Kv Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

El 565 §M~w MOOVol. 4

P o WMstE - Electricidade de Mocambique Public Disclosure Authorized 9 400 kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Lw Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Environmental Impact Assessment Report Public Disclosure Authorized

May, 2004 I Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

INTRODUCTION

This report constitutes the Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique- Malawi Power Line Project, prepared by IMPACT for the proponent - Electricidade de Mo,ambique. It should be noted that the study was only carried out on the Mozambican part of the line, corresponding to about 60% of total length.

In order to benefit from the Southern Africa Power Pool (SAPP), set up in the scope of SADC to coordinate the interconnection of the power grids of the various countries, the Government of the Republic of Mozambique and the Government of the Republic of Malawi, decided to interconnect their power grids for the mutual benefit of the two countries.

Thus, in order to respond to future needs, EDM and ESCOM intend to design and construct a 330 or 400kV transmission line, initially operating at 220 kV.

The power to be used is generated at Hidroelectrica de Cahora Bassa and transformed at the Songo Substation, which interconnects to the Matambo Substation through two power lines.

The Environmental Impact Study (EIS) described in this report refers to the power line that will be constructed between Matambo and Z6bue.

The EIS has been prepared according to the requirements of the environmental legislation in force in Mozambique (Law 20/97 of 1 October) and the regulations promulgated under this law (Decree 76/98 of 29 December).

The main objective of the EIS is the identification of the potential negative and positive environmental (physical, biotic and socio-economic) impacts derived from the implantation of the project, in its construction and operational phases. Recommendations and proposals for negative impact mitigation measures will be drawn up.

The methodology adopted for this study is according to the conventional standards for carrying out environmental impact studies for transmission lines and the Terms of Reference prepared to this end. It comprises the following:

* Description of the route according to an appropriate set of criteria, e.g., type of vegetation, physiographic characteristics, land use, etc.

* Identification of decisive and specific impacts of the power line.

* Impact classification, using the typical criteria for the assessment of impacts (extension, duration, intensity, likelihood, mitigation potential and significancy).

. Drawing up of mitigation measures for the construction and operational phases of the project.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 1 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The proposed transmission line will have a length of about 210 km, of which about 60% in Mozambican territory (126 km).

The pylons projected for this line will be of the Cross-Rope Suspension type, in combination with the Self Supporting type.

The typical spacing between the pylons is 465m.

For 400kV transmission lines the standard width of the corridor is 55m. The corridor should ensure a safe construction, operation and maintenance of the line.

The use of rubber isolators, common in new transmission lines, is recommended.

The report prepared by Trans-Africa Projects presents a specific and more detailed technical description.

The line will be fed from the Matambo Substation, which, in addition to feeding the future 400kV line to Malawi, already feeds the lines to Chibata (Centre), Caia (Centre-North-East) and Tete Town Substations with 220kV and 33kV respectively. However, a new yard adjacent to the previous one will be installed, specifically to feed the new line to Malawi.

The proposed transmission line will have a capacity of 200MW, superior to those of the lines that currently leave the Matambo Substation, which have a total capacity of 82.9MW.

Initially, the line will operate at 220kV. A future increase to 400kV is foreseen.

The line will have no ramifications.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 2 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND RESPECTIVE MITIGATION MEASURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE POWER LINE

Construction Phase

Table 1. Summary of the biophysical impacts and mitigation measures during the construction phase

Impact Likelihood Extension Duration Intensity Significance Mitigation measures

Soil erosion High Limited Long-term Medium Medium to low 1. To implement temporary erosion control measures during construction to minimize the loss of soil during the removal of vegetation in the corridor (e.g. sediment retention mechanisms to control floodwater such as protection nets, wooden stakes, etc). 2. To restore the natural contour lines of the corridor to avoid the accumulation of water and the potential for accelerated erosion. 3. To remove and heap up the topsoil (75 mm) separate from the rest of the residues (e.g. subsoil, rocks, etc). Restore the topsoil as a final layer in the whole corridor. To re-establish the indigenous herbaceous vegetation immediately after construction. Soil High Limited Short-term Medium Medium to low 1. To break up the soil to a depth of 60 to 100 centimetres, compaction with the use of a tool, mainly in the areas of agricultural use.

Destruction of High Limited Long-term Medium Medium to low 1. To make adjustments to the transmission line corridor vegetation route so as to minimize the risk for threatened plant within the species communities or other communities of ecological corridor or cultural importance. 2. Manual removal of the vegetation in areas adjacent to river margins and of steep slopes. 3. To carry out selective felling or pruning of the trees

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 3 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

adjacent to the corridor, to avoid danger to people and goods. 4. To limit Contractor's access outside of the construction corridor and especially where the existence of threatened plant species/communities is known or suspected. To reduce the construction works area to a minimum in these areas. To prohibit access of vehicles or personnel outside the construction right-of-way without prior Contractor's approval. 5. To prohibit all the workers involved in the project from buying charcoal or firewood that may be offered for sale along the corridor, to avoid promoting the use of the corridor for commercial purposes. 6. To prepare and implement a training programme for educating machinery operators with respect to environmental sensitivity along the route.

should observe a minimum Impacts on the Certain Limited Long-term High High 1. Clearing operations from the maximum water level reduction of distance of 15 metres aquatic environments. sensitive marks in rivers or other the Zambezi River margin habitats 2. The wetlands existing on should be avoided; when this is not possible, special care should be taken, such as: to limit construction to the dry season; to carefully clean equipment after work in areas infested with exotic invasive species; to prohibit the spilling of fuel and lubricants or disposal and abandonment of any other products.

with an herbaceous cover, as soon Impact of High Limited Long-term Medium Medium 1. To replant the soil The re-establishment of invading as possible after construction. is the best way to avoid species a graminaceous layer infestation by invading species. Curative action, after invasion having taken place, is expensive and time- consuming.

4 Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

2. To eradicate invading species along the corridor in the first year after construction. To determine the need for actions after this maintenance period. The eradication should be carried out before the germination of the seeds in summer. 3. The clearing machines should be cleaned periodically, so as to remove any seeds that may have got stuck to the blades or the caterpillars. This care should be greater when areas are traversed where invading species occur. In these areas the possibility should be studied to use herbicides during machinery cleanup. Impact on the Likely Limited Short-term High (in Medium 1. To prohibit access of vehicles or personnel outside the fauna (reptiles the case of work servitudes, without prior approval of the power and deaths in transport company. amphibians) endangere 2. In case the existence of threatened reptile and d species) amphibian species is identified, it is recommended to accelerate construction work in these sections of the corridor.

Impact on the Likely Limited Short-term High (in Medium to low 1. Some nesting places can easily be detected (e.g. nests avifauna the case of of large birds of prey, etc), and may be avoided, if deaths) possible, (divert the route from the tree) or collected in coordination with the environmental site officer and the Veterinary Faculty of the Eduardo Mondlane University or the Museum of Natural History. 2. To construct the line between April and September, i.e., outside the breeding season of the majority of species.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 5 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

trees and other Removal of Likely Limited Permanent Medium to Medium to low 1. To mark the large indigenous and close to the riverine low endangered species trees within that should not be damaged vegetation and construction right-of-way loss of large during the works. access of workers outside riverine trees 2. To limit as much as possible the power line corridor. 3. To re-establish stabilizing vegetation on the margins and access roads immediately after the construction of the transmission line at river and stream crossings, as stipulated by the EIS and special contractual provisions. by the excavation Disturbance of Likely Surroundin Long-term Medium to Medium to low 1. To manage the sediments generated through sedimentation sediments in g area high work for foundation building dams and other adequate the macro- wells, river curtains, small canal methods. 2. To construct erosion protection works in the crossing area of the power line with the macro canal margins to avoid the crumbling away or erosion of the margins. The protection works include gabions, stabilization structures, reno mats, etc. 3. Where possible, construct the river crossing points during low-flow periods, to enable machines crossing. in the corridor. The Spills of Likely Limited Medium- Medium Medium to low 1. To prohibit vehicle maintenance in the workshops inside the hazardous term vehicles should be services to take a vehicle to the materials main camp. If it is not possible workshop, its maintenance in the corridor should be done with proper precautions (E.g., using plastic sheets underneath the vehicles, etc.). 2. Machines near river or stream margins should be placed on protective bases (e.g., sheets of strong plastic) to avoid soil and river contamination. 3. If the soil is contaminated, it should be collected immediately for treatment in the camp.

6 Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Impact of non- Likely Surroundin Long-term Low Medium to low 1. A team should be in charge of keeping the corridor hazardous g area clean, collecting all the waste produced by the workers waste involved in the project and depositing it in the main camp from where it will be taken to the rubbish dump of Tete Town. 2. To educate the Contractor's workers with respect to: i) keeping the power line corridor and surrounding areas clean; ii) waste management procedures; iii) penalizations for polluting the environment.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 7 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 2. Summary of the socio-economic impacts and mitigation measures during the construction phase

Impact Likelihood Extension Duration Intensity Significance Mitigation measures - - .- IMPACTS ON THE - - - - - X .... -- Ir POPULATION - r_.___v- ' --. .. * - - * Meeting with the communities to give explanations about the need for permanent removal of infrastructures. . Detailed survey of all the dwellings and infrastructures that will be affected. Inventory of the property existing in each one of the dwellings and other improvements that will be lost or Transfer of damaged. compensations and residents and their Highly likely Limited Certain High High * Negotiations about plan. houses implementation of a resettlement * Monitoring and audit of the implemented measures. * Monitoring of the line servitude corridor and, in cooperation with the local authorities, drawing up of the procedures to be followed in cases in which former residents of the power line protection and security area return. * Awareness-raising campaigns for workers and communities so as to promote good relations. education actions P*Short- Awareness-raising / healththe communities against Physiel presence Highly likely Limited term High High directed to workers and HIVJAIDS. of outside workers the spread of STD and * Provision of condoms in public places of easy access for the workers. * As far as possible incorporate and maximize the use of a local work force. Medium- the Highly likely Limited tedm Medium Medium * To stipulate in the Contractor's contract term recruitment and work conditions for the local work force.

8 Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Creation of * Monitoring of the work conditions and hiring employment procedures of the local work force. opportunities * If the hiring of local personnel is not foreseen, expectations inform the communities and explain the reasons.

* Through information channels reduce employment expectations for outside people. * To give priority to the affected communities in Short to hiring a local work force. Population increase Likely Limited medium- Medium Medium * To monitor immigration occurred in the through immigration term construction phase. * To plan procedures for the treatment of informal population settlements in areas surrounding the construction zone. * To make the communities aware of the nature, the objectives and the specific aspects of the project. Creation of Short*to Information about the fact that the supply of expectations Likely Limited medium- Medium Medium electricity to the affected villages and surrounding expegrigactans L y L d tedum is not foreseen, if that is the situation. electricity * As far as possible to introduce simple energy efficiency technologies that may improve the lives of the local population.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 9 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

IMPACTS ON THE - - : ...- - -; . i SUBSISTENCE . --- -: . - - - . . ; . - SYSTEMS - - - * To inform and to make communities aware of the need for permanent abandonment of some agricultural land. * A detailed survey of the affected land will be done, Loss of agricultural Highly likely Limited Certain Medium Medium as well as of the crops in the field. * Identification and provision of new agricultural plots, with characteristics that correspond to the needs of the affected families. * To render assistance in the preparation of new agricultural land. * Prior survey of the crops and identification of their owners. * Attribution of fair compensations for the crops and fruit trees lost. in the Loss of crops, * As far as possible allow the use of the crops harvests and fruit Highly likely Limited to Medium field until their harvest and promote the Mediumto long- MH maximization of their productivity and yield. trees extensive term * For the families whose machambas will only be affected during the construction phase, temporary agricultural land should be made available, with characteristics that correspond to the needs of the households. * Awareness-raising of the communities, to alert them against the danger of lack of control of their cattle during the construction phase. Likely Limited Short to Medium High * To erect fences along the work area in zones with Potential loss of long-term a lot of cattle. open livestock heads * Placing of temporary metal covers on the holes. * As far as possible, to negotiate with the

10 Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

communities and the authorities alternative grazing land during works execution. * The workers should be urged to drive at low speed and watch out for a possible appearance of animals and not to consume any animal without the owner's authorization. * If any accident occurs, cattle falling into the holes and/or being overrun, remove the animals from the holes, render veterinary assistance and replace the cattle heads lost. When necessary, attribute compensations for animals lost. * Identification of temporary grazing land. * Introduction of alternative animal feed measures, Loss of access to Likely Limited Short- Medium Medium such as the production of hay, mineral blocks and grazing land term vitamin supplements. * To provide a rapid regeneration of the grazing land, if it has been destroyed. * Plant resources should be stored and made Potential loss of available to the communities for use Potentialnlossfa y l L MMedium H* After the conclusion of the works, measures plant and fauna Highly likely Limited to long- Medium High should be taken for the regeneration and term reforesting of the cleared area and the re- introduction of fauna species. * Identification of the roads normally used by the communities. Potential loss of . . Short- . Hih * To plan the execution of the works in smaller access roads Likely Limited term High Hg sections and to take measures for a rapid conclusion of the works. * Identification and opening up of alternative roads.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 11 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

- - - -= - HISTORICAL AND ------. - - - . - , . . '-- CULTURAL i; r , - *¢ , - , : ;P .- ,.- *:~ ~ . - - IMPACTS - --- i * Survey of all the monuments and historical places existing in the proximity of the selected route. * In the case of interference, alter the direction of the route and as far as possible prohibit the use of explosives and heavy machinery in the proximity value. Interference with of places with historical and archaeological and hIstorical with Pe* Notification of the competent authorities historical and Likely Limited Perma- Medium Low interruption of the work, in the case of occurring discovenes suspected of having archaeological places placesvalue. * Awareness-raising of the workers about the possibility of the occurrence of archaeological discoveries. * An archaeological specialist should accompany the cleaning and excavation work. * Identification and survey of sacred places and cemeteries that will be affected by the transmission line. * Alteration of the route, in the event of any type of interference with sacred places and cemeteries being identified. and Interference with Perma- * Where it is not possible to avoid cemeteries for sacred places and Likely Limited nent Medium Low graves, request authorisation from the relatives cemeteries exhumation, which should be performed according to traditional rules. All the costs relative to exhumation and ceremonies should be borne by the proponent. * To identify alternative places for reburying the mortal remains.

12 Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

OTHER IMPACTS = -- ,,-;.- -- -.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 13 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

* The workers should receive training about the precautions to be taken and the procedures to follow in the case of coming across suspected situations. * The recommendations given about erosion control oLimited measures should be adhered to. Potential erosion of Highly and Temporar High High * Definition of strict velocity limits. roadsds likely surround- y * Workers should be urged to respect the speed limits srrond set. roads ing area * Penalties for infractions should be introduced. * To inform the communities about the start of the works and the time limit foreseen for their conclusion. * The use of water lorries for moistening the works site of dust and Highly Limited Short- Medium Medium in areas near population settlements. Production be noise likely term * The working hours established by law should respected and the continuation of work during the evening period, weekends and holidays avoided.

14 Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

ODerationallMaintenance Phase

Table 3. Summary of the biophysical impacts and mitigation measures during the operational phase

Impact Likelihood Extension Duration Intensity Significance Mitigation measures Intrusion of Likely Surrounding Long-term Medium Medium 1. To eradicate invading species along the corridor in invading area the first year after construction. To determine the species need for actions subsequent to this maintenance period.

Interference Highly likely Surrounding Long-term Medium Medium 1. To establish protection and prevention mechanisms, with birds area particularly in the Zambezi River crossing zone and (Electrocution in the rising zone towards the Z6bue plateau. There and collision) is a range of technical solutions that may be applied, including protection devices to divert perching places, placing signs to make the lines more visible and isolation against residues.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 15 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 4 Summary of the socio-economic impacts and mitigation measures during the operational phase

Impact Likelihood Extension Duration Intensity Significance Mitigation measures 1. To make the communities aware of the Possibility of Likely Surrounding area Long-term Low Medium dangers that a high voltage transmission line may present and to indicate precautionary accidents measures.

1. Adherence to the recommendations given relative to the resettlement of residents. Impacts of 2. To make the communities aware of the risks electromagnetic that may result from setting up residences in waves on Unlikely Limited Long-term Low Medium the protection and security area of the transmission line. human health 3. During the operational phase, to monitor the protection and security zone to guarantee that no illegal residence is built in this area.

with Likely Surrounding area Long-term Medium Medium 1. To place adequate air traffic warning signs. Interferenceair traffic

with Likely Limited Long-term Medium Medium i. To place adequate road traffic warning sings. Interferenceroad traffic

n. To consult a landscape specialist, for the line to cause a minimum intrusive impact on the Medim tobeauty of the affected places. Visual impacts Likely Limited to the long-term Medium Medium 2. As far as possible, erect the pylons behind rolling areas and/or lines of dense and tall vegetation.

16 Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

An Environmental Management Plan contains instructions that allow the investor/proponent to integrate the environmental issues that emerge from the environmental assessment into the project implementation process. The project owner, in this case EDM, is responsible for the fulfilment of these instructions. Subsequently, in all the phases of project execution, EDM should delegate responsibilities to the other participants, i.e., the consultant and the Contractor, as a way to guarantee that the instructions are fulfilled. The EMP contains a series of general and specific recommendations that, collectively, constitute a basis for management (impact mitigation) and environmental control during the construction and operational phases of the project. The majority of the impacts described before are of a temporary nature and mainly limited to the construction phase. The remaining impacts may easily be monitored, on condition that the project creates conditions for regular inspections and monitoring.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 17 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 5. Environmental management and monitoring programme

Construction Potential lfnpact Action Responsible Perlod ______-. -- :actfvity -- ______-______-organization* * To obtain from the relevant district institutions licences for the worker and work camp areas. Approval Socio-economic * To obtain written permission from the landowners to Contractor Pro- construction & licences carry out activities on their land, and supply copies to & EDM the Works Engineer.

* To design and construct erosion and sedimentation control mechanisms, such as bypass margins, filter structures (filter fences or dry foliage). Excavation work Soil erosion and * To divert the watercourse to pass around the work sedimentation areas. Contractor During construction * To carry out progressive rehabilitation works. (rehabilitation).

* After heavy rainstorms and during the construction Pre- construction period to inspect all works within the corridor and (rehabilitation) rains Drainage Sedimentation auxiliary areas, in terms of drainage and erosion Contractor & after heavy problems and repair all the damaged areas.

* To retain all the corridor topsoil and reuse it in other Topsoil Sedimentation, approved areas. Pre- construction conservation and soil degradation * To separate and store the topsoil in the auxiliary areas. Contractor (rehabilitation) reuse and destruction of The maximum topsoil landfill depth should be 2m. habitat . Work force Degradation of * To coordinate the proposed works with the affected up management habitat communities. Before setting * To ensure that the workers act in a responsible way with Contractor worker camps the local population and that they do not collect or remove personal, forest or fauna resources. * To ensure that none of the workers burns firewood within or outside the works site.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 18 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Construction Potential Impact Action Responsible Period activity organization * To provide paraffin and stoves (or other non-wood systems) for the entire worker cooking needs. * To coordinate with EDM's Social Unit the minimization of HIV/AIDS proliferation. * To implement an STD and HIV/AIDS education programme for all the communities adjacent to the transmission line corridor, if existing. * To educate all the workers (including the Contractor EDM & Pre-construction workers and consultants) about STDs and HIV/AIDS. This Contractor (rehabilitation) Work force STDs, and should be done at the beginning and every two months. & Works Engineer management HIV/AIDS * To display HIV/AIDS information material in all the buildings used by the workers. * To provide condoms to the workers. * To operate a health clinic (paramedics) for STDs, HIV/AIDS and other simple diseases for the duration of the contract. * To carefully handle and store hazardous materials, in Pre- construction Danger and Public health and closed areas. (rehabilitation) hazardous safety, water * Whenever necessary, to obtain approval for and dispose Contractor material pollution, soil correctly of hazardous materials. & Works Engineer management pollution * Spills of hazardous products should be cleaned immediately. * The local population should be consulted about the location Pre- construction General activities Cultural property of sacred places, etc. and these areas should be prohibited Works Engineer (rehabilitation) to workers.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 19

Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 6 1.1. Background ...... 6 1.2. Objective of the Environmental Impact Study ...... 6 1.3. Methodology ...... 7

2. ALTERNATIVES ...... 9 2.1. Construction alternatives ...... 9 2.2. Route alternatives ...... 9 2.2.1. Selection criteria ...... 10

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 12 3.1. Technical Project Description ...... 12 3.2. Access roads ...... 13 3.3. Transport capacity ...... 13 3.3.1. Camps ...... 14 3.3.2. Work force ...... 14

4. PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCESS ...... 15

5. REFERENCE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION ...... 16 5.1. BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS ...... 16 5.1.1. Climate ...... 16 5.1.2. Geology and Physiography ...... 17 5.1.3. Soils ...... 19 5.1.4. Hydrology ...... 22 5.1.5. Wetlands ...... 23 5.1.6. Vegetation and flora ...... 24 5.1.7. Sensitive habitats/species along the power line ...... 30 5.1.8. Fauna ...... 31 5.1.9. Protected and Conservation Areas along the transmission line corridor ...... 33 5.1.10. Ecologically sensitive areas ...... 33 5.2. Socio-economic and cultural aspects ...... 33 5.2.1. Administrative Definition of the study area ...... 33 5.2.2. Demographic characteristics ...... 35 5.2.3. Ethno-Cultural Characteristics ...... 37 5.2.4. Housing and Infrastructures ...... 38 5.2.5. Education ...... 41 5.2.6. Health ...... 43 5.2.7. Land use patterns and natural resources ...... 47 5.2.7.1 Agriculture and livestock rearing ...... 47 5.2.7.2 Use of Plant resources ...... 54 5.2.7.3 Use of Fauna Resources ...... 57 5.2.7.4 Fishing ...... 58 5.2.7.5 Use of mineral resources ...... 60 5.2.7.6 Land concessions ...... 61 5.2.8. Industry, commerce and tourism ...... 62 5.2.9. Transport and Communications ...... 64 5.2.10. Energy ...... 67 5.2.11. Security (occurrence of anti-personnel landmines) ...... 67 5.2.12. Areas of historical and cultural interest ...... 68

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 1 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

6. POTENTIAL IMPACTs AND RESPECTIVE MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 70 6.1. Analysis of the environmental and socio-economic impacts ...... 70 6.2. Impacts associated with the power line ...... 71 6.2.1. Impacts during the construction phase ...... 71 6.2.1.1. Biophysical impacts ...... 71 6.2.1.2 Socio-economic impacts ...... 85 6.2.2. Operation and Maintenance Phase ...... 107 6.2.2.1 Biophysical impacts ...... 107 6.2.2.2 Socio-economic impacts ...... 108

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 115 7.1. Role and responsibilities ...... 115 7.2. Levels of responsibility for the management and implementation of the EMP ...... 117 7.3. Procedures ...... 118 7.4. Monitoring ...... 119 7.5. Construction camp rehabilitation programme ...... 124 7.6. Environmental training and education programme ...... 125

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 2 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Summary table of soils in the project area ...... 21 Table 2. Rivers and streams along the transmission line corridor proposed between Matambo and Z6bue ...... 23 Table 3. Main vegetation units crossed by the transmission line route, based on the Wild and Barbosa vegetation map (1967) ...... 25 Table 4. In the study area recorded species, considered as supplying wood of commercial value ...... 30 Table 5. List of mammal species existing along the transmission line corridor ...... 31 Table 6. Bird species occurring in the project area ...... 32 Table 7. Villages affected by the project and their administrative integration ..... 35 Table 8. Population and population density of the study area ...... 35 Table 9. Population of the affected villages ...... 36 Table 10. Number and types of housing ...... 39 Table 11. School network in the study area ...... 41 Table 12. Characteristics of pupils in the study area ...... 42 Table 13. Characteristics of the school network in the villages affected by the project ...... 43 Table 14. Characteristics of the health network of the study area ...... 44 Table 15. Health sector indicators ...... 44 Table 16. List of health services of the affected villages ...... 45 Table 17. Coverage of the mobile brigades in the affected villages ...... 46 Table 18. Cash crops by growing area ...... 47 Table 19. Cash crop sales prices practised ...... 48 Table 20. Main crops per Administrative Post of the study area ...... 49 Table 21. Agricultural calendar of the main food crops ...... 50 Table 22. Non-governmental organizations that carry out rural extension in the study area ...... 51 Table 23. Livestock heads in the districts covered by the study area (2003) ..... 52 Table 24. Prices practised by type of animal ...... 53 Table 25. Plant species and types of use ...... 57 Table 26. Small-scale hunting licences awarded ...... 58 Table 27. Estimate of the cleared area by type of vegetation ...... 74 Table 28. Guidelines for the resettlement and compensation procedure * .... 99 Table 29. Summary of the biophysical impacts and mitigation measures during the construction phase ...... 100 Table 30. Summary of the socio-economic impacts and mitigation measures during the construction phase ...... 103 Table 31. Summary of the biophysical impacts and mitigation measures during the operational phase ...... 113 Table 32. Summary of the socio-economic impacts and mitigation measures during the operational phase ...... 114 Table 33. Environmental management and monitoring programme ...... 126

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 3 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Position of the two alternative routes ...... 11 Figure 2. Sketch of the Cross-Rope Suspension type pylon ...... 12 Figure 3. Sketch of the Self Supporting type pylon ...... 13 Figure 4. Sketch of the layout of the Matambo Substation power lines ...... 14 Figure 5. Average monthly precipitation for Tete Town ...... 16 Figure 6. Average monthly temperature for Tete Town ...... 17 Figure 7. Geology of the project area ...... 18 Figure 8. Schematic Distribution of relief types ...... 19 Figure 9. Soils in the project area ...... 20 Figure 10. Main rivers in the project area ...... 24 Figure 11. Main vegetation units found along the transmission line route (according to Wild & Barbosa, 1967) ...... 24 Figure 12. Diagram of the vegetation types along the power line ...... 29 Figure 13. Administrative division of the study area ...... 34 Figure 14. Location of the health units nearest the affected villages ...... 46 Figure 15. Land use concessions in the study area ...... 62 Figure 16. Communication lines in the study area ...... 65 Figure 17. Occurrence of landmines in the study area ...... 68

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 4 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

LIST OF ABRREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

% Percentage APE Community Health Worker (Agente Polivalente Elementar) APN Norwegian People's Aid B1 Designation of the first route alternative B2 Designation of the second route alternative DPADR Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Rural Development DPE Provincial Directorate of Education DPRME Provincial Directorate of Mineral Resources and Energy DPS Provincial Directorate of Health DPT Provincial Directorate of Tourism EDM Electricidade de Mo,ambique EIS Environmental Impact Study EN National Road EP1 First-Level Primary School EP2 Second-Level Primary School EPC Full Primary School ER Regional Road ESCOM Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi Limited ESG General Secondary School ESKOM Electricity Supply Corporation of South Africa FRELIMO Mozambique Liberation Front GPS Global Position System ICRAFT International Centre for Agroforestry Research IMGM Medium-Level Institute of Geology and Mines INAM National Institute of Meteorology IND National Demining Institute INE National Institute of Statistics ING National Institute of Geology km Kilometre, linear measuring unit km2 Square kilometre, linear measuring unit kV Kilovolt M Designation of the meeting point of the two route alternatives m Metre, linear measuring unit MANOR Madeiras de Norte Limitada mm Millimetre, linear measuring unit MT Meticais MW Megawatt °C Degrees Celsius, temperature measuring unit EMP Environmental Management Plan RENAMO Mozambique National Resistance SADC Southern Africa Development Community SAPP Southern Africa Power Pool SEMOC Sementes de Mocambique SPAP Provincial Services of Fisheries Management SPER Provincial Services of Rural Extension SPFFB Provincial Services of Forests and Wildlife SPGC Provincial Services of Geography and Cadastre SPP Provincial Services of Livestock TDM Telecomunica,6es de Mo,ambique MU Mapping Unit USD United States dollars UTIP Technical Project Implementation Unit WFD Welffriedensdienst E.V. (German cooperation)

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 5 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

1. INTRODUCTION

This report constitutes the Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique- Malawi Power Line Project, prepared by IMPACTO for the proponent - Electricidade de Mo,ambique. It should be noted that the study was only done on the Mozambican part of the line, corresponding to about 60% of total length.

1.1. Background

New industrial development in the North of Mozambique, in Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya and other countries of the region will require an additional amount of energy of at least 300 MW.

An intergovernmental memorandum of understanding was signed, in which Electricidade de Mocambique (EDM) and the Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi Limited (ESCOM) were instructed to interconnect their power transport systems through a 220 kV transmission line, between the substations of Matambo, in Mozambique, and of Blantyre West, in Malawi. The line will have a length of about 210 km (60% in Mozambique and 40% in Malawi), with a capacity to transport up to 200 MW, according to a study done in 1996.

The Government of Mozambique is studying, through the Technical Project Implementation Unit (UTIP), the increase of de hydroelectric power production in the Zambezi Valley, so as to produce at least 1 000 MW. So a more powerful transport system will be necessary to transport the additional power that will be produced, as the 220 kV line referred to above will not be sufficient.

Thus, in order to respond to future needs, EDM and ESCOM intend to design and construct a 330 or 400kV transmission line, initially operating at 220 kV.

The power to be used is generated at Hidroelectrica de Cahora Bassa and transformed at the Songo Substation, which interconnects to the Matambo Substation through two power lines.

1.2. Objective of the Environmental Impact Study

The Environmental Impact Study (EIS) described in this report refers to the power line that will be constructed between Matambo and Z6bue.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 6 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

A report defining the scope of this study has been approved by Electricidade de Mocambique. The Project EIS has been prepared according to the respective Proposed Terms of Reference, taking into consideration national environmental legislation and internationally accepted environmental impact assessment processes standards and procedures.

1.3. Methodology

* Description of the route according to an appropriate set of criteria, e.g., type of vegetation, physiographic characteristics, land use, etc.

* Identification of decisive and specific impacts for the power line.

* Impact classification, using the typical criteria for the assessment of impacts (extension, duration, intensity, likelihood, mitigation potential and significancy).

* Drawing up of mitigation measures for the construction and operational phases of the project.

Fieldwork was carried out between 26 January and 13 February, by consultants specialized in the environmental, socio-economic, public consultation and botanic fields. The work was carried out in two phases:

* In the first phase, a detailed land and air survey was carried out of the route selected in the scope definition study for a better definition of the power line corridor;

* In the second phase, biophysical and socio-economic surveys and public consultations were undertaken along the final route.

Before the start of the fieldwork, 1: 250 000 and 1: 50 000 topographical maps were studied on soils, vegetation, geology and hydrography to decide on the position of possible survey sites. Four criteria were adopted for the selection of these sites, i.e., type of vegetation, physiography, type of habitat and population settlements. The objective was to ensure that the total number of survey sites is as representative of the study area as possible. The final selection of the survey sites was based on a combination of maps and a field check. The following data were collected in the field:

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 7 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

1. Position data: at each point the GPS coordinates were taken and marked out on a 1:50 000 topographical map.

2. Botanical data: based on the field survey, with the identification of six vegetation types in the project area. A brief description in terms of species composition, dominance and abundance was carried out.

3. Faunal data: the mammal species observed were accounted for. Whenever possible, species were identified on the spot. Part of the mammals occurring in the area was registered after hearing local inhabitants. The birds were identified and registered through observations and listening to their songs, with a consultation of the taxonomic references.

4. Socio-economic data: these were collected on the basis of interviews and questionnaires about the characteristics of the population, the health and school networks, the type of agriculture practiced and crops grown, the type of domesticated animals, the type and use of natural resources and the identification of sacred and historical places.

The Environmental Impact Study also involved a bibliographic consultation, a public and institutional consultation and the collection of information regarding the project, including maps, satellite images and aerial photographs of the study area. The socio- economic description of the region was prepared on the basis of a consultation of primary sources at the level of the affected communities and also of secondary sources, such as official publications (the 1997 Census, Statistical Yearbooks), literary publications, the various State sectors at provincial level and also the authorities at district and administrative post level.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 8 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

2. ALTERNATIVES

2.1. Construction alternatives

The project consists of the construction of an electric power line. Thus, the alternatives for this activity are:

> Alternative 0: Not constructing the line.

> Alternative 1: Constructing the line.

If alternative 0 is accepted, the new industrial developments in the North of Mozambique, in Malawi, Tanzania and the other countries of the region will not be materialized; in addition to this, the mutual benefits for the two countries in the scope of what has been laid down by the SADC with regard to the coordination and interconnection of power grids between the various countries will not be reaped.

The construction of this line will boost regional industrial development through the supply of quality power.

2.2. Route alternatives

The Scope Definition Study analysed as potential route corridors three alternatives called A, B and C. Altemative B was selected as the best option in environmental terms. However, alternative B presented a technical limitation, i.e., its Zambezi River crossing point was in an area in which the distance between the margins exceeded 1 km. It should be noted that the maximum distance between two pylons should not exceed 465 metres.

Thus, the Scope Definition Study recommended doing another assessment of alternative B with respect to the Zambezi River crossing, from an environmental and civil engineering point of view. This assessment was carried out through an aerial and land survey along the whole corridor proposed as alternative B. The technical aspects of this survey are described and analysed in the technical document about the selection of alternatives, prepared by Trans-African Projects.

As this last document shows, the existence of an islet was observed, near the Zambezi River crossing site of alternative B, which could support a central pylon in the middle of the river. Thus, the problem of the distance between the margins would be solved. However, as the type of rock formation of this islet is not known, the study proposed that a pedologic survey be done and further proposed an alternative derived from route B (with a diversion so as to cross the Zambezi River at a place with a shorter distance between the margins), in case the pedologic study concludes that placing a pylon on this islet is impossible.

Thus, in the end two alternatives were identified, i.e., the Main Route (B1) and the Alternative Route (B2). They are as follows:

Alternative B1 - Zambezi River crossing near Chamuarira Village

In Alternative Route B1 the transmission line leaves the Matambo Substation in a northeast direction, following a straight line for 10.3km, crossing the EN 103 at about

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 9 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line km 4 and continuing until about 2km before the Zambezi River; in this alignment, the line crosses the Zambezi River immediately next to Chamuarira Locality.

After crossing the Zambezi River, the line continues in a northeast direction for about 21 km, up to after Moatize, at which point it meets Alternative B2.

Alternative B2 - Zambezi River crossing near Rupia Village

In Alternative Route B2 the transmission line leaves the Matambo Substation parallel to the Centre-North-East line for about 11km. Then it leaves the Centre-North-East alignment in a northeast direction for about 9km, before crossing the Zambezi River. After crossing the Zambezi River it follows a northeast direction for about 20km and crosses the Moatize - Beira railway and Moatize River, after which it meets Alternative B1.

Common Alternative - Remaining route, up to the border

After point M (the meeting point), the route continues for about 73km, until the border with Malawi. Along the route, the common alternative stays parallel to the EN 103, until crossing the Cambulatsitsi - Mutarara road. Then it continues in a northeast direction, until crossing the EN 103 road, in Nhambulo Locality, before Kaphiridzaje.

After crossing the EN 103 the line enters its most hilly section, continuing for about 16 km north of the EN 103, until crossing this road for the last time and moving away from it in the direction of Malawi, 11 km before Z6bue. In this section the transmission line crosses the EN 223, which proceeds to Tsangano and Ang6nia, immediately north of Mussacama (see Figure 1).

2.2.1. Selection criteria

From an all-embracing environmental point of view, the selection of routes for a power line is a complex exercise, due to the high number of variables that have to be taken into consideration.

In this study several variables were analysed, as will be seen below. However, from what is known of the study area, it appears that the most important and decisive variables to be taken into account for this project are, in order of importance, the following:

* Zambezi River crossing; * Population settlements; * Agricultural land; and * Relief / erosion risk.

These variables have evident implications, whether in strictly environmental terms, in technical terms (the technical possibility of crossing large rivers and the related cost), or in economic terms (the route length and compensations resulting from the resettlement of people and agricultural land).

Taking into account what has been stated above, two alternative routes were defined for the power line between the Matambo Substation and the Z6bue area, where the line enters Malawian territory. The following figure presents these routes.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 10 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Legend: -1

? - Alternative Bi

< :: ~P.A. ZOBUE -t

] < n% P.~A. MARARA-{M- i;

FiueAoiino h lternatw ive route

.,w,.~P.A C.<- -

Figure 1. Position of the two alternative routes

Routes B1 and B2 coincide from point M (see Figure 1) onwards, situated after the railway crossing, about 21 km after the Zambezi River. In round figures, route B2 will be the longest, with a length of about 130 km, while route B1 will have about 124 km.

In principle, B1 is the best alternative, as it is the shortest one, as the two Zambezi River margins are rocky, thus making laying the foundations easier, and as it avoids the elevated and stony area of alternative B2 south of the Zambezi River.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 11 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1. Technical Project Description

The proposed transmission line will have a length of about 210 km, of which about 60% in Mozambican territory (126 km).

The pylons projected for this line will be of the Cross-Rope Suspension type, in combination with the Self Supporting type (see Figures 2 and 3).

The Cross-Rope Suspension type pylon is characterised by a rectangular base (40x40m); is composed of two masts and four cables. The height of the pylon is 36m and the height of the cables is 30m. This type of pylon has a reduced steel component, which reduces cost and visual impacts. The Cross-Rope Suspension pylons have certain limitations, as they present a curvature of over 30. In sharply sloping places other more stable types of pylons will be necessary such as the Self Supporting type pylon. This pylon is of the conventional type, and will be used at the turning points and large angles or at the tension points.

The typical spacing between the pylons is 465m.

For 400kV transmission lines the standard width of the corridor is 55m. The corridor should ensure a safe construction, operation and maintenance of the line.

The use of rubber isolators, common in new transmission lines, is recommended.

The report prepared by Trans-Africa Projects presents a specific and more detailed technical description. r <------29m -

EtA-85------

k ~21m I - I i . ~~55m.

Figure 2. Sketch of the Cross-Rope Suspension type pylon

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 12 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

i P ~20m-

30m

------

i I i

j-8.8m4- 55m corredor

Figure 3. Sketch of the Self Supporting type pylon

3.2. Access roads

For the line construction roads will be opened for vehicles, so as to allow access along the whole length of the corridor. These access roads are necessary for the construction as well as the operation and maintenance of the transmission line. Whenever viable, in the area existing roads will be used. In environmentally sensitive areas and in inaccessible places (e.g., steeply sloping, rocky or swampy areas) it will be necessary to find alternative ways of having access for placing the pylons (e.g., by foot or by air, in exceptional circumstances). The access points and roads will be established during the construction phase.

The access roads to be built will have a width of 4 metres. Along the line a 55m security corridor has been defined, where a permanent strip on the central line of the corridor with a width of 8 metres and a height of 8.1 metres will be cleared to guarantee access and a minimum electric security of the line. As the Land Law Regulation stipulates, a 1OOm-wide corridor will be defined along the line, constituting the partial protection zone, where "land use rights cannot be acquired".

3.3. Transport capacity

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 13 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

However, a new yard adjacent to the previous one will be installed, specifically to feed the new line to Malawi.

The proposed transmission line will have a capacity of 200MW, superior to those of the lines that currently leave the Matambo Substation, which have a total capacity of 82.9MW.

Initially, the line will operate at 220kV. A future increase to 400kV is foreseen.

The line will have no branches.

- n TV--- 220 kV Line Songo Substation - (Cahora Bassa) - 400 kV Line

-°OkL Matemo Substation 33 kV Tete -I; Substation

Linha Proposta

Phombeya Substation Chibata (Malawi) |Substabo \, Cai

SSubstationo

Figure 4. Sketch of the layout of the Matambo Substation power lines

3.3.1. Camps

The work force to be recruited will in general be housed in camps to be situated at a few points along the transmission line route. Their position will be selected by the Contractor, taking into account aspects such as access to the camp, to water and to other materials, etc. All the material will be stored in the camps, with the exception of the pylons and/or concrete blocks (which may come directly from the factory). As a rule, there is usually a camp for each 100 km of transmission line.

3.3.2. Work force

EDM recommends the maximum use of a local work force, as the country already has a lot of capacity in this area of activity. It is estimated that about 200 workers will be employed during the construction phase of the transmission line.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 14 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

4. PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCESS

According to the Regulations of Decree 76/98 of 29 December about the Environmental Impact Assessment Process, public consultations processes should be implemented in projects/activities that require environmental impact studies, as is the case of this project. Under number 4 of the Annex of the said Decree, high- tension power lines with a capacity above or equal to 150 kV require an environmental impact study.

The purpose of public consultations of the interested and affected parties, including municipal authorities and the State, is to collect opinions and questions that may help the proponent in making decisions related to the project.

A public consultation was held in Tete Town on 4 February during the fieldwork of the environmental and socio-economic issues teams.

During public consultations several issues as well as comments were raised and recorded in minutes (see Annex 2 and 3). A summary of the issues raised by the interested and affected parties during the hearing for the project is given below. The minutes contain the details.

In addition to public consultations, meetings were held with several State institutions, during which opinions and questions regarding the project were also collected.

Key-issues and questions raised

* The degradation of the natural environment, including the potential negative impacts of the construction process and equipment on flora, fauna, soils and river systems.

* Restrictions on land use for future agricultural and other activities.

* Population resettlements that will be affected by the project.

* Access to electrical power by the local communities.

* Proposal for development projects for the areas covered by the project.

* Protection of cultural heritage, especially sacred places, against potential damages caused by the line construction team and equipment.

Annex 3 gives the list of the public consultation meeting participants and the institutions contacted.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 15 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

5. REFERENCE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION

In this chapter the biophysical, socio-economic and cultural conditions of the study area will be described. Subsequently, the impacts of the project on these conditions will be identified and the respective mitigation measures proposed.

The information contained in this chapter results from a combination of the data collected through fieldwork with the communities residing along the power line route, and the data collected from the various governmental institutions at provincial and district level, as well as from official publications.

5.1. BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS

5.1.1. Climate

On the basis of 1981 to 2000 meteorological data supplied by INAM for the Tete station, the average figures of the different meteorological variables were calculated. With these results and a geographical analysis of the study area, an extrapolation of the study area's climate is done.

In general, it can be said that the climate in Tete, as well as in the rest of the country, is being influenced by the southern intertropical front.

From November to April, with extremes in January and February, the front moves to the south, with the highest temperature and precipitation levels, with a predominance of a northeast wind. From May to October, with extremes in July and August, the front moves to the north, with the occurrence of the lowest temperature and precipitation levels, with a predominance of southwest winds.

For the southern part of the study area the average annual precipitation amounts to between 600 and 700 mm. For the northern part, the altitude increases and consequently precipitation. The highest precipitation is in the period between December and March, while from May to October it hardly rains. Figure 5 shows the precipitation graph for Tete Town.

PRECIPITATION 200 - TETE TOWN l80

160 -

120- E 100 i

40-

201

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTHS

Source: National Institute of Meteorology, 1953-1983 Figure 5. Average monthly precipitation for Tete Town

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 16 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

The average monthly temperature for the southern and central part of the study area is between 22 and 31 OC. In the part further to the north, temperatures are lower than in the southern part, due to the increase of altitude. In Tete Town, November is the hottest month, with an average temperature of 30,4 OC, and July the coldest month, with an average temperature of 22,6 OC. Figure 6 shows the graph of the average monthly temperature for Tete Town.

AVERAGE TEMP 40,0 TETE TOWN

35.0

30.0 (-c

25,0

20,0

15,0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTHS

Figure 6. Average monthly temperature for Tete Town.

The average annual relative humidity is 65%, with February being the most humid month (75%) and October the driest (55%).

5.1.2. Geology and Physiography

According to the 1968 1:2 000 000 Geological Map of Mozambique, of ING, the geological formations occurring in the study area belong to the following geological eras:

* Precambrian * Karroo

The southern part of the study area is dominated by Precambrian gneisses, migmatites and amphibolites of the Gneissic-migmatitic Complex, while the Zambezi River margins predominantly lie on Precambrian gabbros of the Gabbroid-anorthosite Complex.

North of the Zambezi River there is a small strip of tillites and a Productive Series of Karroo, rich in mineral coal.

Above this strip, dominating the central part of the study area, there is a predominance of a Gabbroid-anorthosite complex and precambrian ultrabasic rocks. After this formation, there are the same rocks that are found at the margins of the Zambezi River valley (Precambrian Gabbros).

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 17 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

In the extreme north of the study area there is a predominance of Precambrian gneisses, migmatites and amphibolites.

ZOBUE

L-

I':.~r.e#et....3.3";,:a'

L .C.! a. C AMUATSITS,e.-..I3. I i . I, 4R.D4E

CHAPMuAPIPA Gne:ssic-nigm~ticCmpIex

0 10 20 Km

Source: Geological Map of Mozambique, 1968- Scale: 1:2000.000

Figure 7. Geology of the project area

The study area is characterized by a geographic relief that varies between flat and slightly ondulating to hilly and heavily sloping.

In the southern part of the study area the relief is characterized by moderately sloping interfluves (a slope of 2 to 8%) with hills (30% and above). In the area of the Zambezi River margins, the terrain is of the slightly sloping interfluves (2 to 5%), with a few hills (30% and above).

In the central part of the study area, north of the Zambezi River, the terrain is again characterized by moderately sloping interfluves (2 to 8%) with hills (30% and above). Further north, this type of terrain is followed by an area of plains and very slightly sloping interfluves (2 to 5%).

The north of the study area is characterized by moderately to strongly sloping interfluves (5 to 10%) with hills (30% and above).

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 18 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

1-11115mwv-n ale" Yl 1 .1, Il U -. 'C', :1-gror,na.sico: . laD

-R.r 1 ll ;-.io!E -

I- - --- r

MALAWI

; - CAM LATSISI {' g .- MOATIZE\ - J oM->^,~UUARIRA-

0 10 20K.

Figure 8. Schematic Distribution of relief types

5.1.3. Soils According to the 1: 1 000 000 INIA-DTA National Soils Map, in the study area occur large soil groups, i.e.:

* Soils of the Karroo, Cretaceous or Tertiary sedimentary basin (WK); * Soils of the area of Karroo volcanic rocks (BI, BP and BV); and * Soils of the Precambrian basement (VM, KA, KG, KM and 1)

In the group of Karroo, Cretaceous or Tertiary sedimentary basin soils, there is a predominance of shallow sandy clay loams over calcareous rocks (WK), frequently stony (x). In the study area, these soils are situated near Tete Town, along the Zambezi, until its confluence with the Luenha, and also in the northern part, near the Condolezi and Tundue rivers. These soils always present a very pronounced lithic phase, with depths normally less than 50 cm. The soils of the Karroo volcanic rock area mainly occur in the central part of the study area (see Figure 9). They are lithic soils over metamorphosed and very shallow rocks (a depth of less than 30 cm); they have strong limitations of depth and of erosion. Predominant are the dark brown basaltic lithic sandy clay loam soils (BI), developed in an undulated terrain of plains and hillsides with slopes of 1 to 8%; black basaltic clays (BP), developed in a flat terrain of plains and hillsides with slopes of 0 to 1%; and dark reddish brown basaltic clays (BV), developed in an almost flat terrain of plains and hillsides with slopes of 0 to 2%.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 19 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

The soils of the Precambrian basement occur mainly over gneisses in the southern part of the study area, in small intrusions in the central area, dominated by the group of soils of the Karroo vulcanic rock area.

They almost always occur in association with medium-textured red soils (VM) and brown-grey sandy and lithic soils (KAI), in the middle of which and in the mountainous areas with slopes over 30% occur outcrops of lithic soils (1). The brown, shallow and stony soils (KAI) also occur in the extreme north of the study area, from Kaphiridzaje onwards.

The lithic soils (I) are brown sandy loams, with a depth of less than 30 cm, over metamorphosed rocks, and occur in mountainous areas with slopes below 30%; these soils present strong limitations of depth and of erosion.

Figure 9 presents the soils map of the study area, and Table 1 shows a summary table of the soils that occur in the study area.

Alternative B1 Altemative B2 2/ Lithic soils C Lithic basaltc soils ' C Stony soils over calcareous rocks ACAMA m red soils and lithic brown rocks / z Medium-textured red soils Shallow stony brown soils Black basaltic soils R KAPIRO E MALAWI

MAAeAPABA

\_ * - M^BULATS,T151 f

[SUBSTAllNK

Source: INIAIDTA, 1994- Scale: 1:1.00Q.OOO Figure 9. Soils in the project area

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 20 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 1. Summary table of soils in the project area

GTOPOGRAPHY TOPSOIL MAIN FAO MAIN SOIL CAPACITY SYMBOL SOIL GROUP GEOMORPHOLOGY / SLOPE D(EcPmTH DRAINAGE TOPOIL C ASI FAO MARICNTU CLASSIFICATION ANNELG % (c) % 1988 FOR AGRICULTURE (USDA) Shallow soils over Outcrops of Ondulating In general Poor to good Moderate Calcaric Cambisols, Soil depth, sodicity, Marginal capacity pfdn WK calcareous rocks sedimentary Karroo, 0-8 <100 1-3 or Eutric Cambisols sometimes salinity (Moderate to marginal Creaceous or capacity) Tertiary rocks dpfn Lithic basaltic Ondulating <30 Good Moderate to high Eutric Soil depth, Forests to Bl Soils 1-8 1-6 Leptosols erosion Nature reserves tp Basaltic mantle along Black basaltic soils the Precambrian Flat 30-150 Fair Moderate to high Calcic Vertisols Sodicity, sometimes BP basement and the 0-1 1.5 - 6 soil depth, field Moderate capacity volcanic chain of the preparation snp Libombos, Karroo Red basaltic soils Basalts Almost flat 30-150 Good Moderate to high Ferric Lixisols Sometimes soil depth Excellent to moderate BV 0-2 2-6 capacity p

Medium-textured Precambrian Good Low to high Ferric Lixisols Germination Excellent to moderate VM red soils Basement. Acid 0.9-4.5 conditions, erosion capacity ff granite, gneiss rocks risk

Brown-grey sandy A little Low to moderate Cambic Arenosols Water retention Moderate to marginal KA soils excessive 0.5-2.5 capacity, fertility capacity st 0n8 >100 Brown-grey clayey Fair Moderate Haplic lixisols Germination Good to moderate KG soils 1.5-2.5 conditions, erosion capacity risk tp Medium-textured . Haplic Acrisols Erosion risk, Good to moderate KM brown soils Low to high germination capacity 0.5-4 conditions ifs I Lithic soils Mountainous 0-30 Excessive Low to moderate Eutric Leptsols Depth, erosion risk Forests to >30% 0.5-2 Nature reserves p

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 21 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

5.1.4. Hydrology

The study area is situated in the country's largest hydrographic basin, the Zambezi River basin.

Rivers covered by the study area are the Zambezi River, the Quiro River, the Moatize River, the Tundue River and the Vudezi River (see Figure 10). The largest of these 2 watercourses, the Zambezi River, has a basin of 1 350 000 km and a length of 2 700 km. The other rivers are part of the Zambezi River basin. Quiro River is a direct tributary of the Zambezi River. Moatize River is a tributary of the Revubue River which is a tributary of the Zambezi River and the Tundue and Vudzi rivers are tributaries of Condelezi River (which is a tributary of Revubue River).

The Zambezi is the river with the most important flow to be taken into consideration in the study area. The remaining rivers are small and some are seasonal with a small flow.

L .

Zambezi River crossing

Table 2 shows a division of the study area rivers into three categories: main rivers; intermediate rivers and small rivers. Both the intermediate and small rivers are seasonal, being often dry in the dry season.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 22 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 2. Rivers and streams along the transmission line corridor proposed between Matambo and Z6bue.

River crossing points Name of the river or stream B1 B2

Karakoa at 2.2 km

Nhaticume at 3.6 km

Nhampii at 10.0 km -

Quiro at 11.0 km -

Zambezi at 17.9 km at 22.6 km

Nharenga at 23.2 km at 39.9 km

Moatize at 34.1 km at 54.9 km

Tundue at 91.3 km at 91.3 km

Vudzi at 109.9 km at 109.9 km and and at12.1 km at112.1 km

Canhungue at 119.3 km at 119.3 km

Note: The main river is shown in bold, the intermediate ones have been underlined and the small ones are dry or reduced to pools in the dry season

Some rivers have rocky outcrops at their margins, as is the case of the Zambezi River, mainly at the southern margin, and of the Nhaticume, Nharenga, Moatize, Canhungue and Vudzi rivers. The depth of the rocks on the riverbed is unknown. The margins of the remaining rivers are sandy.

At some places the transmission line route crosses small seasonal drainage lines. These do not need any special treatment for the transmission line, but should be taken into account regarding the disturbance of the banks by watercourses during the construction phase.

5.1.5. Wetlands

Wetlands occur in different ways and perform several vital functions, such as storage of drainage water, regeneration of groundwater, filtration of sediments and pollutants, and providing habitats for fish and amphibian species and other fauna.

The project area covers the wetlands of the northern margin of the Zambezi River. These wetlands only stay inundated during short periods.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 23 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

3 ~ ZoBut

W.O~d. /VRi-1 | \River-s>,< C () 60)D ' %R kn u

| AfmterlveBO2 -'> r 60+-°

,3.'.dR.GneJ '>- ~ J No - i 9; \, A AHIPJDZAJE

.CAMB6LATSITSI

R Mur,iMF; \

I ~ ~ 'BENGA -'

R.| O uirB baCume-' Matambok

0 10 20Km - tfa { \ . . ~R.Luerbt A .O -

Source: DINAGECA, 1999- Scale: 1:250.000 Figure 10. Main rivers in the project area

5.1.6. Vegetation and flora

For a characterization of the vegetation occurring in the study area, the Mozambican natural vegetation study prepared by Wild & Barbosa (1967) was consulted. Four main natural vegetation types occurring in the study area were identified (see Figure 11).

= lZB- .a-sea,r. 9,7. a3 -- t S-- 1-. --3 7 - 31 :u

II . re I. 31t.eaa -- tS .2 | -- 2 f

SoreWil Batoaf 197 Scle 125SI00

Figure I11. Main vegetation units found along the transmission line route (according to Wild & Barbosa, 1967)

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 24 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 3. Main vegetation units crossed by the transmission line route, based on the Wild and Barbosa vegetation map (1967).

km Vegetation Mapping Unit (Wild & Barbosa, 1967) 0.000 - 4.301 Mopane woodland (MU 35) 9.389 - 34.818 91.791 - 98.522

4.301 - 9.389 Combretum mixed woodland (MU 49) 34.818 - 91.791

98.522 - 122.427 Plateau Miombo woodland (MU 30)

122.427 - 126.191 Miombo woodland (MU 18)

In the southern and central parts two types of natural vegetation were identified:

Mopane woodland

In Mozambique, this type of vegetation covers a vast area in the Zambezi valley (Tete Province), in the area south of the Save River and along the Limpopo River (Gaza Province).

In the study area (Zambezi Valley), Mopane woodland is characterized by a dominant presence of the Colophospermum mopane species, of medium or large height (10 to 15 m), with an occurrence of baobabs (Adansonia digitata). In swampy areas or in depressions with calcareous soils, the grasslands are dominated by Setaria sp.

Mixed Combretum woodland

This type of vegetation occurs in the central-southern part of the study area, along the Zambezi Valley on soils derived from gabbros or rhyolites and basalts. The main species occurring in this vegetation unit include: Pterocarpus brenanii, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Combretum ghasalense, Diospyros kirkii, Terminalia sericea, Sclerocarya caffra, Acacia nigrescens, etc.

In the north of the study area two types of natural vegetation were identified:

Miombo woodland

This type of vegetation is common in strips between Brachystegia boehmii communities and the Colophospermum mopane woodland. It is abundant in the Zambezi Valley at altitudes of 400-700m and in low-lying land with an irregular terrain.

Characterized by the dominant presence of the Julbernardia globiflora species with a height of 7 to 12 m. Other species include Diplorhynhus condylocarpon, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Burkea africana, Brachystegia boehmii, Diospyros kirkii, Terminalia sericea, etc.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 25 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Plateau Miombo woodland

Occurs in the north of the study area, in the border region with Malawi, at altitudes between 700 and 1500m in red ferralithic soils. Dominant species of this type of vegetation include: Brachystegia manga, B. boehmii, Julbemardia globiflora, Pericopsis angolensis, Pterocarpus angolensis, Burkea africana, Swartzia madagascariensis, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon and Combretum spp.

The grass layer includes Hyparrhenia spp., Andropogon Sp. and Chloridion cameronii.

Vegetation types identified in the field

The transmission line route comprises a large variety of vegetation types, some in their natural state and others with some disturbance, sometimes in a state of secondary growth. Although significant patches of natural vegetation are found along the corridor, dispersed plots are cleared for the practice of agriculture, mainly in the north of the route, near the border with Malawi (Z6bue area).

All the natural vegetation areas are accessible and used by local residents. Tracks, grazing land, cultivated fields, etc. can be found.

The field survey showed the presence of seven vegetation types, on the basis of its structure, specific composition and level of disturbance, i.e.:

Open shrubby woodland - with greater predominance of shrubs relative to trees; evergreen. This type of vegetation is found along almost the whole route, mainly in the southern part of the project area, between Matambo and the southern margin of the Zambezi River; Chamuarira and Guluale villages, here interspersed with Mopane Woodland. Species such as Acacia nilotica, Acacia karroo, Acacia nigrescens, Combretum imberbe, Ziziphus mauritiana dominate the area.

-, -

Open shrubby woodland

* Colophospermum mopane woodland - dominated by Colophospermum mopane species with a height between 2 and 6 metres. This type of vegetation is found in the southern part of the project area, after the open shrubby woodland and before the riverine vegetation of the southern margin of the Zambezi River; another patch of this vegetation is found after the northern margin of the Zambezi River (see Figure 12).

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 26 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Open woodland- contains more trees than shrubs and allows the penetration of sunlight. This type of vegetation is found in the central part of the project area and a bit more to the north, mainly dominated by species such as Sclerocarya birrea, Combretum imberbe, Lonchocarpus capassa.

, '~

Thicket - comprises a shrubby, dense vegetation, with small, growing trees, the area of which more than 10 years ago suffered human disturbance. This type of vegetation is characteristic of the northern part of the project area with an intense agricultural activity and where in the past many areas were partially cleared and/or used for agriculture and later on abandoned. In most of the areas with this type of vegetation fruit tree species such as Mangifera indica, Musa sp. and Caryca papaia are found.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 27 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

;. . - ac

Thicket

* Bush - closed woodland with a major presence of lianas interweaving trees and shrubs, making penetration to its interior difficult. Only one place along the power line corridor is characterized by this type of vegetation (see Figure 12).

* Riverine vegetation - shows a variety of species and structure, confined to the river margin. Can be in the form of forest or grassland.

.- S -p

Quiro River Canhungue River

* Machamba- cleared and cultivated land. Machambas are common in part of the project area, mainly in the northern part, in the Z6bue region, the Vudzi River valley, the Canhungue River valley and adjacent to the border with Malawi.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 28 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

4-a-

h. -i >

Machambas

For each type of vegetation the dominant trees, shrubs and graminaceous species were identified and its structure described (see Annex 4 - Detailed description of vegetation; Annex 5 - List of identified species).

Figure 12 presents a diagram of the distribution of vegetation types along the power line route.

Matambo Substtion z6 7

AltennatoveB1 ZJB A5tenflt,ve 82 Rivers - 5ef9uu

A Ralway ) J CAMA Roads r

< r =t A f $ ,PHRIDZAJE

Wg~1 e C 20 Km.-0

Openwoodla.d Openshrobby woodland Mopanemoodland

Rivennevegetation Densethicket

Figure 12. Diagram of the vegetation types along the power line.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 29 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

5.1.7. Sensitive habitats/species along the power line

The study area does not contain any Endemic Centre; part of the natural habitats are disturbed by human intervention, but no rare, threatened or endangered plants were identified in the project area, according to the list of conservation status species contained in the Mozambican Red List of Plants.

A few wood species of commercial value were recorded in the study area. These forest resources enjoy a limited level of protection. According to Article 57 of the Forest Regulations (1999) the listed species should attain a minimum diameter and height before they can be felled. Furthermore, the species listed in Article 57 may only be exploited by individuals who posses a valid timber exploitation licence.

Table 4. In the study area recorded species, considered as supplying wood of commercial value

Family Species Type of Wood Conservation vegetation in quality category which most of category the species occur Dalbergia Open woodland; Precious Not listed LEGUMINOSAE melanoxylon Mopane woodland and bush Cordyla Open shrubby 1st class Not listed africana woodland; open woodland Burkea Open woodland 2nd class Not listed africana d Albizia Open woodland; class Not listed adianthifolia thicket Albizia Open woodland; 1st class Not listed versicolor thicket Afzelia Open woodland 1st class Not listed quanzensis

COMBRETACEA Combretum Open shrubby 1tclass Not listed imberbe woodland; open woodland ANACARDIACEAE Sclerocarya Open shrubby 2nd class Not listed birrea woodland; open woodland EUPHORBIACEAE Spirostachy Open woodland; Precious Not listed s africana* open shrubby woodland MELIACEAE Trichilia Open woodland; 2nd class Not listed emetica thicket *Protected according to the 1965 Forest Regulations (Article 57) and the amendments to these Regulations (Ministerial Decision 145192).

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 30 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

5.1.8. Fauna

The fauna inventory was compiled on the basis of existing documentation regarding the study area, field observations and interviews with local inhabitants. There are no systematic and updated surveys of the fauna occurring in the region.

Mammals

The transmission line traverses an area traditionally known as providing shelter to a large variety of wild mammals (Moatize District).

The study area has a few communities of small antelopes such as goats (grey, hoary, chengane, chipenhe and mangul goats), in addition to a limited number of kudus, impalas, sable antelopes and hares, mainly in the Moatize region where there are still considerable areas of natural vegetation undisturbed or little disturbed by human intervention.

The destruction of natural habitats and poaching, predominant in some parts of the project area, contribute to the reduction of the fauna population. Information from the field indicates that the occurrence of some species, such as the grey goat and the hoary goat, is currently quite rare.

Another species occurring in the project area is the hippopotamus, especially in the Zambezi River. During the field survey hippopotamus footprints were seen in some agricultural fields situated on the northern margin of the Zambezi River.

Table 5 gives a summary of the mammal species the team recorded in the study area, through the identification of faeces or footprints, or which were seen by the local population.

Table 5. List of mammal species existing along the transmission line corridor

Common name Scientific name Hare Lepus saxatilis Grey goat Sylvicapra grimmia Hoary goat Raphicerus melanotis Chipenhe goat Raphicerus campestris Chengane goat Neotragus moschatus Mangul goat Cephalophus natalensis Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros Impala Aepyceros melampus Sable antelope Hippotragus niger Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops Hippopotamus Hipopotamus amphibius

Reptiles

Throughout the area between Matambo and Z6bue several reptile species can be found, including lizards (Gerrhosaurus malor), sand-lizards (Mabuya striata), chameleon (Chamaleo dilepis), snakes (Typhlops schlegelii and Hermirhagerrhis nototaenia), tortoises (Cycloderma sp., Pelomedusa sp.) and fresh-water tortoises.

The tortoises appear in the proximity of puddles in the temporarily inundated plains, especially on the Zambezi River margins.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 31 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

The Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) was identified along the route.

There are crocodiles (Crocodilus niloticus) in the Zambezi River. During the field visit their footprints were seen on the southern margin. There is no information about the occurrence of crocodiles in the other rivers traversed by the power line corridor.

It should be pointed out that little is known about the variety and population of the reptile species existing north of the Zambezi River.

Avifauna

The indigenous fauna that can still be observed in the project area is limited to a significant variety of birds. During the visits several bird species were identified (see Table 6) in a large diversity of habitats including seasonal wetlands that offer favourable conditions for the occurrence of a large variety of birds, including aquatic, terrestrial and migratory species.

The most abundant ornithological species along the corridor are the helmeted guinea fowls and quails, that were seen almost everywhere.

Table 6. Bird species occurring in the project area.

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Anthreptes collaris Collared sunbird Ardea cinerea Grev heron Ardea melanocephalus Blackheaded heron Bubulcus ibis Ibis Chlorocichla flaviventris Blackcap Coracias caudate Lilac-breasted roller Corvus alba Pied crow Coturnix cotornix Quail Dicrurus adsimilis Starling Francolinus sephaena Partridge Halcyon chelicuti Striped kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis Woodland kingfisher Numida meleagnis Helmeted guineafowl Ortygospiza atricolis African quail finch Ploceus intermedius Lesser masked-weaver Ploceus velatus Southern masked-weaver Pycnonotus barbatus Common bulbul Serinus mozambicus Green singing finch Serinus sulphuratus Bully canary Spermestes cucullatus Cuckoo Streptopelia capicola Cape turtle-dove Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing dove Tockus leucomelas Southern yellow-billed hornbill Uraeginthus angolensis Blue waxbill Vidua macroura Pin-tailed whydah Vidua paradisaea Eastern paradise-whydah

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 32 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Fish

During the field study some fish species occurring in a few rivers crossed by the proposed transmission line corridor were identified. However, little is known about the fish population existing in the water courses, mainly the Zambezi River, which can be considered a place of massive and rapid reproduction and growth.

Most of the fish species were identified through inquiries to the fishermen found along the watercourses, mainly the Zambezi River. The species comprise the Mozambique Mouthbrooder (Oreochromis mossambicus), the banded tilapia (Tilapia sparmanii - normally in the fishponds), the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), the purple labeo (Labeo congoro), the African tiger fish (Hydrocynus vittatus) and the chessa (Distichodus schenga).

In most of the rivers visited it was not possible to collect any fish sample. However, there is no reason to assume that the fish population is different from the one existing in the Zambezi River. This was confirmed by the local population.

There are no systematic and updated surveys of the ichthyofauna in this area.

5.1.9. Protected and Conservation Areas along the transmission line corridor

The project area of influence does not contain any protected area of Mozambique, such as national parks or forest reserves. The area proposed as Ramsar area is situated in the Lower Zambezi, at a considerable distance from the project area.

5.1.10. Ecologically sensitive areas

Water courses / drainage lines

All the rivers, streams and drainage lines should be considered ecologically sensitive.

Design and construction should take into account:

* the need to conserve riverine vegetation so as to avoid erosion, and * the preservation of the hydrological process and natural flow.

Intact woodlands

In general there are no sizable intact woodlands along the transmission line corridor that may be considered as being of high biodiversity value or that have trees of commercial value, such as timber species, as well as conservation status species.

5.2. Socio-economic and cultural aspects

5.2.1. Administrative Definition of the study area

The routes proposed for the Mozambique-Malawi power line, BI and B2, cover Changara and Moatize Districts in Tete Province. In both districts, the areas covered by the two routes are typically rural, with affected population settlements with a rural village status. These are characterized by their low population density, the practice of family sector agriculture and/or stock breeding as dominant economic activities and local administrative structures represented by ward secretaries.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 33 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

+ 3Legenda AN Roads /RiverBu

- Alemative B3 . UE/ Alteivatje B2 CA Z6Bus

* AffectedVillages 0 MUStdn' C

-, KAPHIRIDZAJE

4 ussbracemo^MALAWI,A>

MSULTS1 t I -%~§SP.A Macea IuA r ~..i D 1

XL P.A. CAMULATSITSi

P.A. MOAMZE I _BNE

HIO

0 10 20Km,

Figure 13. Administrative division of the study area

In Changara District, the B1 and B2 routes only traverse the northeast part of Chioco Administrative Post. In this Administrative Post, the B1 route will not affect any population settlement, while the B2 route will affect the Nhalcuni and Mchenga-Sede villages.

In Moatize District, where about 90% of the B1 route length and 82% of the B2 route length are situated, Moatize, Cambulatsitsi and Z6bue Administrative Posts will be covered, in the proximity of National Road 103.

The B1 route will also traverse the administrative influence zone of Moatize Town. In Moatize Administrative Post, the B1 route will affect Chamuarira village. In this Administrative Post both routes will also affect Guluale, Inhagoma and Nhamitsatsi villages. It should be pointed out that after Guluale village, the B1 and B2 routes converge into a single route.

The villages belonging to the Cambulatsitsi Administrative Post will not be affected by the project.

In Z6bue Administrative Post the villages that will be affected by the project are Nhambulo 1, Sweet, Lizie, Canhungue, Mussacama-Sede and Cantxusse.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 34 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 7. Villages affected by the project and their administrative integration

DISTRICT ADMINISTRATIVE POST LOCALITY VILLAGE

Changara Chioco Mchenga Mchenga-Sede Nhalcuni

Benga Chamuarira

Moatize Guluale Guluale . Inhangoma Moatize Inhagoma Nhamitsatsi

Kaphindzaje Nhambulo 1 Sweet

Z6buo Mussacama Lizie Mussacama-Sede

Canhungu6

Z6bub-Sede Canbxusse

5.2.2. Demographic characteristics

The following table presents demographic data (population and population density) of the administrative units covered by the study area for the years 1997 (according to the 11General Population and Housing Census), 2000 (according to the Statistical Yearbook 2000 for Tete Province) and 2010 (according to the population projections of the National Institute of Statistics, latest update - December 1999).

Table 8. Population and population density of the study area

Province, District, Area 1997 2000 2010 Town, (km 2 POPULATION POP. DENS. POPULATION POP. DENS. POPULATION POP. DENS. Administrative Post (Inhabitants) (Inhab/kmZ) (Inhabitants) (Inhablkm2 ) (Inhabiants) (Inhablkmr) Tete Province 100 724 1 144 604 11.4 1 319 904 13.1 1 719 187 17.1 Changara District 8 855 119 551 13.5 132 663 15.0 160 185 18.1 Chioco A.P. 4074 45823 11.2 50849 12.5 61 398 15.1 Tete Municipality 279 101 984 365.5 129 719 464.9 203 724 730.2

Moatize District 9 085 109 103 12.0 120 074 13.2 126 122 13.9 MoatizeA.P. 4 312 53 764 12.5 59 170 13.7 62 151 14.4 CambulatsitsiA.P. 1 856 13819 7.4 15209 8.2 15975 8.6 Z6bu6 A.P. 2 917 41 520 14.2 45695 15.7 47997 16.5

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 35 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

The data given in the table shows that in the project area of influence average population densities are below 20 inhab/km2. The only exception is Tete Municipality, 2 where in 1997 the population density was 365.5 inhab/km . This is explained by the fact that Tete Town is included in its jurisdiction. However, the Municipality has large non-urbanized zones, with an occupation pattern in all aspects identical to the one in neighbouring districts.

This pattern is also reflected in the villages that will be directly affected by the project. The following table does not give figures for the population density, as it was not possible to obtain the area occupied by each one of them. In spite of this fact, through the percentage relation between the total population of each village and the total population of the respective administrative posts, the continuity of the low population density pattern in the affected villages can be estimated.

Table 9. Population of the affected villages

Total % relative to the population Village Men Women Population of the respective Administrative Posts Nhalcuni 2622 1748 4370 8.59 Mchenga-Sede 234 302 536 1.05 Chamuarira - - Guluale 503 614 1117 1.89 Inhagoma 550 500 1050 1.77 Nhamitsatsi 79 63 142 0.24 Nhambulo 1 - - 858 1.88 Sweet 237 223 460 1.01 Lizie 167 144 311 0.68 Mussacama - 9400 20.57 Canhungue 1545 1801 3346 7.32 Cantxusse

As the table above shows, the total number of inhabitants of the majority of the affected villages is below 2% of the total population of the respective administrative posts. This figure, together with the low population density pattern of the administrative posts, as well as the observation done during fieldwork of the large dispersion of the villages' inhabitants shows the trend of low population densities in the areas referred to.

The total number of inhabitants of Nhalcuni and Canhungu6 villages is between 7 and 9% of the total population of their respective administrative posts, thus suggesting a population density slightly above the one of the villages already referred to.

In its turn, the absolute number of inhabitants of Mussacama corresponds to about 20.5% of the total population of Z6bue Administrative Post. In spite of a greater concentration of people having been observed in the field in the administrative centre of this locality, an area to become affected by the project, the indicated number is not representative, as it comprises all Mussacama wards, including those that will not be affected by the project.

For Chamuarira and Cantxusse villages it was not possible to obtain demographic data. However, during fieldwork a dispersion of the dwellings was found to be predominant, so it is estimated that they are areas with a low number of inhabitants and low population densities.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 36 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

In general, the study area is not affected by large migratory movements. However, there are two opposed situations, one in Z6bue Administrative Post, where a large influx occurs of people coming from other countries (mainly Malawi) and from other parts of Tete Province, as well as from neighbouring provinces (Sofala and Manica), and the situation of the affected zone of Chioco Administrative Post, where emigration to other points of the province and to neighbouring countries (Zambia and Zimbabwe) is more frequent.

North of Z6bue Administrative Post the climate is mild and fresh and soils are fertile. This does not only attract Mozambicans from other less favourable points of Tete Province and surroundings, but also foreigners, mainly from Malawi. In addition, its condition of being a border area creates a favourable environment for the development of informal commercial activities. Mozambicans in the area cross the border daily to sell their agricultural products and acquire products of first necessity for their own consumption and resale within the country.

In its turn, the affected zone of Chioco Administrative Post is characterized by a dry and hot climate, with a predominance of rocky and rather infertile soils, in addition to prolonged dry periods. Agricultural productivity is low and income scarce. Therefore, it is common to find young males leaving to other points of the province, mainly Ang6nia, and even to other neighbouring countries, in search of better living conditions. Many of these young people end up fixing themselves in the places to which they emigrated, and do not return to their places of origin.

In the villages of the southern part of Moatize District the movement of people can be summarized to daily travels to the peripheral areas of Tete and Moatize Towns, rendered easy by the access offered by National Road 103, with the objective to sell agricultural produce and/or carry out activities described as "modjolijo" - low- category jobs - including street cleaning, household work and mining activities. In the villages that are more distant from the urban centres, young people leave for nearby towns to work in the trading warehouses and industrial carpentry workshops, but they return to their places of origin at sowing and harvesting time. Some people from these areas emigrate permanently to more fertile areas, such as the north of Z6bue Administrative Post or to places with opportunities to grow cash crops, such as Ang6nia. However, according to information given by administrative post heads and community leaders, the number of permanent emigrations is negligible.

5.2.3. Ethno-Cultural Characteristics

In the southern (Changara District and Moatize Administrative Post) and central part (Cambulatsitsi Administrative Post) of the study area the majority of the population belongs to the Nhungue ethnic group, the dominant language being Chinhungu6. In the area of Cambulatsitsi Administrative Post there are also minority ethnic groups of Chewa and Sena and in the affected area of Chioco Administrative Post the Mangore, Barue and Sena groups.

In the north of the study area, more properly speaking in Z6bue Administrative Post, the dominant ethnic group is Chewa, being their language, Chichewa, the most widely spoken. However, the Nhungue group is also represented in the area.

Regarding social organization, the Nhungue group system is patrilineal, practicing the lobolo, while the Chewa have a matrilineal system. However, in both systems the male is the family head, in charge of decision-making. The male elements occupy themselves with agriculture, fishing and hunting, while the women, in addition to working in agriculture, occupy themselves with domestic affairs and with the children.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 37 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

In both groups initiation rites are practiced, for girls and boys. When the girls have their first menstruation, they are isolated during 2 months, accompanied by a godmother indicated to render advice about how to treat the elderly and the husband. This practice is called chinamwali.

The male initiation rites are only practiced by boys who intend to take part in the Nyau dance group. The Nyau dance is predominant in the area of Z6bue Administrative Post, and is practiced at night, in sacred places, by semi-naked men, masked with bird feathers. The initiation ritual for the Nyau dance consists of learning the codes and secret rules, and is done during some time in hidden places in the forest or in traditional cemeteries, as a way to make the initiated boys afraid of revealing the learned secrets.

The ancestor cult is still evident in the whole study area, with several types of veneration ceremonies being practiced in specific places, especially in the mountains. The deposition of offerings (fruits and drinks) for the ancestors, in very large trees, such as the baobab and the acacia, is also common.

Dances are the dominant cultural expression in the region, particularly the traditional Mafue dance (practiced by women for funeral ceremonies and festive occasions) and Valimba dance (or Marimba dance, practiced by both sexes at funeral ceremonies, festive occasions and the reception of high-level personalities). In addition, the Nhanga dance is performed (funeral and religious cult dance, practiced by men), as well as the Chiwere dance (practiced by both sexes at festive occasions), the Utsi dance (performed by women at funeral ceremonies) and the Chintali dance (or Kansodo dance, executed by women at weddings).

5.2.4. Housing and Infrastructures

The study area directly affected by the project is situated in rural areas, with a predominance of traditional pau-a-pique houses, with an earthen floor and grass roofs. It is common to find in this type of housing the variant of walls of clay-plastered stakes.

. ~ig

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 38 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

The following table shows the number of houses by type found in the study area.

Table 10. Number and types of housing

Number of houses Village Precarious Improved Stonework

Nhalcuni 810 40 24

Mchenga-Sede - -

Chamuarra - -

Guluale 278 30 0

Inhagoma 310 350 7

Nhamitsatsi 78 1 1

Nhambulo 1 - -

Sweet 106 4 0

Lizie 122 6 4

Mussacama - -

Canhungue 1.115 6 0

Cantxusse - -

As the table above shows, there are less improved houses built with burned bricks and covered with corrugated iron sheets. In these villages the number of stonework houses is negligible. This type of construction is more common in the main villages of the Administrative Posts.

None of the studied villages benefits from piped water distribution systems and sewerage and drainage systems. Water is supplied by boreholes, public drinking fountains and wells. In some cases, the water is obtained from rivers and/or small streams, or rocky places that allow the accumulation of rainwater or direct access to the water table.

- .L

-ur- oc * e

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 39 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

______-

Other infrastructures existing in the surroundings of the studied villages include granaries, pau a pique livestock enclosures and small grinding mills. !U,

t WK. ..

Although none of the studied villages benefits from electricity, being energy supply (firewood, charcoal, candles, etc.) an individual responsibility, the study area covers the 33 kV power line that supplies Tete and Moatize towns, and the North-Centre power line passing through Caia (Sofala) and terminating in Chimwara (Zambdzia). Both transmission lines depart from the Matambo Substation (Tete). Both routes proposed for the transmission line follow National Road 103, which links the border with Zimbabwe (in Cuchamano) with the border with Malawi (in Zfbu6), passing through Tete Town. From this road the EN 221 branches off (in the direction of Chiuta and the border with Zambia), as well as the EN 258 (in the direction of Songo) and the ER 415 (in the direction of Boroma and Marara). Another important infrastructure covered by the study area is the Sena railway, connecting Moatize with the port of Beira. This is a basic infrastructure for the transport of products, mainly coal from Moatize. This railway has been deteriorated and paralysed, but a complete rehabilitation, allowing its full operation, is foreseen. The Chingodzi domestic airport, in the proximity of the study area, more precisely in Moatize Town, should still be referred to.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 40 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

5.2.5. Education

Most of the school network of the Administrative Posts covered by the study area is composed of first-level primary education schools. Data supplied by the Provincial Directorate of Education of Tete Province (DPE-Tete), referring to the year 2003, show that there were about 110 EP 1 type schools in these administrative posts, attended by 51,552 pupils, corresponding to about 33% of the total 1997 population of the 4 Administrative Posts.

The school network at second-level primary education in the administrative posts is still poor. In 2003 there were only 15 schools, attended by a total of 1,445 pupils, i.e., less than 1 % of the total 1997 population of the four administrative posts.

Secondary education is also scanty, only present in the Administrative Posts of Moatize, with two schools, and Z6bu&, with only one school. In the year 2003 the total number of pupils enrolled at this level in the two districts was 1,985, equivalent to about 1.2 % of the total population of the four administrative posts in 1997.

Table 11. School network in the study area

Administrative School No. of Teachers %of teachers Post level schools Trained Untrained Total Trained Untrained EPI 31 Chioco 97 85 182 53.2 46.7 EP2 3 EPI 30 EP2 6 273 100 373 73.2 26.8 Moatize ESG 2

IMGM 1 22 0 22 100 0

Cambulatsitsi EPI 17 42 50 92 45.6 54.4 _ __ _ _ EP2 1 EP1 32 Z6bu6 EP2 5 258 56 314 82.2 17.8

_ _ _ _ ESG 1 TOTAL 692 291 983 70.4 29.6

Regarding teaching staff, the table shows the existence of a total of 983 teachers in the four administrative posts, of which 70.4% are trained. An overall analysis of these data gives an average of 7 teachers per school, 59 pupils per teacher and 85 pupils per trained teacher. However, these figures are not linear. There are differences from place to place.

The situation in Chioco and Cambulatsitsi Administrative Posts is the least favourable, as they have a lower number of teachers. Is should also be pointed out that in Cambulatsitsi Administrative Post there are more untrained than trained teachers.

In terms of gender composition, the data from the table below show a still rather large difference between the number of girls and boys, mainly in the Administrative Posts of Chioco and Cambulatsitsi, specially from EP2 level onwards. Some of the reasons to a privileged schooling of boys to the detriment of girls are financial difficulties together with the need for a work force for agriculture and reproductive work at household level.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 41 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 12. Characteristics of pupils in the study area

Administrative School Pupils % of sexes Post level Women Men Total Women Men Chioco EPI 3.369 7.848 11.217 30 70 EP2 89 373 462 19 81 EP1 5.124 10.942 16.066 32 68 EP2 865 1.852 2.717 31 69 M oatize ______ESG 354 818 1.172 30 70 IMGM 0 121 121 0 100 Cambulatsitsi EPI 1.915 4.373 6.288 30 70 EP2 47 265 312 15 85 EP1 5.491 12.940 17.981 30 70 Z6bue EP2 444 1.328 1.772 25 75 ESG 173 640 813 21 79

In Moatize Administrative Post there is a Medium-Level Institute of Geology and Mines. The 2003 data show an enrolment in this institution of 121 pupils (all males) taught by 22 trained teachers (20 men and 2 women).

The school network in the affected villages is insufficient, as it is only made up of EP1 type schools with the exception of Mussacama 1 village, where there is a complete primary school (EPC). It was not possible to obtain data for Nhassosso, Inhagoma and Sweet.

The Chamuarira, Guluale, Lizie and Cantxusse villages do not have any school. The children of these villages resort to the schools of neighbouring villages, Benga (in the case of Chamuarira), Nhassosso and Chipanga (in the case of Guluale) Mussacama and Coponhatolas (in the case of Lizie) and Boloa in Malawi (in the case of Cantxusse). Even though there is an EP1 school in Sweet, some of the children of that village were reported to attend the primary school of Coponhatolas. In Guluale a pau a pique school is under construction to enrol the younger pupils, as these are unable to attend the schools of neighbouring villages due to the distances.

In Inhagoma and Nhamitsatsi villages operates, in each one of them, an annex classroom of Cateme primary school, only for grade 1 pupils. The children of these two villages who have possibilities continue their studies at the Cateme primary school.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 42 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 13. Characteristics of the school network in the villages affected by the project

li Existing school Total no. of No. of pup is by sex Total no. of No. of teachers by training age infrastructures pupils Male Female teachers trained untrained Nhalcuni 1 EP1 school 803 551 252 14 12 2 Mchenga-Sede 1 EP1 school 371 259 112 4 3 1 Benga 1 EP1 school 470 309 161 9 4 5 Guluale I - - - - * Chipanga 2 EPI schools 911 637 274 17 11 6 Nhassosso - Inhagoma 1 annex classr. Nhamitsatsi 1 annex classr. 145 100 45 1 1 0 Cateme 1 EP1 school 539 353 186 12 3 9 Nhambulo 1 1 EP1 school 297 220 77 6 4 2 Sweet 1 EPI school - - - - - Lizie Coponhatolas 1 EP1 school 527 352 175 5 2 3 Mussacama 1 1 EPC school 1531 1104 427 37 34 3 Mussacama 2 1 EP1 school 493 336 157 9 8 1 Canhungue 1 EPI school 386 259 127 7 5 2 Cantxusse 1 TOTAL - 6473 "4480 1993 121 87 34

In general, the data obtained about the school network at village level show a small number of teachers relative to the number of pupils, with about 53 pupils for 1 teacher. However, the number of trained teachers is rather higher than the number of untrained teachers, with an average of 74 pupils for each teacher trained, while there are about 190 pupils for each untrained teacher.

Regarding the enrolment level by sex, there is a preference for the education of boys, in detriment of girls, as has already been explained.

The lack of schools with levels beyond EP1, in the proximity of these villages, results in a stagnation of the schooling of these children after the first level. It is observed that, with the exception of Mussacama 1, the second level schools are situated in the main villages of the administrative posts, which are faraway from the villages concerned. Therefore, the children of the villages affected by the project do not have possibilities to continue their studies, because of lack of financial means to bear the cost inherent in daily travels (transport) or lodging in places closer to the main villages of the administrative posts.

5.2.6. Health

Regarding the health sector, main diseases occurring in the study area are, in order of importance, malaria, HIV/AIDS, respiratory and pneumonic infections, anaemia and diarrhoeal diseases. The order of importance is established through the most frequent cases and the number of deaths. According to information given by the Moatize Health Centre, in each 1000 cases of malaria there is at least one death and for HIV/AIDS the mortality rate for in-patients is 50 per cent.

Relative to the provision of health services there still are some insufficiencies. In 2002, the province had 95 health units, including three hospitals (two rural hospitals in Ang6nia and Cahora Bassa and one provincial hospital in Tete Town), 54 health centres and 38 health posts, to serve an estimated population of about 1,319,904 inhabitants.

The following table gives the in 2002 existing units and health resources in the districts covered by the study area.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 43 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 14. Characteristics of the health network of the study area

Changara District Moatize District Total ___ y a rea ______stu d

Rural Hospital 0 0 0

Health units Health Centre 5 4 9 Health Post 3 6 9 __ i¶4i.--

Materity 31 37 68 Beds Others 19 82 101

's I N{19 . ______- ,. 119|;

Vehicles 2 4 6

Equipment Motor bicycles 4 7 11

Refngerators 8 6 14

University_0 1 1

Health Medium 2 7 9 professionals per level Elementary 14 34 48 Basic 20 24 44

-a - 102 _Total of hialth eli- . . t_'_t'

The data described above show that in 2002 there were only 18 health units, 169 beds and 102 health professionals for the study area to serve an estimated population of 258,935 inhabitants. Regarding health professionals, the table above shows an insufficient number of university and medium-level staff in both districts, as the large majority is of elementary and basic level.

A comparison of the number of health units, beds and health professionals with the total number of inhabitants of the study area and of each affected district, allows the establishment of the indicators described in the following table.

Table 15. Health sector indicators

District Indicator Study Area Changara Moatize

Inh./ Health unit 17,213 12,123 14,385

Inh./ Bed 2,754 1,019 1,532

Inh./Health professionals 3,825 1,837 2,538

Total population refers to the 1999 INE projections for 2002.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 44 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Through an analysis of the indicators given by the table above and of the data of Table 14 the differences between the two districts can be observed. It can be concluded that, relative to the health sector, Changara District is in a less favourable situation.

The number of health units in both districts is approximately the same. However, the number of inhabitants per health unit is higher in Changara District.

Regarding the number of beds, the data shows that Moatize District has a higher number, but the number of inhabitants per bed is 1,019, while in Changara it is 2,754.

The data relative to health professionals shows that for the year 2002 the number of inhabitants per health professional in Changara District was double the number found for Moatize District.

None of the villages that will be directly affected by the project benefits from a health unit in its surroundings. The following table shows the nearest health units for each one of these villages.

Table 16. List of health services of the affected villages

Viliage Nearest health unit available Location of the health unit Nhalcuni Health Centre Matambo Mchenga-sede Health Centre Cachenge Chamuarra Health Post Benga Guluale Health Centre Moatize Inhagoma Health Centre Moatize Nhamitsatsi Health Centre Mameme 2 Nhambulo 1 Health Post Kaphiridzaje Sweet Health Centre Z6bue-sede Lizie Health Centre Zbbue-sede Mussacama-sede Health Centre Z6bue-sede Canhungue Health Centre Z6bue-sede Cantxusse Health Centre Z6bue-sede

As the table above shows the villages in a more favourable situation are Nhalcuni and Guluale, as these are situated closer to places with health centres. Chamuarira and Nhambulo 1 villages, although being situated near Benga and Kaphiridzaje localities, respectively, are in a less favourable situation, because in those localities there are only health posts, without capacity for in-patients, except in the maternity.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 45 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Legenda

1 S6 DirrirtsfLorale5I + Z6BUS HeathPost Samoa H:ath Centteusse Roads Canhuc A' Raiway MUSSACAM mA/Aftenati-e 81 Sweet Altern,atie B2 lAPE Centre KA R mbulo 1

a.me-2+ MALAWI

[ < j !XS CAMBULATSITI

Swe, L , MusacamaSe ad C u v

0JX 10 ZJKm Comnt Helt Workero(AE Pos esalse in Saoa whc srltvl Figure 14. Location of the health units nearest the affected villages

Sweet, Lizie, Mussacama-Sede and Canhungue villages may resort to the Community Health Worker (APE) Post established in Samoa, which is relatively closer to the Z6bue-sede Health Centre. However, the APE Post only does consultations and vaccinations. It does not have any capacity to deal with serious diseases and for these cases it resorts to the nearest health posts or centres. According to information given by the Moatize Health Centre a health centre is under construction in Mussacama, which will make life of the population of that locality easier, as well as of those of Sweet, Lizie and Canhungue, with respect to access to a more complete health care.

Health care is also complemented by the activities of mobile brigades. The following table shows the villages covered by the mobile brigades and their base. Table 17. Coverage of the mobile brigades in the affected villages

Benefiting village Base of the mobile brigade

Chamuarira Guluale Moatize Health Centre Inhagoma Nhamistatsi Sweet Lizie Zbbue-sede Health Centre Canhungue Cantxusse

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 46 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

The activities of the mobile brigades include vaccinations, nutritional vigilance, vitamin and iodine supplementing, antenatal consultations, distribution of medicines and health education. These brigades also identify and filter the cases of more serious diseases and transport the sick to the nearest health units, which have capacity for in-patients. The mobile brigades operate monthly, with APEs travelling by car or motorcycle.

5.2.7. Land use patterns and natural resources

5.2.7.1 Agriculture and livestockrearing

Agriculture

As in the rest of the country and of Tete Province, agriculture is the dominant economic activity. There are, however, a few exceptions as is the case of Changara District. In this district precipitation is low and erratic with frequent droughts, so that crop productivity is normally low. Thus, agricultural activity is secondary and livestock rearing dominant, particularly goat rearing.

There are two types of agriculture in Tete Province, subsistence and cash crop agriculture, both practiced by the family sector.

Cash crop agriculture is predominant in Ang6nia, Mutarara and Moatize Districts. In this last district it is practised in the north of Z6bue Administrative Post. In the Districts of Chiuta, Maravia and Changara there is also cash crop farming, although on a lesser scale. Main cash crops are tobacco, cotton and paprika. The following table shows the main cash crops by growing area and the buying companies/entities.

Table 18. Cash crops by growing area

Cash crop Growing area Fomenting company

Ang6nia Mozambique Leaf Tobacco Tobacco Zc6hbuta Maravia Z6bue AGRIMO (Zambezia) Cotton Changara Mutarara Paprika Ang6nia Malawian Companies Z6bue

As has already been referred to, the cash crops are grown by the family sector, which has land and a family work force (or contracted labourers, in specific seasons) at its disposal for production. The fomenting companies, mainly Mozambique Leaf Tobacco, carry out annual campaigns for the distribution of inputs (seeds, fertilizer and materials) to peasants who are interested. In the case of Mozambique Leaf Tobacco, the agreement entered into is that the company buys the tobacco from the peasants.

The case of cotton and of paprika works in a different way. The peasants decide to grow these crops, buy the seeds and grow the crops. In the case of cotton, when the harvesting season approaches, the cotton companies, such as AGRIMO, contact the peasants without, however, there a priori being any type of agreement of selling and

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 47 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line buying. In the case of paprika, the peasants who grow this crop travel to Malawi to sell their produce wholesale to companies interested in buying it.

The following table shows the prices normally practised for the sale of these crops. It is observed that it was not possible to get to know the sales price of paprika.

Table 19. Cash crop sales prices practised

Crop Approximate price Unit

Tobacco (Burley) 26,000.00 - 32,000.00 MT 1 kg

Tobacco (Dark) 38,000.00- 42,000.00 MT 1 kg

Cotton 3,900.00 - 4,500.00 MT 1 k

Papnka

According to information given by the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Rural Development of Tete (DPADR - Tete), Mozambique Leaf Tobacco has been carrying out maize growing promotion activities, through the distribution of inputs, to avoid that the population abandons the growing of subsistence crops in favour of cash crops. The same is being done to promote the replacement of some trees, mainly those whose barks are used for drying tobacco.

Small-scale subsistence agriculture is predominant and equally practised by the family sector. The average size of the fields is between 2 and 4 hectares. In general, each household has two fields, one for family consumption only and the other one for supplementing family consumption in crisis years and for selling in years in which surplus production is possible.

, - ~ , - ___

The following table shows the main subsistence crops, in order of importance, grown by the family sector in each one of the Administrative Posts covered by the study area.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 48 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 20. Main crops per Administrative Post of the study area

Chioco A.P. Moatize A.P. Cambulatsitsi A.P. Z6bue A.P.

Maize Maize Maize Maize Sorghum Sorghum Sorghum Nhemba beans Millet Millet Millet Boer beans Groundnuts Boer beans Nhemba beans Sweet potatoes Nhemba beans Nhemba beans Boer beans Cassava Vegetables Groundnuts Sweet potatoes Groundnuts Water-melon Water-melon Pumpkin Pumpkin Sweet potatoes Pumpkin Vegetables Sorghum Pumpkin Vegetables Groundnuts Millet Sweet potatoes Sweet potatoes Sesame Fruit trees: Mango trees Fruit trees: Fruit trees: Banana trees Papaw trees Papaw trees Papaw trees Mango trees Avocado trees Mandarin trees Lemon trees Passion-fruits

This type of agriculture is dominated by cereal growing (maize, sorghum and millet) and other crops such as groundnuts, watermelon, boer and nhemba beans and vegetables. There are, however, a few differences from place to place.

With the exception of the north of Z6bue Administrative Post, sweet potato growing is limited in the whole study area, confined to riverine areas. In the Cambulatsitsi Administrative Post area, sweet potatoes are grown in an experimental regime.

Pumpkin growing is limited to the Chioco Administrative Post area, due to the high cost of seeds. However, this crop is grown a lot, and quite successfully, in the rest of the study area. In the current year, in Moatize Administrative Post, the crop was planted three times.

Even though production is small-scale, groundnuts are grown in the whole of the study area. In its turn, cassava is only grown in the north of Z6bue Administrative Post.

With the exception of Cambulatsitsi Administrative Post, vegetables are grown continuously throughout the year. They are normally grown in low-lying fields, where the soil is more fertile and humid. In Cambulatstitsi these crops are only grown from September onwards.

Contrary to the remaining Administrative Posts, in Z6bue sorghum and millet are grown at a smaller scale.

Sesame has only recently been introduced in Moatize Administrative Post, so that there are no concrete results yet about the performance of this crop.

The following table shows the growing calendar of the predominant crops in the study area.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 49 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 21. Agricultural calendar of the main food crops

Activities

Crop Sowing season Weeding season Harvesting season

Maize October/November December/January/February March/April/May

Sorghum October/November December/January/February May/June/July

Millet October/November December/January May/June/July

Beans April May/June June/July

Groundnuts January/February March April/May

Irish potatoes November/April April/July

The predominant type of agriculture is rainfed, sowing being done during the rainy season. Associated with this type of agriculture some techniques are applied so as to increase soil productivity and agricultural yields. These techniques include sowing in lines, mixed cropping and crop rotation. Regarding mixed cropping, the crops are basically grouped in the following way:

. Maize+ beans . Maize + groundnuts . Maize + solenaceous crops . (pumpkin, water-melon, cucumber)

exampleF- of mixed cropping -

T he technologies and materials applied in family sector agriculture are still traditional, with a predominance of manual tillage with the use of hoes, cutlasses and axes. In some cases, animal traction is used and in rare cases a tractor. There are many rural extension initiatives in the whole province, carried out not only by the competent entity, but also by non-governmental organizations. According to data given by the Provincial Services of Rural Extension of Tete (SPER -Tete), 180 small villages and 40 larger ones, with a total of about 742,869 inhabitants, benefit from rural extension activities.

The rural extension activities include results demonstration plots, comprising all the predominant crops in the region, and the sale of complete technology packets with improved seeds, compasses (to measure the ideal distance between each plant) and herbicides. In this way, the families become progressively more interested in investing in improved seeds, most of which can be acquired through SEMOC.

There are also other organizations in the region that are giving support to the small farmer in rural extension, as shown in the following table:

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 50 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 22. Non-governmental organizations that carry out rural extension in the study area

Organization Areas of Intervention

* Demonstration plots for the multiplication and promotion World Vision of sweet potatoes and cassava * After-harvesting conservation * Seed bank WFD - Cobarema * Soil and water conservation * Livestock promotion WFP * Construction of dams * Reforesting * Multiplication of fruit and shade trees FOZ - Belgium * Support to animal traction * Vegetable production ICRAF * Reforesting

In addition to the support these organizations have been giving in this area, there are also peasant associations and cooperatives with extension networks. In Changara District there are three associations engaged in the promotion of sunflower and vegetable production and in Moatize District about three associations engaged in the multiplication of fruit trees, the production of bricks and agriculture in general. In spite of the predominance of unirrigated agriculture, there are a few cases of the practice of irrigated agriculture in the study area, particularly in the areas near water courses and/or reservoirs, with the use of pedestal pumps, dykes, dams, channels and furrows.

There are also a few cases of agriculture practised in low-lying areas, mainly on the margins of rivers and other watercourses. However, not all rural families have access to low-lying areas. These are areas that suffer from temporary flooding and where the soil has a sufficient level of humidity to support the crops during the dry seasons. Furthermore, the configuration of these low-lying areas allows a better use of rainwater, during the rainy season. The low-lying areas are used, intensively or semi- intensively, for growing specialized late-season crops, mainly vegetables, late- season maize, pumpkins and sweet potatoes. Normally, these areas do not need crop rotation, so that the land is used continuously, throughout the year.

In general, family sector subsistence agriculture is for self-consumption, while the sale of surplus produce is possible in years with good yields. However, the families do not sell their surplus produce immediately. They only do it when they are sure that the next campaign will be successful. Until then, the agricultural produce, essentially maize, is stored, in grains, in granaries. In addition to cereals, vegetables and fruits are also sold.

The financial income generated by the sale of agricultural produce is normally used for the acquisition of exercise books and primary necessities of life, such as cooking oil, soap, salt and sugar.

Regarding the work force, the family sector works essentially with their household members, mainly the women. However, in the weeding and harvesting seasons an additional work force may be hired, mainly through ganho-ganho activities, i.e., the exchange of services for services or for agricultural produce and/or drinks. In the case of cash crops, hiring an external work force is common for these periods. In Ang6nia District and in the north of Z6bue Administrative Post the recruitment of a

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 51 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

work force from Malawi for the harvesting of crops such as tobacco is common a practice.

Main constraints identified for family sector agriculture include pests (grasshoppers), lack of credit and the shortage of rain, mainly in Changara District.

Livestock rearing

Livestock rearing plays a predominant role in the socio-economic life of the population of the study area, mainly in Changara District, where the livestock rearing tradition together with favourable climatic conditions (low precipitation contributing to a low incidence of diseases and the development of gramineas of good nutritional value) favour a good performance of this activity.

Year 2001 data showed that only in Changara District livestock rearing represented about 39% of total production of Tete Province. As one moves in the direction of Zobue Administrative Post, livestock rearing, mainly of cattle and goats, tends to decrease, in favour of agricultural production.

During the period of armed conflict, the number of livestock heads decreased considerably. According to information given by the Provincial Services of Livestock of Tete (SPP-Tete) this situation has been counteracted by the National Directorate of Livestock (DNP), through livestock rearing promotion activities, the results of which have been quite satisfactory in terms of restoring the number of cattle heads.

As the following table shows, main animal species found in the study area, include, in order of predominance, goats, cattle, birds, pigs, sheep and, at a smaller scale, donkeys.

Table 23. Livestock heads in the districts covered by the study area (2003)

Cattle Goats Sheep Pigs Donkeys Birds

Absolute % study Absolute % study Absolute % study Absolute s Absolute s Absolute s No. area No. area No. area No. study No. study No. Study area N. area aruea

Changara 72,810 82 82,830 82 4,771 87 5,606 77 509 100 25,942 78

Moatize 15,809 18 18,432 18 695 13 1,672 23 - 7,230 22

Total 88,619 100 101,262 100 5,466 100 7,278 100 509 1 00 33,172 100

The data also show that Changara District has about 80% of livestock production of the study area.

Although there are a few large-scale breeders, i.e., with over 100 cattle heads, most of the livestock rearing is done by small family sector breeders.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 52 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Exin pl~ef oMr

For the small-scale breeder, the animals are an important source of wealth and food security. The animals and their products contribute directly and indirectly to food security, through meat, milk and eggs. Additionally, the animals are used for increasing agricultural productivity (through animal traction and the use of excrements as organic fertilizer), for transport and also as a source of direct income through the sale of milk and/or heads. Families that do not possess machambas resort to the sale of animals and/or their products for the acquisition or direct exchange for agricultural goods. The sale and handling of animals is hierarchized, with birds being handled by women, while men decide on the sale of goats and cattle.

Normally, the sale of animals is done between villagers. However, there are many cases of sales to other points of the area, of the province and of the country. In these cases sales are done through middlemen, who come to the villages to negotiate with the breeder. Prices practised vary, according to the animal's size and age.

Table 24. Prices practised by type of animal

Animal species Approximate price per head (MT)

Cattle 950,000.00 - 4,000,000.00

Goats From 250,000.00

Sheep From 300,000.00

Birds From 45,000.00

The animals are also used at the occasion of important visits and traditional ceremonies. In these cases, slaughtering is only done up to the level of goats. Cattle are normally not killed and only used in extreme situations.

Main constraints occurring in livestock rearing include droughts, tick-borne diseases, lack of infrastructures (dip tanks and watering-places) and also the lack of access to veterinary medicines on the part of the small breeder.

In the proximity of the study area there is only one watering place, situated in Benga locality. The lack of watering places, together with droughts, leads the breeders to resort to rivers for watering their cattle, resulting in the loss of heads because of crocodile attacks.

In the whole study area and its surroundings there are only five dip tanks, in Matambo, Padu6, Chiringa, Chingodzi and Moatize-sede, most of them in a

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 53 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line degraded state. Therefore, diseases such as anaplasmosis are frequent and responsible for a large part of cattle losses. In its turn, access to veterinary medicines has been quite limited, as these came to be distributed by private entities, at prices that the small breeder cannot afford. As a way to invert this situation, the SPP-Tete has given priority to prevention, through compulsory annual vaccination. In addition, the SPP-Tete carries out awareness-raising activities to stimulate the breeders to set up associations, through which the cost of the medicines can be shared.

The SPP-Tete, in coordination with the Rural Extension Services, is also supporting the small breeder in the improvement of animal nutrition, through training for hay and mineral bloc production, and also for the conservation of cattle feed in the dry season.

5.2.7.2 Use of Plant resources

The exploitation of plant resources in Tete Province is done at two distinct levels: company level and family sector level.

At company level, large-scale timber exploitation is dominant and limited to Maravia, Songo and Marara Districts. MANOR, Mussitico and Abdhul Khadar operate in these districts in the exploitation of timber, on the basis of temporary licences. They are engaged in the exploitation of umbila and chanfuta, supplying the local domestic market for the manufacture of furniture and construction materials, in which Univendas (based in Tete Town) is prominent as the largest industrial carpentry in the province. In addition, the timber exploitation practised by these operators serves for export to other countries of he African, European and Asian continents, through the Port of Beira.

With the exception of MANOR, which has a mobile sawmill, the remaining operators forward the raw logs to Beira or Maputo where they are sawn. In some cases timber is also exported in logs.

The employment opportunities, created by these operators for local personnel are limited. The MANOR mobile sawmill has its own personnel, belonging to the permanent staff of that company. They only hire a small number of local assistants on the places where they set up the mill.

In the study area itself there is no large-scale timber exploitation. However, as is the case in the rest of the country and of Tete Province, plant resources here represent a significant percentage of the rural communities' household consumption and income generation.

At community level, small-scale plant resource exploitation is done by the family sector and includes:

* Charcoal production; * Firewood collection; * Cutting of construction stakes; * Harvesting of medicinal herbs; * Harvesting of wild fruits; * Fibre extraction for the production of ropes; * Honey production; and • Timber extraction for supplying small carpentry shops.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 54 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

The activity with the highest income at community level is charcoal production, mostly practised in areas near the roads, with selling being the main objective.

Each bag of charcoal, as the photograph on the right shows, is sold at between 25,000.00 and 35,000.00 MT. Firewood is the most widely used plant resource for domestic consumption as a source of energy. However, it is also used for income generation through sale. Each bundle of sticks is sold at between 5,000.00 and 10,000.00 MT.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 55 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

-, -J - 'I.+--

The exploitation of construction stakes and timber for the manufacture of construction material (doors and windows) and furniture is very limited at family sector level.

Cons'truction stakes Example uf carpentry

Honey extraction is done in a traditional way, through the construction of traditional beehives made of missassa bark. The honey is used for consumption as well as for sale, but at a much smaller scale than other types of plant resource exploitation for sale.

Wild fruits are used for making drinks. Main wild fruits used are malambe (the baobab fruit), massanica and ussika. Malambe, which has a high nutritional value, is consumed as a juice, as porridge and as an alcoholic drink (pombe). Massanica and ussika are basically used for preparing alcoholic drinks. According to traditional healers and doctors, several medicinal herbs are used to cure diseases, such as dysentery, diarrhoea, injuries, hepatitis, asthma, bronchitis,

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 56 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line among others. Consult Annex 6, the list of medicinal herbs for more detailed information.

The following table shows the main species used for the various types of plant resource exploitation.

Table 25. Plant species and types of use

Species used Types of use

Common name Scientific name Charcoal production Mopane Colophospermum mopane Firewood collection Culling of construction stakes Fibre extraction

Acacia Acacia milotica Charcoal production

Missassa Brachystegia spiciformis Charcoal production Manufacture of beehives for honey production

Mitsanha Dolichandrone alba Fibre extraction Cutting of construction stakes

Chanfuta (Pod Afzelia quanzensis Construction and furniture wood mahogany)

Umbila (Transvaal Pterocarpus angolensis Construction and furniture wood teak)

Baobab Adansonia digitata Harvesting of wild fruits

Mugoza (Bell bean Markhamia zanzibarica Fibre extraction tree)

Massaniqueiro Ziziphus mauntiana Harvesting of wild fruits (Indian jujube) ... ._ _ _ __-

Ussiqueiro Tamarindus indica Harvesting of wild fruits (Tamarind)

As the table above shows, Mopane is the most widely exploited species, given its diversified use, in the first place charcoal production and firewood extraction. According to the Provincial Services of Forests and Wildlife of Tete (SPFFB -Tete), these uses occupy the first and second places, respectively, in the generation of family income (while agriculture comes in the third place). Therefore, it is not surprising that there are increasingly less Mopane patches.

In an effort to regulate these activities, the SPFFB - Tete applies licence fees per type of exploitation and type of species to be exploited. However, as it was found that the high cost of the licences was contributing to the increase of illegal exploitation, the SPFFB - Tete have been trying to set up community-level associations, with the advantage of allowing a division of the licence payments and the control of exploited volumes. Only in 2003, the SPFFB - Tete managed to organize about 30 charcoal producer associations in the whole of Tete Province.

5.2.7.3 Use of Fauna Resources

Hunting is being practised in the whole province, especially as a tourist attraction. Periodically licences are awarded to private entities such as Africa Hunt & Tour and Southern Safaris for the establishment of hunting camps for tourists.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 57 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

In Mague District there is an example of community management, the Tchuma- Tchato project, which through activities regulated by the State and by the community itself for the development of controlled hunting has contributed to the improvement of the population's living conditions. As Simon Anstey (Hulme & Murphree, 2001) reports, through the Tchuma-Tchato project poaching in the Magub region has decreased a lot, while the community, in the year 1996 only, collected about USD 15,000.00 with the exploitation of trophies.

In addition, hunting is also being practised by private individuals, who receive licences for small-scale exploitation. The following table shows the licences awarded last year at this level of exploitation.

Table 26. Small-scale hunting licences awarded

Licence no. Name of holder Species applied for and Area applied for quantities Impala (1), wild goats (2), hazel 02/03 Bonifacio Conforme Luis grouses (2), wild ducks (2) and hare Dzunga-Changara Between the Cazula- ND Mussa Amad Wild goats (10), hares (5), hazel Chiuta crossing until Zuze grouses (5) and ild ducks (5) Chiuta District)

03/03 ioio M. Jose dos Santos Wild goats (4), hazel grouses (3), From Ncombedzi to Necungas, Moatize District 05/03 Sinalo Cumbucane Wild goats (2), hazel grouses (3) Thutha until Canjanda and hares (1) near Tete Town 04/03 Agostinho Pereira da Wild goats (2), hares (2), hazel Chissua/Chirodzi and Fonseca grouses (10) and turtle-doves (6) Carangache to Nhacamba 07/03 Sulemane Daude Wild goats (6), hares (4) and hazel Matsamba to Muchena, ______grouses (10) Chiuta District

In the study area itself hunting is being practised by the family sector as a subsistence activity. According to information provided by the SPFFB -Tete, the regulations allow hunting for self-consumption by the communities without a licence, but under supervision of the local authorities. The regulations also allow hunting with traditional arms, but the use of traps, dogs and firearms is prohibited. However, the SPFFB - Tete recognize that it is difficult to regulate this activity, mainly because of the lack of a specific budget item and of human resources, so that the practice of hunting for sale and the use of firearms and dogs is common.

Main animals hunted are gazelles, wild goats, turtledoves, hazel grouses, wild ducks, reedbucks, kudus and sables. Hunting is normally practised by young men, but the contribution of women it also common, as they kill rodents with axes.

The contribution of hunting to the diet has little significance, as it is a sporadic activity. However, the sale of wild animal meat contributes to the increase of family income, be it even in a fortuitous way. A strip of wild animal meat, equivalent to half a metre, is normally sold at 15,000.00 MT.

5.2.7.4 Fishing

Fishing is an important activity in Tete Province. It is practiced along the Zambezi River, mainly in Songo District, where there are 32 foreign fishing companies operating, with about 139 boats. These companies are basically engaged in kapenta fishing. After drying and salting it, this fish is then exported to Zimbabwe, Zambia, the Congo, Malawi and South Africa and also transported to Manica, Sofala and Niassa Provinces for domestic consumption.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 58 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

This semi-industrial activity contributes to the economic growth of the province, through the imposition of an annual levy and export service rendering. It was not possible to obtain concrete data to illustrate this contribution.

The semi-industrial fishing activity generates employment for the local population. The Provincial Services of Fisheries Management of Tete (SPAP - Tete), informed that the 32 foreign companies employ about 1400 Mozambicans.

In addition to the semi-industrial operations, fishing is also practiced at family level, as a means of subsistence, mainly for the population living near the Zambezi and Moatize Rivers. The family sector fishes basically banded tilapia (Tilapia sparmanih), pende or Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), chicoa or bull shark (Carcharhiunus leucas), congoro or purple labeo (Labeo congoro) and tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus).

Fishing done by the family sector is traditional, with the use of fishhooks, nets and canoes.

-p

- , - .-

Fishing is considered an activity complementary to agriculture. However, there is a small number of families who live exclusively from this activity.

In the family sector fishing is basically done for consumption. However, at times of low agricultural income, fishing serves as a basis of family income and fish is sold fresh or salted. For example, a big tilapia (of about 200 g) is sold fresh at a price of 20,000.00 to 25,000.00 MT, while a small and salted tilapia is sold in % kg heaps for 30,000.00 to 35,000.00 MT.

For the affected villages further away from the Zambezi and Moatize Rivers, and where the existing small watercourses have little fish, activity is less important for consumption and family income. In these places, as the cost of meat is lower than the cost of fish, the tendency is to consume more meat and hardly any fish. The SPAP - Tete has carried out awareness-raising activities among the community leaders about the importance of fish in the household's diet. These activities are being complemented by the introduction of aquaculture initiatives at family level.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 59 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

The fishponds are established in permanent streams, where 10 m2 tanks are built with a maximum depth of 3 metres. The tanks are made in terraces to avoid erosion and weed growth. The fish used is tilapia, because of its rapid reproduction in short periods of time. Within about a year, the results are visible and this new resource can already be used for consumption and the increase of family income. In the study area tilapia ponds have already been established in Mussacama and Z6bue. According to the SPAP - Tete these are quite successful.

5.2.7.5 Use of mineral resources

Tete Province is quite rich in minerals, mainly in Moatize District, where an abundance of anorthosite-labradorite (ornamental rocks, commonly known as granite) and coal, turn this district into a mining area by excellence. These minerals are exported to Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, South Africa and Japan and also used for domestic consumption. In this way, mining contributes to the economic growth of the province and of the country.

Sw 4

According to information obtained from the Provincial Directorate of Mineral Resources and Energy of Tete (DPRME - Tete), in the last 5 years the two largest mining enterprises in the province, Marlin Granite and Mina Chipanga, contributed with 6 and 3 percent, respectively, of their production volume to the local economy through the payment of tax duties on production. It should be noted that in this period of time Marlin Granite exported about 4,391.60 m3 of anorthosite at an approximate value of USD 436,495.78 and Mina Chipanga about 125,853.5 tons of coal at an approximate value of 4,404,872.5 USD.

Mining also represents an employment opportunity for the local population. Information given by the DPRME - Tete shows that Marlin Granite employs about 31 people, of whom 28 are Mozambicans and Mina Chipanga about 205 Mozambican workers and 1 foreigner.

The study area in Moatize District, more specifically in the Inhagoma area, covers the Marlin Granite (Mozambique) mining concession, whose mining title expires on 2 June 2010.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 60 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Granite mining

The study area also covers in the same zone three mining prospecting concessions, belonging to the Quarrying Technology Trading Services and Eagle Quarries companies, whose titles, according to information given by the supervising institution, have already expired.

In Changara District alluvial gold mining is done in the mountainous areas of the higher altitude zones of the Luenha and Mazoe River basins, near the border with Zimbabwe. At the present time mining activities in this district are small-scale and use rudimentary technologies. Mining in the zone covered by the study area within Changara District basically consists of the exploitation of building stones and sand. It was not possible to obtain concrete data about the contribution of this activity to the local economy.

5.2.7.6 Land concessions

A few land concessions for private use were identified, the main ones being: the Marlin Granite mining concession, several concessions of the Jehovah Witnesses Association for the construction of temples, and a few concessions for mining prospecting. There are also other concessions whose processes were cancelled and/or are in an unclear situation at the Provincial Services of Geography and Cadastre of Tete (SPGC - Tete). The following map shows the land use concessions identified in the study area.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 61 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Legend. 4 c

~VRoads A"oe0oaI di . de Joovi V/ Rakway T.deJ MUCMA

- Alternative 81 g/ Alterative 82

3,, Pt -- deE.gX

I I / 9, I

MOATIiZ ta~N

.,,- ,_, ''

Figure 15. Land use concessions in the study area

5.2.8. Industry, commerce and tourism

Industry

The industrial sector is still quite incipient in the whole of Tete Province, limited to a few sawmills and the related furniture-making and construction materials exploitation.

In the study area the installed industry comprises cereal flourmills and small-scale carpentries.

F wr. s 4/" ' , .J41

P g : j .r/1 O- .. 4

*- * * - pentries.

The inputs used are basically local raw materials, exploited at family level. The products of these industries are also for family consumption.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 62 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Commerce

The trading network in Tete Province is still very poor. In 2002 there were only 24 wholesale and 150 retail commercial establishments in the whole province. In this context, trading is dominated by the informal sector, with the main establishments and/or sales points in the study area situated along the National Road 103.

-1

The main products traded derive from agricultural and other family-level activities and include vegetables, fruits, flour, firewood and charcoal. In addition, other products traded are sugar, salt, cooking oil, sweets, soap, radio batteries and bicycle spare parts. Most of these products come from warehouses located in Tete Town. Other products also traded by the informal sector, such as clothes, shoes and fuels come from Malawi.

Trade in animals has little significance. Although there are large-scale breeders who sell their animals at markets, most of the sales are done in the family sector, through middlemen who go to the villages to negotiate the sale with the small breeder.

Tourism

Tete Province is rich in fauna, flora, sites of extreme scenic beauty and thermal water zones, in addition to historical sites and monuments. The existence in this province of the famous Cahora - Bassa dam, the fifth largest of the world, should also be pointed out. The dam has become an attraction point to be visited by local and foreign tourists.

In spite of the enormous tourist potential, this activity is still rather undeveloped and basically consists of hunting. There are two companies operating in the province, Africa Hunt & Tour and Southern Safaris, which carry out tourist activities related to hunting, by means of securing temporary licences for setting up hunting camps. According to information from the competent authorities, Southern Safaris is operating in the study area, near Benga, in a crocodile and hippopotamus hunting camp. In addition, the province has a community management scheme, the already referred to Tchuma-Tchato project, which promotes eco-tourist and trophy hunting activities managed by the community itself.

The tourists who seek this type of attraction come from the USA, Spain, Russia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, Somalia and other African countries. The province also receives visits from tourists coming from Portugal, France and Germany, whose attraction point is basically the Cahora Bassa dam.

In Changara District main potential targets for tourist exploitation are the historical monuments, thermal water and also a fauna rich in elephants, zebras, kudus,

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 63 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line impalas and gazelles. In Moatize District, the identified potential tourist targets include a sacred forest, scenic landscapes and a few historical monuments.

On the other hand, both districts are border area districts, Changara with Zimbabwe and Moatize with Malawi. There is a corridor between the main villages of these administrative posts, composed of a road network between the Cuchamano-Z6bue- Malawi, Cassacatiza and Zambia borders. Thus, in the proximity of the capitals of each one of the districts affected by the study area, it is common to see an enormous movement of people, who in one way or another end up staying overnight in these zones.

In Changara District the formal hotel industry network is almost non-existent, and limited to the district capital. At present there are only two duly licensed establishments functioning, a motel and a restaurant. As a way to respond to the demand generated by the influx of people who cross the border in service (commercial transport, etc.), the hotel network has been developing through the proliferation of informal establishments, whose competition has not at all been favourable for the formal development of this activity.

In Moatize District, the influx of foreigners is equally greater in the border area, which is the main village of Z6bue Administrative Post. At present, the only existing formal establishment is a motel. In the district capital there are about six licensed establishments, of which one is a guesthouse and the remaining ones are restaurants. As is the case in Changara, in Moatize District there has been a proliferation of informal establishments, mainly in the District capital and the main village of Z6bue Administrative Post.

The Provincial Directorate of Tourism of Tete (DPT - Tete), created recently (2002), is doing surveys of the province's potential, so as to identify and communicate zones that may enter in the guide book for investors who are interested in undertaking activities in the areas of eco-tourism, hotels, tourist camps, campings, tourist villages and conservation areas. In addition, awareness-raising activities have been carried out, directed at informal operators, for them to legalize their room-letting and restaurant businesses.

5.2.9. Transport and Communications

Tete Province is traversed by a network of roads linking the country and the province with Zimbabwe (EN 103), Malawi (EN 103) and Zambia (EN221).

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 64 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

-- --

E \ > MALAWI MtISACAMA

! KP IHF Radio Telephone Link ., Fixed and Mobde Telephones

/\/National Roads

- j \\Sena Railway / Regionail Roads .CAMBULATSITSI A Alternative B2 Z ' , E-41 ', - , \& '- Alternative E2

tE-9

Figure 16. Communication lines in the study area

From this network road EN102 branches off, linking Tete Province with Manica province and with the Centre and South of the country. All these roads are tarred and well maintained, with the exception of a few parts of the Kaphiridzaje - Mussacama section, which, because of its hairpin curves and the existence of potholes in the surface, has been a place of several road accidents.

Area of frequent road accidents

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 65 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Mchenga-sede and Sweet villages are accessed through dirt roads adjacent to EN103. Guluale is accessed through a dirt road, which branches off from a tarred road that begins in Moatize in the direction of Chipanga. The condition of this road is poor due to lack of maintenance. Cantxusse is accessed via Malawi, through dirt roads, as there is no vehicle access within Mozambique. The remaining affected villages are situated next to EN 103.

,'~- .. . . -- n..--

-- . .-

Dirt road National Road 103

In addition to the road network, the province also benefits from the Sena railway, linking Moatize to the Port of Beira. Part of this railway is covered by the study area, near Guluale. Although the railway has not been operational since the armed conflict the Sena line still is of strategic importance, so that the Mozambican Government is working on its repair and recommencement of operations.

There are no formal bus services. Transport of people is guaranteed by informal operators, using minivans, mainly covering the whole length of EN103. The main means of transport in the study area is the bicycle.

gj , . i

In the field of communications, there are in the study area domestic fixed telephone networks installed in Tete Town and in Moatize. Reception of mobile cellular telephones is limited to these two towns and their surroundings.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 66 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

In the main village of Z6bue Administrative Post there is a Telecomunica,oes de Mocambique (TDM) public telephone booth installed near the Health Centre, allowing outgoing calls but not incoming.

Communications in the main villages of Chioco, Cambulatstitsi and Z6bue Administrative Posts are guaranteed through HF radio, but limited to government institutions. The residences of these Administrative Posts, as well as the villages directly affected by the project have no telecommunication access at all.

5.2.10. Energy

As has been referred above, the project area of influence covers the 33 kV power line, which supplies Tete and Moatize Towns, and the North-Centre power transmission line, both departing from the Matambo substation.

Transmission lines: 33 kV line (near Nhalcuni) and the Centre-North

The main villages of the Chioco and Cambulatsitsi Administrative Posts do not have access to electricity from the national grid. The energy needs are satisfied through the use of firewood, charcoal, paraffin, candles and private generators.

The main village of Z6bue Administrative Post represents an exception in the area, as it benefits from electrical energy from Malawi. The supply is regulated through agreements between EDM and ESCOM. EDM is in charge of line maintenance and the collection of payment for the consumption in Mozambican territory. The small villages affected by the study area do not benefit from electricity. Most of the energy needs are satisfied through the use of charcoal and firewood (for cooking), candles (for lighting) and batteries for small radios.

5.2.11. Security (occurrence of anti-personnel landmines)

As the following map shows, there are in the surroundings and within the study area several places suspected of having been mined. In general their precise location is not known. In some of the suspected zones, technical surveys are already being undertaken, so as to identify and mark out the mined areas. According to information given by the National Demining Institute (IND), Norwegian People's Aid has been involved in defining activities in some places covered by the study area. The information about this work is not yet reflected in the following map, as at the time of preparing this report, APN had not yet made the necessary information available to IND. As such, no teams had yet been sent out to confirm the data in the field. In addition, there is information about the occurrence of subsequent explosions in supposedly clean areas. The only place where there is information about the occurrence of demining and returning the area to the population, is in the surroundings of the chief village of Cambulatsitsi Administrative Post.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 67 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Therefore, it is recommended that the landmine data be updated once again, close to the clearing phase of the project.

Suspected mined zone at DistrictslLocalrties

Estimated minedamaaaBU /\ Roads Ongoing technical survey to identify / / Rad.ayr mined areas A/ hmativeste l Inspectionreport prepararbon MUSSAC and presentation to population Altematwe B2

> << ' < ,EA^MBU L+

1 0 10 20Km

Figure 17. Occurrence of landmines in the study area

5.2.12. Areas of historical and cultural interest

Tete Province is rich in historical places, revealing its strategic importance in the course of time, since the Monomotapa Empire, regarding Portuguese exploitation and the revolt against colonialism.

Main historical landmarks in the province are rock paintings (scattered all over the province), the Cahora Bassa dam, the Sao Jose de Boroma church, Ntchinga Base, Tete Fortress and also the hanging bridge over the Zambezi River.

In the study area itself the following places of historical-cultural interest were identified:

. The Wiriamo Massacre Monument, situated in Wiriamo village (Chioco Administrative Post), at 3 km from Mchenga-sede, where during the armed national liberation struggle the Portuguese colonial army perpetrated the massacre of a large number of inhabitants of that village under the pretext of giving shelter to FRELIMO guerrillas;

* The guerrilla base of the 8th FRELIMO detachment, in Chioco Administrative Post, used during the armed national liberation struggle;

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 68 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

The Mbuzimwana guerrilla base, in Cambulatsitsi Administrative Post, used by FRELIMO during the armed national liberation struggle and, later on, during the armed conflict, by RENAMO.

In addition to these places, there are also a few colonial buildings, in an advanced state of degradation, such as the tsetse fly control station in Nhambulo, railway stations in Moatize and Cambulatsitsi and a few stonework houses that mark the presence of prazo lords and of the Portuguese administration of Zamb6zia in the 16th century.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 69 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

6. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND RESPECTIVE MITIGATION MEASURES

6.1. Analysis of the environmental and socio-economic impacts

The impact analysis was based on the following criteria:

Likelihood - refers to the level of possibility that the impact will occur. It can be classified as follows:

* Unlikely - the possibility of occurrence is limited, either because of the project design or because of the nature of the project

* Likely - there is a distinct possibility that the impact occurs.

* Highly likely - when the occurrence is almost certain.

* Certain - when there is certainty of the impact occurring, irrespective of the preventive measures adopted.

Extension - refers to the spatial behaviour of the activity that may have impacts

* Within the boundaries of the project area (limited); * In the surrounding area; * in the region (regional); * or at national level.

Duration - The life of the impact may be:

* short-term - (O to 5 years)

* medium term - (5 to 15 years)

* long-term - the impact comes to an end when the life span of the activity to which it refers ends

* permanent - the impact continues, even after the end of the activity and even after the application of mitigation measures

Intensity - This parameter assesses the magnitude with which the impacts violate standards and regulations, reaches populations and social processes and affect the course of environmental processes. In this scope the intensity is classified as:

* Low - in case the impact occurs in such a way that the course of natural, cultural and social processes is not affected

* Medium - in case the impact changes the course of the natural, social or cultural processes

* High - when the course of the natural, cultural or social processes is temporarily or permanently interrupted.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 70 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Degree of significancy - The significance of the impact can be determined through a synthesis of the preceding aspects (extension, duration, intensity, likelihood) and can be referred to as being:

* Low- if the impact should not influence decision-making

* Medium - if it should influence decision-making (unless it can be mitigated)

* High - if it should influence decision-making, irrespective of the level of mitigation

6.2. Impacts associated with the power line

This section describes the common impacts for the specific power line project.

6.2.1. Impacts during the construction phase

6.2.1.1. Biophysicalimpacts

According to the results of the field survey various types of biological and physical characteristics will be affected as a consequence of opening up the corridor for the establishment of the power line.

Broadly speaking, the types of impacts that are foreseeable with the implementation of the project are the following:

* Soil erosion * Soil compaction * Destruction of vegetation and flora * Reduction of sensitive habitats * Infestation of invasive species * Loss of fauna and avifauna * Disturbance and contamination of rivers and streams * Pollution * Electrocution and collision

6.2.1. 1.1 Impacts on soils a) Impacts in terms of erosion

The potential for erosion along the corridor is limited to the mountainous region in the border area with Malawi (the north of the project area) where soils are frequently shallow. In dispersed cases there is acute danger of erosion, mainly due to the steeply sloping terrain in certain parts.

During the construction phase the digging of holes for the foundations may lead to an increase of erosion, due to the alteration of the natural drainage pattern.

An increase of erosion may also occur during bush clearing for the establishment of the power line, during excavation work for setting up the pylons and during access road building.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 71 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Impact classification:

Likelihood: High Extension: Limited Duration: Long-term Intensity: Medium Sianificance in the absence of mitigation: Medium to low Sianificance with mitiaation: Medium to low

Mitigation measures

1. To implement the erosion management programme in the areas defined in the EIS.

2. In high-risk erosion areas to limit access to the construction corridor to a minimum.

3. To implement temporary erosion control measures during construction to minimize the loss of soil during the corridor vegetation removal period (e.g. sediment retention mechanisms such as protection nets, wooden stakes, etc) to control floodwater

4. To stabilize the soil mechanically or chemically to reduce erosion potential.

5. To restore the natural contour lines of the corridor to avoid the accumulation of water and reduce the potential for accelerated erosion.

6. To remove and heap up the topsoil (75 mm) separate from the rest of the residues (e.g. subsoil, rocks, etc). Restore the topsoil as a final layer in the whole corridor. To re-establish the indigenous herbaceous vegetation immediately after construction.

7. To take special preventive measures whenever the pylons have to be erected in sloping places or near water courses, such as replanting with species such as Vetiveria zizanoides, Cynodon dactylon, Crysanthemoides moniflora and Corpobrotus sp or leaving the layer of creeping or shrubby species intact.

8. The access roads should never be built along the slope, but should always follow as much as possible the contour lines of the natural terrain.

9. To prepare special provisions for inclusion in the construction contract. Performance standards for corridor rehabilitation should be included, subject to environmental audits.

10. To prepare and implement a training programme for the education of machinery operators, with regard to the study area's soils susceptibility to erosion, and to the use of heavy machinery in these circumstances.

11. To prepare and implement a monitoring programme including the general requirements for monitoring construction in areas susceptible to erosion and specific requirements for monitoring high-risk areas. The programme should include requirements for monitoring during the post-construction phase.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 72 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line b) Soil compaction

Due to the successive movement of machinery, particularly heavy machinery. Compaction results in the decrease of space for water and air in the soil, hampering the development of roots and affecting plant growth.

Impact classification:

Likelihood: Certain Extension: Limited Duration: Short-term Intensity: Medium Significance in the absence of mitigation: Medium to low Sianificance with mitigation: Medium to low

Mitigation measures

After the conclusion of the construction phase, the affected soils, particularly those of agricultural use, should be subject to a subsoil decompaction operation, with the use of a ripper, a tool that is connected to a powerful tractor, preferably with caterpillars, and allows breaking up the soil to a depth of 60 to 100 centimetres.

6.2.1.1.2 Impacts on vegetation and flora

For the erection of the pylons and subsequent installation of the lines it will be necessary to open up an obstacle-free corridor along the whole line, allowing the movement of the machinery to be used. This operation implies the removal of vegetation; EDM's previous experience allows the recommendation that the width of the corridor to be opened along the whole line be as small as possible so as to have a minimum impact on the natural vegetation cover.

The direct impact of the power line construction on threatened or sensitive plants is uncertain until it is possible to travel over the whole route. Based on the field survey and bibliographic research, the following conclusions may be arrived at:

* The construction of the transmission line penetrating plant patches may create easy access to hunting and to tree felling for firewood and charcoal.

* Although no threatened species were found in the sampling points during the field surveys, according to the Red Data book, the occurrence of the species referred to in section 5.1.7 is likely.

* In a case like this, the likelihood of impacts on the population of species is limited, unless a significant number of species if found within a very restricted area. (E.g., in anthills, wetlands, etc.).

a) Direct impacts

The construction of the power line will result in the clearing of an 8-metre wide corridor for the whole length of the line and in the clearing at some points of the corridor, mainly where the pylons will be erected, each one occupying an area of 40x40m for the cross-rope suspension type pylon and/or 20x20m for the self supporting type pylon, for carrying out the necessary work.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 73 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

In the following table the area to be cleared is estimated by type of vegetation, showing the area that will be affected as a result of the power line construction.

Table 27. Estimate of the cleared area by type of vegetation

Typo de Vegetation Km Cleared area (kM2)

Open shrubby woodland 39.7 0.318

Mopane Woodland 10.3 0.083

Open woodland 78.8 0.630

Thicket 6.1 0.049

Bush 0.7 0.006

Machamba 25.2 0.203

Riverine vegetation 22.6 0.101

The total area to be cleared for placing the pylons will be about 0.53 km2 with an estimated total of 330 pylons along the corridor. b) Indirect impacts

A main cause of the possible indirect impacts will result from the accessibility created by the transmission line corridor in areas previously inaccessible. This will only happen when the transmission line traverses the area between Rupia Locality and the railway (Alternative R1) and between the Cambulatsitsi road and the proximity of Nhambulo 1 village (common Alternative) and in the northern part of the project area adjacent to the border with Malawi. Most of the corridor will traverse an area with easy access, part of it along National Road 103.

As the transmission line corridor traverses these previously isolated areas, it will result in a possible agricultural development, in an increase of he exploitation of wood species for firewood and charcoal production and a consequent loss of habitat.

Impact classification:

Likelihood: High Extension: Limited Duration: Long-term Intensity: High Sianificance in the absence of mitigation: Medium to low Sianificance with mitiaation: Low

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 74 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Mitigation measures

1. Where specified by the EIS and/or EMP, make adjustments to the transmission line corridor route so as to minimize the risk for threatened plant species communities or other communities of ecological or cultural importance.

2. The vegetation may be removed mechanically, but it is recommended to do it manually, particularly in areas adjacent to river margins of steep slopes.

3. The use of fire for the destruction of vegetation will not be allowed; all efforts should be made to avoid any source that may start bush fires and preventive actions should be taken and the workers and local population educated in this respect.

4. Trees growing near the cleared corridor and considered dangerous for line construction and/or operation, should be identified and, on a case-by-case basis, specific measures should be taken, from simples pruning to final uprooting, so as to eliminate focuses of danger to people and goods.

5. The Contractor's access outside of the construction corridor should be restricted, particularly in zones where the existence of threatened plant species/communities is known or suspected. In these zones the construction work area should be reduced to a minimum and access of vehicles or personnel outside the construction right-of-way without prior Contractor's approval prohibited.

6. To educate the Contractor's workers about i) consciousness-raising in conservation matters; ii) penalizations for the removal of threatened plants for medicinal purposes.

7. To prohibit the cutting of plants for firewood or any other purpose. To discipline the Contractor's workers who violate these employment conditions.

8. To prohibit all the workers involved in the project from buying charcoal or firewood that may be offered for sale along the transmission line corridor, to avoid promoting the use of the power line corridor for commercial purposes.

9. To implement the measures proposed by the EIS and the EMP for the rehabilitation of the power line corridor, as soon as possible.

10. To prepare special provisions for inclusion in the construction contracts. To include a management protocol for actions to be taken by the Contractor in the case of finding threatened plants along the route during construction, not identified during the EIS.

11. To prepare and implement a training programme for machinery operators with respect to environmental sensitivity along the route.

12. To prepare a monitoring programme including general requirements for monitoring construction in areas with the occurrence of threatened or sensitive plants, and specific requirements for monitoring high-risk areas.

13. To monitor the construction and post-construction phases and to check compliance with the special contractual conditions, relative to sensitive areas and endangered species.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 75 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

6.2.1.1.3 Impacts on the reduction of sensitive habitats

The removal of the plant cover in the corridor to be opened along the line will imply the destruction of parts of particularly important habitats, such as waterside forests adjacent to rivers and wetlands. a) Destruction of wetlands

The construction of the power line will affect a small portion of about 0.014 km2 of existing wetlands on the northern margin of the Zambezi River. A project of this size may destroy the wetlands in the following ways:

* Heavy machinery may crush wetland vegetation. The destruction of native plants may foment the appearance of weeds that will hinder the supply of nourishment and habitat for the nidification of existing fauna.

* Wetland soils may easily be compacted. Soil compaction increases water run-off and greatly decreases the water retention capacity, which hinders or destroys vital wetland functions.

* If access roads are necessary in these areas, they may alter the quantity and direction of the water flow and cause a permanent destruction of wetland soils and vegetation.

* The equipment may remove sediments, endangered fish species and other aquatic life.

* The construction equipment may drag exotic species seeds or parts of plants into the wetlands. If these species are not controlled, they may invade the area. Some species, once they are present propagate themselves rapidly and in large numbers relative to indigenous vegetation and may destroy the fauna habitat.

Organic soils consist of layers of decomposed plant material. These soils form themselves very slowly. When disturbed by actions such as excavation work, or compaction, the wetland soils cannot be recovered rapidly. A severe disturbance may permanently alter wetland hydrology.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Certain Extension: Limited Duration: Long-term Intensity: High Significance in the absence of mitigation: High Sianificance with mitigation: Medium

Mitigation measures

1. Clearing operations should observe a minimum distance of 15 metres from the maximum water level marks in rivers or other aquatic environments.

2. The wetlands occurring on the Zambezi River margin should be avoided. When this is not possible, special care should be taken, such as:

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 76 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

* To limit construction to the dry season (dry months), and use mats that do not hinder normal water flow so as to avoid potential erosion. * To clean the construction equipment carefully after work in areas infested with exotic invasive species. * To use in the pylon foundations non-pollutant materials, resistant to corrosion. * To prohibit the spilling of fuel and lubricants or the disposal and abandonment of any other products. * To place marks on top of the cables to make the line visible to birds, if the collision potential is big.

6.2.1.1.4 Impacts of invading species

In Mozambique, the level of infestation by invading species is not yet known. However the occurrence of several species has already been recorded in the country. Even a moderate level of infestation must be seen as an intolerable impact with great significance in a largely untransformed environment.

During the construction phase the use of the corridor as an access road may become a vector for the penetration and propagation of invading species in areas previously protected from these species by their isolation.

Some of these invading plants include alien species such as Lantana camara, Opuntia ficus-formis and the guava-tree, as well as indigenous species such as Bidens pilosa and Dichrostachys cinerea. The last one is indigenous to the sub- continent but colonizes disturbed areas quite easily. Once established, these species may stay for many years and their removal is difficult.

An important preoccupation is related to the possibility of alien species being introduced along the corridor, as a result of the import of heavy construction equipment (seeds of some of these plants remain stuck to the caterpillars and blades of some machines).

On the basis of this study, the risk of invading species infestation in the power line corridor is considered low, if the soil and machine and vehicle washing management parameters are implemented, as well as the remaining corridor rehabilitation procedures. These checks are relatively simple and effective when implemented in a systematic way and, subject to this condition, the significancy of the managed impact will be low.

Impact classification

Likelihood: High Extension: Limited Duration: Long-term Intensity: Medium Significance in the absence of mitigation: Medium Sianificance with mitiaation: Low

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 77 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Mitigation measures

1. To minimize soil disturbance outside the corridor area.

2. After construction, to replant the soil as soon as possible with a herbaceous cover. Re-establishing a graminaceous layer is the best way to avoid infestation by invading species. Curative action, after invasion having taken place, is expensive and time-consuming.

3. To create provisions so as to avoid interferences with the natural bushfire regimen.

4. To eradicate invading species along the corridor in the first year after construction. To determine the need for actions after this maintenance period. The eradication should be carried out before the germination of the seeds in summer.

5. The clearing machines should be cleaned periodically, so as to remove any seeds that may have got stuck to the blades or the caterpillars. This care should be greater when areas are traversed where invading species occur. In these areas the possibility should be studied to use herbicides during machinery cleanup.

6. To prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which includes the following actions: i) to define a soil handling protocol; ii) to determine the replanting requirements so as to avoid the establishment of invading species; iii) to determine the methods to be used for the eradication of invading species during post-construction maintenance.

7. To prepare special provisions for inclusion in the construction contract. Rehabilitation performance parameters should be included, subject to audits. Requirements should be included to minimize the risk of the spread of invading species, introduced by imported equipment.

8. To prepare a monitoring programme designed for: i) checking the level of success of construction management relative to weed control; ii) identifying areas with significant invading species infestation that require more attention.

9. Monitoring during and after construction. To check the fulfilment of the EMP and the Contractor's compliance with special contractual provisions.

6.2.1.1.5 Impacts on fauna

a) Impacts on mammals

The initial data about the number and distribution of mammals refer to twenty or more years back, rendering an assessment of the mammal status in Mozambique difficult.

The instigated war together with a poor inspection capacity in Mozambique had a grave effect on the fauna in the country, mainly on large mammals in the southem and eastern regions of Tete Province. Large mammals, such as elephants, giraffes and elands, no longer occur in the area of influence of the power line corridor.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 78 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

In the context of the proposed project, mammal species that possibly occur in the area include, among others:

* Hoary goat * Grey goat * Kudus; * Impala; * Hares;

During the field survey none of the species referred to above were identified, only footprints of some species. Hunting and the destruction of natural habitats from which the areas has suffered are the main causes of the reduction of the number and variety of fauna species.

Given the reduced number and distribution of fauna species, as well as the nature of the project no significant impacts resulting from the power line construction are expected. However, the loss of Red data species has national significancy. Although the loss of some individuals may perhaps not influence the status of the population, the death of any mangul or chengane goat would be considered significant, particularly because of the lack of solid evidence about the status of these animals in Mozambique.

Potential impacts resulting from the construction of the power line are presented below:

Small antelopes

Poaching by the construction brigades may result in the death of individual animals of species such as the mangul or chengane goat and the sable antelope, as well as other small antelope species that aren't threatened.

Even though it is likely that the antelopes are wary as a consequence of continuous hunting, and that they flee when they hear the sound of the machines, some animals may be hunted with traps or rifles.

The workers involved in the construction of the transmission line may also buy wild animal meat from the local population, thus promoting hunting and the reduction of fauna in the area.

However, with a strict management policy, prohibiting and severely fining the workers who are involved in hunting practices and/or the buying of wild animal meat, as well as the adoption of the remaining EIS and EMP recommendations, the likelihood of this incident occurring is very low.

No significant impacts are expected on species populations, but it is possible that a local animal population may be reduced as a consequence of poaching by the construction brigade, or as a consequence of stimulating hunting by buying wild animal meat from the local population.

Reptiles and amphibians:

During the land clearing and power line corridor opening phase the reptile and amphibian species are most vulnerable to disturbances, given that most of them take shelter in trees, rocks, topsoil and small puddles.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 79 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

During the field survey no threatened reptile species were identified. As has already been pointed out, it was not possible to travel along the whole corridor, so that the occurrence of endangered species is still likely. One of the species listed as being in extinction that can most likely be found in some zones along the corridor is the python (Python sebae natalensis).

However, as little is known about the variety of reptile species north of the Zambezi River, it is more likely that most of the species found are species that have never before been recorded as occurring in this part of he country. During the construction phase the collection of these species for identification and registration is strongly recommended so as to contribute to the knowledge of the variety and distribution of reptile and amphibian species in the country.

Potential impacts

There are two potential causes of impacts in the zones where the transmission line traverses habitats suitable for endangered species.

Destruction of fauna - Deaths of endangered species may result directly from the activities of the construction brigade. In such cases, the animals may be killed by the clearing machines, overrun by construction vehicles and interred and suffocated. Deaths as a consequence of excavations and the clearing machines are the most likely ones. The digging of holes may represent a significant barrier for some of the reptiles that accidentally try to traverse them.

Fauna persecution - In general snakes are feared and, therefore, persecuted by men in the absence of mitigation, it is likely that some snakes found by the construction brigades are killed. This, and the clearing machines, are the most probable causes of snake mortality during the construction phase of the project.

Impact classification:

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited Duration: Short-term Intensity: High (in the case of endangered species deaths) Significance in the absence of mitigation: Medium to low Significance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures

1. To limit the width of the construction right-of-way in the areas defined by the EMP for the protection of reptiles and amphibian species.

2. To prohibit access of vehicles or personnel outside the work servitudes, without prior approval of the power line company.

3. In case the existence of threatened reptile and amphibian species is identified, it is recommended to accelerate construction work in these sections of the corridor.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 80 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

4. To train the Contractor's workers as well as all the other workers involved in the project (e.g. sub-contracted) with respect to: i) conservation consciousness- raising; ii) the likely location of endangered species; iii) the information and responsibility chain in case endangered species are found; iv) fines for the persecution or hunting of animals.

5. To integrate in the work team a specialist who will make a collection of reptiles and amphibians in certain areas. These specimens should be transported to Maputo, for their identification and registration by the competent authorities.

6. To prepare special environmental provisions for inclusion in the construction contract documents. To include a management protocol for actions to be carried out by the Contractor in case threatened reptile and amphibian species are found along the route during the construction phase.

7. To prepare and implement a training programme.

8. To prepare a monitoring programme, including general construction monitoring requirements in areas of occurrence (or suspected occurrence) of endangered species and specific requirements for monitoring high-risk areas.

9. To monitor construction. To check if the Contractor complies with the EIS and the EMP and the special provisions of the contract.

6.2.1.1.6 Impacts on avifauna

In general, the project does not represent a significant short-term threat to the avifauna, due to the narrow corridor of the power line. Potential impacts arise in the direct disturbance of nesting (e.g. the loss of temporary habitat, hunting, etc.).

Given the size of this project (in terms of destruction of existing habitat) most species will not be affected by the power line construction.

Special attention concerns the created waste disposal sites that may often attract birds.

Classification of impact

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited Duration: Short-term Intensity: High (in the case of deaths) Significance in the absence of mitigation: Medium to low Sianificance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures

1. Some nesting places can easily be detected (e.g. nests of large birds of prey, etc), and may be avoided, if possible (divert the route from the tree).

2. To construct the power line between April and September, i.e., outside the breeding season of the majority of species.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 81 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

3. To train the workers with respect to: i) conservation consciousness-raising; ii) penalizations for the persecution or hunting of birds.

4. To implement special measures required by the EIS to minimize the impact of construction disturbances on the nesting of endangered species along or near the corridor.

5. To prepare and implement a training programme.

6. To prepare an accidental discovery plan in case during construction activities breeding endangered species are discovered in or near the corridor.

7. To monitor construction. To check the Contractor's compliance with the EIS and the EMP and the special contractual provisions in areas where endangered species are known to exist.

6.2.1.1.7 Impacts on rivers/streams

The power line corridor crosses ten rivers, of which a main one (the Zambezi River), three main seasonal ones (Quiro River, Moatize River and Vudzi River) and the remaining small seasonal ones (Section 5.1.4).

Potential impacts on the river ecosystems are the following: * Removal of riverine vegetation * Disturbance of macro-canal sediments * Loss of habitats * Erosion of the macro-canal margins * Effects of explosions (in case a pylon is erected on the riverbed) * Effect of changes in water flow and quality on the fish species. a) Removal of riverine vegetation and loss of large riverine trees

Even though no continuous works in the watercourses are foreseen and possible works on the river margins should be avoided, some sites will be affected by foundation construction works and the installation of pylons.

In places close to rivers and streams, the riverine vegetation, including some large trees, will be removed within an 8-metre strip during the land-clearing phase of the power line corridor.

Impact classification:

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited Duration: Short-term Intensitv: Medium to low Significance in the absence of mitigation: Medium to low Sianificance with mitiaation: Low

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 82 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Mitigation measures

1. To mark large indigenous trees and other endangered species trees within and close to the construction right-of-way that should not be damaged during the works.

2. To limit as much as possible access of workers to areas outside the power line corridor.

3. To re-establish stabilizing vegetation on the margins and access roads immediately after the construction of the transmission line at river and stream crossings, as stipulated by the EIS and special contractual provisions.

4. To prepare special provisions for inclusion in the construction contract.

5. To prepare and implement an Environmental Monitoring Programme.

6. The Environmental Site Officer should be present during the land-clearing phase in sensitive places, such as river crossings.

b) Disturbance of macro-canal sediments

The production of sediments in suspension, resulting from foundation building in case these are situated near macro-channels, may lead to direct and indirect impacts on sensitive fish species and macro-invertebrates.

Most of the rivers to be crossed are seasonal (with the exception of the Zambezi River). Thus, the impacts will be much less if construction is done during winter (outside the rainy season).

The most visible consequence of the power line construction is the generation of muddy water downstream the crossing site. The discontinuous peaks of high suspended sediment concentrations, correspond to activities such as excavation work for foundation building. The suspended sediment levels may increase rapidly when necessary activities inside the watercourse are started.

Impact classification:

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Surrounding area Duration: Long-term Intensity: Medium to high Significance in the absence of mitigation: Medium to low Sianificance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures

1. To manage the sediments generated by excavation work for foundation building through sedimentation wells, river curtains, small dams or other adequate methods.

2. To construct erosion protection barriers in construction areas adjacent to the macro canal margins so as to avoid the crumbling away or erosion of the

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 83 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

margins. The protection works include gabions, stabilization structures, reno mats, etc.

3. Where possible, construct the river crossing points during low-flow periods, to enable machines crossing.

6.2.1.1.8 Impacts in conservation areas

The power line route does not traverse any conservation area, therefore there are no impacts.

6.2.1.1.9 Impacts in terms of pollution a) Hazardous materials spills

During the power line construction phase several machines and vehicles will be used. Breakdowns may occur and the machines may spill lubricants and fuel, polluting the soil. Some machines operate at the river margins and if a spill occurs, the lubricants/fuels will contaminate the river. Depending on the place and the quantities involved the pollution risk may become from insignificant to extremely significant. However, with adequate management most of the spills may be collected and treated in the camp.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited Duration: Medium-term Intensity: Medium Significance in the absence of mitigation: Medium to low Sicnificance with mitiaation: Low

Mitigation measures

1. To prohibit vehicle maintenance in the corridor. The vehicles should be serviced in the workshops inside the main camp. If it is not possible to take a vehicle to the workshop, its maintenance in the corridor should be done with proper precautions.

2. Cover the soil with a plastic sheet.

3. Machines near river or stream margins should be placed on protective bases (e.g., sheets of strong plastic) to avoid soil and river contamination.

4. To avoid lubricant or fuel spills on the soil.

5. If the soil is contaminated, it should be collected immediately for treatment in the camp.

6. To apply spill cleaning and containment techniques.

7. To treat soils contaminated by lubricants and fuel (e.g., biodegradation of contaminated soils with bacterial populations).

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 84 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

8. To clean and rehabilitate the areas affected and/or contaminated by lubricants, fuel, etc. b) Non-hazardous waste

During the construction phase of he power line, some waste will be produced along the route by the workers. This includes waste from meals, as well as some scrap iron resulting from the power line construction.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Surrounding area Duration: Long-term Intensity: Low Significance in the absence of mitigation: Medium to low Sianificance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures

1. A team should be in charge of keeping the corridor clean, collecting all the waste produced by the workers involved in the project and depositing it in the main camp from where it will be taken to the rubbish dump of Tete Town.

2. To educate the Contractor's workers with respect to: i) keeping the environment clean; ii) the waste management procedures; iii) penalizations for polluting the environment.

Every morning a team should go through the construction sites to collect the waste that may have been dropped.

6.2.1.2 Socio-economic impacts

All the identified villages will be directly affected by the project, due to their proximity to the proposed routes. The implementation of the project will have a few positive impacts, such as the creation of temporary employment opportunities and the benefit of potential demining along the final route of the power line. However, most of the expected impacts are of a negative nature, so that measures should be taken to mitigate their effects on local communities and the project's surrounding area.

In some of the communities identified as affected, the negative impacts of the project will be less serious as projects of a similar size have already been implemented in the surroundings of these villages. These villages include Nhalcuni and Mchenga- sede, in the proximity of which two power lines have been established, i.e., the 33 kV line supplying Tete and Moatize Town, and the Centre-North line supplying Sofala and Zambezia Provinces. In their turn, Inhagoma, Nhamitsatsi, Nhambulo 1, Sweet, Lizie, Mussacama and Canhungue villages have already been targets of the construction and rehabilitation project of National Road 103.

The project will have more profound impacts in Chamuarira, Guluale and Cantxusse villages, as these zones are more isolated and have been less disturbed until now. However, it is necessary to take into account that all the identified villages are vulnerable, as their way of life is entirely associated with natural and agricultural

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 85 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line resources, and any disturbance of these aspects may have grave consequences for the cultural systems and the communities' subsistence.

It is also important to bear in mind that other surrounding villages, in addition to the ones referred to in the EISR, may suffer from the broad effects of some of the identified impacts.

The impacts identified as being negative are grouped according to two distinct phases: the construction phase and the operational and maintenance phase. For each one of these the impacts, the probability of occurrence, the affected extension, the duration of occurrence, the intensity and the significancy are indicated, and mitigation measures proposed. The socio-economic impacts identified for the construction phase are the following:

Impacts on the Dopulation:

* Transfer of residents and their houses * Physical presence of outside workers and their camps * Creation of employment opportunities expectations * Population increase through immigration * Creation of expectations regarding access to electricity.

ImDacts on the subsistence systems

* Loss of agricultural land * Loss of crops, of harvests and of fruit trees * Potential loss of livestock heads * Loss of access to grazing land * Potential loss of plant and fauna resources * Potential loss of access roads

Historical and cultural impacts

* Interference with historical and archaeological places * Interference with sacred places and cemeteries

Other impacts

* Interference with land concessions * Interference with mines * Potential erosion of roads and access roads * Production of dust and noise

The impacts of the project, for the construction phase, and the respective mitigation measures, are described below.

6.2.1.2.1 Impacts on the population a) Transfer of residents and their houses

Both routes will traverse population settlement areas. It should be noted that for reasons of security and protection of the transmission line, the land regulations stipulate the establishment of a protection strip, adjacent to the line servitude area,

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 86 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line with a minimum width of 50 metres. Furthermore, international legislation recommends that, for the pylons presumed in the Technical Route Selection Report, this width should at least be 55 metres. Thus, there cannot be any type of construction, particularly residences, within this area. This means that during the construction phase some dwellings may come to be removed and their residents transferred.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited Duration: Certain Intensity: High Significance in the absence of mitigation: High Sianificance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures

Before the start of the construction project, and in close cooperation with local authorities and traditional leaders, a detailed survey should be done of all the dwellings and infrastructures existing along the protection strip of the selected route. This survey should be accompanied by a full inventory of the property existing in each one of the dwellings and other improvements that will be lost or damaged.

Prior to this survey, the proponent, in coordination with the local authorities and community leaders, should meet with all the population groups that will be affected, giving explanations about the need for permanent removal of the infrastructures and indicating the measures that will be adopted as a way to minimize the inconvenience caused.

It is important to note that the majority of the families of the study area own small plots of land (machambas) near their residences, so that the transfer of dwellings should foresee the attribution of new plots with the same, or better, characteristics as the previous ones. These characteristics include the area that can be cultivated, soil fertility, access to and proximity of the residences and also access to water.

The negotiations with the families about their new residential areas should take into account the following:

* The establishment of financial compensations for the loss of housing, land, crops and fruit trees; * The existence or proximity of sources of employment; * Access to roads and transport; * The possibility to keep the crops under cultivation until harvesting; and * The continuation, and if possible increase, of the level of income from the sale of products (agricultural produce, crafts, charcoal, firewood, etc.).

A resettlement and compensation plan should also be prepared and implemented, according to the guidelines laid down in Table 29. The resettlement and attribution of financial compensations should be carefully recorded and monitored.

It is important to carry out constant monitoring of the transmission line servitude corridor, during the construction and operational phases, to ascertain that no construction/residence was re-established along the line protection and security area.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 87 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

This monitoring should be coordinated with the local authorities. Also in cooperation with the local authorities procedures should be drawn up and followed in cases in which the return of resettled families to their former places of residence is detected. b) Physical presence of outside workers and their camps

During the construction phase camps will be installed along the selected transmission line route to lodge the workers involved in the works. These workers will, naturally, interact with the local population and conflicts of a socio-cultural nature and about natural resources may occur, as well as the spread of diseases.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Highly likely Extension: Limited Duration: Short-term Intensity: High Significance: High Sianificance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures

Both the workers and the local communities should be subject to awareness-raising actions, so as to promote good relations, thus avoiding the occurrence of conflicts.

The workers should also receive special health care and health education, particularly regarding the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS. In public places of easy access for the workers condoms should be made available.

The awareness-raising/health education actions against the spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS should also cover the affected communities.

c) Creation of employment opportunities expectations

During fieldwork, the local population proved being receptive to the project because they felt that it will create work places at local level.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Highly likely Extension: Limited Duration: Medium-term Intensity: Medium Significance: Medium Significance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

As far as possible, the project should incorporate a local work force. In spite of the local levels of schooling being below full primary education, there are several activities, such as land clearing and cleaning that may be performed by these communities.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 88 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

In the Contractor's contract, the number of work places to be opened for local personnel should be stipulated, the hiring requirements, the maximum duration of the work, the recruitment procedures and the wage levels. As far as possible, the work places to be opened for local recruitment should give priority to members of the communities directly affected by the project. The recruitment and work conditions of the local work force should be carefully monitored.

If the hiring of local personnel is not foreseen, the proponent, in coordination with the local authorities, should hold meetings with the communities to inform them about this fact and explain the reasons. d) Increase of population through immigration

The spread of information about the implementation of the project will create employment expectations in other villages of the region, outside the affected communities. These expectations may lead to an influx of strange people to the local communities searching for employment. This will increase the likelihood of conflicts arising, mainly related to access to employment at the project and the spread of diseases.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited Duration: Short to medium-term Intensity: Medium Significance: Medium Sianificance with mitiaation: Low

Mitigation measures:

If the proponent does not foresee hiring a large-scale local work force, he should take the necessary measures to spread this information, so as to discourage the influx of strange people to the local communities. In the opposite case, the communities directly affected should have priority in hiring a local work force. This fact should also be spread.

A monitoring system should be implemented to observe the immigration occurred in the construction phase. The proponent, in close cooperation with local government authorities, should also plan the procedures to be followed in cases of the emergence of informal population settlements in areas surrounding the construction zone. e) Creation of expectations about access to electricity

During fieldwork, the population contacted showed being receptive to the project as they thought that through the project they would have access to electricity. Even though it was explained that the project does not foresee the supply of electricity to these villages, the communities continued to expect the project would improve their living conditions relative to this resource.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 89 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited Duration: Short to medium-term Intensity: Medium Significance: Medium Significance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

Given that the project does not foresee the supply of electricity to the affected and surrounding villages, community information and awareness-raising actions should be performed relative to the nature, the objectives and specificities of the project in order to eliminate the expectations created. This should be done in coordination with local authorities and traditional leaders

As far as possible, the proponent should take measures for the introduction of simple energy efficiency technologies that may improve the lives of the local population.

6.2.1.2.2 Impacts on subsistence systems a) Loss of agricultural land

During the construction phase, particularly on the sites where the pylons will be erected, there will be permanent loss of agricultural land, due to the space occupied by the pylon and the opening up of new access roads to support construction logistics and subsequent maintenance. This loss will create serious constraints for the local communities, whose subsistence is entirely dependent on agriculture.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Highly likely Extension: Limited Duration: Certain Intensity: Medium Significance: Medium Significance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

Before construction starts, a detailed survey should be done of the machambas that will be permanently lost. This work should be done in close coordination with the authorities and local communities. Meetings with the affected communities should also be held, with the purpose of giving explanations about the need for permanent abandonment of the identified agricultural land.

The proponent, in cooperation with the local authorities, the communities and the Provincial Services of Geography and Cadastre of Tete (SPGC -Tete), should carry out activities to identify and make available new agricultural land, with characteristics that respond to the needs of the affected families. The size of the plots made available should be equal to or greater than the size of the former plots. The following aspects should also be taken into account:

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 90 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

* Easy access through the existence of roads. In case there is no access, the proponent should take the necessary measures to provide for the opening up of roads; * The plots made available should be situated near the peasants' residences; * Absence of the danger of landmines; and * Availability of water.

The proponent should also make sure that the land made available is ready for planting, taking responsibility for clearing and cleaning it.

In cooperation with the affected communities the agricultural calendars for the crops in the field that will be lost should be identified, and as far as possible allow the use of these plots until the moment that the next harvest on the alternative plots identified is guaranteed. In addition, efforts should be made to maintain and increase productivity and yield of the planted crops, on the plots to be abandoned as well as on the alternative plots identified. b) Loss of crops, harvests and fruit trees

During the construction phase it will be necessary to open up access roads, that may traverse machambas and fruit tree areas. Thus, the construction of the transmission line will imply the removal of crops and the felling of fruit trees, resulting in the loss of expected harvests and causing constraining effects on subsistence and programmed family income. The removal of crops will be extended to the sites where the pylons will be erected, with a permanent effect, and to the cable passage areas, with a temporary effect.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Highly likely Extension: Limited to extensive Duration: Medium to long-term Intensity: Medium Significance: High Sianificance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

Before starting access road building and construction, meetings should be held with the communities, in coordination with local authorities, in order to explain the need to traverse machambas and the mitigation measures of the impacts caused. A survey should also be done of all the crops in the field and fair compensations attributed for the losses caused, according to what is stipulated in Table 29.

The compensation attribution process should also take the agricultural calendar of the crops in the field into account, and as far as possible allow the use of the crops in the field until their harvest. In addition, the proponent should implement measures leading to the maximization of productivity and yield of the crops in the field.

The attribution of compensations should also take into account that some families, whose machambas will be affected temporarily, will not benefit from alternative land. Thus, the amount attributed to these should be adjusted, so as to reflect and compensate productivity and income that cannot be obtained during construction. In

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 91 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line preference, temporary agricultural land should be made available during the works. These plots should comply with the requirements indicated in the previous section (Loss of agricultural land), including having been cleared and cleaned to allow immediate tillage. c) Potential loss! accidents with cattle

Cattle, mainly goats, graze freely in the proximity of the villages, without any type of supervision. During the construction phase excavations will be done for laying the foundations that will support the pylons. For the type of pylons foreseen in the Technical Route Selection Report, the size of each excavation work may reach an area of 4 m2 and a depth of 8 metres. Thus, there is a possibility that unherded heads of cattle fall into these holes, become injured and even die. On the other hand, during the construction phase vehicle traffic will increase considerably and in the construction area very heavy vehicles will be operating, so that there is a risk of unherded animals being overrun. Furthermore, the opening up of new access zones may encourage animal theft or the loss of their sense of direction relative to the villages to which they belong.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited Duration: Short to long-term Intensity: Medium Significance: High Significance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

Awareness-raising actions should be carried out with the communities, to alert them against the danger of lack of control of their cattle during the construction phase.

In the areas with larger concentrations of cattle, measures should be taken to erect fences along the work area and to place metal covers on the open holes. As far as possible, alternative grazing land during works execution should be negotiated with the communities and the local authorities.

The workers, mainly those in charge of driving vehicles and operating large machines, should be urged to drive at low speed and watch out for a possible appearance of animals.

If any accident occurs, directly related to construction (cattle falling into the holes and/or being overrun), the proponent will be fully responsible for the replacement of the cattle heads lost or for the cost of veterinary assistance.

The consumption of any type of animal on the part of the workers of the project should be duly authorized by their owners.

d) Loss of access to grazing land

For security reasons, grazing land may become inaccessible, during the construction phase of the project. Furthermore, on the grazing land cattle food resources may get destroyed, as a direct or indirect consequence of construction activities. This may

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 92 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line create constraints for the small breeders, as grazing land in the study area is limited, thus exacerbating conflicts between livestock rearing and agricultural activities. Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited Duration: Short-term Intensity: Medium Significance: Medium Sianificance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

In coordination with local authorities and the affected communities, temporary grazing land should be identified. The identification of these areas should take into account the availability of water. In case it is not possible to find temporary grazing land, the proponent should create alternative animal feed measures, such as the production of hay, mineral blocks and vitamin supplements.

After the conclusion of the works, the proponent should take measures to re- establish the natural vegetation of the grazing land (see recommendations in section 6.2.1.1.2). e) Potential loss of plant and faunal resources

The clearing done for the construction activities will have as a consequence the decrease and/or loss of plant resources, with the associated decrease of faunal resources. Given that these resources play an important role in the life of the population, either for food or as a source of income, their shortage will create constraints in the affected communities' subsistence.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Highly likely Extension: Limited Duration: Medium to long-term Intensitv: Medium Significance: High Significance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

Before starting clearing, meetings should be held with the affected communities to inform them about the temporary loss of these resources and a survey should be done of the resources available in each area that will be affected. After clearing has been done, the removed and reusable plant resources should be stored and made available for use by the affected population.

After the conclusion of the construction works, measures should be taken for a rapid regeneration and reforesting of the cleared area and the re-introduction of the fauna species there were present in the area before clearing. For the regeneration of the plant cover and the re-introduction of animal species the recommendations made in

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 93 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line section 6.2.1.1.2 (about plant regeneration) and 6.2.1.1.5 (about fauna regeneration) should be adhered to. f) Potential loss of access roads

The construction process will imply a delimitation of extensive construction areas, where there will be several excavations, a large concentration and movement of machines. Access to these areas may become prohibited to the local communities, during the construction phase for reasons of personal security and the prevention of accidents. This prohibition may affect and limit the local communities' access to their machambas, water supply sites, forest resource exploitation areas, social services (schools and health units), access roads, sacred places and cemeteries, grinding mills and produce sales points, thus creating social, economic and cultural constraints.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited Duration: Short-term Intensity: High Significance: High Sianificance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

Consultations should be held with the communities to identify the roads normally used by them to access the sites of social, economic and cultural importance. If the transmission line construction process interferes with the population's access to these places, the communities should be informed and the execution of work in smaller sections should be planned and measures taken for a rapid conclusion of the works.

Alternative access roads for the population to the places referred to should be identified, and, if necessary, opened up.

6.2.1.2.3 Historical and cultural impacts

a) Interference with historical and archaeological places

In the study area a few places of historical importance were identified, such as the Wiriamo massacre monument. This particular monument is situated at a considerable distance of the proposed routes, so that it will not be directly affected. However, precautions should be taken in case the proposed routes suffer alterations. It should also be taken into consideration that the exact position of the remaining referred to monuments has not been identified, so that they may be situated very close to the proposed routes. In addition, although no places of archaeological importance have been identified, it is possible that during excavations places and objects of archaeological value are discovered.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 94 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited Duration: Permanent Intensity: Medium Significance: Low Sianificance with mitiaation: Low

Mitigation measures:

Before the start of the works a survey of all the monuments and historical places existing in the proximity of the selected route should be done, in coordination with the competent authorities, local authorities and the communities. In case it is found that the transmission line will interfere with this type of places, measures should be taken to alter the direction of the route and, as far as possible, to prohibit the use of explosives and heavy machinery in their proximity. In the case of discoveries suspected of archaeological value occurring, during the cleaning and excavation phase, measures should be taken to notify the competent authorities, and interrupt the work until these have given directions. The workers should be alerted to the possibility of this type of discoveries occurring and, as far as possible, excavation work should be accompanied and monitored by archaeological specialists. b) Interference with sacred places and cemeteries As referred to in the socio-economic description of the study area, the local communities practice ancestor worshipping, through veneration ceremonies in sacred places. Furthermore, in the whole study area there are communal and family cemeteries. These may be situated along the selected route and as such be affected by the project, thus causing cultural problems and conflicts with the local communities.

Impact classification Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited Duration: Permanent Intensity: Medium Siqnificance: Low Significance with mitiaation: Low

Mitigation measures: Before the start of the construction work, meetings should be held with the communities, the traditional and religious leaders and the local authorities, with the purpose of identifying sacred places and cemeteries that will be affected by the transmission line. In the case of sacred places being identified that will be affected by the line, alterations of the route should be introduced, so as to avoid any type of disturbance of these places. The same measure should be taken when cemeteries and graves are encountered. However, if it is not possible to avoid cemeteries and graves, an

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 95 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line exhaustive survey should be done of all the affected graves, and after the relatives have given permission, one should proceed to exhumation according to traditional procedures and rituals. The costs of exhumation and of the ceremonies should be borne by the proponent. In addition, in coordination with the affected families, the traditional and religious leaders and the local authorities, alternative places should be identified for reburying the mortal remains. These places should be accessible, in terms of distances, to the affected relatives. If it is necessary to open up access roads and clean up the identified place, the costs should be borne by the proponent.

6.2.1.2.4 Other impacts a) Interference with land concessions

Some land concessions for private use that will be directly affected by the project were identified. Their purpose is basically mining (in the proximity of Guluale, Inhagoma and Nhamitsatsi) and the construction of infrastructures such as temples and small dwellings annexed to these (in the proximity of Mussacama).

Impact classification

Likelihood: Highly likely Extension: Limited Duration: Short to long-term Intensity: Low to medium Significance: Medium Sianificance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

Before the conclusion of the project's architectural and engineering design, the proponent, in close cooperation with local authorities, should contact the concession holders who will be affected, to present the project and its requirements in terms of security.

Attention should be given to the fact that in some of these concessions infrastructure construction may be foreseen, so that the respective exploitation plans should be requested and examined, so as to check if the transmission line will have subsequent impacts on infrastructures such as dwellings.

As far as possible slight adjustments should be done so as to avoid the passage of areas where the construction of housing infrastructures and/or large gatherings of people are foreseen, as is the case of temples. Negotiations should be started with the concession holders relative to alterations to be introduced in the location of future infrastructures in places where changing the configuration of the routes is not possible.

Where there are already existing infrastructures, agricultural crops and fruit trees that will be destroyed or damaged during the construction phase, fair compensations should be negotiated with the concession holders. These negotiations should be preceded by a survey of all the goods existing in the field.

If it is found that the construction of the line makes the use of the entire granted land impracticable, then the proponent should, in coordination with the competent authorities, proceed to the identification and allocation of new land, with

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 96 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line characteristics similar to the previous one. All the infrastructures and goods (crops, fruit trees) that have been established in the field before should be replaced or compensated, with the proponent bearing the costs.

Relative to the mining exploitation and prospecting concessions, where explosives may be used, the proponent should identify, together with the concession holders, the areas where the use of explosive material is foreseen and take measures to avoid that the line coincides with these places. b) Impact: interference with mines

In the study area a few zones with landmines were identified and others suspected of being mined, representing a real danger of the occurrence of accidents. It should also be noted that the suspected zones have not been demarcated and there are no concrete indications of their extent. On the other hand, it is important to emphasize that other mined places may exist that have not been demarcated or identified as suspected.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Surrounding area Duration: Short-term Intensity: High Significance: High Sianificance with mitiaation: Low

Mitigation measures:

Before the start of the works, a detailed survey should be done with the demining authorities and companies that operate in the region, as well as with the local population. In cooperation with the competent entities correct signs should be placed to indicate the mined places. In the case of interference with the clearing and construction activities, demining should be done. It is recommended that in the areas where it is more likely to find mines, clearing be accompanied by demining specialists. The workers involved should receive detailed information about the possible occurrence of mines in the work areas. They should also be subject to adequate training about precautions to be taken and the procedures to follow in the case of coming across suspected situations. c) Potential erosion of roads and access roads

During the construction phase there will have to be access roads to the exact places where the transmission line will pass. There may exist roads or new ones to be opened up. The increase of traffic in the area, particularly of heavy vehicles, such as lorries and heavy machinery may lead to a rapid deterioration and erosion of the existing roads.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 97 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Impact classification

Likelihood: Highly likely Extension: Limited and surrounding area Duration: Temporary Intensity: High Significance: High Sicnificance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

The recommendations given in the section about biophysical aspects on erosion control measures should be adhered to. In coordination with the local authorities, strict speed limits should be set and enforced. The workers in charge of driving the vehicles should be urged to respect the limits set, under penalty of the application of fines, in case of violations of what is stipulated.

d) Production of dust and noise

The large-scale clearing activity, as well as the movement of vehicles and the operation of heavy machinery will cause an increase of the levels of dust and noise, causing perturbations and even health problems of the affected communities.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Highly likely Extension: Limited Duration: Short-term Intensity: Medium Sianificance: Medium Sianificance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

The Contractor should take measures to inform the communities about the start of the works and the time limit foreseen for their conclusion. Water lorries should also be used to moisten the works site in areas near population settlements and the working hours established by law adhered to and respected. It should be avoided to continue working during the evening period, weekends and holidays.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 98 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 28. Guidelines for the resettlement and compensation procedure *

ADproach Design and construction of dwellings: The design of the dwellings will be agreed upon with the Govemment of Mozambique. A limited number of alternative floor i) Identify the areas that will suffer impacts plans may be offered to the affected households. The proponent will be ii) Undertake a baseline survey and identify property and the respective responsible for the construction of the replacement dwellings and respective owners. Identify the local community leaders and representatives who infrastructures. As far as possible the building works will be carried out by a may assist local contractor, who will be required to make use of local labour tot the fullest iii) Compile a land register with a valuation of compensatable assets extent possible. iv) Formulate compensation offers and obtain signed agreements with the affected parties Compensation v) Provide alternatve equivalent land (if applicable), inclusive of ancillary support, such as: transport, housing, seeds kits and food Machambas: The calculation of the value of compensation must take into vi) Provide post-resettement care and assistance account the land (size and fertility), the trees and the annual crops. Support vii) Monitor and evaluate the process during the transition period will be considered as will be described below. Cash compensation will be based on the inventory and the monetary value assigned Resettlement and compensation strategies to the goods, in accordance with the baseline data negotiated with the Govemment of Mozambique. The proponent should guarantee that crop Category 1: People who permanently lose their dwellings and/or some or all of production by the households does not suffer deliberate delays, so that support their agricultural land. Full resettlement in another zone in the region, will only be given until the crops have been re-established. identified by the affected party and the proponent (the company in charge of the transmission line), through Govemment approval. The land and the Trees / perennial and annual crops: Compensation for trees and perennial and dwellings should be at least equivalent to what is lost. annual crops will be calculated according to guidelines issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, which take into account the loss of Category 2: People who lose some land temporarily. The household will production and income for the period a similar tree needs to grow. The receive cash compensaton equivalent to the productive value of the land that Govemment of Mozambique will be compensated for the loss of wood with they cannot use. The land will be given back to the household after the economic value in uninhabited areas, according to a pre-established formula. conclusion of the works. The compensaton for trees with economic value situated on machambas will be done through a payment to the respective owners. The compensation for All the affected partes will receive: crop starter packs (seeds, fertilizer, annual crops will be calculated on the basis of the loss of one season's replanting assistance). Food support in the form of emergency food ratons in producton. The value of compensation depends if a single crop is grown, or as certain cases, until the affected harvests have recovered sufficiently to sustain it typical, if several crops will be lost (mixed cropping). the household. Eligibility will be determined, on a case-by-case basis, by the Government of Mozambique and the proponent. Access to land: Where access to firewood is impeded, the proponent is obliged to supply it from the wood available at the works site. Altemative measures to Eligibility and claiming procedure compensate for the temporary access restriction should be negotated between the proponent and the affected communites. a) Registraton. The proponent identifies and registers the claimants b) Details of claim. The proponent should document the nature and detail of Graves/sacred places: The costs of exhumaton, including exhumahon itself, an the claim exhumaton ceremony (including a sacrificial animal) and the re-burial, should c) Investigaton. The proponent, together with the local Government be negotiated with the relatives. A tombstone and other structures at the new structures and traditional leaders, should investigate the claim grave should be at least equivalent to the old ones. Typically, o procedure d) Communicaton. The proponent should keep all the informaton relative to follows the following steps: i) The grave is identified and the relatives are the conclusions of the investigation and the compensatons paid. An informed of the need for its relocation; ii) The relatives are asked to identfiy the appeal may be lodged regarding the decision to the local Govemment grave and to indicate the site and other requirements relative to re-burial; iii) If bodies. if necessary, further appeal may be lodged at the Provincial no relatves can be located, permission should be obtained from the local chief Government level. or the District Administrator; iv) The proponent should make a formal request for e) Decision. The decision is based on the informaton recorded and on exhumation and re-bural; v) A professional undertaker is contracted to relocate discussions held with the local Government. The Government of the grave; vi) The undertaker is informed and introduced to the relatives; vii) Mozambique may decide in favour or against the claim The rituals should be performed and the family should be compensated for the f) Appeal. The claimant may lodge a claim to a Mozambican court, if he costs incurred; viii) Re-burial is done. intends to challenge the decision of the Govemor Payment of compensation Resettlement Processes Cash payments: Cash payments will be made directly to the head of the Households: Before starting the works, the proponent is obliged to determine affected household, as soon as an agreement is arrived at about the amount to the exact number of households that will be affected and submit a be paid. The local chief should testify the payment. resettlement action plan to the Government de Mozambique. Using local banksanstf/utions: Through an agreement with each affected The construction of new dwellings and infrastructures should be at least household, payment will be done by cheque or voucher redeemable at any local equivalent to what was lost. All the brck buildings will be object of an exact bank or financial institution. Pay offices may also be created in the project area and realistic assessment. The proponent should also build all the ancillary for this purpose. The households will have to be transported to the banks or pay infrastructures (wells, latrines, etc.). The procedure to follow is: i) Rebuild offices, if these options are used. houses and all the infrastructures in an agreed upon locaton; ii) Prepare a detailed inventory of all property (movable and immovable) The owner may Procedure for payment: remove all materials he wishes to salvage within two weeks of vacating the dwelling; iii) Provide transport (including packers and loaders) to physically i) The affected party will have to sign for the reception of the payment and move people and their possessions to the new location); iv) Provide confirm that the amount is the full and final settlement of the claim temporary housing, if necessary. No destruction of existing dwellings should ii) The proponent and the Govemment of Mozambique should control the start before the new ones are ready for occupation. In certain circumstances, payment lists to ensure that all affected partes received the payment due to the proponent and the owner may agree on ways of temporary housing. them iii) A report should be prepared, reflecting the consensus arrived at by the Land for resettlement: Land for resettement will be identified according to parties. existing Govemment of Mozambique procedures. All efforts will be made to ensure that members of one family are resettled close to one another and ruptures of social structures in each ward avoided. * adapted from the 8th Revision of 11 July 2001 of the propLosal prepared for SASOL in the scope of the construction of the Temane - Secunda pipeline

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 99 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 29. Summary of the biophysical impacts and mitigation measures during the construction phase

Impact Likelihood Extension Duration Intensity Significance Mitigation measures

Soil erosion High Limited Long-term Medium Medium to low 1. To implement temporary erosion control measures dunng construction to minimize the loss of soil during the removal of vegetation in the corridor (e.g. sediment retention mechanisms to control floodwater such as protection nets, wooden stakes, etc). 2. To restore the natural contour lines of the conidor to avoid the accumulation of water and the potential for accelerated erosion. 3. To remove and heap up the topsoil (75 mm) separate from the rest of the residues (e.g. subsoil, rocks, etc). Restore the topsoil as a final layer in the whole corridor. To re- establish the indigenous herbaceous vegetabtion immediately after construction. Soil compaction High Limited Short-term Medium Medium to low 1. To break up the soil to a depth of 60 to 100 centimetres, with the use of a tool, mainly in the areas of agricultural use.

Destruction of High Limited Long-term Medium Medium to low 6 To make adjustments to the transmission line corridor vegetation within the route so as to minimize the dsk for threatened plant corridor species communities or other communities of ecological or cultural importance. 7 Manual removal of the vegetation in areas adjacent to river margins and of steep slopes. 8 To carry out selective felling or pruning of the trees adjacent to the corridor, to avoid danger to people and goods. 9 To limit Contractor's access outside of the construction corridor and especially where the existence of threatened plant species/communities is known or suspected. To reduce the construction works area to a minimum in these areas. To prohibit access of vehicles or personnel outside the construction right-of-way without prior Contractor's approval. 10 To prohibit all the workers involved in the project from buying charcoal or firewood that may be offered for sale along the corridor, to avoid promoting the use of the corridor for commercial purposes. 11 To prepare and implement a training programme for educating machinery operators with respect to environmental sensitivity along the route.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 100 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Impacts on the Certain Limited Long-term High High 1. Clearng operations should observe a minimum distance of reduction of sensitive 15 metres from the maximum water level marks in rivers or habitats other aquatic environments. 2. The wetlands existing on the Zambezi River margin should be avoided; when this is not possible, special care should be taken, such as: to limit constnuction to the dry season; to carefully clean equipment after work in areas infested with exotic invasive species; to prohibit the spilling of fuel and lubricants or disposal and abandonment of any other products.

Impact of invading High Limited Long-term Medium Medium 1. To replant the soil with an herbaceous cover, as soon as species possible after construction. The re-establishment of a graminaceous layer is the best way to avoid infestabon by invading species. Curative action, after invasion having taken place, is expensive and time-consuming. 2. To eradicate invading species along the corridor in the first year after construction. To determine the need for actions after this maintenance period. The eradication should be carried out before the germination of the seeds in summer. 3. The clearing machines should be cleaned perodically, so as to remove any seeds that may have got stuck to the blades or the caterpillars. This care should be greater when areas are traversed where invading species occur. In these areas the possibility should be studied to use herbicides during machinery cleanup. Impact on the fauna Likely Limited Short-term High (in the case of Medium 1. To prohibit access of vehicles or personnel outside the (reptiles and deaths in endangered work servitudes, without prior approval of the power amphibians) species) transport company. 2. In case the existence of threatened reptile and amphibian species is identified, it is recommended to accelerate construction work in these sections of the corridor.

Impact on the Likely Limited Short-term High (in the case of Medium to low 1. Some nidification places can easily be detected (e.g. nests avifauna deaths) of large birds of prey, etc), and may be avoided, if possible, (divert the route from the tree) or collected in coordination with the environmental site officer and the Veterinary Facuity of the Eduardo Mondlane University or the Museum of Natural History. 2. To construct the line between April and September, i.e., outside the breeding season of the majority of species.

Removal of riverine Likely Limited Permanent Medium to tow Medium to low 1. To mark the large indigenous trees and other endangered vegetation and ioss species trees within and close to the construction right-of- of large riverine trees way that should not be damaged during the works. 2. To limit as much as possible access of workers outside the power line corridor.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 101 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

3. To re-establish stabilizing vegetation on the margins and access roads immediately after the constructon of the transmission line at river and stream crossings, as stipulated by the EIS and special contractual provisions. Disturbance of Likely Surrounding area Long-term Medium to high Medium to low 1. To manage the sediments generated by the excavation sediments in the work for foundation building through sedimentation wells, macro-canal river curtains, small dams and other adequate methods. 2. To construct erosion protection works in the crossing area of the power line with the macro canal margins to avoid the crumbling away or erosion of the margins. The protection works include gabions, stabilkation structures, reno mats, etc. 3. Where possible, construct the river crossing points during iow-flow periods, to enable machines crossing. Spills of hazardous Likely Limited Medium-term Medium Medium to low 1. To prohibit vehicle maintenance in the corridor. The materials vehicles should be services in the workshops inside the main camp. If it is not possible to take a vehkle to the workshop, its maintenance in the corridor should be done with proper precautions (E.g., using plastic sheets undemeath the vehicles, etc.). 2. Machines near river or stream margins should be placed on protective bases (e.g., sheets of strong plastic) to avoid soil and river contamination. 3. If the soil is contaminated, it should be collected immediately for treatment in the camp. Impact of non- Likely Surrounding area Long-term Low Medium to low 1. A team shouid be in charge of keeping the corridor clean, hazardous waste collectng all the waste produced by the workers involved in the project and depositing it in the main camp from where it will be taken to the rubbish dump of Tete Town. 2. To educate the Contractor's workers with respect to: i) keeping the power line corrdor and surrounding areas clean; ii) waste management procedures; iii) penalzations for polluting the environment.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 102 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 30. Summary of the socio-economic impacts and mitigation measures during the construction phase Impact Likelihood Extension Duration Intensity Significance Mitigation measures IMPACTS ON THE . - . . - - POPULATION . . ; * Meeting with the communities to give explanations about the need for permanent removal of infrastructures. * Detailed survey of all the dwellings and infrastructures that will be affected. Inventory of the property existing in each one of the dwellings and other improvements that will be lost or damaged. Transfer of residents and their Highly likely Limited Certain High High * Negotiations about compensabons and implementation of a houses resettlement plan. * Monitoring and audit of the implemented measures. * Monitoring of the line servitude corridor and, in cooperation with the local authorities, drawing up of the procedures to be followed in cases in which former residents of the power line protection and security area retum. * Awareness-raising campaigns for workers and communities so as to promote good relations. Physical presence of outside Highly likely Limited Short-term High High * Awareness-raising I heafth education actions directed to workers and workers and their camps the communities against the spread of STD and HIV/AIDS. * Provision of condoms in public places of easy access for the workers. * As far as possible incorporate and maximize the use of a local work force.

* To stpulate in the Contractor's contract the recruitment and work Craino. epomn conditions for the local work force. Coeabuon of employment Highly likely Limited Medium-term Medium Medium * Monitoring of the work conditions and hiring procedures of the local work force.

* If the hiring of local personnel is not foreseen, inform the communities and explain the reasons.

* Through information channels reduce employment expectations for outside people. Population increase thrugh Likely Limited Short to Medium Medium 0 To give priority to the affected communities in hiring a local work force. immigration me *6um-term To monitor immigration occurred in the construction phase. * To plan procedures for the treatment of informal population settlements in areas surrounding the construction zone.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 103 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

* To make the communities aware of the nature, the objectives and the specific aspects of the project.

Creation of expectations Likely Limited medium-tero Medium Medium 0 Information about the fact that the supply of electricity to the affected regarding access to electricity villages and surrounding is not foreseen, if that is the siuation. * As far as possible to introduce simple energy efficiency technologies that may improve the lives of the local population. IMPACTS ON THE . -. A- ' . : SUBSISTENCE SYSTEMS . ._., _ _ __._._ -

* To inform and to make communitles aware of the need for permanent abandonment of some agricuitural land. * A detailed survey of the affected land will be done, as well as of the Loss of agricultural land Highly likely Limited Certain Medium Medium crops in the feld * Identification and provision of new agricultural plots, with characterisics that correspond to the needs of the affected families. * To render assistance in the preparation of new agricultural land. * Prior survey of the crops and identificabon of their owners. * Attribution of fair compensations for the crops and frud trees lost. * As far as possible allow the use of the crops in the field until their Loss of crops, harvests and fruit Highly likely Limited to Medium to Medium High harvest and promote the maximization of their productivity and yield. trees extensive long-term 0 For the families whose machambas will only be affected during the construction phase, temporary agricultural land should be made available, with characteristics that correspond to the needs of the households. * Awareness-raising of the communities, to alert them against the danger of lack of control of their catle during the construction phase. * To erect fences along the work area in zones with a lot of cattle. * Placing of temporary metal covers on the open holes. * As far as possible, to negotiate with the communitles and the authornies Short to long- Medium High altemative grazing land during works execution. term * The workers should be urged to drive at low speed and watch out for a possible appearance of animals and not to consume any animal without the owner's authorization. * If any accident occurs, cattle falling into the holes and/or being overrun, remove the animals from the holes, render veterinary assistance and replace the cattle heads lost When necessary, attribute compensatons for animals lost.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 104 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

* Identification of temporary grazing land. Medium 0 Introduction of altemative animal feed measures, such as the Loss of access to grazing land Likely Limited Short-temn Medium production of hay, mineral blocks and vitamin supplements. * To provide a rapid regeneraton of the grazing land, if it has been destroyed. * Plant resources should be stored and made available to the Potential loss of plant and fauna communities for use resources Highly likely Limited Medium to Medium High 0 After the conclusion of the works, measures should be taken for the long-term regeneration and reforesting of the cleared area and the re-introduction of fauna species. * Identification of the roads normally used by the communities. Potential loss of access roads Likely Limited Short-term High High 0 To plan the execution of the works in smaller sections and to take measures for a rapid conclusion of the works. * Identlfication and open;ng up of ahem3i;Ve road&6 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL e...... IMPACTS * Survey of all the monuments and historical places existing in the proximity of the selected route. * In the case of interference, alter the direction of the route and as far as possible prohibit the use of explosives and heavy machinery in the proximity of places with histoncal and archaeological value. Interfeoence place Likely Limied Permanent Medium Low * Notification of the competent authorities and interruption of the work, in archaeological places Lthe case of occurring discoveries suspected of having archaeological value. * Awareness-raising of the workers about the possibility of the occurrence of archaeological discoveries. * An archaeological specialist should accompany the cleaning and excavation work. * Identification and survey of sacred places and cemeteries that will be affected by the transmission line. * Alteration of the route, in the event of any type of interference with sacred places and cemeteries being idenbfied. * Where it is not possible to avoid cemeteries and graves, request authorisation from the relatives for exhumation, which should be Interference with sacred places Likely Limited Permanent Medium Low performed according to traditional rules. All the costs relative to and cemeteries exhumation and ceremonies should be bome by the proponent. * To identify altematve places for reburying the mortal remains.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 105 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

O)THER iPlPACrTS : E .

* Analysis of the exploitation plans to identify if the transmission line will have present or future impacts. * To do slight adjustments to avoid the passage of areas where the construction of housing infrastructures and/or large gatherings of people are foreseen. * Negotiations with the concession holders relative to alterations to be introduced in the locabon of future infrastructures in places where Interference with land Highly likely Limited Short to long Low to Medium changing the configuration of the nautes is not possible. concessions term medium * Where there already exist infrastructures, agricuftural crops and fruit trees, that will be destroyed or damaged during the construction phase. fair compensations should be negotiated. * The concession holders should be made aware of the dangers that the line may pose to their type of exploitation and vice-versa. * In the event that the line renders the proposed exploitation unviable, new land, with similar charateristics to the previous one should be identified and allocated. * A detailed survey of mined, suspected and demined areas. * Placing of correct signs to indicate mined and suspected places. * In the case of interference with the clearing and construction activities, demining should be done. * In suspected places a demining specialist should accompany the Interference with mines Likely Surrounding Short-term High High clearing and cleaning activities. area * The workers should be made aware and receive information about the possible occurrence of mines in the work areas. * The workers should receive training about the precautions to be taken and the procedures to follow in the case of coming across suspected situations. * The recommendabons given about erosion control measures should be adhered to. Potential erosion of roads and Highly likety Limited and Temporary High High * Definition of strict vebcity limits. access roads surrounding area * Workers should be urged to respect the speed limits set. * Penaltes for infractions should be introduced. * To inform the communities about the start of the works and the bme limit foreseen for their conclusion. * The use of water lorries for moistening the works site in areas near Production of dust and noise Highly likely Limited Short-term Medium Medium population settlements. * The working hours established by law should be respected and the contnuabon of work during the evening period, weekends and holidays I_I_I_I I avoided.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 106 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

6.2.2. Operation and Maintenance Phase

6.2.2.1 Biophysical impacts

6.2.2.1.1 Propagation of invading plants

Corridor clearing creates favourable conditions for the propagation of invading plants because of lack of competition of these with other plants. Some of them, such as the exotic cactus Opuntia sp., the thorn-bush Dichrostachys cinerea and the exotic Lantana camara, are particularly harmful to agriculture and livestock rearing, as they are difficult to control. These plants are equally undesirable in the line corridor that should always be kept clean.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Surrounding area Duration: Long-term Intensity: Low Siqnificance: Low Significance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

The line maintenance brigades should learn to recognize invading plants and should proceed to their systematic physical elimination. They should also make the peasants and farmers in the vicinity of the power line aware of the need to combat these invading plants.

6.2.2.1.2 Interference with birds

Attention should be given to interference that will occur with birds. Indeed, along the route several species occur that are known for their interference with power lines, particularly in riverine forests (mainly of the Zambezi River) and in the Z6bue plateau area next to the border with Malawi.

This interference has positive impacts on birds without any harm to the project, such as the use of pylons as nesting places and of the lines as perching places, and negative impacts, such as an increase of collisions and deaths by electrocution and the corrosion of insulating material by the deposit of residues produced by the birds. a) Impact as a result of electrocution and collision

Numerous prey birds suffer particularly from electrocution by power lines. Large power line structures, e.g. of 330 kV or 400 kV are not normally a threat to prey birds, as the pylons are designed in such a way that birds are unable to perch in the proximity of the high voltage conductors. In fact, these transmission lines have demonstrated to be beneficial to certain types of birds as they offer security for nesting and a resting place in areas where the conditions of natural alternatives are rare.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 107 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

A collision with the earth wire of the power line constitutes only a potentially significant impact of the line on bird species along the corridor. Likely collision points along the corridor are:

* At the Zambezi River crossing, where the environment is favourable for the existence of a variety of birds species with a predominance of wetlands; * In the large valley before the mountainous area of Z6bue, next to the border with Malawi.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Highly likely Extension: Surrounding area Duration: Long-term Intensity: Medium Significance: Medium Sicnificance with mitication: Medium

Mitigation measures:

Establishment of protection and prevention mechanisms, particularly in the Zambezi River crossing area and the ascent to the Z6bue Plateau. There is a range of technical solutions that may be applied, including protective devices to rearrange perching places, fixing signs to make the lines more visible and isolation against residues. b) Pollution

The excrements of the birds that rest or build nests on the pylons often get accumulated on the insulators, causing a reduction of their quality, and when they start flying they often throw excrements that may cause short circuits.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Highly likely Extension: Surrounding area Duration: Long-term Intensity: Medium Significance: Medium Significance with mitigation: Medium

Mitigation measures

To prevent birds from poising on top of the insulators, bird guards are placed above them, mainly for the self-supporting type pylons.

6.2.2.2 Socio-economic impacts

The identified socio-economic impacts for the construction phase include:

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 108 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Impacts on security and health

* Possibility of accidents with the local population * Electromagnetic waves * Interference with air traffic * Interference with road traffic

Other impacts

* Visual impacts

Next, the above-indicated impacts will be described and respective mitigation measures proposed.

6.2.2.2.1 Impacts on security and health a) Possibility of accidents with the local population

The transmission lines may pose great danger to the surrounding population if they are not informed about the potential dangers and precautionary measures.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Surrounding area Duration: Long-term Intensitv: Low Significance: Medium Significance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

Before the start of he project, during works execution and during the operational phase, awareness-raising actions should be carried out, in coordination with the local authorities and traditional leaders, to inform the affected and surrounding communities about the dangers that a high voltage transmission line may pose. These awareness-raising actions should include security precautions to be adopted by the local communities, i.e.:

* To avoid children climbing the pylons; To avoid children playing with kites and catapults near the line; . To avoid people seeking shelter next to the pylons, particularly during thunderstorms; To avoid the pruning of tall trees near the power cables; To avoid the handling of cables that have broken; . To avoid the building of new infrastructures and/or reconstruction of former dwellings in the protection and security zones (corresponding to a strip of at least 55 metres from the line, for the type of pylons expected in the Technical Route Selection Report).

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 109 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line b) Impacts of electromagnetic waves on human health

Even though there are no concrete scientific proves, it is thought that the electromagnetic waves generated along the transmission line may cause health problems to the people who are directly exposed to them for a long period of time. The exposure limits stipulated internationally define 5kV/m as the maximum allowed limit for human exposure. As indicated in Appendix 2 of the Technical Route Selection Report, the electromagnetic field generated by the type of pylons expected never exceeds this limit, being at the limit of the servitude area (at about 27.5 metres from the transmission line axis) equivalent to 1.4 kV/m. Thus, one can accept that for this specific case the effect of the electromagnetic waves will be negligible. However, given that the correlation between this type of waves and the health problems occurred in some parts of the world has not yet been established scientifically, a precautionary attitude should be maintained and measures taken that may avoid the occurrence of possible effects of these waves on human health.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Unlikely Extension: Limited Duration: Long-term Intensity: Low Significance: Medium Significance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

The recommendations given about resettlement of the population along the servitude and security area of the transmission line should be observed.

The proponent, in coordination with the local authorities, should alert the affected population about the risks that may result from the establishment of residences during the operational phase in the protection and security area of the transmission line.

Periodic monitoring should be carried out, after the conclusion of the works and during the operational phase, to guarantee that no illegal residences are constructed in the protection and security area along the transmission line servitude. These monitoring actions should be coordinated and carried out with the support of local authorities. c) Interferences with air traffic

The project area does not cover zones where the approach or landing of aeroplanes at airfields is planned. However, there is a possibility of the Zambezi River corridor and surroundings being air traffic routes or being overflown during work in the Zambezi Valley.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 110 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Surrounding area Duration: Long-term Intensity: Medium Significance: Medium Significance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures:

In the section where the line crosses the Zambezi River, air traffic warning signs should be placed along the line. These signs are constituted of 600mm-diameter white and orange or red globes distributed along the line with a 30-metre interval between them.

The proponent should also inform the air traffic authorities about the construction of a new transmission line. d) Interference with road traffic

Traffic on the EN 103 next to the corridor will suffer from sunlight reflection from the shiny pylon structures, which may disturb vehicle driving. This will be a long-term impact until the pylon structures have lost their shine.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited Duration: Long-term Intensity: Medium Significance: Medium Significance with mitigation: Low

Mitigation measures

At a distance of a few meters from the zones where the above-mentioned reflexes occur, information signs should be placed to warn the drivers about the occurrence of these effects.

6.2.2.2.2 Other impacts a) Visual impacts

It is important to take into account that individuals and communities set up associations between a given area and its spiritual, aesthetic and therapeutic qualities. These associations may assume emotional and sentimental values, illustrative of ways of life over time, transmitted from generation to generation. The physical presence of the transmission line, as an intrusive element, may cause the loss of this type of associations, which will be felt more strongly in the rural areas where there is a very close relation between the communities and the surrounding nature.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 111 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

On the other hand, the presence of the line may also have an intrusive character relative to the beauty of scenic places, causing visual impacts on the tourist potential of the area.

The terrain is flat in the southern part and ondulating in the northern part of the project area. The vegetation distribution along the corridor is considered disturbed by the practice of agriculture in the southern and northern part and intact to little disturbed in the central part of the corridor. The visual impact of the line will be limited in the ondulating terrain. However, in places with dense vegetation, land clearing for erecting the pylons will create interruptions in the vegetation, resulting in negative visual impacts until the vegetation has been re-established. In its turn, in the zones characterized by rare and dispersed vegetation the pylon structures will be felt to be still more intrusive and may equally cause negative visual impacts.

Impact classification

Likelihood: Likely Extension: Limited to surrounding area Duration: Medium to long term Intensitv: Medium Significance: Medium Significance with mitigation: Medium

Mitigation measures

The recommendations of a landscape specialist should be taken into account, so that the intrusive impact of the line on the beauty of the affected places may be minimum.

As far as possible, the transmission line should be built behind ondulating areas or lines of dense and tall vegetation.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 112 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 31. Summary of the biophysical impacts and mitigation measures during the operational phase

Impact Likelihood Extension Duration Intensity Significance Mitigation measures Intrusion of invading Likely Surrounding area Long-term Medium Medium 1. To eradicate invading species along the species coridor in the first year after construction. To determine the need for actions subsequent to this maintenance perod.

Interference with birds Highly likely Surrounding area Long-term Medium Medium 1. To establish protection and prevention (Electrocution and mechanisms, particulariy in the Zambezi collision) River crossing zone and in the rising zone towards the Z6bue plateau. There is a range of technical solutions that may be applied, including protection devices to divert perching places, placing signs to make the lines more visible and isolation against residues.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 113 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 32. Summary of the socio-economic impacts and mitigation measures during the operational phase

Impact Likelihood Extension Duration Intensity Significance Mitigation measures 1. To make the communities aware of the dangers that a high Likely Sunounding Long-term Low Medium voltage transmission line may present and to indicate Possibility of accidents area precautionary measures.

1. Adherence to the recommendations given relative to the resettlement of residents. 2. To make the communities aware of the rsks that may result from Impacts of setting up residences in the protection and security area of the electromagnetic waves on Unlikely Limited Long-term Low Medium transmission line. human health 3. During the operational phase, to monitor the protection and security zone to guarantee that no illegal residence is built in this area.

traffic Likely Surrounding Long-term Medium Medium 1. To place adequate air traffic waming signs. Interference with air area

Interference with road Likely Limited Long-term Medium Medium 1. To place adequate road traffic waming sings. traffic

1. To consult a landscape specialist, for the line to cause a Liey Limited to the Medium to long- MduMeimminimum intrusive impact on the beauty of the affected places. Visual impacts Likely surrounding term Medium Medium 2. As far as possible, erect the pylons behind ondulating areas area and/or lines of dense and tall vegetation.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 114 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The EMP contains a series of general and specific recommendations that, collectively, constitute a basis for management (impact mitigation) and environmental control during the construction and operational phases of the project. The majority of the impacts described before are of a temporary nature and mainly limited to the construction phase. The remaining impacts may easily be monitored, on condition that the project creates conditions for regular inspections and monitoring.

The objective of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to provide environmental standards for the power line construction, operation and maintenance.

1. The Contractors are legally required to comply with the frame of reference and standards of the project. While this EMP provides background information, it is the Contractor's responsibility to verify the accuracy of any information provided and, irrespective of any inaccuracy or incompleteness, to comply with the frame of reference and standards. 2. The frame of reference for the environmental standards is to avoid impairing (a) the health or well-being of people, and (b) land capability. 3. EDM should monitor compliance with the frame of reference and project standards. 4. The Contractor should be required to present method statements to EDM for approval for the various construction activities. The ultimate responsibility for non-compliance with the standards in this document lies solely with the Contractor. 5. EDM retains the right to enforce compliance with the standards irrespective of non-compliance that it might, at its sole discretion, condone in certain instances.

7.1. Role and responsibilities

The EMP serves to identify the principles, responsibilities, activities and (some) methodologies that the Contractor should adopt for an effective management of the environmental impacts during the project's construction phase and that EDM should adopt during the operational phase.

EDM Commitment

EDM is committed to ensure that construction of the power line is undertaken according to the recommendations of this report. EDM is committed to undertake their work in such a way that is respectful to the local people, their land and resources.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 115 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

EDM has undertaken to manage operations in a manner that protects the environment and the health and safety of employees, customers, contractors and the public. To this effect, EDM, the consultant and the contractor should: i. Advise managers, supervisors and employees of safety, health and environmental requirements, and hold them accountable for performance; ii. Manage activities to minimize environmental and human health impacts and provide workplaces where recognized hazards are minimized or controlled; iii. Provide professional staff to support safety, health and environmental protection commitments; iv. Monitor, evaluate and report performance in safety, health and environmental protection; v. Provide training when needed to protect human, environmental, cultural and physical resources; vi. Failure to report incidents and wilful non-compliance with EDM policy will result in disciplinary action in accordance with internal disciplinary guidelines

Environmental commitment and quality management for the project:

The Contractor should:

* Comply with all of the requirements of the EMP and shall, in accordance with accepted standards, employ techniques, practices and methods of construction that will ensure compliance with this standard and, in general, minimize environmental damage, control waste, avoid pollution, prevent loss or damage to natural resources, and minimize effects on surrounding landowners, occupants and the general public. * Prevent or minimise the occurrence of accidents which may cause damage to the environment, prevent or minimise the effects of such accidents and shall return the environment to a state as close to the condition existing prior to any such accident as possible. * Should it be considered by Government Authorities that the construction activities of the contractor are causing unacceptable environmental damage, the contractor shall immediately consult with the appropriate government authorities and EDM and agree upon the remedial measures to be undertaken. Such agreed remedial measures shall be undertaken immediately to prevent further damage and to repair any damage that may have occurred. * Commence any remedial measures within a reasonable period following the receipt of a written instruction from EDM to do so. * Be open to periodic environmental compliance audits and provide the necessary information for such purposes. In addition the contractor shall implement their own audits to ensure conformity with the requirements of the EMP. Prepare and submit plans to EDM demonstrating the method according to which compliance with the environmental standards will be achieved. While EDM may comment on any inadequacies in these plans, the ultimate responsibility for non- compliance with the standards in this document lies solely with the Contractor.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 116 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

7.2. Levels of responsibility for the management and implementation of the EMP

The responsibilities of the parties involved in the power line construction project work team are detailed below.

Project consultant

* Overall responsibility for ensuring that the project EMP, Procedures and Method Statements are prepared and implemented, and that they comply with all legislative and contract requirements; * Ensuring and partaking in regular reviews of the Environmental Management Plan; * Provide a regular report to management and ensure that findings and recommendations are responded to and implemented as necessary; * Ensure non-conformities are reported; * Ensure non-conformities are corrected within the required time frame and that remedial solutions are effectively implemented; * Ensure subcontractors fulfil their environmental obligations.

Contractor

* Procedures and Method Statements; * Organisation of labour, plant, transport and equipment to perform the work in accordance with the environmental requirements; * Responsible for ensuring all sub contractors are aware of the contractors Environmental Policy and the requirements of the EMP, Procedures and Method Statements; * Ensure the works are carried out in accordance with Project Drawings, the Contract, and the environmental requirements stated in the EMP; * Implement agreed actions resulting from audits and inspections.

Environmental Manager

* Implementing the EMP, Environmental Procedures and Method Statements; . Promoting and communicating environmental issues to personnel and ensuring project staff are briefed on their responsibilities under the EMP; * Advising the Construction Manager of environmental requirements; * Liaison with statutory and non statutory authorities and the public; * Provision of environmental induction training for all Contractor staff; * Undertaking environmental site inspections to ensure compliance with the EMP; * Advising the Construction Manager on the actions to be taken arising from audits of the project; * Day to day liaison with the Construction Manager and briefings of crews; * Recommending solutions to environmental problems as they are foreseen or encountered; * Development of pollution control and emergency response plans, including provision of adequate pollution control equipment; * On-site advice, reporting and investigation of all environmental incidents; * Establishment of adequate arrangements for the storage, disposal and recycling / re-use of waste;

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 117 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

* Establishment of adequate arrangements for the storage of fuel, oils and lubricants on the site and at the construction yard; * Regular liaison with EDM.

Officer in charge of land issues

* Liaison with landowners (commercial and subsistence) and tenants. This process should be used to establish compensation requirements; * Undertake site inspections to monitor working practices and ensure landowners and farmers requirements are fulfilled.

7.3. Procedures

The Contractor shall produce detailed procedures for the treatment of specific activities, as required by the EMP. These shall specify how the environment will be protected and how the environmental impacts will be avoided or mitigated during the detailed design and construction phases of the project. The procedures, plans and method statements will cover:

* Construction of campsites; * Waste management; * An emergency plan that will enable rapid and effective response to all types of environmental emergencies in accordance with recognised international standards; * A fire prevention and emergency management plan in the event of a fire occurring, as an constituent part of the environmental plan; * A method statement for the control of alien invading plants; * A method statement specifying the main river crossing points; * The preparation, soil recovery, fertilization and sowing methods to be followed in the rehabilitation of each one of the work areas and the post-establishment maintenance regime to be implemented.

All the Plans, Procedures and Method Statements should be reviewed by EDM or an appointed competent representative prior to acceptance and adoption. The procedures and method statements should take into account the observations of the EMP and the necessary environmental standards and should include:

* Location and construction of temporary camps for the construction workers; * Location and construction of warehouses for materials storage; * Preparation and installation of construction yards; * Disposal of waste produced as a result of the rehabilitation of bridges, excavations and the works in general; * Methods to deal with cases of potential soil and surface or groundwater contamination; * Methods of dust control; * Methods of noise control.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 118 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

7.4. Monitoring

If necessary, an ecologist should be contracted to supervise the works in relevant sensitive areas and monitor the potential impacts referred to in this report.

The Contractor should draw up appropriate protocols for site inspections and perform regular audits that allow the monitoring of adherence to environmental legislation and good practice. EDM personnel should participate in this process in the context of institutional capacity-building for environmental management.

Infrastructure and services establishment management

Camp positions and planninq and warehouse construction for materials storage

General conditions:

* The camps and any materials storage warehouses should be built in areas in which it is possible to minimize the potential for ecological impact occurrences and public nuisance; * The camps should not be situated within or in the proximity of main population concentration centres, so as to minimize immigration risks and other disturbances that may affect these communities; * The Contractor should comply with all the relevant Mozambican laws and regulations with respect to water supply, sanitation, wastewater drainage and solid waste disposal.

On the other hand, the camps should not be built:

a) in any area with an intact vegetation, according to what has been defined in this report; b) in particularly sensitive areas (wetlands, riverine areas and intact woodlands); c) at a distance of less than 200 metres from any water course; d) in any area where they may cause disturbance or affect the security of the communities of surrounding areas (the local communities' authorization should be requested); e) without EDM authorization.

Before setting up a camp, a method statement should be prepared and submitted to EDM for review. This statement should contain the following information: a) Location of the area and respective layout; b) Type of vegetation; c) Topsoil management; d) Solid waste disposal; e) Erosion control; f) Waste management; g) Water supply; h) Bushfire risk management; i) Rehabilitation.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 119 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Clearing and levelling of the camp and materials storage warehouse sites

* The size of the camp/materials warehouse should be determined in such a way that only the necessary area is affected by the construction activities; * The environmental manager or a suitable environmental consultant should inspect the site before the beginning of cleaning (i.e. during the planning phase), to guarantee that all the environmental requirements are fulfilled in the planning phase and to assess if the area contains sensitive ecosystems or endangered species; * If necessary, clearing the vegetation should be done manually; * All the topsoil that has been broken up during the levelling activities should be kept for later reuse in rehabilitation; * The piles of root and topsoil material should not exceed a height of 2 metres; * All appropriate measures should be taken (e.g., on the verges and zones of uneven terrain) to prevent erosion of the piled up material.

Access control

Camp entrances and exits should be restricted to control access and for security reasons, as well as to avoid movements or the expansion of camp activities to outside its limits.

All precautionary measures should be taken to guarantee that the Contractor's activities do not jeopardize the way of life or the security of the local communities, neither result in the loss, injuring or death of domestic or wild animals.

Management of hazardous and chemical substances (HCS)

All the HCS should be handled, stored and discarded in a safe and responsible way, so as to avoid soil contamination, water pollution and/or harm to people or animals resulting from their use.

The Contractor should comply with all the Mozambican laws and regulations, as well as with the relevant conditions regarding applicable authorizations and approvals in the case of storage, use and adequate disposal of hazardous materials.

The Contractor should prepare a method statement for hazardous and toxic materials and waste management on the construction site and outside of it. This plan should include preventive measures for soil contamination, water pollution, accidental fires and risks/harm to people and animals, but should however not be limited to these aspects.

Landfills of hazardous materials and waste on the construction site will be prohibited.

DDT shall not be used in the area for malaria control or for any other purpose.

The Contractor's Health, Safety and Environment Procedures (HSE) must be followed for the communication and control of accidents with chemicals.

In addition to these procedures, measures should be taken, with special emphasis on the storage and handling of fuel and lubricants.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 120 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Prevention of fuel and lubricants spills

Storage and handling of fuel and lubricants

* The fixed fuel storage tanks should not be situated in any area different from the approved one for the execution of the works and the construction of the camps.

* The fuel storage installations with a capacity over 1000 litres should be situated in an even of slightly sloping terrain. There should be a bund around the area with a capacity to contain at least 125% of the total capacity of the storage tanks. The bund and the floor of the storage area should be built with impermeable material or contain an impermeabilizing layer to ensure that the petroleum products do not escape.

* All the fixed storage areas should be isolated by a security fence with a lockable gate. Symbolic safety signs should be posted at the area with indications such as 'no smoking' 'no naked lights' and 'danger', in conformity with a recognized standard.

* Fuel storage and vehicles repair and refuelling should be done at a distance of at least 100 metres from any housing area, watercourse or wetland, floodplain or where there is a potential risk of fuel spills contaminating the watercourse or the groundwater. The fixed fuel store should always be situated within the boundaries of the camp.

* Where watercourses and wetlands are traversed, the instruments and equipment to be used on-site, such as pumps, compressors and generators, should be installed on a impermeabilizing layer (e.g., polyethylene or other similar material), to avoid hydraulic fluid or fuel spills contaminating the soil or the groundwater, or to enter some watercourse or wetland. All reasonable precautions should be taken to avoid fuel or lubricant spills. To this end, the Contractor should ensure that:

> the diesel drums and tanks are not filled above their maximum or security capacity; > regular audits are performed to guarantee that no leaky or defective equipment is brought to the site; > any fluids or lubricants spilled during vehicle routine maintenance is collected in trays, in another type of recipient or through another adequate collection way.

o The equipment should be inspected regularly to ensure that fuel, lubricant or hydraulic spills do not occur. o The oil, fat and other contaminating substances that may affect water life should be cleaned in all equipment to be used in areas containing fish resources. o There should be sufficient absorbent material available on-site for use in the event of accidental spills. An inventory should be compiled of this material and information spread about their location in the area; this should be included in the method statements. o Accidental fuel, lubricants or other hazardous substance spills must be immediately cleaned and the incident reported through the incident information transfer procedure and communicated to EDM. The

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 121 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

measures taken to remedy the spills problem should be entered into the incident report and communicated to EDM.

Solid waste management

Every effort should be made to reduce, reutilise or recycle the waste produced by the construction activities. The Contractor's HSE procedures for waste management in the area should be followed. Amendments or alterations to these procedures are presented below:

Biodegradable domestic waste handling and disposal

1. All the authorizations should be obtained from the Government of Mozambique regarding the local disposal of domestic waste. Special attention should be given to the requirements of Article 15 of the Framework Environment Law of October 1997. 2. Before setting up each one of the camps a method statement should be prepared to check if the proposed waste disposal site complies with the requirements of the Mozambican Legislation. 3. The method statements should include the following:

* The nature and quantity of waste to be disposed of; * The location of the area; * The legal status of the area (usage rights, verification of the absence of concessions); * The current use of the area; * Land usage in the surrounding areas within a radius of two kilometres; * Surface water within a radius of 1km; * Vegetation of the area; * Depth of the water table; * The geohydrological conditions between the surface and the water table; * The availability and depth of proper cover material; * Temporary security of the site and access control; * The landfill construction and disposal methods; * Waste management; * Closure and area rehabilitation.

A solid waste control and removal system should be set up. Domestic waste should be disposed of in appropriate containers and its temporary accumulation should be managed so as to keep unauthorized people and animals at a distance. The waste containers should be emptied daily. The work areas should always be kept clean and tidy. The deliberate disposal of waste and of solid waste in general should be avoided.

Workers' and local communities' health and safety management

As malaria is endemic in the project area, the Contractor should prepare and implement a programme to minimize the incidence of this disease among the workers and the subsequent spread to the population of the surrounding areas. The programme should be prepared with the support of a medical doctor with experience of this disease and its treatment. The issues to be covered by this programme should include:

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 122 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

* Measures to avoid the proliferation of mosquitoes in the construction areas. * Measures to avoid workers from contracting the disease, including awareness-raising regarding its prevention and taking protection measures in the housing and eating areas. * Measures to detect and effectively treat malaria immediately after detection.

The Contractor should prepare and implement a programme to minimize the risk of HIV infection proliferations as a result of the construction contract. The programme should be prepared in coordination with EDM and with support of a medial doctor with experience in HIV prevention and treatment. The following measures should be implemented:

* A continuous HIV training course and worker information about ways of HIV/AIDS and STDs transmission, through workshops, posters and informal information sessions;

* Inciting workers to submit themselves to HIV tests;

* Supply of condoms to the project area;

* Inciting workers to submit themselves to STD treatment in its initial phase, to minimize the HIV infection risk;

* Promoting early treatment and monitoring of secondary/opportunistic infections such as coughs, flues and pneumonia;

* Promotion of an environment free of the HIV/AIDS stigma through an open and non-discriminatory approach to the epidemic, at all worker levels;

* Drawing up of a detailed construction camp management plan, including on- site behaviour rules, entrance and exit policies and the prohibition of prostitution on the premises.

Rainwater, washing water and wastewater management

1. All efforts should be made to avoid the discharge in the surrounding environment of any pollutants of the area, such as cement dust, chemicals, fuel and untreated effluents; 2. Whenever possible, rainwater and effluents should be diverted for treatment by the municipal services, e.g. in Tete town;

In cases in which no services are available, the following rainwater management measures should be taken:

a) Construction of drainage structures (channels, dykes, drains), for effective water drainage from the camp. Special precautions should be taken to guarantee that in the installations situated in high-precipitation areas the dispersion of the maximum precipitation anticipated is possible; b) All precautions should be taken to avoid contamination of the rainwater system; c) In the event of a significant spill, the main existing drainage points should be blocked, so that it is not possible to catch contaminated water;

1. In cases in which effluent management services are not available, the following measures should be taken:

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 123 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

a) Contaminated water from materials washing plants, kitchens, laundries and other washing areas should be separated in washing water and waste water; b) Washing water should be drained away to a retention recipient. The water should initially pass through a fats retention point for their removal; c) Whenever viable, conservation tanks should be used, that should benefit from regular maintenance, as a way to avoid exceeding the treatment capacity; d) In some cases, in which the use of conservation tanks is not viable, portable effluent treatment equipment may be brought to the site.

1. The location, construction and management of all the drainage and water treatment installations should comply with the by EDM approved regulations.

Management of sacred places

* The Contractor should guarantee that the construction does not damage or destroy any place of archaeological or sacred importance. * In the event of a discovery of archaeological places in the areas impacted upon by the construction, the Contractor should request an independent assessment of the importance of the place and mitigate the impacts. * On the other hand, the Contractor should fulfil the following requirements relative to archaeological impact management:

An archaeologist should make a well-founded classification of any places of archaeological importance encountered, according to three main categories:

1. Places that do not need mitigation; 2. Places that need a limited mitigation, such as the mapping and collection of surface objects and artefacts; 3. Places that require extensive mitigation, such as mapping and excavation work (salvage); 4. The tombs and sacred places should not be disturbed by the construction, unless it is possible to come to an agreement with the affected communities.

7.5. Construction camp rehabilitation programme

a) All the structures erected by the Contractor should be pulled down, removed and, if possible, used for the construction of other camps; b) Any debris generated by the camp demolishing should be buried in an approved disposal site; c) The pollution control structures (drains, septic tanks, fats retention mechanisms, etc.) should be emptied and the waste should be disposed of, according to the waste disposal procedure; d) Once empty, these structures should be removed with all precautions to avoid any possible soil or water contamination; e) Infrastructures that will not be reused should be got rid of in an appropriate way; f) All the remaining waste should be handled according to the waste management procedure; g) Once the area is free from all materials, the terrain should be prepared for rehabilitation; h) Rehabilitation may involve ploughing and grading the area on places where the terrain has been compacted by equipment and structures; i) The original topsoil heaped up in the camp should then be uniformly scattered over the disturbed areas;

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 124 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

j) The area will then be rehabilitated through the natural succession process; k) The environmental manager should monitor the old camp to assess the success or failure of rehabilitation.

7.6. Environmental training and education programme

Environmental consciousness-raising plays an important role in accomplishing environmental management. As such, it should be guaranteed that everybody, including the Contractor and any outside consultants, are properly informed and trained.

The combined health, safety and environment training should be carried out before allowing workers to move to the site. A training record should be kept by the Contractors health, safety and environment (HSE) department.

The course should be supplemented by talks about specialized topics and specific operations. If need be, written instructions and procedures should be made available. Additional training should be given to key personnel, to provide additional information about environmental management.

The following steps should be followed:

* Environmental consciousness-raising orientation should be given to all the workers, contractors and consultants as part of their general orientation. EDM should verify the HSE procedure for Contractor training; * Basic training in environmental audits and the compliance with legislation should be given to the site officers in charge of safety, as well as to the officers in charge of daily environmental performance monitoring; * The environmental manager should have the necessary skills for implementing legislation compliance audits during the whole duration of the power line construction.

During project execution the manager will promote on-site environmental consciousness-raising through talks.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 125 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Table 33. Environmental management and monitoring programme

Construction Potential Impact .Action Responsible Period activity . ,. organization * To obtain from the relevant district institutions licences for the worker and work camp areas. Approval Socio-economic * To obtain written permission from the landowners Contractor Pre- construction & licences to carry out activities on their land, and supply & EDM copies to the Works Engineer.

* After heavy rainstorms and during the construction Pre- construction period to inspect all works within the corridor and (rehabilitation) Drainage Sedimentation auxiliary areas, in terms of drainage and erosion Contractor & after heavy rains problems and repair all the damaged areas.

* To retain all the corridor topsoil and reuse it in Topsoil Sedimentation, other approved areas. Contractor Pre- construction conservation and soil degradation * To separate and store the topsoil in the auxiliary & Works (rehabilitation) reuse and destruction of areas. The maximum topsoil landfill depth should Engineer habitat be 2m. Work force Degradation of * To coordinate the proposed works with the affected management habitat communities. Before setting up * To ensure that the workers act in a responsible way Contractor worker camps with the local population and that they do not collect or remove personal, forest or fauna resources. * To ensure that none of the workers burns firewood within or outside the works site.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 126 Environmental Impact Study of the 400kV Mozambique - Malawi Power Line

Construction Potential Impact Action Responsible Period activity organization * To provide paraffin and stoves (or other non-wood systems) for the entire worker cooking needs. * To coordinate with EDM's Social Unit the minimization of HIV/AIDS proliferation. * To implement an STD and HIV/AIDS education programme for all the communities adjacent to the transmission line corridor, if existing. * To educate all the workers (including the Contractor Pre-construction workers and consultants) about STDs and HIV/AIDS. EDM & (rehabilitation) Work force STDs, and This should be done at the beginning and every two Contractor management HIV/AIDS months. & Works * To display HIV/AIDS information material in all the Engineer buildings used by the workers. * To provide condoms to the workers. * To operate a health clinic (paramedics) for STDs, HIV/AIDS and other simple diseases for the duration of the contract. * To carefully handle and store hazardous materials, in Pre- construction Dangerand Public health and closed areas. Contractor (rehabilitation) hazardous safety, water * Whenever necessary, to obtain approval for and &nW or material pollution, soil dispose correctly of hazardous materials. management pollution * Spills of hazardous products should be cleaned Engineer immediately. * The local population should be consulted about the Works Pre- construction General activities Cultural property location of sacred places, etc. and these areas should Engineer (rehabilitation) be prohibited to workers.

Impacto, Lda - Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 127 i I

I I

i I

i i INDICE

1. INTRODUCAO ...... 2

2. OBJECTIVOS ...... 3

3. AMBITO DE TRABALHO DO EIA ...... 3

4. QUADRO LEGAL E INSTITUCIONAL ...... 3

5. DESCRICAO DO PROJECTO ...... 4

6. ALTERNATIVAS AO PROJECTO ...... 4

7. SITUACAO AMBIENTAL DE REFERENCIA ...... 4

8. AVALIA ,CAODE IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS E MEDIDAS DE MITIGAC O...... 14

9. ANALISE DE ALTERNATIVAS ...... 15

10. PLANO DE GESTAO AMBIENTAL ...... 15 10.1. MITIGACAO DE IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS ...... 15 10.2. CAPACITAQAO INSTITUCIONAL E FORMAC AO ...... 16 10.3. MONITORIA ...... 16 11. RESULTADOS ESPERADOS E RELATORIO ...... 16

12. EQUIPA DO EA ...... 17

13. PLANO DE TRABALHO ...... 17

1 1. INTRODUPAO

De modo a beneficiar do Southern Africa Power Pool (SAPP), estabelecido no ambito da SADC para coordenar a interligac3o dos sistemas elctricos dos diferentes paises, o Governo da Republica de Mocambique e o Governo da Republica do Malawi, para beneficio mutuo dos dois paises, decidiram interligar os seus sistemas electricos.

Foi assinado um memorando de entendimento inter-governamental no qual a Electricidade de Mocambique (EDM) e a Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi Limited (ESCOM) foram instruidas para ligar os seus sistemas de transmiss3o de energia atraves de uma linha de transporte de 220 kV, entre as subestac6es de Matambo, em Mocambique, e Blantyre West, no Malawi. A linha tera uma extens3o de cerca de 210 km (60% em Mocambique e 40% no Malawi) e devera suportar o transporte de pelo menos 200 MW.

Novos desenvolvimentos industriais no Norte de Mocambique, na Tanzania, no Quenia e noutros paises da regiao necessitarao de uma quantidade de energia adicional de pelo menos 300 MW.

O Governo de Mocambique, atraves da Unidade Tecnica de Implementac3o de Projectos (UTIP), esta a estudar o aumento da produc3o de energia hidroelectrica no Vale do Zambeze, de modo a produzir pelo menos 1 000 MW. Sera entao necessario um sistema de transporte capaz de transportar a energia adicional que sera produzida, pelo que a linha de 220 kV referida acima nao reunira condic6es para o efeito.

Assim, para responder as necessidades futuras, a EDM e a ESCOM desejam projectar e construir a linha de transporte a 330 ou 400 kV mas operando inicialmente a 220 kV.

De acordo com a legislac3o ambiental em vigor em Mocambique, decidiu a EDM encomendar o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental do troco da linha de transporte que percorre territ6rio nacional a Impacto, Lda.. A linha de transporte tera o seu inicio na Subestac3o de Matambo, a Sul de Tete, e entrara em territ6rio malawiano na regi3o de Z6bue.

O EIA sera elaborado em consonancia com as normas nacionais estabelecidas pelo MICOA, respeitando os padr6es internacionais normalmente referenciados, nomeadamente os do Banco Mundial. Assim, e tendo em atenc3o a dimens3o do projecto, o EIA incluira um Piano de Gestao Ambiental que permitira integrar componentes ambientais na administrac3o corrente do projecto, quer na sua fase de construc3o, quer na sua fase de operac3o e manutenc3o.

2 2. OBJECTIVOS

0 objectivo do Estudo de Impacto Ambiental e identificar os provaveis impactos, positivos e negativos, que o projecto tera no meio ambiente (tanto bioflsico quanto s6cio-econ6mico) e estabelecer a compara,ao entre o projecto e outras alternativas possiveis (incluindo a alternativa "sem projecto"). 0 EIA identificara medidas necessarias para prevenir, minimizar, mitigar ou compensar os impactos adversos e medidas que permitam conservar e melhorar o ambiente.

0 EIA incluira ainda um Plano de Gest3o Ambiental que descrevera em detalhe as medidas de mitiga,ao que deverao ser implementadas, os seus custos, planeamento e responsabilidade pela implementacao; o PGA apresentara ainda o processo de monitoria ambiental do projecto e indicara, se necessario, acco6es de forma,ao em quest6es ambientais.

3. AMBITO DE TRABALHO DO EIA

Durante esta fase, o Consultor, em conjunto com a EDM, identificou e descreveu a area de estudo do projecto e procedeu ao estudo dos diferentes tra,ados possiveis para a linha de transporte, definindo os criterios e a metodologia que permitiram avaliar os distintos itinerarios de modo a se poder escolher a melhor alternativa de rota possivel. Nesta fase foi produzido o "Relat6rio Ambiental de Definicao de Ambito", documento este que serviu de apoio a elaboracao dos presentes Termos de Referencia.

Estabelecida a rota para a linha, proceder-se-a entao a consulta publica. 0 projecto sera apresentado as autoridades e organizarc6es governamentais, nao- governamentais e privadas bem como aos habitantes dos principais aglomerados populacionais, recolhendo-se as sua opini6es e sensibilidades em rela,ao ao projecto. Estas opini6es e sensibilidades das Partes Interessadas e Afectadas serao apresentadas no Relat6rio Final, sendo que as relevantes serao tidas em conta na elabora,ao do EIA.

4. QUADRO LEGAL E INSTITUCIONAL

Sera feita a apresenta,ao das leis e regulamentos que enformam a qualidade ambiental, saude e seguranca, proteccao de areas sensiveis, proteccao de especies em perigo e de locais de importancia hist6rico-cultural, de uso da terra e dos recursos naturais, etc., a nivel nacional e local.

Serao ainda descritas as instituic6es que a nivel nacional e local tem responsabilidade pela regulamentacao, gestao e capacitacao ambiental. Este

3 levantamento sera tambem efectuado dentro da pr6pria empresa responsavel pelo projecto, a EDM, de modo a garantir que o PGA sera efectivamente implementado.

5. DESCRI!AO DO PROJECTO

0 consultor apresentara uma descric3o detalhada do projecto, que sera fornecida pela EDM, a qual devera conter a identifica,co da natureza e ambito do projecto, a localizagao proposta, os objectivos e as caracteristicas tecnicas principais do Projecto.

0 consultor avaliara as componentes relevantes do Projecto, particularmente em rela,ao aos seus impactos positivos. Cada componente sera analisado em rela,ao a todas as fases da vida do Projecto, isto 6, fase de constru,ao e fase de opera,co e manuten,co.

6. ALTERNATIVAS AO PROJECTO

Tendo em atencao os principais objectivos do projecto, o consultor incluira a analise de projectos alternativos que possam satisfazer aqueles objectivos. Ate onde for possivel, o consultor devera quantificar os custos e beneficios de cada alternativa, incorporando as medidas de mitigac3o associadas. A analise deve considerar os seguintes cenarios: o Constru,ao de novas barragens no Malawi; o Instalac3o de turbinas a gas, para produ,ao de energia, no Malawi; e o Cenario sem projecto.

0 consultor deve prestar atencao aos potenciais impactos, ao investimento e custos de operacao, a adaptabilidade as condi,6es locais e aos requisitos de monitoramento necessarios para cada op,ao. 0 consultor devera descrever as raz6es que sustentam a escolha do presente projecto em compara,ao com as alternativas apresentadas.

7. SITUA9AO AMBIENTAL DE REFERENCIA

0 consultor fara o levantamento e a avaliacao da situa,ao ambiental actual, biofisica e s6cio-econ6mica e cultural, da area de influencia do projecto. A descricao dal resultante, para alem de servir para a determinacao e avalia,ao de impactos causados pelo projecto, sera usada como base de referencia para comparar e monitorar as modifica,coes que o projecto introduzira no meio ambiente. A descri,ao da situacao ambiental de referencia deve incluir toda a informacao possivel sobre

4 modifica,6es que se preveja venham a ocorrer como consequencia da implementa,co do projecto.

A situa,co ambiental de referencia deve conter descri,6es relevantes dos seguintes aspectos: Ambiente Fisico: o Geologia e geomorfologia; 0 consultor devera: 1. Identificar e descrever as forma,c6es geol6gicas que ocorrem na zona de influencia do projecto; 2. Indicar as rochas caracteristicas de cada forma,co geol6gica; 3. Indicar as forma,6es geol6gicas que apresentam ocorrencias minerais de importancia econ6mica; 4. Descrever as forma do terreno e indicar as inclina,6es caracteristicas de cada uma; 5. Apresentar os dados recolhidos em forma de tabelas e de mapas a escala conveniente (nao superior a 1:250 000); 6. Relacionar o projecto com a geologia e geomorfologia da sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitiga,co; 7. Propor um programa de monitorizac3o preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,co propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. o Solos; 0 consultor devera: 1. Identificar e descrever as unidades de solos que ocorrem na zona de influencia do projecto; 2. Mapear as unidades de solos a escala conveniente (nao superior a 1:250 000); 3. Descrever os solos de cada unidade, de acordo com a "Legenda da Carta Nacional de Solos", segundo o agrupamento de solo, caracteristicas dominantes, geomorfologia e geologia, forma do terreno e declive, textura do solo superficial e do subsolo, profundidade, drenagem, materia organica, classifica,co dominante segundo FAQ 1988, principais limita,6es para agricultura e classifica,co da capacidade de terra (USDA).

5 4. Classificar e descrever a susceptibilidade de cada unidade de solos a erosao e apresentar o resultado em forma de mapa a escala conveniente (nao superior a 1:250 000); 5. Relacionar o projecto com os solos da sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitiga,ao; 6. Propor um programa de monitoriza,ao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. o Clima e meteorologia; O consultor devera: 1. Identificar e mapear as esta,c6es e postos meteorol6gicos existentes na area de influencia do projecto e descrever o seu estado de funcionamento; 2. Recolher os dados meteorol6gicos disponiveis de temperatura, pluviosidade, evapora,cao, humidade relativa e vento das esta,c6es e postos meteorol6gicos existentes na area de influencia do projecto; 3. Utilizar os dados recolhidos para obter as medias mensais das variaveis meteorol6gicas e apresentar os resultados obtidos em forma de tabelas e graficos; 4. Caracterizar as diferentes variaveis meteorol6gicas e definir o clima da area de influencia do projecto; 5. Investigar a ocorrencia e frequencia de eventos extremos, como cheias, secas e ciclones; 6. Prever potenciais impactos que o clima e a meteorologia possam ter sobre o projecto e a sua area de influencia e propor as respectivas medidas de mitigacao; 7. Propor um programa de monitorizarao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. o Hidrologia e geohidrologia. O consultor devera: 1. Inventariar e caracterizar a hidrologia das aguas superficiais e subterraneas da area de infludncia do projecto; 2. Apresentar os dados do inventario em forma de tabelas e de mapas a escala conveniente (nao superior a 1:250 000);

6 3. Analisar os locais de travessia dos grandes rios, em particular do Rio Zambeze, e caracterizar esses locais em termos de variar,co de caudal, altura e largura maximas e minimas da corrente, configura,ao das margens e comportamento em situa,6es de cheias; 4. Relacionar o projecto com a hidrologia e geohidrologia da sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitigar,ao; 5. Propor um programa de monitorizarao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitigacao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. Ambiente Bi6tico: o Ecossistemas e habitats sensiveis O consultor devera: 1. Realizar uma pesquisa preliminar dos ecossistemas e habitats principais que ocorrem na area de influencia do projecto e desenvolver um indice de sensibilidade para classificar os ecossistemas e habitats; 2. Levar a cabo uma investiga,ao de campo mais detalhada com a finalidade de descrever e avaliar os ecossistemas e habitats identificados como sendo de especial importancia ecol6gica; 3. Mapear em escala conveniente a ocorrencia de ecossistemas e habitats e classifica-los de acordo com o Indice de sensibilidade definido; 4. Relacionar o projecto com os ecossistemas e habitats da sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitiga,ao; 5. Propor um programa de monitorizarao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. o Flora; O consultor devera: 1. Inventariar e caracterizar as unidades de vegeta,ao que ocorrem na area de influencia do projecto; 2. Baseado em pesquisa no terreno, identificar especies vegetais que ocorrem ao longo da rota; 3. Caracterizar o estado de conserva,ao das forma,c6es vegetais na area de influencia do projecto;

7 4. Identificar especies de especial valor, nomeadamente, especies com estatuto especial de proteccao ou endemicas da regiao, com valor comercial, com potencial para se transformarem em infestantes ou perigosas; 5. Compilar o mapa das unidades de vegeta,ao, em escala conveniente (nao superior a 1:250 000); 6. Relacionar o projecto com a vegeta,ao da sua area de influ@ncia, prever os potenciais impactos que dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitiga,co; 7. Propor um programa de monitoriza,ao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. o Fauna; 0 consultor devera: 1. Compilar os dados existentes sobre a ocorrencia dos taxa de vertebrados que ocorrem na area de influencia do projecto, nomeadamente de mamiferos e aves; 2. Avaliar a distribuirao e abundancia das comunidades faunisticas na area de influencia do projecto e relacionar esses dados com a actividade humana; 3. Identificar especies de especial valor, nomeadamente, especies raras, em extin,ao ou endemicas da regiao; 4. Relacionar o projecto com a fauna da sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitiga,co. Tratando-se de um projecto de linha de transporte de energia, especial aten,ao devera ser dada a interaccao com aves; 5. Propor um programa de monitorizarao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. Ambiente s6cio-econ6mico: o Demografia; Com base no 11Recenseamento Geral da Popula,co e Habita,ao, o consultor devera,: 1. Apresentar o quadro da distribui,ao, em numero e percentual, da popula,co dos distritos, postos administrativos e localidades, por sexo, abrangidos pela area de influencia do projecto e analisar esses elementos. 2. Apresentar o quadro da distribui,co percentual da popular,ao dos distritos abrangidos pela area de influencia

8 do projecto, por sexo e grupos de idade, calcular o indice de masculinidade para cada grupo e analisar esses elementos; 3. Apresentar o quadro de indicadores da composir,co etaria (indice de dependencia e idade mediana) por distrito e posto administrativo e por grupos funcionais de idade e analisar esses elementos; 4. Apresentar o quadro da densidade populacional da Provincia de Tete, dos distritos e postos administrativos abrangidos pela area de influencia do projecto e analisar esses elementos; 5. Elaborar o quadro da popula,co por distrito, posto administrativo, localidade e aldeia de residencia abrangidos pela area de influencia do projecto, por sexo e agregados familiares e compilar o mapa de localiza,co das sedes daqueles agregados populacionais; 6. Relacionar o projecto com a populac3o habitante na sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitigar,co; 7. Propor um programa de monitorizar,co preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. o Habitagao e infra-estruturas; 0 consultor devera: 1. Descrever os diferentes tipos de aglomerados populacionais encontrados na area de influencia do projecto; 2. Descrever os diferentes tipos de habitac3o desses aglomerados, nomeadamente quanto aos materiais empregues na construc3o, sistemas de saneamento, agua e energia; 3. Inventariar e descrever, em particular o estado de conservac3o, todas as estradas (nacionais, regionais e picadas), linhas ferreas, aeroportos e aer6dromos na area de influencia do projecto; 4. Inventariar e descrever os sistemas de comunicac3o na area de influencia do projecto; 5. Relacionar o projecto com a habitac3o e infra-estruturas existentes na sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que dal possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitigac3o;

9 6. Propor um programa de monitoriza,ao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. o Agricultura, pecuiria, pescas e florestas; 0 consultor devera, para cada uma das actividades e da provincia (visao geral) ate a area de influencia do projecto (visao detalhada): 1. Identificar e descrever os sectores produtivos; 2. Indicar a distribui,ao geografica da actividade, com particular detalhe na area de influencia do projecto; 3. Descrever brevemente os sistemas de producao; 4. Indicar os principais produtos produzidos e rendimentos; 5. Descrever o destino da produ,co (autoconsumo e sistema de comercializarao); 6. Relacionar o projecto com as actividades desenvolvidas na sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que dal possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitiga,ao; 7. Propor um programa de monitoriza,ao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. o Recursos minerais e energia; Partindo da provincia (descricao geral) ate a area de influencia do projecto (descri,c3o detalhada), o consultor devera: 1. Inventariar as riquezas minerais potenciais e em explora,ao e compilar o mapa da distribuicao geografica dessas riquezas; 2. Descrever brevemente os sectores produtivos mineiros, respectivos sistemas de produ,ao, volumes de produ,co actuais e potenciais e mercado de produtos; 3. Inventariar a capacidade instalada e utilizada de energia electrica, actual e potencial, da provincia; 4. Descrever o mercado actual e potencial da energia electrica produzida e a produzir na provincia; 5. Descrever os sistemas energeticos (producao e distribuigao de energia electrica, lenha, carvao, etc.) utilizados pela popula,ao e compilar o mapa da distribuicao geografica desses sistemas; 6. Relacionar o projecto com o sector de minas e energia na sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que

10 dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitigacao; 7. Propor um programa de monitorizacao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitigagao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. o Induistria, comercio e turismo; O consultor devera, para cada uma das actividades e da provincia (visao geral) ate a area de influencia do projecto (visao detalhada): 1. Inventariar as actividades indicadas, formais e informais; 2. Compilar o mapa da distribuigao geografica dessa actividades; 3. Relacionar o projecto com as actividades desenvolvidas na sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que da[ possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitigagao; 4. Propor um programa de monitorizarao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitigagao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. o Educarao e saude; O consultor devera, para cada um dos sectores e da provincia (visao geral) ate a area de influencia do projecto (visao detalhada): 1. Inventariar as instalag6es e equipamentos de cada sector; 2. Inventariar os respectivos quadros de trabalhadores, por categorias; 3. Inventariar o nrmero de utentes de cada sistema, por sexo e nivel (quando aplicavel); 4. Para o sector de educa$3o, analisar e comentar a relagao entre alunos masculinos e femininos por nivel de ensino e respectivas percentagens de aproveitamento. 5. Para o sector de saude, determinar a incidencia de doen9as e suas causas; 6. Estabelecer as relag6es entre numero de utentes e unidade de instalagao e unidade de trabalhador do sector e entre populacao e unidade de instalac5o e unidade de trabalhador do sector; 7. Compilar o mapa de distribuigao geografica das instalag6es de cada sector;

11 8. Relacionar o projecto com os sectores de educa,ao e saude na sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitiga,ao; 9. Propor um programa de monitoriza,ao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. o Padr6es de uso da terra e dos recursos naturals; 0 consultor devera, para a area de influencia do projecto; 1. Identificar, com base nas Cartas de Uso e Cobertura da Terra, todas as unidades de mapeamento e descrever as respectivas ocupa,c6es; 2. Investigar junto dos servi,os competentes a existencia e localiza,ao de concess6es de terra para fins agro- pecuarios, florestais, turisticos, industriais, de explora,ao mineira, etc.; 3. Levar a cabo uma pesquisa no terreno para validar a informa,co obtida e preencher quaisquer lacunas; 4. Compilar o mapa de uso da terra e dos recursos naturais da area de influencia do projecto; 5. Descrever os principais padr6es de uso da terra e dos recursos naturais; 6. Relacionar o projecto com o uso da terra e dos recursos na sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitiga,ao; 7. Propor um programa de monitorizarao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. * Ambiente s6cio-cultural: o Sistema de propriedade; 0 consultor devera: 1. Investigar e descrever os sistemas, formais e informais, de posse da terra e dos recursos; 2. Inventariar as propriedades registadas formalmente na area de influencia do projecto; 3. Relacionar o projecto com os sistemas de propriedade, prever os potenciais impactos que dal possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitiga,ao;

12 4. Propor um programa de monitoriza,ao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitigarao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. o Sistema de resoluc3o de conflitos; 0 consultor devera: 1. Investigar e descrever os sistemas, formais e informais, de resolur,ao de conflitos; 2. Investigar os principais conflitos que tem ocorrido na area de influencia do projecto e formas de resolurao; 3. Relacionar o projecto com os sistemas de resolu,ao de conflitos, prever os potenciais impactos que dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitiga,ao; 4. Propor um programa de monitorizarcao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. o Locais historicos, arqueol6gicos e sagrados; 0 consultor devera: 1. Identificar e mapear os locais com significado hist6rico, arqueol6gico ou sagrado na area de influencia do projecto; 2. Avaliar a importancia e o significado desses locais, em particular para as comunidades; 3. Relacionar o projecto com os locais historicos arqueol6gicos e sagrados que ocorrem na sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitiga,ao; 4. Propor um programa de monitorizarao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. Areas de conservacao. 0 consultor devera: 1. Investigar a ocorrencia de areas de conservacao, quer sob o ponto de vista ecol6gico, quer sob o ponto de vista hist6rico-cultural, quer sob o ponto de vista paisagistico, na area de influencia do projecto; 2. Avaliar a importancia e significado dessas areas de conservacao; 3. Relacionar o projecto com as areas de conservarao que ocorrem na sua area de influencia, prever os potenciais impactos que dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitiga,ao;

13 4. Propor um programa de monitoriza,ao preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual. Identifica,ao de partes interessadas e afectadas pelo projecto. 0 consultor devera: 1. Identificar todas as institui,c6es, publicas e privadas, interessadas no projecto e descrever o interesse de cada uma dessas institui,c6es; 2. Identificar todas as instituir6es, publicas e privadas, desde grandes e pequenas empresas a familias, afectadas pelo projecto; 3. Descrever e avaliar quantitativamente as perdas que o projecto provocara as partes afectadas; 4. Quantificar o valor dessas perdas; 5. Relacionar o projecto com as partes interessadas e afectadas, prever os potenciais impactos que dai possam advir e propor as respectivas medidas de mitiga,ao; 6. Propor um programa de monitoriza,alo preliminar para verificar a efectividade das medidas de mitiga,ao propostas e a magnitude de qualquer impacto residual.

8. AVALIA9AO DE IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS E MEDIDAS DE MITIGAQAO

Com base nas descri,6es da situarao ambiental de referencia e do projecto, o consultor identificara, descrevera e avaliara todos os impactos ambientais previsiveis do projecto e apresentara as respectivas medidas de mitiga,co. 0 consultor identificara ainda possiveis modifica,6es que o projecto provocara; estas incluirao, numa lista nao exaustiva, as seguintes modifica,6es: o Oportunidades de emprego; o Infra-estruturas; o Exposicao a doen,as; o Ruido; o Modificac6es em (1) padr6es de uso da terra; (2) praticas agricolas; (3) maneio do gado (pastoricia); (4) sistema de comercializacao; (5) costumes tradicionais (recolha de lenha e plantas medicinais, locais sagrados, etc.); (6) acesso a serviros publicos (saude, educa,ao, etc.);

14 o Aspectos de seguran,a, incluindo (1) medidas que assegurem a seguranca dos residentes locais em rela,ao as radia,ces electromagneticas; e (2) garantir que a saude e seguran,a dos trabalhadores migrantes temporarios seja assegurada; e o Trafico

Na analise dos impactos, o consultor distinguira entre impactos positivos e negativos, directos e indirectos, de curto e longo prazo e entre impactos evitaveis e irreversiveis.

Sempre que possivel, o consultor avaliara quantitativamente os impactos em termos de custos e beneficios ambientais e, quando factivel, atribuira valores econ6micos a essa avalia,co.

Serao recomendadas medidas de mitigac3o eficientes, tecnica e economicamente, que permitam prevenir ou reduzir significativamente os impactos negativos para niveis aceitaveis.

9. ANALISEDEALTERNATIVAS

No "Relat6rio Ambiental de Definic,o de Ambito" foram estudadas algumas alternativas de rota para a linha de transporte de energia, tendo-se concluido qual a melhor rota a seguir. Durante a execuc3o do EIA, caso sejam identificados impactos de elevada significancia que nao possam ser mitigados, o consultor, em conjunto com os tecnicos da EDM, identificara outras alternativas de rota, em maior ou menor dimensao, que permitam ultrapassar os constrangimentos identificados.

10. PLANO DE GESTAO AMBIENTAL

0 PGA compreendera tr@s sec,c6es principais: medidas de mitiga,co, formacao e capacitaa3o institucional e monitoramento.

10.1. MITIGA;AO DE IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS

Sera feita a revisao das medidas de mitiga,co indicadas para cada impacto. 0 consultor devera estimar os custos de cada medida bem como os custos de qualquer impacto residual. Um plano de reassentamento completo devera ser preparado, dirigido as pessoas afectadas por quaisquer perdas de propriedade ou de acesso a recursos. 0 plano devera incluir informac3o sobre o perfil s6cio-econ6mico, o quadro legal e institucional, a organizac3o da implementa,co do reassentamento e

15 compensa,6es incluindo infra-estruturas se as pessoas tiverem que ser fisicamente movimentadas, informa,ao sobre os criterios de compensa,ao e implementa,ao da compensa,ao e outros servi,os de apoio necessarios para implementar estas medidas de mitiga,ao. Outros impactos que pode contribuir substancialmente para o efeito cumulativo do projecto sao aqueles que podem advir durante as fases de constru,ao e opera,ao. Muitos destes impactos, se nao todos, podem ser evitados se se seguirem um conjunto de boas praticas que o consultor devera preparar (p. ex. dispositivos de acondicionamento e tratamento de lixos, movimenta,co dos solos de modo a prevenir erosao e sedimenta,ao dos cursos de agua, etc.).

10.2. CAPACITACAO INSTITUCIONAL E FORMACAO

O consultor devera identificar as necessidades, em termos institucionais, que permitirao implementar as recomendac6es ambientais. Devera reconhecer as estruturas da EDM directamente relacionadas com aspectos ambientais e suas capacidades, bem como de outras institui,c6es relevantes, e recomendar os passos conducentes ao fortalecimento e expansao destas institui,6es de modo a assegurar uma efectiva gestao e monitoria ambientais do projecto.

10.3. MONITORIA

O consultor devera descrever com detalhe os dispositivos necessarios para a implementa,ao da monitoria das medidas de mitiga,ao e dos impactos do projecto durante as fases de constru,ao e opera,ao. Estes dispositivos incluem a descri,ao da metodologia de monitoriza,ao, opera,6es e aspectos que devem ser monitorados, circula,ao dos relat6rios de monitoria (responsabilidade e presta,ao de contas) e dispositivos que assegurem que o processo de monitoria seja efectivo e conduza a modifica,6es, quando necessario, de modo a assegurar que um minimo de impactos negativos tenha lugar. Deve ser apresentada uma estimativa de custos e a descri,co de outras necessidades como sejam forma,ao e capacita,ao institucional de modo a assegurar uma monitoria efectiva.

11. RESULTADOS ESPERADOS E RELATORIO

O principal resultado esperado sera um Relat6rio do EIA, conciso e focando aspectos ambientais significativos, em portugues, preparado pelo consultor em "draft", "draft" final e versao final. Descri,6es detalhadas ou dados de base deverao ser apresentadas em anexos ou em volumes separados.

O Relat6rio devera ser organizado de acordo com o esquema seguinte:

16 * Sumario executivo * Introdu,ao * Descrirao do projecto * Alternativas ao projecto * Quadro legal e institucional * Situa,co ambiental de referencia * Potenciais impactos e medidas de mitigarao * Analise de alternativas * Plano de gestao ambiental o Mitiga,ao de impactos ambientais o Capacita,ao institucional e formarao o Monitoria * Conclus6es e recomenda,6es * Anexos . Referencias

12. EQUIPA DO EIA

A elaborarao do EIA requer analises interdisciplinares de varias materias. A equipa incluira tecnicos das seguintes especialidades: * Especialista ambiental; * S6cio-economista; * Ecologista / bi6logo; e * Engenheiro electrotecnico (linhas de transmissao), podendo vir a recorrer a outras especialidades se o desenvolvimento do trabalho assim o justificar.

13. PLANO DE TRABALHO

No quadro seguinte se apresenta o plano de trabalho para a elabora,cao do EIA da linha de transporte de energia da Interligarco Morambique - Malawi, a partir do momento da aprovarao destes Termos de Referencia pelo MICOA.

17 PLANO DE TRABALHO

ETAPAS\SEMANAS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Aprova,ao dos TOR

Estudos de Base

Consulta Publica

Avalia,ao de Impactos e Medidas de Mitiga,ao

Plano de Gestao Ambiental

Elaboracao do Relat6rio "Draft"

Aprova,ao do Relat6rio "Draft" pela EDM

Elaboragao do Relatorio "Draft" Final

AprovaQio do Relat6rio "Draft" Final pelo MICOA

Elabora,ao do Relat6rio Final

18 19 ii

i I i I PROJECTO bE INTERLIGACAO MOCAMBIQUE - MALAWI PROCESSO DE CONSULTA PUBLICA Registo dos Participantes

-CbAbE bE TETE Hotel Zcimbeze, 4 de Fevereiro de 2004, 09:00 horas -- Nome Instituicao Enderego Tel./Celular Fax No E-Mail No Lelio Dauane ARA - Zambeze Av. da Liberdade, 68, 082 391859 052 - 23908 r)[email protected] Bairro Filipe Samuel -_ -Magaia, Tete Aurelino Almeida Concelho Municipal da Concelho Municipal de 052 - 22900 052 - 22523 Cidade de Tete Tete 082 502764 Joao Alberto J. D. P.Recursos Predio Ex. GPZ, Tete 052 - 24020 052 - 24020 Minerais e Energia 082 - 555009 Luis D. Saunda C). P.Recursos Predio Ex. GPZ, Tete 052 - 24020 052 - 24020 Minerais e Energia 052 - 23015 Ribeiro Marqueso D). P.Obras Pu'blicas e Av. Eduardo Mondlane, 082 502816 052 - 23634 [email protected] Habita§ao Tete )avid Pascoal 1). P.de Cultura, Juv. E Av. Eduardo Mondlane, 74, 082 327440 052 - 23810 [email protected] Nhantumbo - Director Desportos Tete 052 - 22185 Higino Conge - EDM Av. Independencia, Tete 082 502826 052 - 23239 Representante da ErDM 052 - 23033 Luis Joqui Sali - Chefe S. P.de Geografia e Predio Ex. GPZ, Tete 052 - 23958 052 - 23958 dos Servi§os Cadastro - IPACR 082 898937 Eduardo Francisco S. P.de Pecuaria - Predio Ex. GPZ, 40 andar, 052 - 22069 DPADR Tete 082 415228 Maria Cunhete - Chefe S. P. De Pescas Predio Ex. GPZ, 70 andar, 052 - 23166 052 - 23166 dos Servigos Tete 082 850362 Augusto Melo Firmino - S. P. Florestas e Fauna Predio Ex. 6PZ, 40 andar, 082 446623 [email protected] Chefe dos Servigos Bravia - DPADR Tete Sandra Fernandes - Impacto Lda Av. Martires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 [email protected] Responsavel pelo 968, Maputo 499636/7 Processo de Consulta Pu'blica Paula Santos - Impacto Lda Av. Martires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 [email protected] Responsavel pelo Estudo 968, Maputo 499636/7 Socio-Econdmico

t t A L- DE, . -, -D --E

-r4d-W iii6 ,4 2004,- 1600(horas- ;. - Chagaca - Lider Localidade de Localidade de Muchenga Tradicional Muchenga Sandra Fernandes Impacto Lda Av. Martires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 [email protected] 968, Maputo 499636/7 Paula Santos Impacto Lda Av. Mdrtires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 [email protected] 968, Maputo 499636/7

.71 < ; 2~t;' ', ' --' 1 -. ~ :-POSTO AbMIENSTRATIVO:DE z6BuE - -

-, 'Centro de Stide de ZVbue. -5&de Fevereiro de 20,08:00 horas - - Mauricio Ragao Chaora - Centro de Sau'de de Posto Administrativo de Director do Centro de Zobue Z6bue Saude Maria Gracinda Sampaio Posto Administrativo Posto Administrativo de - Secretaria do Posto de Z6bue Zobue Administrativo Higino Conge EDM Av. Independe^ncia, Tete 082 502826 052 - 23239 052 - 23033

Sandra Fernandes Impacto Lda Av. Martires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 Sf [email protected] 968, Maputo 499636/7 Paula Santos Impacto Lda Av. Martires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 [email protected] 968, Maputo 499636/7 ___ POSTO ADMINISTRATIVO DE CAMBULATSISSI - 5 de Fevereiro de 2004, 11:00 horas Vicente Pedro Xavier - Posto Administrativo Posto Administrativo de Chefe do Posto de Cambulatsissi Combulatsissi Higino Conge EDM Av. Independencia, Tete 082 502826 052 - 23239 052 - 23033

Sandra Fernandes Impacto Lda Av. Martires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 [email protected] 968, Maputo 499636/7 Paula Santos Impacto Lda Av. Martires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 [email protected] 968, Maputo 499636/7 - A,DMINISTRAqAO DO DISTRITOl)E MOATIZE ------5 de Fevereiro de 2004, 15:30 horas - Castro Ntemansaka - Administragao do C. P.n° 24, Vila de Moatize 082 595904 052 - 42109 Administrador Distrito de Moatize Rui Chaleca Samo - Posto Administrativo C. P. n° 24, Vila de Moatize 052 - 42109 052 - 42109 Chefe do Posto de Moatize Sede Higino Conge EDM Av. Independencia, Tete 082 502826 052 - 23239 052 - 23033 Sandra Fernandes Impacto Lda Av. Macrtires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 [email protected] 968, Maputo 499636/7 Paula Santos Impacto Lda Av. Mdrtires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 [email protected] 968, Maputo 499636/7 -LOCALIDADE bE MATAMBO- -POV6 kin18 Nialconda, 5 de Fereir de - 17:36 horas Fernando Tomds - Chef e Localidade de Povoa,ao de km 18, da Matambo Nialconda Localidade/Secretario de Bairro Higino Conge EDM Av. Independencia, Tete 082 502826 052 - 23239 052 - 23033

Sandra Fernandes Impacto Lda Av. Martires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 [email protected] 968, Maputo 499636/7 Paula Santos Impacto Lda Av. Mdrtires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 [email protected] 968, Maputo 499636/7 AWMINISTRACAXO 1)0- ISTRITO r)E CHANGARA

',->^ r!' ______-_ 6 "de ;ever'ei 6'd 2004, 08:00,hora ; -s Jose Luis &ante - Chef e Administra,ao do da Secretaria Distrito de Changara Higino Conge EDM Av. Independencia, Tete 082 502826 052 - 23239 052 - 23033 Sandra Fernandes Impacto Lda Av. M6rtires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 [email protected] 968, Maputo 499636/7 Paula Santos Impacto Lda Av. M6rtires da Machava, 01 - 01 - 493019 [email protected] 968, Maputo 499636/7 PROJECTO bA LINHA bE TRANSMISSAO bE ENERGIA MOAMBIQUE - MALAWI

Processo de Consulta Publica - Resumo dos Reunioes Tete, Fevereiro de 2004

CIbAbE bE TETE Hotel Zombeze, 4 de Fevereiro de 2004, 09:00 Horas

APRESENTACAO DO PROJECTO

A Sro. Sandra Fernandes, da Impacto Lda, responsdvel pelo Processo de Consulto Publica, deu por iniciado a reuniao comegando por dar as boas vindas Qos convidados e agradecendo a sua presenga. be seguida, opresentou a Sra. Paula Santos, tambem da Impacto, responsdvel pelo Estudo S6cio-econ6mico, e o Sr. Higino Conge, representonte da EDM, o proponente. be seguida, apresentou a agenda da reuniao: 1. Os objectivos da reuniao 2. 0 processo de consulta publica 3. Apresentagao do projecto da linha de transmissao de energia Mosambique - Malawi 4. Sessao de perguntas e respostas 5. As etapas seguintes e encerramento

Relativamente ao primeiro ponto, a Sra. Sandra comegou por dizer que a reuniao tinha como objectivos dar a conhecer o projecto da linha de transmissao de energia Mogambique - Malawi, informar sobre o processo de consulta publica e principalmente, recolher opinioes e preocupagoes, criticas das populagoes abrangidas pelo projecto.

Passando depois para o segundo ponto, explicou que o processo de consulta publica consistia no levantamento dos assuntos-chave que afectam o projecto, atraves de reunioes a nivel provincial e local, documentaoao, andlise e avaliagao dos assuntos-chave pela equipa de Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA).

A Sra. Sandra apresentou depois o projecto da linha de transmissao de energia Mogambique - Malawi e comegou por explicar o acordo entre os Governos Mogambicano e Malawiano para a interligagao dos seus sistemas de energia e do memorando de entendimento intergovernamental no qual a Electricidade de Mocambique (EDM) e a Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi (ESCOM) foram instruidas para ligar os seus sistemas de transporte de energia atraves de uma linha de transporte de 220 kv, entre as substag5es de Matambo, em Mogambique, e Blantyre West, no Malawi.

A Sra. Sandra indicou que esta linha iria suportar 330 ou 400 kv mas que iria operar inicialmente a 220 kv. Disse ainda que este projecto iria abranger somente a Provincia de Tete, mais concretamente os bistritos de Changara e Moatize. be seguida a Sra. Sandra descreveu as tres rotas alternativas preliminares para a linha de transmissao de energia entre a Substagao de Matambo ate Z6bue. Indicou que inicialmente existiam tres rotas alternativas, nomeadamente as alternativas A, B e C, alternativas estas identificadas durante um estudo preliminar da drea de estudo efectuado por uma equipa da Impacto.

A Sra. Sandra explicou depois que para a selecgao das rotas tinha-se que ter em conta alguns criterios tais como: assentamentos populacionais, terras agricolas, travessia do Rio Zambeze, relevo, rios e terras h6midas, vegetagao, estradas de acesso, criterios tecnicos, locais de importancia cultural e arqueol6gica, parques nacionais, reservas naturais e dreas de conservagao, dreas minadas e alteragao da paisagem. Explicou depois que das tres alternativas a rota B apresentava menos problemas, dai ser considerada a rota preferida.

A Sra. Sandra indicou que no momento decorriam as tres fases do EIA, a consulta publica, o levantamento biofisico, levado a cabo por outra equipa da Impacto constituida pela Sra Abida Jamal e pelo Sr. Alfredo Nuvunga, e que no momento encontravam-se no campo e que esta era a segunda semana que se encontravam a percorrer a linha atraves de coordenadas geograficas. Indicou ainda que na semana anterior a mesma equipa havia percorrido a linha atraves de um helicoptero juntamente com um consultor da ESCOM na Africa do Sul, o Sr. Jose Clara, contratado pela EbM para a determinagao da rota final. bisse ainda que este trabalho havia sido dificultado devido as chuvas que assolaram a Provincia de Tete durante quase toda a semana passada.

A Sra. Sandra informou depois que esta equipa jd havia identificado a alternativa B como a rota final por apresentar menos riscos de acordo com os criterios de selecgao, isto e, por passar por menos aglomerados populacionais, e por zonas de pouco relevo, pois as outras ficaram de fora por passarem por assentamentos populacionais, por zonas bastante montanhosas e por apresentarem elevados custos. Contudo, a rota B apresentava alguns inconvenientes como ao caso da travessia do Rio Zambeze. Pois no local onde a linha ird atravessar o rio este apresenta 1 km de uma margem, e como a distancia de uma torre a outra nao pode ser grande hd a necessidade de se construir uma torre no meio do rio aonde existe uma pequena ilha. Dai a necessidade de se fazerem estudos tecnicos de prospecqao para se encontrar a camada rochosa da ilha para a construgao da torre. Contudo, todo este processo ird envolver elevados custos, por isso que em alternativa a rota B existia agora uma segunda alternativa a B, a B2, que segue paralela a linha de Transmissao Centro - Norte ate a confluencia dos Rios Zambeze e Luenha aonde o rio e estreito seguindo depois em linha recta para Z6bue. Porem, existem alguns constrangimentos em relagao d esta segundo alternativa, pois no local de confluencia dos dois rios jd nao existe lugar para a construgao de mais torres e por esta linha passar depois por terras humcidas propicias a pdssaros que provocariam curtos circuitos nas linhas e por passar por zonas de grande relevo envolvendo elevados custos.

A Sra. Sandra passou depois a explicar o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental, que tinha como objectivo identificar os potenciais impactos ambientais e s6cio- econ6micos do projecto, avaliar provaveis compensag5es, recomendar medidas de mitigagao para as fases de construgao e operacao do projecto e elaborar o Plano de Gestao Ambiental para o controle das duas fases.

Relativamente a metodologia, esta estava dividida em duos fases, o processo de consulta publica e o estudo especializado, que consistia no levantamento das caracteristicas biofisicas e s6cio-econ6micos da area em estudo, na identificagao dos impactos ambientais e s6cio-econ6micos e finalmente, na elaboracao do Relat6rio de Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (REIA) e no Plano de Gestao Ambiental (PGA).

A Sra. Sandra indicou depois que o resultado que se espera e o REIA e o PGA com os comentdrios das Partes Interessadas e Afectadas incorporados, os impactos positivos e negativos do projecto no meio ambiente e medidas para prevenir, minimizar e mitigar tais impactos. Para terminar a sua apresentadao indicou que o REIA seriam depois enviados para o cliente, a EDM, para apreciagao e comentarios e enviado depois para o MICOA para aprovagao, e s6 depois seria a fase de construgao do projecto.

Depois de terminada a apresentagao, fez-se um intervalo de 15 minutos. Ap6s o intervalo a Sra. Sandra abriu a sessao para perguntas relativamente ao que havia sido explicado.

SESSAO DE PERGUNTAS E RESPOSTAS

Pergunto O Sr. L6eio Dauane, da ARA - Zambeze, interviu indicando que no documento explicativo do projecto deveria constar a descriqao do ambiente biofisico e o numero de aldeias e os respectivos nomes. Criticou ainda que os mapas que Ihes haviam sido distribuidos s6 mostravam os nomes dos rios.

Resposto Respondeu-se ao Sr, Dauane que no documento explicativo do projecto que Ihes havia sido enviado nao constava a descrigao biofisica e nem s6cio-econ6mica da area em estudo porque ate ao momento da distribuigao a rota final/definitiva ainda nao tinha sido identificada no terreno. Pois a rota definitiva B s6 tinha sido identificada na sexta-feira, dia 30 de Janeiro de 2004, depois do documento ter sido enviado para as Partes Interessadas e Afectadas. Indicou-se ainda que de acordo com a equipa que estava a trabalhor no campo tinham sido identificadas as povooges de km 18, Muchenga, Guluale e Kaphiridjanje ao longo da rota B. Chamou-se atengao para o facto de que algumas zonas por se encontrarem inacessiveis por causa dos chuvas ainda nao haviam sido investigadas mas que a partir do dia 5 a equipa responsdvel pelo estudo s6cio-econ6mico iria percorrer os pontos que fossem acessiveis por forma a identificarem outras povoagaes. Informou-se tambem que seriam ainda contactados os postos administrativos que se encontravom dentro da drea de estudo.

Pergunta O Sr. bouane questionou depois sobre o tratamento e local de deposigao final aos residuos solidos e liquidos existentes durante a fase de construgao.

Resposto A essa pergunta respondeu-se que o estudo encontrava-se aindo na fase de levantomento dos aspectos biofisicos e s6cio-econ6micos e que depois desse levantomento seria elaborado um Relat6rio de Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (REIA) que iria conter nao s6 a descrigao biofisica e s6cio-econ6mica como tambem os impactos cousados nessas duas dreas e respectivas medidas de mitigagao. Foi tombem indicado que o REIA incluiria um PGA e neste seriam certamente incorporadas as medidas adequadas para lidar com a questao dos residuos s6lidos e liquidos resultantes do processo de construgao da linha de transmissao.

Pergunta O Sr. bauane mais uma vez interviu para perguntar que medidas seriam tomadas em relagao ao maneio comunitario e reassentamentos.

Resposto Foi indicado que no REIA iriam estar inclusas todas as populag6es directamente afectadas em termos de infraestruturas e que deveria ser elaborado um plano de reassentamento. Para as machambas que viriam a ser afectadas, o EIA iria propor a tomada de medidas adequadas para nao prejudicar a prdtica agricola (sustento do populagao) com particular enfase para colheitas perdidas. Estes dois aspectos (reassentamento e prdticas agricolas) deveriam ainda constar no PGA. Contudo, salientou-se que era importante nao esquecer que a equipa de EIA iria apenas propor a tomada destas medidas e que cabia ao cliente implementd-las aquando do implementagao do projecto. Pergunto O Sr. Aurelino Almeida, do Conselho Municipal interviu e dirigiu-se ao Eng. Higino Combe, da EDM perguntando sobre a necessidade de se colocar um poste no meio do rio Zambeze.

Resposto O Sr. Higino Combe respondeu que nesse local por onde a linha iria atravessa o rio a distancia entre as margens era superior a 1 km explicando depois que postes que carregam energia de alta tensao nao devem estar muito distanciados, isto e com devem ter uma distancia superior ou igual a 1 km por razoes de seguranga, pois os cabos nao podem ficar suspensos em distancias muito largas.

Pergunto O Sr. Aurelino Almeida interviu mais uma vez para perguntar qual era a distancia entre essas torres.

Resposta O Sr. Higino Combe disse que a distancia entre as torres era de 100 metros.

Pergunta O Sr. Aurelino Almeida perguntou ainda porque razao a linha Mogambique - Malawi nao seguia paralela 'a linha centro - norte (de songo) at6 'a conf luencia dos rios Zambeze e Luenha, local onde a distancia entre as duas margens era pequena.

Resposto Foi respondido que para projectos desta natureza e para evitar elevados custos constroem-se linhas mais curtas e rectas. Explicou-se ainda que depois da confluencia entre os rios a linha teria que seguir em linha recta ate Z6bue e que nesse local verificavam-se vdrias formaraes rochosas que dificultariam o posicionamento das torres encarecendo demais o projecto.

Pergunto O Sr. Ribeiro Marqueso perguntou qual era a tensao da corrente que iria ser transportada na linha.

Resposta Foi explicado que a linha Mogambqie - Malawi iria ser construida prevendo-se o transporte de 400 kv mas que numa primeira fase seria apenas explorada ate 220 kv. Deu-se exemplo da linha do Zimbabwe que tambem foi construida para transportar correntes mais altas de 220 kv mas que s6 transportava 110 kv. Pergunta O Sr. Ribeiro Marqueso interviu mais uma vez e tal como o S. Almeida perguntou tambem a razao porque a linha nao seguia a rota da linha centro - norte para evitar as povoag5es.

Resposta Nesse ponto, tal como jd havia sido explicado, a linha iria passar por formagoes rochosas que dificultariam o acesso para a construdao das torres. Por outro lado, evitava-se passar por aquela zona de confluencia dos rios Zambeze e Luenha por haver falta de espago para colocar as torres, uma vez que jd existem 1a as torres da linha centro - norte. Explicou-se ainda que aquela era uma zona muito sensivel devido a existencia de terras humidas que serviam de respiradores do lengol fredtico, para alem de ser uma zona de nidificagao de pdssaros, chamando a atengao para o facto de se evitar erguer torres em zonas onde existem pdssaros.

Pergunta O Sr. Luis Saunda, da DPRME perguntou se a rota atravessaria alguma concessao mineira.

Resposta Respondeu-se que a linha atravessaria a concessao mineira da Marlin Granite.

Pergunta O Sr. Saunda perguntou ainda se a linha nao iria passar por uma outra concessao mineira que se situava mais abaixo da Marlin Granite.

Resposto Indicou-se que existia uma outra concessao mineira mas que nao seria abrangida pela rota.

Pergunto O Sr. Lelio bauane interviu mais uma vez observando que numa pr6xima consulta publica deveria ser fornecida mais informaqao sobre o projecto, mais concretamente em relagao ao ambiente biofisico e s6cio-econ6mico da drea em estudo do projecto.

Resposto Foi clarificado que a presente reuniao consistia na apresentagao do projecto e na recolha de informag6es adicionais que os participantes poderiam ter sobre a drea de estudo cuja demarcagao havia sido enviada num mapa atraves das cartas - convite.

Explicou-se ainda que o presente projecto apresentava a particularidade de a rota estar a ser definida ao mesmo tempo que decorria o levantamento do EIA, pelo que at6 ao momento que foram enviados os documentos explicativos do projecto ainda ndo existia urn tragado definitivo, e que por isso nao poderia ser apresentada a descrigao do ambiente biofisico e s6cio-econ6mico com antecedencia. Fez-se notar tambem que havia sido efectuado um estudo de definigao de ambito para as tres rotas alternativas prelirninares e que de urn modo geral haviam sido tragados os perf is biofisicos e s6cio-econ6micos da drea de estudo. Esse relat6rio poderia depois ser enviado a EDM para posterior consulta dos interessados.

Referiu-se tambem que de qualquer forma antes de se finalizar o EIA seria efectuada urna nova reuniao publica mais abrangente que iria dar a conhecer ao publico em geral os resultados dos dois levantarnentos (biofisico e s6cio- econ6mico) e os impactos previstos, bem corno as propostas medidas de rnitigaqao.

Pergunta O Sr. David Nhamtunbo, da DPCJD, interviu para dizer que concordava corn o Sr. Lelio bauane na medida em que deveriam estar mais informados sobre o ambiente biofisico e s6cio-econ6mico da area em estudo do projecto por nao serem especialistas na drea e tendo a percepgao de que o desenvolvirnento traz degradagao do meio ambiente. 0 mesmo disse ainda que o projecto iria trazer implicag6es sociais e que ao contrario da expectativa da populagao tinha apenas beneficios econ6micos vindos da venda de energia. 0 Sr. Nhamtunbo criticou ainda o facto de nao ter sido feita urna apresentagao dos participantes no inicio da reuniao.

Resposta Sobre a prirneira pergunta, respondeu-se mais uma vez que a reuniao tinha sornente como objectivo a apresentaoao do projecto. Chamou-se atengao para o facto de o EIA estar a decorrer em simultaneo com a identificagao da rota pelo que nao era possivel ainda tragar o perfil especifico dos aspectos biofisicos e s6cio-econ6micos da area proposta para o projecto. Agradeceu-se depois o cornentdrio e assegurou-se que em pr6ximas ocasioes teria se o cuidado de se fornecer os dados da descrigao biofisica e s6cio-econ6mica no documento explicativo do projecto. besculpou-se ainda pela falta de apresentagao no inicio da reuniao.

Fez-se depois um intervalo de 15 minutos f indo os quais perguntou-se se haveriarn ainda mais perguntas, e nao havendo procedeu-se a explicag&o das fases seguintes: - finalizagao do levantamento biofisico; - consulta publica aos chefes dos postos administrativos afectados e lideres comunit6rios; - inicio do levantamento s6cio-econ6mico que incluiria entrevistas a nivel dos postos adrninistrativos, chefes das localidades directamente afectadas e as diversas direcgoes provinciais; - andlise dos dados e elaboraoao do Relat6rio de Estudo de Impacto Ambiental; - segunda consulta publica (apresentaoao dos dados e resultados dos levantamentos efectuados); - incorporaoao dos comentdrios da consulto publica no REIA; - entrega do REIA ao cliente para apreciagao; - submissao ao MICOA para oprovagao.

Foi dada indicagao de que os participantes poderiam fazer comentdrios adicionais por escrito preenchendo o formulario que havia sido distribuido no inicio da reuniao e enviodos depois 'a Impacto.

Foi indicado que seria elaborada a acta do presente reuniao e que seria enviada a todos os participantes para comentdrios. Por fim encerrou-se a sessao agradecendo a participaoao de todos.

LOCALIbAtE DE MUCHEN6A 4 de Fevereiro de 2004, 16:00 Horos

APRESENTACAO DO PROJECTO

A Sro. Sandra Fernandes, da Impacto Lda, responsavel pelo Processo de Consulta Publica, agradeceu a presenga do Sr. Chagaca, lider tradicional da Localidade de Muchengo e apresentou depois a Sra. Paula Santos, tombem da Impacto, responsdvel pelo Estudo S6cio-econ6mico. be seguida, comegou por falor dos objectivos do reuniao, possando depois a explicar o projecto da linho de transmissao de energia Mogambique - Malawi: a alternativa B, os criterios de selecgao das rotas, o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental, metodologia e resultados esperados e, as etapas seguintes.

SESSAO DE PERGUNTAS E RESPOSTAS

Pergunto bepois do opresentagao do projecto perguntou-se quais eram as povoaroes que estavam sob a sua chef ia do Localidade de Muchenga, se existiam muitas machambas em redor da localidade, onde iam buscor dgua, se existiam cemiterios, florestas ou drvores sagradas.

Resposta O Sr. Chagaca, lider tradicional da Localidade de Muchenga, explicou que existiam seis povoaoges sob sua chefia. Disse ainda que existiam muitas machambas em redor e que iam buscar agua em pequenos buracos feitos em rios onde jd nao tinham dgua. Em relagao a cemiterios e florestas sagradas disse nao ter conhecimento da sua existencia. Indicou ainda que no tempo da seca as povoag5es vao di montanha Mpinga pedir chuva aos antepassados e que a unica arvore sagrada encontrava-se dentro da aldeia.

Pergunta Perguntou-se depois se teria alguma pergunta em relagao ao projecto.

Resposta O Sr. Chagaca respondeu que nao tinha mais perguntas somente uma observagao a fazer que era o facto de nao receber ninguem sem previo aviso.

POSTO ADMINISTRATIVO DE Z6BUE, CENTRO DE SAUDE bE Z6BUE 5 de Fevereiro de 2004, 08:00 Horas

APRESENTACAO DO PROJECTO

A Sra. Sandra Fernandes, da Impacto Lda, responsavel pelo Processo de Consulta Publica, agradeceu em primeiro lugar a disponibilidade do Sr. Mauricio Chaora, Director do Centro de Saude de Z6bue, em representagao do Chefe do Posto Administrativo. De seguida, apresentou a Sra. Paula Santos, tambem da Impacto, responsavel pelo Estudo S6cio-econ6mico, e o Sr. Higino Conge, representante da EbM, o proponente.

Logo depois iniciou a sua apresentaoao comegando por falar por falar dos objectivos do reuniao e do processo de consulta publica, passando depois a apresentar o projecto da linha de transmissao de energia Mogambique - Malawi: a alternativa B,os crit6rios de selecgao dos rotas, o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental, a metodologia, os resultados esperados e as etapas seguintes.

SESSAO DE PERGUNTAS E RESPOSTAS

Pergunta Depois do apresentagao do projecto perguntou-se se ha 5 km de Z6bue, por onde a linha desvia para entrar em territ6rio malowiano existia alguma povoagao ou machambas.

Resposta O Sr. Mauricio Chaora respondeu que hd 5 km de Z6bue nao existia nenhuma povoagao mas o que provavelmente existiriom eram machambos solientando depois que a zona de Z6bue era propicia a agricultura e ao comercio, e este ultimo por fazer fronteira com o Malawi. Pergunto be seguida perguntou-se quais eram as povoaSoes que pertenciam a jurisdigao do Posto Administrativo de Z6bue? Onde se situam?

Resposta O Sr. Chaora explicou que as povoaoaes que pertencem ao Posto Administrativo de Z6bue concentram-se ao longo da Estrada. 0 mesmo acrescentou aindo que a CMC estava a alargar a estrada Mussacama - Ang6nia e que para isso estavam a retirar as populagoes que vivem ao longo da Estrada.

Pergunto Questionou-se depois se existiam cemiterios e florestas sagradas em Z6bue.

Resposta O Sr. Chaora respondeu que existem dois cemiterios mas que nao sao sagrados, um dos quais situa-se a 2 km a Este de Z6bue, perto do local por onde a linha passara, e o outro localiza-se a esquerda da EN103.

Pergunta Questionou-se depois se havia mais alguma questao que precisasse de esclarecimento em relagao ao projecto.

Resposto O Sr. Chaora disse nao ter mais nada a perguntar, e acrescentou que o projecto era bem vindo.

POSTO AbMINISTRATIVO bE CAMBULATSISSI 5 de Fevereiro de 2004, 11:00 Horas |

APRESENTACAO DO PROJECTO

A Sra. Sandra Fernandes, da Impacto Lda, responsdvel pelo Processo de Consulta P6blica, agradeceu a presenga do Sr. Vicente Xavier, Chefe do Posto Administrativo de Cambulatsissi e apresentou depois a Sra. Paula Santos, tambem da Impacto, responsdvel pelo Estudo S6cio-econ6mico e o Sr. Higino Combe, representante do EbM, o cliente. be seguida, comegou por falar dos objectivos da reuniao, passando depois a explicar o projecto do linha de transmissao de energia Mogambique - Malawi: a alternativa 8, os criterios de selecgao dos rotas, o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental, a metodologia, os resultados esperados e as etapas seguintes. sESSAO DE PERGUNTAS E RESPOSTAS

Pergunta Seguidamente perguntou-se quais eram as povoaoges que pertenciam d jurisdiqao do Posto Administrativo de Cambulatsissi e onde se situavam.

Resposto O Sr. Vicente Xavier explicou que o Posto Administrativo de Cambulatsissi suporta 27 povoacoes. bisse ainda que as 27 povoag&es encontravam-se ao longo da estrada, desde o cruzamento em Kapiridzanje ate a fronteira com Mutarara. O mesmo ref eriu ainda que a popula,ao total de Cambulatsissi era de 16 195 000 habitantes e que a povoag5o de Madamba era a mais povoada com 2 860 000 habitantes.

Pergunto Questionou-se depois se existiam muitas machambas naquela zona.

Resposta O Sr. Xavier respondeu que em Cambulatsissi existiam muitas machambas por ser uma zona propicia para a agricultura e bastante produtiva.

Pergunta Perguntou-se depois se precisa de mais algum esclarecimento em relacao ao projecto.

Resposto O Sr. Xavier referiu que em Cambulatsissi existia um gerador deixado pelos CFM e que a vila estava toda electrificada e sabendo que a linha de transmissao de energia Mocambique - Malawi passava por perto, pois do desvio de Kapiridzanje ate cambulatsissi eram somente 14 km talvez pudessem se beneficiar de energia.

Resposto Foi indicado que a linha de transmissao Mogambique - Malawi nao iria beneficiar Mocambique em termos de abastecimento de energia e que Mogambique teria apenas beneficio econ6mico.

Resposta - EbM O Sr. Higino Combe interviu para dizer que iria falar com o Director dos Recursos Minerais e Energia para transportar para Cambulatsissi o gerador que abastece Mucumbura, uma vez que esta iria beneficiar de uma linha de transmissao de energia muito em breve. ADMINISTRACAO bO bISTRITO bE MOATIZE 5 de Fevereiro de 2004, 15:30 horas

APRESENTACAO DO PROJECTO

A Sra. Sandra Fernandes, da Impacto Lda, responsdvel pelo Processo de Consulta Publica, agradeceu a presenga do Sr. Castro Ntemansaka, Administrador do Distrito de Moatize e apresentou depois a Sra. Paula Santos, tambem da Impacto, responsavel pelo Estudo S6cio-econ6mico e o Sr. Higino Combe, representante da EDM, o cliente. be seguida, comegou por falar dos objectivos da reuniao, passando depois a explicar o projecto da linha de transmissao de energia Mogambique - Malawi: a alternativa B, os criterios de selecgao das rotas, o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental, a metodologia, os resultados esperados e as etapas seguintes.

SESSAO DE PERGUNTAS E RESPOSTAS

Pergunto Depois da apresentagao do projecto perguntou-se ao Sr. Castro Ntemansaka se teria alguma duvida em relagao ao que acabava de ser apresentado.

Resposta O Sr. Castro Ntemansaka perguntou para quando estava prevista a fase de construcao do projecto pois, a sensibilizacao da populagao em relacao ao projecto dependia do horizonte temporal do mesmo.

Resposto Foi indicado que nao se sabia para quando estava prevista a construgao da linha. Explicou-se depois que no momento estavam a decorrer as duas fases do processo de EIA, a consulta publica e os levantamentos biofisicos e s6cio- econ6micos, e que depois a equipa especializada iria elaborar o relatorio que seria entregue ao cliente - EDM para apreciagao e s6 depois dos comentdrios do cliente e que seria enviado ao Micoa para aprovagao.

Pergunto O Sr. Ntemansaka referiu depois que necessitava de mais informacao sobre o projecto, mais concretamente de um levantamento detalhado das condigoes da zona de estudo tais como povoag6es, numero de habitac;es e machambas, isto para evitar que na fase de construcao nao aparecessem novas infraestruturas a reclamar por compensaqao. Disse ainda que para a populacao o projecto iria significar beneficios em termos de abastecimento de energia.

O Sr. Ntemansaka acrescentou ainda que o tempo para o levantamento dos aspectos s6cio-econ6micos das povoaSoes que estao sob jurisdiqao da Administragao de Moatize nao era suficiente. 0 Mesmo fez notar que no caso de indemnizar as populaqoes a EDM teria que ter todos os dados prontos para nao deixar de parte ninguem e que deveria estar consciente da indemnizacao 'as popula,ces que terao as suas casas e machambas danificadas durante a fase de construqao.

O Sr. Ntemansaka referiu ainda que o projecto nao iria envolver grandes impactos sobre o meio ambiente tal como um projecto de conduta de abastecimento de gds e acrescentou depois que a seu ver a zona que iria ser mais afectada pelo projecto seria Z6bue por ser bastante povoada, pois existiam naquela zona muitas casas e machambas.

| LOCALIbADE bE MATAMBO | Povoacao de km I - Nialconda. 5 de Fevereiro de 2004. 17:30 horas

APRESENTACAO DO PROJECTO

A Sra. Sandra Fernandes, da Impacto Lda, responsavel pelo Processo de Consulta Publica, agradeceu a presenga do Sr. Fernando Tom6s, Chefe da Localidade de Matambo e apresentou depois a Sra. Paula Santos, tambem da Impacto, responsdvel pelo Estudo S6cio-econ6mico e o Sr. Higino Combe, representante da EDM, o cliente.

De seguida, comegou por falar dos objectivos da reuniao, passando depois a explicar o projecto da linha de transmissao de energia Moqambique - Malawi: a alternativa B, os criterios de selecqcao das rotas, o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental, a metodologia, os resultados esperados e as etapas seguintes.

SESSAO DE PERGUNTAS E RESPOSTAS

Pergunta Depois da apresentacao do projecto perguntou-se ao Sr. Fernando Tomas se teria alguma duvida em relagao ao que acabava de ser apresentado.

Resposto 0 Sr. Fernando Tomds respondeu que nao tinha nenhuma duvida em relagao ao projecto questionado somente sobre o inicio do projecto. Resposto Foi indicado que nao se sabia para quando estava prevista a construgao do linha. Explicou-se depois que no momento estavam a decorrer as duos fases do processo de EIA, a consulta publica e os levantamentos biofisicos e s6cio- econ6micos, e que depois a equipa especializada iria elaborar o relat6rio que seria entregue ao cliente - EDM para apreciagao e s6 depois dos comentarios do cliente e que seria enviado ao Micoa para aprovagao. Referiu-se ainda que depois da aprovagao do Micoa caberia a EbM iniciar a fase de construgao do projecto. DESCRIQAO DO TIPO DE VEGETAQAO AO LONGO DO CORREDOR DA LINHA DE TRANSPORTE MATAMBO - ZOBUE

Mata arbustiva aberta

Tipo de vegeta,co predominante na parte Sul das duas rotas alternativas da linha de transporte de energia especificamente entre a subesta,ao de Matambo e a margem do Rio Zambeze. A area e caracterizada por uma formacao arbustiva dispersa com especies variando entre 2 e 7 m de altura, por vezes ate 12 metro quando apresenta Adansonia digitata na sua distribui,ao. Em alguns pontos apresenta um estrato arbustivo comumente dominado por Adansonia digitata, Sclerocarya birrea, Combretum imberbe, outras vezes aparece Acacia nigrescens, Cordyla africana,, Lonchocarpus capassa. As outras espbcies sao Kirkia acuminata, Xeroderris stuhImannii, Albizia adianthifolia, Lannea schweinfurthii, Schotia sp., Acacia nilotica, Lonchocarpus capassa, Acacia nigrescens, Diospyris squarrosa, Combretum apiculatum,Dplorhynchus condylacarpon. 0 estrato graminal e herbaceo de um modo geral apresenta as seguintes especies Digitaria sp, Urochloa mosambicensis, Boerhavia diffusa, Corchorus tridens, Panicum maximum, Triumfetta sp., Glinus sp., Indigofera sp., Sporobolus sp.

O imbondeiro (Adansonia digitata) e comum e expressivo neste tipo de mata. Ninhos de aves tais como papagaio estao associados com este tipo de arvore.

Mata de mopane

Esta vegeta,co ocorre em pequenos aglomerados ao longo da rota 1. A mata e mais ou menos aberta com uma altura que varia entre 2 e 7m, onde predomina a especie de Colophospermum mopane, como o nome indica. A distribui,co e diversidade de especies varia de acordo com o tipo de solos e a topografia, embora esta ultima nao apresente grandes variacoes. Este tipo de vegeta,ao ocorre em duas areas ao longo da Rota B1 (veja diagrama de distribui,ao de vegetacao). As especies acompanhantes no estrato arb6reo esparso sao Commiphora africana, Diospyros squarrosa, Albizia forbesi, Kirkia acuminata, Kirkia africana e Combretum imberbe enquanto que o estrato arbustivo inclui Cissus quadrangulares, Tephrosia sp., Cassia abreviatta, Acacia sp..

Mata aberta

Esta mata e dominada por arvores com uma altura que varia entre 8 e 14m e em pequena extensao por vegetacao arbustiva e herbacea. Assim, o estrato arb6reo compreende Adansonia digitata, Sclerocarya birrea, Ziziphus mauritiana, Acacia nigrescens, Lannea scweinfurthii, Cassia abreviata, Tamarindus indica, Kirkia acuminata, Sterculia africana, Manilkara discolor, Combretum imberbe, Xeroderris stuhlmannii, Cordyla africana, Afzelia quanzensis, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Lonchocarpus capassa, Strychnos madagascariensis, Brachystegia torrei, Terminalia sericea, Diospyros squarrosa, Brachystegia sp., combretum apiculatum, Acacia senegal, Pericopsis angolensis enquanto que o estrato arbustivo com uma altura que varia entre 2 e 4m inclui Grewia bicolor, Grewia caffra, Millettia stuhlmannii, Holmskioldia subintegra, Elephantorrhiza goetzei, Lannea sp., Pterocarpus rotundifolia, Xeroderris stuhlmannii, Sclerocarya birrea, Terminalia sericea, Burkea africana, Combretum sp., Dalbergia melanoxylon, Acacia nigrescens, Cassia abreviatta, Strychnos potatorum, Ximenia americana, Catunaregon spinosa, Combretum heroroensis, Maytenus sengalensis, Piliostigma thonningii, Dalbergia boehmii, Diospyros sp., Rhoicissus revoilii, Pavetta sp., Strychnos sp., Xylotheca tettensis, Solanum penduriforme, Senna petersiana, Tephrosi purpurea, Sesban sesban, Commiphora africana. As especies do estrato herbaceo e graminal inclui Urochloa mosambicensis, Tribulus terrestris, Triunfetta pentendra, Milinia repens, Acalypha omata, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eragrostis sp., Boerhavia diffusa, Digitaria sp., Sporobolus sp., Ceratotheca sesamoides, corchorus tridens, Hibiscus sp., Eragrostis superba, Cleome hirta, Eragrostis gummiflua, Hyparrhenia lymbaria, Commelina sp., Cucumis sp., Panicum maximu.

Matagal

Esta vegeta,ao e caracterizada por vegetacao secundaria em estado de abandono, em areas usadas anteriormente para machambas. 0 matagal encontra-se significativamente distribuido na parte Norte da rota da linha de transporte, especificamente entre a Localidade de Mussacama e a fronteira de Zobue. As especies comuns do estrato arb6reo, esparso neste tipo de vegetacao sao Brachystegia sp., Albizia versicolor, Albizia adianthifolia, Ziziphus mauritiana, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Combretum sp., Terminalia sericea, Acacia sp., muitas vezes misturado com especies fruteiras como Mangifera indica (mangueira) e Caryca sp. (papaeira) com altura variando entre 5 e 6 metros. 0 estrato arbustivo abundante, com uma altura variando entre 1 e 3m de altura, compreende Piliostigma thonningii, Senna petersiana, Bauhinia petersiana, Annona senegalensis, Combretum molle, enquanto que o estrato graminal e herbadeo inclui Urochloa mosambicensis, Digitaria sp. e Sorghum versicolor.

Brenha

A area e completamente fechada com predominancia de lianas e trepadeiras, caracteristicas deste tipo de vegetarao e que interla,am as arvores e arbustos existentes. Esta vegeta,ao esta localizada logo ap6s a margem Este do Rio Moatize e e atravessada pela rota BI (veja o diagrama de distribui,ao de vegeta,ao). 0 estrato arb6reo com 5 e 7m de altura, compreende Dalbergia melanoxylon, Lannea schweinfurthii, Lonchocarpus capassa, Commiphora mollis, Ziziphus mauritiana, Markhamia zanzibarica, Acacia karroo, Trichilia sp. enquanto que o estrato arbustivo e composto por Diospyros sp., Dichrostachys cinera, Trichilia sp., Acacia karroo, Ximenia gummifera, Cucumis sp., Panicum maximum, Eragrostis sp, Boerhavia diffus, Urochloa mosambicensis.

0 conjunto de lianas caracteristico deste tipo de vegetacao inclui Adenia gummifera, Maclura africana, Grewia sp. e Acacia ataxacantha.

Esta mata localiza-se entre uma galeria junto ao Rio Moatize e a mata arbustiva aberta em direc,ao a linha ferrea.

Machamba

Ao longo da rota da linha de transporte de energia podem ser vistas varias areas de cultivo, principalmente na parte Norte da rota, considerando que os solos sao apropriados e muitos ferteis para agricultura. 0 trabalho de campo foi efectuado durante a estacao chuvosa, periodo em que extensas areas araveis sao ocupadas por machambas. As principais culturas existentes nessas areas sao o milho, a mapira, a mexoeira, o feijao nhemba, o feijao manteiga, cana de acucar e ab6bora.

Vegeta;Ao ribeirinha

A rota da linha de transporte entre Matambo e Zobue atravessa um rio maior, quatro rios medios e seis rios menores que sao afluentes de outros rios.

0 mais importante ao longo da rota e o Rio Zambeze seguida em termos de importancia (caudal e principal fluxo anual) pelos rios Quiro, Moatize, Tundue e Vudzi. Estes s5o os rios perenes, embora com muito baixo caudal durante a estac3o seca. Os outros rios como Karakoa, Nhaticume, Nhampii, Nharenga e Canhungue tem um caudal muito baixo, excepto em periodo de chuvas intensas nas suas bacias, e estao geralmente secos durante a maior parte do ano.

Os rios acima citados s3o atravessados pela rota da linha de transporte e neles foram conduzidos levantamentos da vegeta,co e habitats, exceptuando o Rio Tundue, no qual nao foi possivel efectuar o levantamente devido a dificuldades de acesso.

A seguir e apresentada a descricao da vegeta,cao ribeirinha dos cursos de agua existente ao longo da rota da linha de transporte.

a) Rio Karakoa

Floresta ribeirinha desenvolvida em ambas margens e caracterizada por arvores de 8 - 12 metros, a saber: Adansonia digitata, Xeroderris stuhimannii, Kirkia acuminata, Sclerocarya birrea, Schotia sp., Lannea schweinfurthii. 0 estrato arbustivo inclui Combretum apiculatum, Acacia tortilis, Diospyros squrrosa, Protaspargus sp.. 0 estrato graminal e herbaceo compreende Urochloa mossambicensis, Panicum maximum, Triunfetta sp., Ceratotheca sesamoides, Boerhavia diffusa.

b) Rio Nhaticume

A floresta ribeirinha esta confinada a margem Este do rio e inclui especies tais como Combretum apiculatum, Combretum imberbe, Acacia sp.,

c) Rio Quiro

Uma floresta ribeirinha ocorre ao longo de ambas margens do rio. Esta e bem desenvolvida em ambas margens e caracterizada por uma diversidade de especies compreendendo arvores, arbustos e gramineas. As especies arb6reas incluem Adansonia digitata, Lonchocarpus capassa, Combretum imberbe e Acacia sp.. 0 estrato arbustivo inclui Commiphora africana, Hyphaene coriacea, Grewia bicolor, enquanto que o estrato graminal, que e raro, inclui especies tais como Urochloa mosambicensis e Boerhavia diffusa. d) Rio Nhampii

Este rio apresenta uma floresta ribeirinha escassa, tendo as margens sido desbravadas para actividade agricola. A vegeta,ao existente e composta por especies arboreas que incluem Zizyphus mauritiana, Cordyla africana, Acacia karroo, Combretum imberbe, Adansonia digitata. 0 estrato arbustivo compreende Acacia sp., Lannea Schweinfurtia, Lonchocarpus capassa e Acacia nilotica. A liana Combretum paniculatum encontra-se distribuida na area; o estrato graminal e composto Panicum maximum, Urochloa mosambicensis e Digitaria sp. e) Rio Zambeze

As rotas B1 e B2 da linha de transporte atravessa o Rio Zambeze no Kms 17 e 22 respectivamente. Este rio e composto por um curso de agua continuo. Nesta por,ao do Rio Zambeze a vegetacao ribeirinha e caracterizada por comunidades de mata arbustiva de Colophospermum mopane, Ziziphus mauritiana, Sterculia africana. Cordyla africana e Combretum imberbe. A vegeta,ao actual apresenta- se esparsa e dispersa devido ao desmatamento para a pratica de agricultura de pequena escala nas margens do rio.

O estrato arbustivo compreende Combretum apiculatum, Lonchocarpus capassa, Acacia nigrescens, Manilkara discolor, Diospyros sp., Acacia sp., Grewia bicolor, Kigelia africana enquanto que o estrato graminal e herbaceo compreende Urochloa mosambicensis, Digitaria sp., Panicum maximum, Cyperus sp. f) Rio Nharenga

A vegeta,ao ribeirinha que ocorre ao longo deste pequeno rio, inclui especies de arvores com alturas que variam entre 6 e 10 metros, tais como Adansonia digitata, Acacia tortilis, Colophospermum mopane, Dolichandrone alba, Lannea schweinfurthii. O estrato arbustivo inclui Grewia bicolor, Cassia abreviata, Combretum imberbe e Hyphaene coriacea enquanto que o estrato graminal, raro, inclui Panicum maximum, Digitaria sp. e Boerhavia diffusa. g) Rio Moatize

O Rio Moatize e atravessado pelas duas rotas da linha de transporte e nesses pontos a vegetacao ribeirinha b caracterizado por uma mistura de mata aberta e pradaria. Na mata arbustiva existente numa das margens do rio, o estrato arb6reo compreende Sclerocarya birrea, Lannea schweinfurthii, Acacia tortilis, Lonchocarpus capassa, Kigelia africana; o estrato arbustivo inclui Dichrostachys cinera, Ziziphus mauritiana, Combretum sp., Diospyros sp enquanto que o graminal inclui Urochloa mosambicensis, Panicum maximum, Eragrostis sp. h) Rio Vudzi

A vegetacao ribeirinha, desenvolvida em ambas margens, e caracterizada por arbustos de 1 - 2 metros, a saber: Markhamia zanzibarica, Dalbergia nitidula e Sesbania sesban. 0 estrato graminal e herbaceo predominante no ponto de levantamento inclui Phragmites australis, Phragmites mauritiana, Digitaria sp., Sorghum versicolor e Ludwigia perennis.

i) Rio Canhungue

Neste rio a vegeta,co ribeirinha e quase inexistente devido a ac,ao do Homem. As suas margens sao na sua maioria ocupadas por machambas de diversas culturas. Algumas arvores como de Acacia sp. podem ser encontradas na area, enquanto que o estrato arbustivo inclui especies como Combretum sp., Markhamia zanzibarica, Albizia forbesii e Phyllanthus reticulatus com alturas que variam entre 2 - 3 metros. I I i I

I i I

I Lista das especies vegetais identificadas ao longo do corredor da linha de transporte de energia Mogambique - Malawi

Arvores Arbustos Gram ineas/Herbaceas

Acacia karroo Acacia karroo Acalypha omata Acacia nigrescens Acacia nigrescens Adenia gummifera Acacia nilotoca Acacia sp. Boerhavia diffusa Acacia senegal Acacia tortillis Celosia trigyna Acacia sp. Albizia forbesii Ceratotheca sesamoides Acacia tortilis Annona senegalensis Cissampelos mucronata Adansonia digitata Bauhinia petersiana Cissus quadrangularis Afzelia quanzensis Bridelia cathartica Cissus sp. Albizia adianthifolia Burkea africana Cleome hirta Albizia forbesii Cassia abbreviata Commelina benghalensis Brachystegia sp. Catanuregam spinosa Commelina sp. Brachystegia torrei Cissus quadrangularis Corchorus tridens Burkia africana Colophospermum mopane Cucumis sp. Colophospenmum mopane Combretum apiculatum Cyperus sp. Combretum apiculatum Combretum imberbe Digitaria sanguinalis Combretum imberbe Combretum molle Digitaria sp. Combretum molle Combretum sp. Eragrostis ciliaris Combretum sp. Commiphora africana Eragrostis gummiflua Commiphora africana Dalbergia boehmii Eragrostis sp. Commiphora mollis Dalbergia melanoxylon Eragrostis superba Cordyla africana Dalbergia nitidula Glinus sp. Dalbergia melanoxylon Dichrostachys cinerea Hibiscus sp. Diospyros sp. Diospyros sp. Hyparrhenia cymbaria Diospyros squarrosa Diospyros squarrosa Indigofera sp. Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Diplorhynchus condylocarpon /pomoea sp. Dolichandrone alba Dombeya sp. Ludwigia perennis Ficus sp. Elephanthorrhiza goetzei Merremia palmata Kigelia africana Flacourtia indica Milinis repens Kirkia acuminata Grewia bicolor Momordica foetida Lannea discolor Grewia caffra Oxygonum delagoensis Lannea schweinfurthii Guiburtia sp. Panicum maximum Lonchocarpus capassa Holarrhena pubescens Phragmites australis Mangifera indica Holmskioldia tettensis Phragmites mauritiana Manilkara discolor Hyphaenea coriacea Sesbania sesban Markhamia zanzibarica Kigelia africana Sida acuta Pericopsis angolensis Lannea schweinfurthii Solanum incanum Pterocarpus angolensis Lannea sp. Sorghum versicolor Schotia sp. Lonchocarpus capassa Sporobolus sp. Sclerocarya birrea Markhamia zanzibarica Tribulus terrestris Sterculia africana Maytenus senegalensis Tridax procumbens Strychnos madagascariensis Millettia stuh/mannii Triumfetta pentandra Tenminalia sericea Pavetta sp. Triumfetta sp. Trichilia sp. Phyllanthus reticulatus Urochloa mosambicensis Xeroderris stuhlmannii Piliostigma thonningii Ziziphus mauritiana Protasparagus sp. Pterocarpus rotundifolius Rhoicissus revoilli Sclerocarya birrea Securidaca longipedunculata Senna petersiana Sesbania sesban Solanum panduriforme Sterculia africana Strychnos hereroensis Strychnos potatorum Strychnos spinosa Tephrosia sp. Terminalia sericea Trichilia sp. Vitex sp. Xeroderris stuhimannii Ximenia americana Xylotheca tettensis Ziziphus mauritiana Lista de Plantas Medicinais

Nome Cientifico Uso

Acacia karroo Disenteria

Adansonia digitata Edema-Disenteria

Annona senegalensis Diarreia e Feridas

Boerhavia diffusa Hepatite

Bridelia cathartica Esterilidade Feminina

Combretum imberbe Bilharziose

Commiphora africana Asma e Bronquite

Dichrostachys cinerea Otites

Flacourtia indica Bilharziose

Holarrhena pubescens Colicas abdominais

Kigelia africana Ulcera

Lannea schweinfurthii Gonorreia

Rhoicissus revoilii Sarna

Sclerocarya birrea Diarreia Feridas na boca

Senna petersiana Diarreia

Tamarindus indica Febres

Terminalia sericea Diarreia e Feridas

Xerroderris stuhlmannii Conjutivite

Ximenia americana Esterilidade feminina i

i I