International Workers’ Day

This article is about International Workers’ Day on 1 May, a holiday sometimes called May Day. See May Day for the traditional spring holiday. See Labour Day for other labour-related holidays.

International Workers’ Day, also known as Labour Day in some countries,[1][2] is a celebration of labourers and the working classes that is promoted by the in- ternational labour movement, socialists, communists or States and dependencies coloured by observance of International anarchists and occurs every year on May Day (1 May), Workers’ Day or a different variant of May Day or Labour an ancient European spring festival.[3][4] The date was Day: chosen for International Workers’ Day by the Second Labor holiday on or near 1 May International, a pan-national organization of socialist Another public holiday on 1 May, such as May Day and communist political parties, to commemorate the No public holiday on 1 May, but Labour Day on a different date No public holiday on 1 May and no Labour Day Haymarket affair, which occurred in Chicago on 4 May 1886.[4] The 1904 International Socialist Conference in Amsterdam, the Sixth Conference of the Second Inter- national, called on “all Social Democratic Party organi- sations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate day in 1894, thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor energetically on the First of May for the legal establish- Day.[7] Thus by 1887 in North America, Labor Day was ment of the 8-hour day, for the class demands of the pro- an established, official holiday but in September,[9] not letariat, and for universal peace.”[5] on 1 May. Being a traditional European spring celebration, May Day 1 May was chosen to be International Workers’ Day is a national public holiday in several European countries. to commemorate the 4 May 1886 Haymarket affair in The date is currently celebrated specifically as “Labour Chicago. The police were trying to disperse a public as- Day” or “International Workers’ Day” in the majority of sembly during a general strike for the eight-hour work- countries, including those that didn't traditionally cele- day, when an unidentified person threw a bomb at the brate May Day. Some countries celebrate a Labour Day police. The police responded by firing on the workers, on other dates significant to them, such as the United killing four demonstrators.[10][nb 2] The following day on States, which celebrates Labor Day on the first Monday 5 May in Milwaukee Wisconsin, the state militia fired on of September. a crowd of strikers killing seven, including a schoolboy and a man feeding chickens in his yard.[12] In 1889, a meeting in Paris was held by the first congress 1 History of the Second International, following a proposal by Ray- mond Lavigne that called for international demonstra- [4] Beginning in the late 19th century, as the trade union and tions on the 1890 anniversary of the Chicago protests. labour movements grew, a variety of days were chosen by May Day was formally recognised as an annual event trade unionists as a day to celebrate labour. In the United at the International’s second congress in 1891. Sub- States and Canada, a September holiday, called Labor or sequently, the May Day riots of 1894 occurred. The Labour Day, was first proposed in the 1880s. In 1882, International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904 called Matthew Maguire, a machinist, first proposed a Labor on “all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade Day holiday on the first Monday of September[nb 1] while unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on serving as secretary of the Central Labor Union (CLU) of the First of May for the legal establishment of the 8-hour [6] day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for uni- New York. Others argue that it was first proposed by [5] Peter J. McGuire of the American Federation of Labor versal peace.” The congress made it “mandatory upon in May 1882,[7] after witnessing the annual labour festi- the proletarian organisations of all countries to stop work [8] on 1 May, wherever it is possible without injury to the val held in Toronto, Canada. In 1887, Oregon was the [5] first state of the United States to make it an official public workers.” holiday. By the time it became an official federal holi- May Day has been a focal point for demonstrations by var-

1 2 2 AFRICA

A 1 May rally in Bucharest in 1967 Egyptian Communist Party flags in Tahrir Square.

ious socialist, communist and anarchist groups since the 2.4 Ghana Second International. May Day is one of the most impor- tant holidays in communist countries such as the People’s 1 May is a holiday is Ghana. It is a day to celebrate all Republic of China, North Korea, Cuba and the former workers across the country. It is characterize with a pa- Soviet Union. May Day celebrations in these countries rade by various companies and labour associations. typically feature elaborate workforce parades, including displays of military hardware and soldiers. In 1955, the Catholic Church dedicated 1 May to "Saint 2.5 Kenya Joseph the Worker”. Saint Joseph is the patron saint of [13] workers and craftsmen, among others. In Kenya, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as the During the Cold War, May Day became the occasion for Labour Day. It is a big day addressed by the leaders of the large military parades in Red Square by the Soviet Union workers’ umbrella union body - Central Organisation of and attended by the top leaders of the Kremlin, especially Trade Unions COTU. The Minister for Labour (and oc- the Politburo, atop Lenin’s Mausoleum. It became an en- casionally the President) address the workers. Each year, during symbol of that period. the government approves (and increases) the minimum wage on Labour Day. Today, the majority of countries around the world cele- brate a workers’ day on May 1. 2.6 Libya

2 Africa International Workers’ Day was declared a national public holiday by the National Transitional Council in 2012 the first year of the post-Qaddafi era.[14] 2.1 Algeria On 1 May 1978, then Libyan leader Colonel Mu'ammar Al-Qaddafi addressed the nation in the capital city of In Algeria, 1 May is a public labour holiday.[2] 1 May is Tripoli calling for administrative and also economic celebrated in Algeria as Labour Day and has been a paid reforms across Libya.[15] bank holiday since 1962.

2.7 Morocco 2.2 Egypt It is recognised as a public holiday on 1 May. 1 May is known as Labour Day and is considered a paid holiday. The President of Egypt traditionally presides over the official May Day celebrations in Cairo. 2.8 Nigeria

Every 1 May, workers in Nigeria converge at the stadium 2.3 Ethiopia to commemorate this public holiday. It is a recognised holiday all workers must observe. On that day the pres- In Ethiopia, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as ident of the Nigeria Labour Congress addresses workers the Labour Day. and this has been a tradition for decades. 3.2 Bolivia 3

2.9 South Africa The first Workers’ Day celebration was in 1890, when Argentinian unions, controlled in those days by social- Main article: Workers’ Day ists and anarchists, organised several joint celebrations in Buenos Aires and other cities, at the same time that the international labour movement celebrated it for the In South Africa, Workers’ Day has been celebrated as a first time.[16] In 1930, it was established as an official national public holiday on 1 May each year since 1994. holiday by the first president elected after the passage of the Sáenz Peña Law, the Radical Civic Union president 2.10 Tanzania Hipólito Yrigoyen. The day became particularly relevant during the worker-oriented government of Juan Domingo [17] In Tanzania, it is a public holiday on 1 May and celebrated Perón (1946–55). He permitted and endorsed national as the Workers’ Day. recognition of the holiday during his tenure in office.

3.2 Bolivia 2.11 Tunisia 1 May is known as Labour Day and is a holiday.

3.3 Brazil

In Brazil, Workers’ Day is an official holiday, and unions commemorate it with day-long public events. It is also when salaries for most professional categories and the minimum wage are traditionally readjusted.

3.4 Canada

See also: Labour Day May Day rally in Tunis, Tunisia In Canada, Labour Day is celebrated in September. In

1 May is recognised as Labour Day within Tunisia.

2.12 Uganda

In Uganda, Labour Day is a public holiday on 1 May.

2.13 Zimbabwe

1 May is recognised as Public Holiday in Zimbabwe. If the date is Sunday in that year, the following Monday is a holiday.

A notice about an anti-capitalist rally on Worker’s Day in Mon- treal, 2011 3 Americas 1894, the government of Prime Minister John Sparrow 3.1 Argentina David Thompson declared the first Monday in September as Canada’s official Labour Day. Labor Day in the United In Argentina, Workers’ Day is an official holiday, and is States is on the same day. frequently associated with the labour unions. Celebra- May Day is however marked by unions and leftists. May tions related to labour are held, including demonstrations Day is an important day of trade union and community in major cities. It is customary to organise meetings at group protest in the province of Quebec (though not a friends’ places, at the sports associations, at the work- provincial state holiday). Celebration of the International place, or at the labour unions with local food, usually Labour Day (or “International Workers’ Day"; French locro or asado. translation: Journée internationale des travailleurs) in 4 3 AMERICAS

Montreal goes back to 1906, organised by the Mutual 3.11 El Salvador Aid circle. The tradition had a renaissance at the time of a mass strike in 1972. On the 1973 May Day, the first It is an official holiday and it is commemorated with pa- contemporary demonstration was organised by the major rades. trade union confederations; over 30 000 trade unionists took part in this demonstration. Further, it is the custom- ary date on which the minimum wage rises.[18] 3.12 Guatemala

1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day. 3.5 Chile

President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo decreed 1 May a 3.13 Haiti national holiday in 1931, in honour of the dignity of workers.[19] All stores and public services must close for 1 May is an official public holiday known as Agriculture the entire day, and the major trade unions of Chile, repre- and Labour Day. sented in the national organisation Workers’ United Cen- ter of Chile (Central Unitaria de Trabajadores), organ- ise rallies during the morning hours, with festivities and 3.14 Mexico cookouts in the later part of the day, in all the major cities of Chile. During these rallies, representatives of the ma- 1 May is a federal holiday known as Labour Day. It also jor left-wing political parties speak to the assemblies on commemorates the Cananea Strike of 1906 in the Mexi- the issues of the day concerning workers’ rights. can state of Sonora.

3.6 Colombia 3.15 Panama

1 May has long been recognised as Labour Day and al- 1 May is an official public holiday, known as “Labour most all workers respect it as a national holiday. As in Day” within Panama. many other countries, it is common to see rallies by the trade unions in all over the main regional capitals of the country. 3.16 Paraguay

1 May is an official public holiday, known as “Labour 3.7 Costa Rica Day” within Paraguay.

It is recognised as a public holiday, and at the same time an important day for government activities. On this day 3.17 Peru the President of Costa Rica gives a speech to the citizens and the legislature of Costa Rica about the duties that 1 May is an official public holiday, known as “Labour were undertaken through the previous year. The presi- Day” within Peru. dent of the legislature is also chosen by its members. 3.18 United States 3.8 Cuba Main article: Labor Day This day is known as Labour Day in Cuba. People march In the United States, efforts to switch Labor Day from in the streets, showing their support to the Cuban Com- September to 1 May have not been successful. In 1921, munist government and the Cuban Revolution during the following the Russian Revolution of 1917, 1 May was whole morning. promoted as "Americanization Day" by the Veterans of Foreign Wars and other groups in opposition to commu- nism. It became an annual event, sometimes featuring 3.9 Dominican Republic large rallies. In 1949, Americanization Day was renamed to Loyalty Day. In 1958, the U.S. Congress declared 1 May is a national holiday known as Labour Day and Loyalty Day, the U.S. recognition of 1 May, a national celebrated by workers’ parades and demonstration. holiday; that same year, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisen- hower proclaimed 1 May Law Day as well. 3.10 Ecuador Unions and union locals in the United States — especially in urban areas with strong support for organised labour It is recognised as a public holiday known as Labour Day. — have maintained a connection with labour traditions 3.19 Uruguay 5

In 2006, 1 May was chosen by mostly Latino immigrant groups in the United States as the day for the Great Amer- ican Boycott, a general strike of undocumented immi- grant workers and supporters to protest H.R. 4437, im- migration reform legislation that they felt was draco- nian. From 10 April to 1 May of that year, millions of immigrant families in the U.S. called for immigrant rights, workers’ rights and amnesty for undocumented workers. They were joined by socialist and other left- ist organisations on 1 May.[23][24] On 1 May 2007, a mostly peaceful demonstration in Los Angeles in sup- port of undocumented immigrant workers ended with a widely televised dispersal by police officers. In March 2008, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union Socialists in Union Square, N.Y.C. on 1 May 1912 announced that dockworkers will move no cargo at any West Coast ports on 1 May 2008, as a protest against the continuation of the Iraq War and the diversion of resources from domestic needs.[25] For May Day 2010, marches were being planned in many cities uniting im- migrant and native workers including New York,[26][27] San Francisco,[28] Boston,[29] Albany[30] Chicago and Los Angeles most of whom protested against the Arizona Sen- ate Bill 1070[31] On 1 May 2012, members of Occupy Wall Street and labour unions held protests together in a number of cities in the United States and Canada to commemorate May Day and to protest the state of the economy and economic inequality.[32][33] Music, theatre and giant puppets mark the Milwaukee May Day commemoration.

3.19 Uruguay through their own unofficial observances on 1 May. Some of the largest examples of this occurred during the Great In Uruguay, 1 May – Workers’ Day – is an official hol- Depression of the 1930s, when hundreds of thousands iday. Even when it is associated with labour unions, al- of workers marched in May Day parades in New York’s most all workers tend to respect it. Since the late 1990s, Union Square. Radical organisations including anarchist the main event takes place at the First of May Square in groups and socialist and communist parties have kept the Montevideo. May Day tradition alive with rallies and demonstrations in such cities as New York, Chicago and Seattle, often with major union backing.[20][21][22] In Milwaukee, an annual commemoration takes place at the site of the killing of 3.20 Venezuela seven workers during an 8 hour march.[12] 1 May is an official holiday in Venezuela. El Día del Tra- bajador is celebrated on 1 May in Venezuela since 1936, but from 1938 to 1945 it was held on 24 July, by an or- der of Eleazar López Contreras. However, Isaías Medina Angarita changed it back to 1 May in 1945.[34]

4 Asia

4.1 Bahrain

In Bahrain, 1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public San Jose, California, May Day March, 1 May 2006 holiday. 6 4 ASIA

4.2 Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, May Day is a government holiday. All labor oriented organizations celebrate the day with great honor and dignity. Schools and colleges under govern- ment jurisdictions enjoy holiday on this day.

4.3 Cambodia

In Cambodia, it is known as International Labour Day and is a public holiday.

4.4 China Triumph of Labour at the Marina Beach in Chennai

communist and socialist political parties. Labour Day is known as “Kamgar Din” in Hindi,"Karmikara Di- nacharane” in Kannada, “Kamgar Divas” in Marathi and “Uzhaipalar dhinam” in Tamil. In North India, Labour Day is mostly not given its previous importance as a hol- iday now. The first May Day celebration in India was organised in Madras (now Chennai) by the Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan on 1 May 1923.[37] This was also the first time the red flag was used in India.[38] The party leader Singaravelu Chettiar made arrangements to cele- brate May Day in two places in 1923. One meeting was held at the beach opposite to the Madras High Court; Protest march in Macau, China, 1 May 2010 the other meeting was held at the Triplicane beach. The Hindu newspaper, published from Madras reported, 1 May is a statutory holiday in the People’s Republic of China. Prior to 2008, it was a three-day holiday, but is The Labour Kisan party has introduced now just the one day. However, it is usually supplemented May Day celebrations in Madras. Comrade by two other days to give the appearance of a three-day Singaravelar presided over the meeting. A holiday, but not being statutory holidays the extra days resolution was passed stating that the govern- have to be “made up” by working either the preceding or ment should declare May Day as a holiday. following weekend. For example, in 2013, 1 May fell on The president of the party explained the non- Wednesday. Most workplaces, including all government violent principles of the party. There was a offices, took Monday 29 April, Tuesday 30 April, and request for financial aid. It was emphasised Wednesday 1 May off. As the first two days are not statu- that workers of the world must unite to achieve tory holidays they have to be “made up” by working the independence.[39] preceding weekend (27 and 28 April). In Hong Kong, 1 May is known as Labour Day and has been considered a [40] public holiday since 1999. 1 May is also celebrated as "Maharashtra Day" and "Gujarat Day" to mark the date in 1960, when the two western states attained statehood after the erstwhile 4.5 Georgia Bombay State was divided on linguistic lines. Maha- rashtra Day is held at Shivaji Park in central Mumbai. Georgia, because of its Soviet past, lists 1 May as a public Schools and offices in Maharashtra remain closed on 1 holiday.[35] May. A similar parade is held to celebrate Gujarat Day in Gandhinagar. 4.6 India 4.7 Indonesia In India, Labour Day is a public holiday held on every 1 May.[36] It is celebrated as Antarrashtriya Shramik May Day (often referred locally as Labour Day) in In- Diwas. The holiday is tied to labour movements for donesia was first observed as a public holiday from 2014. 4.11 Japan 7

4.11 Japan

Protest march in Jakarta, Indonesia, 1 May 2007

2011 National Trade Union Council (Zenrokyo) May Day Every year on the day, labourers take over the streets in march, Tokyo. major cities across the country, voicing their demands for [41] better income & a supportive policy by the ministries. May Day is not officially designated by the Japanese gov- ernment as a national holiday, but as it lies between other national holidays, it is a day off work for the vast major- 4.8 Iran ity of Japanese workers. Many employers give it as a day off, and otherwise workers take it as “paid leave”. 1 May In Iran, 1 May is known as the International Workers’ occurs during "Golden Week", together with 29 April Day. It is not a public holiday but according to article 63 ("Shōwa Day"), 3 May ("Constitution Memorial Day"), of Iranian labour law on top of the official public holidays 4 May ("Greenery Day") and 5 May ("Children’s Day"). observed in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Labour Day [42] Workers generally take the day off work not so much to shall be considered an official holiday for workers. join street rallies or labour union gatherings, but more to go on holiday for several consecutive days (in Japanese corporate culture, taking weekdays off for personal plea- 4.9 Iraq sure is widely frowned upon). In Iraq, it is known as the International Workers’ Day and Some major labour unions organise rallies and demon- is a public holiday. strations in Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya. Japan has a long history of labour activism and since 1945, has had a com- munist and socialist party in the Diet. In 2008, the Na- 4.10 Israel tional Confederation of Trade Unions (Zenrōren) held a rally in Yoyogi Park attended by 44,000 participants, while the National Trade Unions Council (Zenrōkyō) held its May Day rally at Hibiya Park. Rengō, the largest Japanese trade union, held its May Day rally on the fol- lowing Saturday (3 May), allegedly to distance itself from the more radical labour unions.

4.12 Jordan

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.

4.13 Lebanon Israel, 1 May 2007 1 May is known as the Workers’ Day and is a public holi- In the State of Israel, 1 May is not an official holiday. day. From the 1960s through the 1990s, left-wing parties Avodah-affiliated organisations and the Histadrut recog- and workers’ unions organised major marches on this day. nise this international holiday. Recently , only symbolic marches take place on this day. 8 4 ASIA

4.14 Macau 4.21 Palestine

1 May is officially known as Dia do Trabalhador in Por- 1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday. tuguese. It is a public holiday in this Special Administra- tive Region of the People’s Republic of China. 4.22 Philippines 4.15 Malaysia 1 May is known as Labor Day (Araw ng mga Manggag- gawa) and is a public holiday in the Philippines. On this Malaysia began observing the holiday in 1972 following day, labour organisations and unions hold protests in ma- an announcement by the late Malaysian Deputy Prime [43] jor cities. On 1 May 1903, during the American colonial Minister, Ismail Abdul Rahman. period the Union Obrera Democratica Filipina (Filipino Democratic Labor Union) held a 100,000-person[47] rally in front of the Malacañan Palace demanding workers’ 4.16 Maldives economic rights and Philippine independence. Ten years later, the first official celebration was held on 1 May Maldives first observed the holiday in 2011, after a dec- 1913 when 36 labour unions convened for a congress in laration by President Mohamed Nasheed. He noted that Manila.[47] On 1 May 2001, a mass demonstration oc- this move highlighted the government’s commitment as curred near Malacañang Palace known as EDSA 3 or 1 well as efforts of private parties to protect and promote May Riots. [44] workers’ rights in the Maldives. During the Presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, a policy was adopted called holiday economics policy that moved holidays to either a Monday or a Friday to cre- 4.17 Myanmar ate a long weekend of three days. In 2002, Labor Day was moved to the Monday nearest to 1 May. Labour In Myanmar, 1 May is known as Labour Day and is a groups protested, as they accused the Arroyo adminis- public holiday. tration of belittling the holiday.[48] By 2008, Labor Day was excluded in the holiday economics policy, returning the commemorations to 1 May, no matter what day of the [1] 4.18 Nepal week it falls on.

May Day has been celebrated in Nepal since 1963.[45] The day became a public holiday in 2007.[46] 4.23 Singapore

In Singapore, it is known as Labour Day and is a public 4.19 North Korea holiday.

In the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 1 May is known as International Workers’ Day, and is a public hol- 4.24 South Korea iday. Celebrations, local meetings and rallies are held ev- ery year throughout the country to honor the holiday. The Rungnado May Day Stadium in the capital of Pyongyang In the Republic of Korea, 1 May is known simply as was built in honour of the holiday. “Workers’ Day”. It is not a public holiday, but a paid holiday for workers by the Designation of Workers’ Day Act.[nb 3] 4.20 Pakistan

International Labour Day is observed in Pakistan on 1 4.25 Sri Lanka May to commemorate the social and economic achieve- ments of workers. It is a public and national holiday. All In Sri Lanka, it is observed on 1 May and is a govern- government and non-government organisations, factories ment and public holiday. The government has held offi- and educational institutions remain closed on this day. cial May Day celebrations in major towns and cities, with Currently (2015), it is honoured by every single organisa- the largest being in the capital, Colombo. During celebra- tion in Pakistan to give respect to all those who worked, tions, it is common to witness party leaders greeting the to those who are working and those who played a part in crowds. Workers frequently carry banners with political social as well as economic conditions. slogans and many parties decorate their vehicles. 5.3 Armenia 9

4.26 Syria

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.

4.27 Taiwan

In the Republic of China (Taiwan’s official name), 1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day.

4.28 Thailand

In Thailand, the day is known in English as National Labour Day, and is one of 16 official public holidays in Thailand.

4.29 Vietnam

In Vietnam, it is known as International Labour Day and is a public holiday. The word International Workers’ Day in Vietnamese is Ngày Quốc tế Lao động. It was first celebrated in 1913.

5 Europe

5.1 Eastern Bloc under communist gov- ernments May Day rally in Moscow, 1 May 1960

Eastern Bloc countries such as the Soviet Union and most countries of central and eastern Europe that were un- 5.3 Armenia der the rule of communist governments held official May Day celebrations in every town and city, during which Labour Day (Աշխատանքի օր ashxatanki or) is an offi- party leaders greeted the crowds. Workers carried ban- cial holiday celebrated on 1 May (day off). ners with political slogans and many companies decorated their company cars. The biggest celebration of 1 May usually occurred in the capital of a particular communist 5.4 Austria country and usually included a military display and the presence of the president and the secretary general of the Labour Day (Tag der Arbeit), officially called Staatsfei- party. In Poland, since 1982, party leaders led the official ertag (state’s holiday), is a public holiday in Austria. Left parades, and in 1990, 1 May was renamed “State Holi- parties, especially social democrats organise celebrations day.” In Hungary, May Day was officially celebrated un- with marches and speeches in all major cities. In smaller der the communist regime, and remains a public holiday. towns and villages those marches are held the night be- Traditionally, the day was marked by dancing around fore. designated “May trees.”[50] Some factories in communist countries were named in honour of International Work- ers’ Day, such as 1 Maja Coal Mine in Wodzisław Śląski, Poland. 5.5 Belgium

In Belgium, Labour Day (Dutch: Dag van de Arbeid, 5.2 Albania Feest van de Arbeid, French: Journée des Travailleurs, Fête du Travail), is observed on 1 May and is an official Labour Day (Dita e punëtorëve) is an official holiday cel- holiday. Various socialist and communist organisations ebrated on 1 May. hold parades in different cities. 10 5 EUROPE

5.6 Bosnia and Herzegovina

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1 May (Bosnian and Serbian: Prvi Maj/Први Mај, Croatian: Prvi Svibanj) is an official holiday at the national level. Most people celebrate this holiday by visiting natural parks and resorts. Addition- ally, in some places public events are organised.

5.7 Bulgaria

Labour Day is one of the public holidays in Bulgaria, where it is known as Labour Day and International Work- ers’ Solidarity Day (Ден на труда и на международната работническа солидарност). The first attempt to cele- A May Day rally in Helsinki, Finland brate it was in 1890 by the Bulgarian Typographical As- sociation. In 1939, Labour Day was declared an offi- cial holiday. Since 1945 the communist authorities in the 5.12 France People’s Republic of Bulgaria began to celebrate the hol- iday every year. After the end of socialism in Bulgaria in 1989 Labour Day continues to be an official and public holiday, but state authorities are not committed to the or- ganisation of mass events. It is celebrated annually on 1 May.

5.8 Croatia

In Croatia, 1 May is a national holiday. People celebrate all over the country by gathering and cooking or barbe- cuing toghter. In Zagreb, the capital, most people go to Maksimir Park, which is located in the east part of Za- greb. In Split, the largest city on the coast, people go to Marjan, a park-forest at the western end of Split penin- sula. Many public events are organised and held all over May Day demonstration in Lyon, France the country where military style bean soup is given out to all people as a symbol of a real workers’ dish. In France, 1 May is a public holiday. It is, in fact, the only day of the year when employees are legally obliged to be given leave, save professions that cannot be inter- 5.9 Czech Republic rupted due to their nature (such as workers in hospitals and public transport).[51] Demonstrations and marches In the Czech Republic, 1 May is an official and national are a Labour Day tradition in France, where trade unions holiday known as Labour Day (Svátek práce in Czech). organise parades in major cities to defend workers’ rights. It is also customary to offer a lily of the valley to friends 5.10 Denmark or family. This custom dates back to 1561, where Charles IX, aged 10, waiting for his accession to the throne, gave In Denmark, 1 May is not an official holiday, but many a lily of the valley to all ladies present. Today, the fiscal people, mostly in the public sector, get a half or a whole administration exempts individuals and workers’ organ- day off. The day is celebrated in the biggest cities with isations from any tax or administrative duties related to speeches from politicians, labour market organisations, the sales of lilies of the valley, provided they are gath- grass roots, etc. ered from the wild, and not bought to be resold.

5.11 Finland 5.13 Germany

In Finland, 1 May is an official and national holiday. In April 1933, the recently installed Nazi government de- Apart from Workers’ Day (officially: suomalaisen työn clared 1 May the “Day of National Work,” an official state päivä, “day of Finnish labour”), it is also celebrated as a holiday, and announced that all celebrations were to be feast of students, and spring, called vappu. organised by the government. Any separate celebrations 5.14 Greece 11 by communists, social democrats or labour unions were 5.14 Greece banned. After World War II, 1 May remained a state hol- iday in both East and West Germany. In communist East In Greece 1 May is an optional public holiday. The Min- Germany, workers were de facto required to participate istry of Labour retains the right to classify it as an official in large state-organised parades on May Day. Today in public holiday on an annual basis, and it customarily does Germany it is simply called “Labour Day” (Tag der Ar- so.[53] The day is called Ergatikí Proto-magiá (Εργατική beit), and there are numerous demonstrations and cele- Πρωτομαγιά, lit. “Workers’ 1 May”) and celebrations brations by independent workers’ organisations. Today, are marked by demonstrations in which left-wing political Berlin witnesses yearly demonstrations on May Day, the parties, anti-authority groups and workers’ unions partic- largest organised by labour unions, political parties and ipate. On May Day 2010 there were major protests all others by the far left and Autonomen. over Greece, most notably Athens and Thessaloniki, by many left, anarchist and communist supporters and some violent clashes with riot police who were sent out to con- tain the protesters. They opposed economic reforms, an end to job losses and wage cuts in the face of the govern- ment’s proposals of massive public spending cuts. These reforms are to fall in line with the IMF-EU-ECB loan proposals, which demand that Greece liberalise its econ- omy and cut its public spending and private sector wages, which many believe will decrease living standards.[54]

5.15 Hungary

Hungary celebrates 1 May as a national holiday, with open-air festivities and fairs all over the country. Many towns raise May poles and festivals with various themes May Day rally in Hanover, Germany, 1 May 2013 are organised around the holiday. As with other holidays, whenever 1 May falls on a Tuesday or Thursday the holi- Since 1987, May Day has also become known for riots day officially becomes a long weekend when families take in some districts of Berlin. After police actions against off to travel and hotels are booked full. Left-wing parties radical leftists in that year’s annual demonstrations, the continue to hold public rallies commemorating Labour Autonome scattered and sought cover at the ongoing an- Day. nual street fair in Kreuzberg. Three years prior to the reunification of Germany, violent protests would only take place in the former West Berlin. The protesters be- 5.16 Iceland gan tipping over police cars, violently resisting arrest, and began building barricades after the police withdrew due In Iceland the Labour Day (Baráttudagur verkalýðsins) to the unforeseen resistance. Cars were set on fire, shops is a public holiday. However many stores nowadays are plundered and burned to the ground. The police even- open and pay higher salaries to the workers instead on this tually ended the riots the following night. These violent day. A parade composed of trade unions and other groups forms of protests by the radical left, later increasingly in- marches through towns and cities across the country and volved participants without political motivation. (Read speeches are delivered. more: May Day in Kreuzberg) Annual street fairs have proven an effective way to pre- 5.17 Ireland vent riots, and May Day in 2005 and 2006 have been among the most peaceful known to Berlin in nearly 25 May Day celebrations in Ireland, north and south, are or- years. In recent years, neo-Nazis and other groups on the ganised by the Irish Congress of Trade Unions. Rallies far right, such as the National Democratic Party of Ger- take place in Belfast and Dublin and other events such many, have used the day to schedule public demonstra- as lectures, concerts and film screenings also take place tions, often leading to clashes with left-wing protesters, around a wider May Day festival. Since 1994 a public which turned especially violent in Leipzig in 1998 and holiday in Ireland is observed on the first Monday in May. 2005. May Day violence flared again in 2010. After an ap- proved far right demonstration was blocked by leftists, 5.18 Italy a parade by an estimated 10,000 leftists and anarchists turned violent and resulted in an active response by Berlin The first May Day celebration in Italy took place in 1890. police.[52] It started initially as an attempt to celebrate workers’ 12 5 EUROPE

5.21 Macedonia

In Macedonia, 1 May (Macedonian: Ден на Трудот) is an official public holiday. People celebrate with friends and family at traditional picnics across the country, ac- companied by the usual outdoor games, various grilled meats and beverages.

5.22 Malta

In Malta, 1 May is an official public holiday celebrated as Workers’ Day together with the religious feast of St. Traditional 1st May Concert in St. John Lateran square, Rome Joseph (Patron of Workers). A free music event also takes place on this date. The Maltese also celebrate the membership of Malta in the European Union of 2004. achievements in their struggle for their rights and for bet- ter social and economic conditions. It was abolished un- der the Fascist Regime and immediately restored after the 5.23 Netherlands Second World War. (During the fascist period, a “Holi- day of the Italian Labour” (Festa del lavoro italiano) was celebrated on 21 April, the date of Natale di Roma, when ancient Rome was allegedly founded.) May Day is now an important celebration in Italy and is a national holi- day regardless of what day of the week it falls. The Con- certo del Primo Maggio (“1st of May Concert”), organised by Italian labour unions in Rome in Piazza di Porta San Giovanni has become an important event in recent years. Every year the concert is attended by a large audience of mostly young people and involves participation of many famous bands and songwriters, lasting from 3 p.m. till midnight. The concert is usually broadcast live by Rai 3.

Norway’s former Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg gives his 1 May 5.19 Lithuania speech in 2009 in Oslo, Norway

First May Day is an official public holiday celebrated as In the Netherlands, 1 May is not an official holiday. International Work Day (Tarptautinė darbo diena). First However, several left-wing political parties and organisa- official celebrations appeared during Soviet occupation, tions celebrate International Workers’ Day yearly. Small but it had negative communist connotation. As Lithua- demonstrations are sometimes held, mostly by anarchist nia declared its independence in 1990, Work Day lost its and radical socialist groups. One of the reasons labour public holiday status, but regained it in 1996. day never got established as a national holiday might have been the fact that the day that used to immediately pre- cede it, Queen’s Day (now King’s Day at 27 April), was already a public holiday in its own right. 5.20 Luxembourg

In Luxembourg, 1 May, called the Dag vun der Aarbecht (“Day of Labour”), is a legal holiday traditionally associ- 5.24 Norway ated with large demonstrations by trade unions in Luxem- bourg City and other cities. Many people seize the oppor- In Norway, Labour Day (Arbeidernes Dag) is celebrated tunity for an outdoor picnic with family and friends, and May 1 and is an official public holiday. It is tradition- local and national associations organise popular events for ally a day of marches, speeched and parties organized this day, among others the Festival of Labour and Cul- by labour unions, leftist political parties and feminist and tures, organised by the Neumünster Abbey Cultural Ex- anti-racist organizations to voice political concerns and change Centre in Luxembourg City. celebrate solidarity. 5.27 Romania 13

ise two different rallies (in Alameda D. Afonso Henriques and Torre de Belém). It is an official public holiday.

5.27 Romania

In Romania, 1 May, known as the International Labour Day (Ziua internațională a muncii), the International Workers’ Day (Ziua internațională a oamenilor muncii), or simply 1/First of May (1/Întâi Mai), is an official public holiday. During the communist regime, like in all former Eastern Bloc countries, the day was marked by large state-organised parades in most towns and cities, to which many workers were de facto required to par- 1st May Coal Mine in Wodzisław Śląski, Poland ticipate. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, 1 May continues to be an official public holiday, but without any state organised events or parades. Most people celebrate 5.25 Poland together with friends and family, organising picnics and barbecues. It is also the first day of the year when people, In Poland, since the fall of communism, 1 May is of- especially those from the southeastern part of the coun- ficially celebrated as May Day, but is commonly called try including the capital Bucharest, go to spend the day in [55][56] Labour Day. It is currently celebrated without a one of the Romanian Black Sea resorts. specific connotation, and as such it is May Day. How- ever, due to historical connotations, most of the celebra- tions are focused around Labour Day festivities. It is cus- 5.28 Russia tomary for labour activists to organize parades in cities and towns across Poland. The holiday is also commonly referred to as “Labour Day” ("Święto Pracy”). In Poland, May Day is closely followed by May 3rd Con- stitution Day. These two dates combined often result in a long weekend called “Majówka”. People often travel, and “Majówka” is unofficially considered the start of bar- becuing season in Poland. Between these two, on 2 May, there is a patriotic holiday, the Day of Polish Flag (Dzień Flagi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), introduced by a Parlia- mentary Act of 20 February 2004. In Poland some streets, places, squares, parks and also factories were popular named in honour of International Workers’ Day, such as 1 Maja Coal Mine in Wodzisław Śląski. Russian Communist Workers’ Party demonstration on 1 May 2008 in Izhevsk 5.26 Portugal May Day was celebrated illegally in Russia until the In Portugal, the 1 May celebration (“Primeiro de Maio”) February Revolution enabled the first legal celebra- was harshly repressedduring the long right wing dictator- tion in 1917. The following year, after the Bolshevik ship of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano. seizure of power, the May Day celebrations were boy- Since the Carnation Revolution on 25 April 1974, the cotted by Mensheviks, Left Socialist Revolutionaries and Worker’s Day is celebrated by unions but as well by sev- anarchists. It became an important official holiday of eral leftist political parties with parades and demonstra- the Soviet Union, celebrated with elaborate popular pa- tions. The first demonstration after the Carnation Revolu- rade in the centre of the major cities. The biggest cele- tion, only one week after the coup, stays until today as the bration was traditionally organised in Red Square, where biggest demonstration in the history of Portugal. It is an the General Secretary of the CPSU and other party and opportunity for workers, including non-permanent work- government leaders stood atop Lenin’s Mausoleum and ers’ groups, to show their discontent for existing working waved to the crowds. In 1991, which preceded the last conditions in parades all over the country but mainly in year that demonstrations were held in Red Square, May the capital, where the two main national union federa- Day grew into high-spirited political action. Around tions (communist CGTP-IN and centre-left UGT) organ- 50,000 people participated in a rally in Red Square in 14 5 EUROPE

1991 after which the tradition was interrupted for 13 years. In the early post-Soviet period the holiday turned into massive political gatherings of supporters of radically minded politicians. For instance, an action dubbed as “a rally of communist-oriented organisations” was held in Red Square in 1992. The rally began with performance of the Soviet Union anthem and raising the Red Flag and ended with appeals from the leader of opposition move- ment Working Moscow, Viktor Anpilov, “for early dis- missal of President Boris Yeltsin, ousting Moscow Mayor Gavriil Popov from power and putting the latter on trial”. Since 1992, May Day is officially called “The Day of Spring and Labour”, and remains a major holiday in present-day Russia. May Day rally in Barcelona, Spain

then, it has become an official holiday that has been tradi- 5.29 Serbia tionally used by trade unions and leftist parties for social and labour vindications. Commonly, peaceful demon- In Serbia, 1 May (and also 2 May) is a day off work and a strations and parades occur in major and minor cities. day out of school. It is one of the major popular holidays, and the only official holiday from socialist times that is still officially celebrated. People celebrate it all over the 5.33 Sweden country. By tradition 1 May is celebrated by countryside picnics and outdoor barbecues. May is marked by warm weather in Serbia. In Belgrade, the capital, most peo- ple go to Avala or Košutnjak, which are parks located in Rakovica and Čukarica. People go around the country to enjoy nature. A major religious holiday of Djurdjevdan is on 6 May so quite often days off work are given to connect these two holidays and weekend, creating a small spring break. 1 May is celebrated by most of the population re- gardless of political views.

5.30 Slovakia

In Slovakia, 1 May is a day off work and a day out of school. Celebrations are usually connected also with the Swedish Social Democratic Party at May Day demonstration in commemoration of the entry of the Slovak Republic into Stockholm, Sweden in 2006. The party has dominated Swedish the European Union (1 May 2004). politics for nearly a century. The trade union palace in Stockholm is seen at the end of the picture. 5.31 Slovenia 1 May has been an important part of Swedish history since the late 19th century. The day was made a public In Slovenia, 1 May (and also 2 May) is a day off work holiday in 1938 but had been celebrated by the Swedish and a day out of school. There are many official celebra- Social Democratic Party and the left since 1890. The tions all over the country. In Ljubljana, the capital, many first May Day celebration gathered more than 50,000 people go to Rožnik Hill in the city. On the night of 30 people in central Stockholm. The crowd went to hear April, bonfires are burned on many hills. speeches by the leading figures in the Swedish labour movement such as Hjalmar Branting (later prime minis- 5.32 Spain ter), August Palm and Hinke Bergegren. During World War I the demonstrations mainly had a peace message In Spain, the 1 May celebration was established after and the Liberal Party also joined the demonstrations. The the death of Franco in 1975; before that, it had been 8-hour working day and women’s suffrage were the prin- celebrated during the Spanish Second Republic period cipal themes during the troubled times after World War (1931–1939), but it was banned afterwards by the Franco I. regime. The first time it was celebrated was in 1977, The May Day demonstrations are still an important part when the Communist Party of Spain was legalised. Since of Swedish politics for the social democrats, left-wing 5.35 Turkey 15

parties and unions who use May Day to discuss their 5.35 Turkey politics. In Stockholm the Social Democratic Party al- ways marches towards Norra Bantorget, the centre of the Swedish labour movement, to hold speeches in front of the headquarters of the Swedish Trade Union Confed- eration, while the smaller Left Party marches in larger numbers[57] towards Kungsträdgården. Since 1967, the Communist Party and its’ youth wing, Revolutionary Communist Youth, have held their own May Day march, known as Röd Front ('Red Front')[58]. In 2016, Röd Front marches were held at 33 different locations across the country[59]. The largest Röd Front marches are usually held in Gothenburg, Sweden’s second-largest city and one of the party’s strongholds[60][61].

5.34 Switzerland Istanbul May Day clashes in 2013

In Switzerland, the status of 1 May differs depending on the canton and sometimes on the municipality. Labour Day is known as Tag der Arbeit in German-speaking can- tons, as Fête du Travail in the French-speaking cantons, and as Festa del lavoro in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino.

• In the cantons of Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Jura, Neuchâtel, and Zürich, Labour Day is an of- ficial public holiday equal to Sundays, based on fed- eral law (Bundesgesetz über die Arbeit in Industrie, Gewerbe und Handel, article 20a). Workers marching to Taksim Square, 1 May 2012 • In the cantons of Schaffhausen, Thurgau, and Ticino, Labour Day is an official “day off” 1 May is an official holiday celebrated in Turkey. It was (Ruhetag). This is equal in practice to an official a holiday until 1981 when it was cancelled after the 1980 public holiday, but is not based on federal law and coup d'état. In 2010, the Turkish government restored the cantonal regulations may differ in details. holiday after some casualties and demonstrations. Taksim • In the canton of Solothurn it is an official half-day Square is the centre of the celebrations due to the Taksim holiday (starting at 12 noon). Square massacre. Workers’ Day was first celebrated in 1912 in İstanbul, in • In the canton of Fribourg, public servants get the 1911 in Selânik and in 1899 in İzmir. After the establish- afternoon off, many companies follow this practice. ment of the Turkish Republic, it became an official hol- • In the canton of Aargau it is not an official holiday, iday. In 1924, it was forbidden by a decree and in both but most employees get the afternoon off. 1924 and 1925, demonstrations were intervened by arm floats. In 1935, The National Assembly declared Work- • In the municipalities of Hildisrieden and ers’ Day to be a holiday again.[62] Schüpfheim (both in the canton of Lucerne) as well as in Muotathal (canton of Schwyz), 1 May During the events leading to the 1980 Turkish coup d'etat, is an official public holiday, but as commemoration a massacre occurred on 1 May 1977 (Taksim Square mas- day of the local patron saint, not as Labour Day. sacre), in which unknown people (provocateurs) opened In the other parts of the cantons of Lucerne and fire on the crowd. The crowd was the biggest in Turk- Schwyz, 1 May is a regular work day. ish workers’ history with the number of people approxi- mating 500,000. In the next two years, provocations and • In all other cantons, 1 May is a regular work day. confusion continued and peaked before the 1980 coup d'etat. The Workers’ Day holiday was cancelled once The largest Labour Day celebrations in Switzerland are again. Still, demonstrations continued with small crowds, held in the city of Zürich. Each year, Zürich’s 1 May and in 1996, three people were killed by police bullets, committee, together with the Swiss Federation of Trade and a plain-clothes man who spied in the crowd was re- Unions, organises a festival and 1 May rally. It is the vealed and lynched by workers. On the same evening, a largest rally held on a regular basis in Switzerland. video broadcast on TV showed that two participants in 16 6 OCEANIA

the demonstration were lynched by far right-wing nation- alist groups and this lynching occurred in front of police forces who were watching the scene with happy faces. Thus, 1 May 1996 has been remembered by workers’ movements.[62] In 2007, the 30th anniversary of the Taksim square mas- sacre, leftist workers’ unions wanted to commemorate the massacre in Taksim square. Since the government would not let them into the square, 580–700 people were stopped and 1 person died under police control. After these events, the government declared 1 May as “Work and Solidarity Day” but not as a holiday. In the next year, the day was declared as a holiday, but people were still not allowed to gather in Taksim Square.[63] The year 2008 was remembered with police violence in Istanbul. Police The Stalin banner belonging to the CPGB-ML, featured in every fired tear gas grenades among the crowds, and into hos- London International Workers’ Day rally since 2008 pitals and a primary school. Workers pushed forward so that in 2010, 140,000 people gathered in Taksim, and in announced plans to move the May Day bank holiday to 2011 there were more than half a million demonstrators. October to lengthen the tourist season.[72] A London rally After 3 years of peaceful meetings in 2013, meetings on May Day is organised by the London May Day Organ- in Taksim Square were forbidden by the government. ising Committee (LMDOC). Clashes occurred between police and workers; water can- non and tear gas have been widely used.[64] 6 Oceania 5.36 Ukraine

It is a public holiday in Ukraine, inherited from the So- 6.1 Australia viet era. Ukrainian communists and socialists celebrate the holiday with demonstrations, while other people go to picnics and spring vacations. In 2015, May Day rallies were banned in Kiev and Kharkiv.[65] Late May 2015 laws that ban communist symbols came into effect in Ukraine, thus banning communist symbols, singing the Soviet national hymn or the Internationale.[66] According to Interior Minister Arsen Avakov during the 2016 May Day rallies in some major cities the number of police officers far outnumbered the number of rally participants.[67] With in Dnipropetrovsk 193 policemen protecting 25 rally participants.[67]

5.37 United Kingdom The Labour Day March in Brisbane, Queensland is the largest rally in Australia. May Day activities (from 1978) are on the first Monday of the month.[68] In the United Kingdom in recent years, the While unofficial activities and commemorations associ- anti-capitalist movement has organised a number of large ated with International Workers’ Day occur on May Day protests in London, Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Doncaster. in Australia, Labour Day in the various states and terri- In London, these have resulted in clashes with the police. tories generally falls on other days. Only in the Northern In 2000, the clashes ended with a branch of McDonald’s Territory and Queensland is Labour Day celebrated on being smashed, and a statue of Winston Churchill be- the first Monday in May, which is a public holiday un- ing given a grass Mohawk hairstyle. The Cenotaph was der the name of “May Day”. Queensland holds the also defaced with graffiti.[69][70] In the last few years, biggest rallies in Australia, with the rally in Brisbane av- demonstrations have been more peaceful, with marches eraging 30,000 people. There are also rallies held in and gatherings, particularly in central London.[71] The Cairns, Rockhampton, Townsville, Barcaldine , Ipswich, Conservative-led coalition government in March 2011 Toowoomba and other regional centres. 17

7 See also [9] Knights of Labor. Progressive Historians (3 September 2007). • Workers’ Memorial Day [10] “Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here”. The Dra- mas of Haymarket. Chicago Historical Society. 2000. Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 8 Footnotes 19 January 2008. [11] Ward, William (24 May 1886). “Letter from Captain [1] “In 1884 the first Monday in September was selected as [6] William Ward to Inspector John Bonfield”. Haymarket the holiday, as originally proposed” Affair Digital Collection. Chicago Historical Society. Re- [2] I saw a man, whom I afterwards identified as Fielding trieved 19 January 2008. [sic], standing on a truck wagon at the corner of what is [12] “Bay View Tragedy”. Wisconsin Labor History Society. 6 known as Crane’s Alley. I raised my baton and, in a loud November 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2016. voice, ordered them to disperse as peaceable citizens. I also called upon three persons in the crowd to assist in [13] “Saint Joseph”. Retrieved 5 July 2010. dispersing the mob. Fielding got down from the wagon, saying at the time, “We are peaceable,” as he uttered the [14] The transitional government on Tuesday announced a last word, I heard a terrible explosion behind where I was public holiday in all parts of Libya on the occasion of standing, followed almost instantly by an irregular volley International Workers’ Holiday. The Libyan government of pistol shots in our front and from the sidewalk on the transition – Prime Minister’s Office (in Arabic). east side of the street, which was immediately followed [15] Address to the nation and call for reforms by Muammar by regular and well directed volleys from the police and Qaddafi, marking celebrations of International Workers’ which was kept up for several minutes. I then ordered the Day on 1 May 1982 Mathaba News Network – Archive: injured men brought to the stations and sent for surgeons Democracy in Industry. Retrieved 1 May 2012. to attend to their injuries. After receiving the necessary attention most of the injured officers were removed to the [16] “Primero de Mayo en la Argentina. Elhistoriador.com.ar. County Hospital and I highly appreciate the manner in Retrieved on 1 May 2013. which they were received by Warden McGarrigle who did all in his power to make them comfortable as possible.[11] [17] Día del Trabajador y día de la Tradición: Dia del traba- jador. Tradibajor.blogspot.de. Retrieved on 1 May 2013. [3] 5 1 "" . (“The first day of May each year shall be designated as [18] “Québec’s minimum wage will exceed the $10 an hour Workers’ Day, which shall be a paid holiday under the mark on May 1, 2013 : Québec Portal”. Gouv.qc.ca. Re- 'Labor Standards Act'.)"[49] trieved 17 December 2013.

[19] Días Feriados en Chile (in Spanish). feriadoschilenos.cl. 9 References Retrieved on 1 May 2013. [20] “The New American: May Day history”. Retrieved 5 May [1] “May 1 not covered by 'holiday economics’". GMA News 2013. Online. 14 April 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2012. [21] “Communist Party USA: May Day 2013”. Retrieved 5 [2] About Labour Day in Algeria Labour Day Holiday Re- May 2013. source. [22] “Socialist Party Events”. Retrieved 5 May 2013. [3] “The Brief Origins of May Day”. IWW Historical Archives. Industrial Workers of the World. Retrieved 2 [23] Protest du Jour: May Day is rally day in Seattle | Seat- May 2014. tle’s Big Blog – seattlepi.com. Blog.seattlepi.com (1 May 2008). Retrieved on 1 May 2013. [4] Foner, Philip S. (1986). May Day: A Short History of the International Workers’ Holiday, 1886–1986. New York: [24] March smaller, but festive – Los Angeles Times. Ar- International Publishers. pp. 41–43. ISBN 0-7178-0624- ticles.latimes.com (2 May 2008). Retrieved on 1 May 3. 2013.

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10 External links

• May Day Archive at the Marxists Internet Archive • Photos of May Day in Red Square during the Soviet Union 20 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

• International Workers’ Day Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workers’{}_Day?oldid=777827327 Contributors: Ewen, Edward, Menchi, Ijon, Big iron, Junesun, Espertus, Gestumblindi, J D, Joy, Goethean, Altenmann, Pmaguire, Kmedina, Pgan002, Kusunose, Soman, Klemen Kocjancic, Mike Rosoft, D6, Echnin, Rich Farmbrough, Neilg, Ebelular, Bender235, Adambro, Aa4, Ogress, Rye1967, Alansohn, Uffish, BDD, Lecar, Anthony aragorn, Woohookitty, Bkwillwm, Plrk, Waldir, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Kurt- ber, Alaney2k, The wub, Winckle, TheAnarcat, Goudzovski, Bgwhite, Wavelength, Mark Ironie, Alifazal, Rsrikanth05, NawlinWiki, Leutha, Bloodofox, Korny O'Near, Howcheng, Awiseman, Rockero, Lockesdonkey, Gadget850, Robin.r, Tuckerresearch, Pawyilee, Katieh5584, Vesteinn, TechBear, SmackBot, Roger Davies, Dondie, Peter Isotalo, Gilliam, Ottawakismet, Galanom, Милан Јелисавчић, Writtenright, Jaimie Henry, Bowlhover, Ghettobrown, CJBR, Mofrikaantje, Yulia Romero, Howard the Duck, Kopa, Fertuno, Tim- downie, Gobonobo, IronGargoyle, JHunterJ, Vanished user 8ij3r8jwefi, Optimale, Jcaron, Toddsschneider, Wikitedium, Joseph Solis in Australia, Roblespepe, GiantSnowman, Morganfitzp, Thepm, Themightyquill, Cydebot, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Bellerophon5685, Spylab, Blaisorblade, Doug Weller, DumbBOT, Jon C., Eco84, Gopman1, Fyunck(click), Svanvoor, Pro crast in a tor, Fayenatic lon- don, Superzohar, DagosNavy, JAnDbot, Dogru144, M ahad, Barek, T L Miles, Realismadder, Gunners81, Magioladitis, Skew-t, Cgin- gold, Ekki01, Vigyani, 1staroundtheworld, Askmath, Uriel8, CommonsDelinker, Lilac Soul, Halninek, J.delanoy, Rdhinakar, Laurus- nobilis, Arsindhu, SchirmerPower, Alexb102072, Sky89, DadaNeem, Octavabasso, Treisijs, Djr13, Squids and Chips, Malik Shabazz, VolkovBot, Philip Trueman, Wikihonduras, Michael riber jorgensen, C.J. 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11.2 Images

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