Stuttgart Master’s Thesis Green Infrastructure Planning in Developing Countries; Developing Green Concept in Kurdistan Region-Iraq Author Mohamed Sawsan Date of Submission JANUARY 4th, 2011 Submitted to: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Siedentop Institut für Raumordnung und Entwicklungsplanung Institute of Regional Development Planning Dr.rer.nat. Hans-Georg Schwarz-v.Raumer Institut für Landschaftsplanung und Ökologie Institute for Landscape Planning and Ecology Universität Stuttgart - Master’s Program Infrastructure Planning Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569 Stuttgart – Germany GIP in Developing Countries; Developing Green Concept in Kurdistan Region-Iraq Erklärung des Autors Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. Author’s Statement I hereby certify that I have prepared this Master’s Thesis independently, and that only those sources, aides and advisors that are duly noted herein have been used and / or consulted. Date: 04. 01. 2011 Name: Mohamed Ahmed Sawsan Signature: _________________________________________________ GIP in Developing Countries; Developing Green Concept in Kurdistan Region-Iraq Acknowledgements I gratefully acknowledge the support provided by my supervisors: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Siedentop and Dr. Hans-Georg Schwarz-v.Raumer for their advice and conceptual interest about the significance of this study. I wish to express my gratitude to Universität Stuttgart for giving me this opportunity to learn academically within international context, to Ministry of Environment (Umweltministerium Baden Württemberg) for their sponsoring. I am grateful to all academic staff, particularly Mrs. Elke Schneider and Dr. Helena Ignasia-Pfau for their support, also to Mr. Stefan Fina, Mr. Christian Klöpfer and Dr. Martin Metzner for their academic advice. I am thankful to those individual and institutions, back home that supported through providing me data and information and contributed in the realization of this study. Thank you Marie, Shamal and Zozan for your support. I am and will be grateful to my family, that without them I haven’t been anywhere and didn’t achieve anything. I want to thank every individual that provided support in a way or another within my academic stay in Germany including my MIP classmate. III GIP in Developing Countries; Developing Green Concept in Kurdistan Region-Iraq Abstract Under the shadow of ‘Climate Change’ and ‘Global Warming’ effects and within the arising interest to sustainable development, this document presents the long-term framework for sustainable development, protecting the natural and historic environment and adapting cities to climate change through Green Infrastructure Planning (GIP). At the national level, the effect of climate change is overheating, with a more frequent sand storm, and major problem of water sacristy and drought. The Case Study Area is particularly vulnerable to, temperature increase, flooding, and to some extent drought conditions. Policies cover climate change mitigation and adaptation are various, starting from natural resource management, economic development, transportation plan, Green Infrastructure plan up to change of individual behavior regarding energy consumption. In the course of the thesis framework, Climate Change adaptation is limited to Green Infrastructure application as an integral and important practice of the development process. Green Infrastructure Planning approach is an integration of planning at a different spatial level, so mainly two different special levels define the working environment, namely regional and metropolitan level. Also, Green Infrastructure provides a variety of ecosystem benefits. In the course of this study, the focus is on a certain function related to climatic, engineering and ecological benefits that will be used as the basic principal in developing the Green Infrastructure Plan at both Regional and City scale. The proposed GI Plan for Case Study Region (CSR) is an academic initiative at Regional level to identify and safeguard valued natural and cultural resources. The plan aims to bring together the region’s most important biodiversity areas, historical sites, and natural landscape including natural systems such as streams, Karez, watersheds, scenic landscape, and recreational site and to lesser extent working landscapes. In a dense conurbation like the Case Study City (CSC) where green spaces have to be multi- functional, the green infrastructure refers to the network of all green spaces that provides various benefits to the residents. Therefore the proposed GI Plan for Sulaimaniyah City (CSC) is an academic initiative at the municipal level to identify valued community green space resources. The plan aims to bring together the city most important green space resources with development of a new typology. With the provision of providing better climatic engineering function in and around the existing City, to improve the current climatic condition and as an adaptation strategy for climate change effects. So it is an initiative aiming to contribute to change the traditional conceptual understanding of green resource from something good to have, to an essential multifunctional resource that must be planned and developed in an integrated way. Key Words: Green Infrastructure Planning (GIP); Green Infrastructure typology; ecosystem services; climatic engineering function; Core and Corridor. IV GIP in Developing Countries; Developing Green Concept in Kurdistan Region-Iraq Table of Contents Author’s Statement ................................................................................................................................ III Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ III Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. IV List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... X List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... XI List of Plates .......................................................................................................................................... XV List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ XVI 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Problem Statements ............................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1. Over all objectives ............................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2. Specific Objectives .............................................................................................................. 4 1.4. Thesis Framework ................................................................................................................... 4 1.5. Work Flow ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.6. Overview of the Study Area .................................................................................................... 6 1.6.1. National Context- Iraq ......................................................................................................... 6 1.6.2. Regional Context Kurdistan Region ................................................................................... 11 1.6.3. City Context- Sulaimaniyah City ........................................................................................ 14 2 Literature Review ......................................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Principal System Theory ........................................................................................................ 16 2.1.1 Principles of Intelligent Urbanism (PIU) ........................................................................ 16 2.1.2 Sustainable Development and Sustainable Community Concept ................................ 16 2.1.3 Multi-Functional Green Infrastructure ......................................................................... 17 2.2 Green Infrastructure ............................................................................................................. 17 2.2.1 Green Infrastructure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 4
    Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 4 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Home > Research Program > Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) respond to focused Requests for Information that are submitted to the Research Directorate in the course of the refugee protection determination process. The database contains a seven- year archive of English and French RIRs. Earlier RIRs may be found on the UNHCR's Refworld website. Please note that some RIRs have attachments which are not electronically accessible. To obtain a PDF copy of an RIR attachment, please email the Knowledge and Information Management Unit. 16 December 2015 YEM105389.E Yemen: Information on the Bohra religious group in Yemen, including treatment of members by society and authorities (January 2015-December 2015) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa 1. Overview In a interview with the Research Directorate, a research fellow specialized in Yemen, and affiliated with the French National Centre for Scientific Research (Centre national de la recherche scientifique, CNRS), an interdisciplinary French public institution (CNRS 4 Dec. 2015) that employs over 11,100 researchers (ibid. July 2015), stated that [translation] "[t]he Bohras are part of an Ismaili minority in Yemen, that has been established for centuries" (research fellow 4 Dec. 2015). Sources indicate that Ismailis are a minority Shi'ite- Muslim sect in Yemen (Reuters 29 Jul. 2015; National Yemen [2015]). An article published on Scroll.in, an Indian independent news website covering political and cultural affairs (Citizen Media Network n.d.), specifies that "the Bohras trace their roots to 12th century Yemen, when the sect was created from the Tayyebi thread of Shia Muslims" (Scroll.in 9 Apr.
    [Show full text]
  • Practices, the Practice of Islam the Ismailis Have a System of Seven Pillars, Or Obligatory Practices, of Is
    C.T.R. Hewer: GCSE Islam, Practices, The practice of Islam, Background 3, page 1 Background article: Practices, The practice of Islam The Ismailis have a system of seven pillars, or obligatory practices, of Islam. They are: Walayah, following the teaching and example of the divinely-appointed Imams. Tahara, ritual and practical purity and cleanliness. Salat, the regular rhythm of five times per day formal prayer. Sawm, fasting during the month of Ramadan. Zakat, the circulation of a proportion of one’s surplus wealth to those in need. Hajj, the annual pilgrimage to Makka, which is obligatory on every adult Muslim once in their lifetime if they have sufficient wealth and health to perform it. Jihad, striving in the way of God. To verify the authenticity and accuracy of this document download it direct from the website: www.chrishewer.org Copyright © 2016 C.T.R. Hewer C.T.R. Hewer: GCSE Islam, Practices, The practice of Islam, Background 3, page 2 Salat, sawm, zakat and hajj are common to both Sunni and general Shi'a practice, plus jihad, which comprises also an obligatory practice for all Shi'a Muslims. Walayah is the first pillar in the Ismaili system. It is the central concept from which all the other pillars take their origin, meaning and contemporary application. It is not only to acknowledge the line of divinely-appointed Imams, which the Ismailis share with the majority of the Shi'a for the first six Imams (although the Ismailis refer to Ali as the Wasi or executor of Muhammad’s will and begin to count the Imams from Hasan onwards), until they diverge due to a dispute about the rightful Imam after Ja'far al-Sadiq {see details in “The Shi'a perspective on Islam”}, but also to follow their ongoing guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Institute of Ismaili Studies
    The Institute of Ismaili Studies “Ismailis” Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia Farhad Daftary Early Ismaili History In 148 AH/765 CE, on the death of Imam Ja‘far al-Sadiq, who had consolidated Imami Shi‘ism, the majority of his followers recognised his son Musa al-Kazim as their new imam. However, other Imami Shi‘i groups acknowledged the imamate of Musa’s older half-brother, Isma‘il, the eponym of the Ismalliyya, or Isma‘il’s son Muhammad. Little is known about the life and career of Muhammad ibn Isma‘il, who went into hiding, marking the initiation of the dawr al-satr, or period of concealment, in early Ismaili history which lasted until the foundation of the Fatimid state when the Ismaili imams emerged openly as Fatimid caliphs. On the death of Muhammad ibn Isma‘il, not long after 179 AH/795 CE, his followers, who were at the time evidently known as Mubarakiyya, split into two groups. A majority refused to accept his death; they recognised him as their seventh and last imam and awaited his return as the Mahdi, the restorer of justice and true Islam. A second, smaller group acknowledged Muhammad’s death and traced the imamate in his progeny. Almost nothing is known about the subsequent history of these earliest Ismaili groups until shortly after the middle of the third AH/ninth century CE. It is certain that for almost a century after Muhammad ibn Ismail, a group of his descendants worked secretly for the creation of a revolutionary movement, the aim of which was to install the Ismaili imam belonging to the Prophet Muhammad’s family (ahl al-bayt) to a new caliphate ruling over the entire Muslim community; and the message of the movement was disseminated by a network of da‘is (summoners).
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Qa`Ida's Road in and out of Iraq
    Foreword The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point (CTC) launched the Harmony Project in order to release and analyze documents from the Department of Defense’s classified Harmony Database. The Harmony Project unearths and releases documents that reveal the inner‐functioning of al‐Qa`ida, its associated movements, and other security threats. Harmony documents released by the CTC are always accompanied by an analytical report, but the primary purpose of this process is to make these primary sources available to other scholars. Rather than the final word, CTC Harmony reports should be considered an invitation to further scholarship. This is the CTC’s fifth major Harmony Report. The first, Harmony and Disharmony: al‐Qa`ida’s Organizational Vulnerabilities, explored ways to introduce doubt and mistrust into al‐Qa`ida’s bureaucracy. The second, al‐Qa`ida’s (mis)Adventures in the Horn of Africa, revealed al‐Qa`ida’s frustrated efforts to infiltrate East Africa. The third, Cracks in the Foundation: Leadership Debates in al‐ Qa`ida, described al‐Qa`ida’s most important internal disagreements, including on the wisdom of the 9/11 attacks. The fourth, al‐Qa`ida’s Foreign Fighters in Iraq: A First Look at the Sinjar Records, was based on al‐Qa`ida in Iraq’s personnel records for fighters entering Iraq through Syria. This report, Bombers, Bank Accounts, and Bleedout: al‐Qa`ida’s Road In and Out of Iraq, expands on the first Sinjar Report, introducing new documents and new analysis to provide a better picture of al‐Qa`ida in Iraq’s operations and its prospects for the future.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of the Indian Diaspora in Thailand by Ruchi Agarwal
    Journal of www.cesran.org Journal of Global Analysis Global Analysis Vol. 8 | No. 2 2018 Summer Issue Breaking the Links? A Case study of the Indian Diaspora in Thailand By Ruchi Agarwal Abstract Thailand has long been a destination for South Asian migrants as well as a second home for Indian Diaspora. Recent migrations such as the post-partition period have been relatively understudied, however. In this paper, I focus upon the migration of Indian community to Thailand in the late 1940s to understand how recent arrivals influenced and integrated into existing transnational communities. I am specifically interested in the trajectories of individual migrants and the public representation and organization of Thailand’s evolving Indian diasporic community. A historical linkage lies between South and Southeast Asia and as a result, the Indians moving to Southeast Asia are not entirely ‘foreigners’. This paper explores the trajectories of the more recent Indian diasporic community in an attempt to analyze the aspirations of the newer migrants and their social life outside of the homeland. The findings in this paper are based on past literature, personal observations, and interviews with Indians residing in Ruchi Agarwal is Bangkok. Lecturer at Mahidol University International Keywords: Diaspora, Migration, Migrants, Temples, Thailand College, Thailand. Journal of Breaking the Links? Global A Case study of the Analysis Indian Diaspora in Thailand Introduction The Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2009)1 estimated that the total overseas Indian community constitutes over 25 million spread across different parts of the world. Such large numbers are a result of the different waves of migration beginning in 1830s in the form of indentured labour followed by the voluntary migrations of professionals and information technology specialists in the last three decades of the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Name (Original Script): ﻦﯿﺳﺎﺒﻋ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻧﺸﻮان ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮزاق ﻋﺒﺪ
    Sanctions List Last updated on: 2 October 2015 Consolidated United Nations Security Council Sanctions List Generated on: 2 October 2015 Composition of the List The list consists of the two sections specified below: A. Individuals B. Entities and other groups Information about de-listing may be found on the Committee's website at: http://www.un.org/sc/committees/dfp.shtml A. Individuals TAi.155 Name: 1: ABDUL AZIZ 2: ABBASIN 3: na 4: na ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﯿﻦ :(Name (original script Title: na Designation: na DOB: 1969 POB: Sheykhan Village, Pirkowti Area, Orgun District, Paktika Province, Afghanistan Good quality a.k.a.: Abdul Aziz Mahsud Low quality a.k.a.: na Nationality: na Passport no: na National identification no: na Address: na Listed on: 4 Oct. 2011 (amended on 22 Apr. 2013) Other information: Key commander in the Haqqani Network (TAe.012) under Sirajuddin Jallaloudine Haqqani (TAi.144). Taliban Shadow Governor for Orgun District, Paktika Province as of early 2010. Operated a training camp for non- Afghan fighters in Paktika Province. Has been involved in the transport of weapons to Afghanistan. QDi.012 Name: 1: NASHWAN 2: ABD AL-RAZZAQ 3: ABD AL-BAQI 4: na ﻧﺸﻮان ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮزاق ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ :(Name (original script Title: na Designation: na DOB: 1961 POB: Mosul, Iraq Good quality a.k.a.: a) Abdal Al-Hadi Al-Iraqi b) Abd Al- Hadi Al-Iraqi Low quality a.k.a.: Abu Abdallah Nationality: Iraqi Passport no: na National identification no: na Address: na Listed on: 6 Oct. 2001 (amended on 14 May 2007, 27 Jul.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction the Frontiers of the Persianate World (Ca
    Introduction The Frontiers of the Persianate World (ca. 800–1900) Nile Green DEFINING THE “PERSIANATE” By the fifteenth century, having gained written form as a fashionable patois of the court poets of tenth-century Bukhara, Persian had become a language of gover- nance or learning in a region that stretched from China to the Balkans, and from Siberia to southern India.1 As a lingua franca promoted by multi-ethnic and multi- religious states, and aided further by education and diplomacy, Persian reached the zenith of its geographical and social reach between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Then, from the early nineteenth century on, it was undermined by the rise of new imperial and vernacular languages. By around 1900, the language, which had once served to connect much of Eurasia, had retreated to Iran and neighboring pockets of Afghanistan and Central Asia, where it was refashioned into the national languages of Farsi, Dari, and Tajiki. The period between 1400 and 1900, then, marks an era defined by the maximal expansion then rapid contraction of one of history’s most important languages of global exchange. By focusing its case-study chapters on these five centuries, The Persianate World aims to understand the reasons behind both this expansion and contraction of Persian by identifying what functions the language was able and unable to serve in the transformative early modern and modern eras of intensifying interactions across Eurasia. By looking at the various “frontiers” of Persian—in the linguistic, geographical, and social senses of the term—the following pages chart the limits of exchange and understanding between the diverse communities brought into con- tact by this language.
    [Show full text]
  • Print This Article
    Volume 27, Number 3, 2020 اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون، اﻟﻌﺪد ٣، ٢٠٢٠ P M W: C I E ٢٠٢٠ Claude Guillot ، ٣ I H. G. N’ M اﻟﻌﺪد واﻟﻌﺸﺮون، اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون، اﻟﻌﺪد J W - Achmad Syahid : M’ P T Hasnan Bachtiar :N T E B رؤﻳﺔ اﻷﻗـﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺘﺪﻳﻦ: T P A-U M I ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺟﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﺎب ﻓﻲ Manado Ika Yunia Fauzia, Abdul Kadir Riyadi روﺳﺪاﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﻛﻴﺪو، ﻋﺒﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﷲ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ، رﲪﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﺘﻮ E-ISSN: 2355-6145 STUDIA ISLAMIKA STUDIA ISLAMIKA Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies Vol. 27, no. 3, 2020 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Azyumardi Azra MANAGING EDITOR Oman Fathurahman EDITORS Saiful Mujani Jamhari Didin Syafruddin Jajat Burhanudin Fuad Jabali Ali Munhanif Saiful Umam Dadi Darmadi Jajang Jahroni Din Wahid Euis Nurlaelawati INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD M. Quraish Shihab (Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta, INDONESIA) Martin van Bruinessen (Utrecht University, NETHERLANDS) John R. Bowen (Washington University, USA) M. Kamal Hasan (International Islamic University, MALAYSIA) Virginia M. Hooker (Australian National University, AUSTRALIA) Edwin P. Wieringa (Universität zu Köln, GERMANY) Robert W. Hefner (Boston University, USA) Rémy Madinier (Centre national de la recherche scientique (CNRS), FRANCE) R. Michael Feener (National University of Singapore, SINGAPORE) Michael F. Laffan (Princeton University, USA) Minako Sakai (e University of New South Wales, AUSTRALIA) Annabel Teh Gallop (e British Library, UK) Syafaatun Almirzanah (Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University of Yogyakarta, INDONESIA) ASSISTANT TO THE EDITORS Testriono Muhammad Nida' Fadlan Rangga Eka Saputra Abdullah Maulani ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR Benjamin J. Freeman Daniel Peterson Batool Moussa ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR Tb. Ade Asnawi Ahmadi Usman COVER DESIGNER S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Security of Women in the Ottoman Empire
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master- UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 THE SECUFUTY OF WOMEN IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE by Selin H- Sancar A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, McGill University, Montreal in p'artial fblfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts Institute of IsIamic Studies McGill University Montreal 0 Selin H.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Asia
    Central Asia The Library of Dr. Eden Naby including books from the Library of Prof. Richard Nelson Frye 1,041 titles in ca. 1,150 volumes Central Asia The Library of Dr. Eden Naby Dr. Eden Naby (PhD 1975, Columbia University) is a distinguished Iranian-Assyrian cultural historian of Central Asia and the Middle East. A contributing editor on modern Assyria for the "Encyclopædia Iranica," she is the widow of Professor Richard Nelson Frye. Dr. Naby has conducted research, taught and published on minority issues in countries from Turkey to Tajikistan. Her work on Afghanistan and on the Assyrians is outstanding in the field of cultural survival. Dr. Naby was born in the once-important Assyrian village of Golpashan, near Urmia, in Iran. After taking her undergraduate degree at Temple University in 1964, she served in the Peace Corps in Afghanistan, and on receiving her PhD, she taught in Iran. In 1980 she led a CBS 60 Minutes team for the first ever filming of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Dr. Naby was also featured in Charlie Wilson's War (2008) with Dan Rather. In addition to her scholarly work as a lecturer and publishing writer, Dr. Naby has devoted much of her time since 1979 to establishing endowments at United States universities to promote the preservation of Assyrian archives. These endowments, especially at Harvard University, are providing a basis for the preservation of research materials, especially now in the diaspora. Dr. Naby’s husband, the late Professor Richard Nelson Frye, was a renowned scholar of Iranian and Central Asian Studies, and Aga Khan Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Compliance in Epileptic Children in Sulaymani Governate
    DRUGTHE IRAQI COMPLIANCE POSTGRADUATE IN EPILEPTIC MEDICAL JOURNAL CHILDREN VOL.9, NO.2, 2010 Drug Compliance In Epileptic Children In Sulaymani Governate Ibrihem khasro*, Salem Rahma** ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Compliance behavior depends on the specific clinical situation, the nature of the illness, and the treatment program. OBJECTIVE: Determine the rate of drug compliance in families caring for a child or adolescent with epilepsy and to describe some associated factors. METHODS: Two hundred patients with epilepsy under 18 years of age, who were attending the pediatric clinic for a twelve month period (August 2007-August 2008) and their families, were interviewed. RESULTS: Drug compliance was satisfactory in 123(62.5%) and was poor in 77(37.5%) of the patients according to their self or parental report. Age of the patient, gender, residence, etiology of epilepsy, and monotherapy versus polytherapy did not significantly influence the drug compliance but duration of the disease, parental education, family size and positive family history of epilepsy were more significantly associated with drug non compliance. CONCLUSION: In this study, drug compliance was satisfactory in 62.5% of the patients. There was a significant association between drug non compliance and socioeconomic status (large family size, family history of epilepsy, low parental education) KEY WORDS: epilepsy, children, compliance and drug. INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent chronic non compliance as possible explanation for patient’s childhood illnesses (4/1000 children worldwide) and failure to recover when atypically effective treatment is associated with significantly increased risk for had been use(7). The reasons for non compliance may psychiatric disorder, scholastic problems and family include discomfort resulting from treatment, expense distress(1).
    [Show full text]
  • Alavi Bohras: an Introduction
    2 Rabi’ ul-Awwal 1432/5 February 2011 Alavi Bohras: An Introduction Origin How the Mission ( Da’wat ) works Missionaries ( Du'aat ) Present Missionary ( Da’i-e-Mutlaq ) Isma’ili-Taiyebi Faith The Unfortunate Event in the History of Alavi Bohras: The Demolition of the Holy Graves Customs and Traditions Language and Calendar Dress code and Food Profession and Education Vadodara City: A Centre of Da’wat Love for India and their Relationship with Other Communities An Ideal Healthy Life of an Alavi Bohra: He and His Environment Source Material from the Manuscripts Abbreviations and Some important Links Other Related Articles ------------------------------------------- www.alavibohra.org Page 1 Bismillaah ir-Rahmaan ir-Raheem: ( I begin) with the Name of Allaah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful Origin: Alavi Bohras are the Muslim-Shi'a-Isma'ili -Musta'alavi-Taiyebi community whose origin and spiritual ancestry is established and associated to the Five Spiritual Masters of Purity ( Khamsat ul-Athaar or Panjatan Paak ) which includes the Prophet Mohammad Rasoolullaah (saws) – the Master of the Prophets ( Saiyed ul -Ambiyaa ); Ali ul- Murtazaa (as) – the Master of Vicege rents (Saiyed ul-Waseeyin), the vicegerent, cousin and son -in-law of Rasoolullaah (saws); Faatemat uz-Zahraa (as) – the Master of the Women of all times ( Saiyadah Nisaa il- Aalameen ) and the daughter of Rasoolullaah (saws); Imaam Hasan (as) and Imaam Husain (as) – the Truthful Imaams (Imaama Haqqin) and the grandson of Rasoolullaah (saws) and the sons of Ali and Faatemah. After the vicegerency of Ali ul-Murtazaa (as), Imaam Hasan became the first imaam followed by his brother Imaam Husain who came second and then the succession took place in the descendants (aal ) of Imaam Husain from father to son called Infallible Imaams (A'immat ul -Maa’sumeen ) whose succession will continue till The Last Day (qayaamat ).
    [Show full text]