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William . Connell, Stanislao . Pugliese

When They Were Few

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 John Paul Published online on: 05 Oct 2017

How to cite :- John Paul Russo. 05 Oct 2017, When They Were Few from: The Routledge History of Italian Americans Routledge Accessed on: 25 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203501856.ch3

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 who arrived before 1820 andwerewho arrived living in1850. in (“second-generation” born America not includingoffspring Italian orItalians Americans) fifty later.of Italian immigration years In 1850 there immigrants,were 3,679Italian-born was just.11 ing in that year. In the decade 1841–1850, an average of 187 entered annually, which until1820,States didnottrackimmigration Italianswere andonlythirty recorded asenter - 23,191,867. from Figures ranging 3,000to12,000Italianshave beensuggested. The United lation of5,309,000, orin1850, whenitreached thePacific Oceanwithapopulationof either in1800, extendedtotheMississippiRiver whenthecountry withanentire popu- these menandalsototheir Americanization. hisNotesontheStateof precision thatinforms , with Jefferson testifiestohisfriendship suffices to identify a common friend.without the surname with the same empirical Writing both Gianniniand Antonio Molinawere known tohimas “Anthony.” “Vincent” modern modern still inthisneighborhood”—by whichJefferson meantCharlottesville. tolerably well. Giovannini daPratohasbeenconstantlysickly embarrassed, has raisedalargefamily, several ofthem, married &, forawhile, afterthriving hasbecome circumstances,”“Vincent []isinflourishing continued.Jefferson “Anthony Giannini as agrocerinRichmond.” Bellini, Mazzei, andStrobia hadallenlistedinthe .Virginia in had settled permanently America:friends “[]ou know that Giovanni Strobia has got rich was anoldfriend. intendedtocomfort Although FilippoMazzei “was living inPisa,” other correspondence; ill; Bellinihadbeenseriously hiswifehaddiedtheprevious year. The letter acquaintances goingbackbefore theRevolution. There hadbeenaseven-year gapintheir On 24 April Annuario statistico italiano [Yearly Annuario publish thefirst until1857. ItalianStatisticalReport] Kingdom ofSardinia (Savoia-Piemonte) begantodosoin 1821. Cesaredidnot Correnti ofItalydidnot keeprecords emigration untilthe territory that madeupthegeographical them cannotreasonably bederived from studiesormicro- large-scale immigration obituary in 1809). obituary the initiative tomove on. Heeven anglicizedhisnameas “John” from his (asonelearns well.” Strobia, memberofJefferson’s atailorandformer Williamsburg household, had had twenty-five some years were successes, some failures,were andsome were doing “tolerably , hadencouragedthesemostly Tuscans to toemigrate inthe1770s.Virginia After Italians inAmerica,1800–1850 Russo Paul John One cannot estimate with certainty thenumber ofItaliansresidingOne cannotestimatewithcertainty intheUnitedStates With ofwidelyscattered thesesmallnumbers Italiansin America, themethodofexamining Mazzei, theFlorentine whowas Jefferson’s andafinancier ofthe closefriend languages at the College of and Mary, and about their mutual friends

per

& littleesteemed. 1799, Vice President wrote toCarloBellini, professor of cent ofthetotalnumber, from cry its23.26 afar 2 In a similar vein Jefferson referred to Vincenzo Rossi as “Vincent” and WHEN THEY WERE FEW WHEN THEYWERE Italians in America, 1800–1850 Francis, hisbrother inlaw, John Paul Russo 54 3 3 Ontheothersideofocean, thestates

&

& miserab Anthony Molinahave done

per cent during theheydaycent during 1 ly poor. All theseare 4 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 ment breaks out: don’t leave : “consider theproverb well that hewhofares shouldstay present stateoftherepublic of the UnitedStatesofNorth America], inwhichhisdisappoint - [Diverse settentrionale stato presentedellarepubblica noticesonthe degliStatiUnitidell’America miserable stateofthiscollege.” Notmincinghiswords, hereferred to “blackguard” students. himself, confronting amountainofdebts, considered himselfa “sorrowful spectatorofthe John Carroll, commented that it “has sunk to its lowest of discredit.” degree Grassi a missionin America, specifically, toGeorgetown. after five of atCopenhagen,years waiting inports London, andLisbon, he was reassigned to kepthis departure beingdelayed owing oftheNapoleonic tothedisruptions Wars. In1810, ematics andastronomy. Within ayear hewas postedtoaRussianmissioninChina, though was senttoberector of aJesuit collegeinRussianPoland. Hisfieldsofstudy were math- A as vicepresident (1811–1812)andninthpresident ofGeorgetown University (1812–1817). and backwoodsmen. category, Intheformer Giovanni Antonio Grassi(1775–1849)served amongtheNative orpreached alongthefrontiers asmissionaries parishes Americans, settlers achieved1800 to 1850 some Italian clerics public status whereas toiled in obscure others In onegroupare theclerics, inNorth by withalonghistory 1800.America Intheyears from Little Italy, but thesketch was published in1869. first in ’s End, North by asdescribed William DeanHowells, inhisSuburban Sketches was a of LittleItalies. To becertain, there must have beenpockets ofmodestdensity. Street Ferry to itsearlierplight. “What I and,capable administrators withsixpresidents inthenexttenyears, Georgetown reverted the ocean, heheard of hisaccomplishmentsundone, hisplans unravelling, atthehandsofless another transatlanticvoyage inadvisable. end. Hispresidency cametoanabrupt From across degree, theBachelor of . Another milestonewas reached underGrassiin1817, whenGeorgetown awarded itsfirst schedule justfive days later. A offered thegovernment whilealsoopeningtheacademic year theuseofcollege facilities on putofficialwhen theBritish Washington tothetorch, thefollowing departing day, Grassi andPennsylvania andmany were given scholarships. the During War of1812, ar a few years itwent from one-fifthofitsstudentscomingfrom outsidethe Washington/ deficit of$3,000. Moreover, heputGeorgetown ontracktobeanationalschool: inonly number ofstudentsrose to120, andby 1815itstoodat224, thereby wipingoutanannual class Catholicfamilies. And hewelcomed studentsofotherdenominations. Within ayear the tuition andboard to$125peryear, whichbrought theschoolwithinrange of middle- recruitment,faculty thecompositionofstudentbodyandcurriculum. Helowered one of the highest in the nation. Grassi set to work quickly and made significant changes in Enrollments had sunk to seventy-five students,risen to $220, while full tuition and board had sity were confused: ShoulditbeCatholicorsecular, ornot, pre-seminary localornational? Eight presidents intwenty-one years meantalackofcontinuity andthegoalsofuniver- November together amosaicofindividuals. sions abouttheseItaliansin America, mostlybourgeoisandprofessional, from piecing arise

nati At thetime, theuniversity was sorely inneedofcompetentadministration. Itsfounder, On adiplomaticmissiontoRomein1817Grassifell ill; made aninoperable hernia ve of Schilpario intheprovinceve ofSchilpario ofBergamo, Grassiwas aJesuit who, uponordination,

1818, ea totwo-fifths from outside. Theselong-distancestudentscamemostlyfrom “now I I

talians see

had pr

. g

. rateful Congress later granted Georgetown latergranted rateful Congress anofficialcharter.

. destroyed.” ocured withsomuch labourandpatience,” hewrote in

in The Clerics A merica 7 55 Inthisyear Grassipublished Notizievarie sullo 5 , 1800–1850 Insum, for1800–1850, one’s conclu- 6

­ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 brought mesafeagain” (Tobit 12:2–3). him [the Angel ]?Orwhatcanbeworthy ofhisbenefits?Heconductedmeand a sign, asiffrom of theBiblical story Tobias andthe Angel: “Father, whatwages shallwe give made allthearrangements, and, attheend, refused reimbursement. Again, Mazzuchellireads steamboat, would have beenmore arduous hadhenotencountered akindly who founder,” afterBishopCarroll. at home.” death.” the wind “whistling constantlyamongthemastsandcordage seemedtoprophesy and ruin wrath,” while the sky denied even“dark and thundering the slightest ray of hope,” while mainmast,” asifbeneaththeCross, intothe staring “violent, waves imperious venting their himofthemenacethatliesaheador totesthisfaith.warn Mazzuchelliwas tothe “clinging ing manwhodefieditsanger,” theshipamid plunging “turbulent foaming waters,” asifto approaches North America, inNovember fact thatmany ofthemwerefact Catholics. French andIrish ordered onMackinactoattendaweekly thesoldiers CalvinistSunday despitethe service separation ofChurch andState, aProtestant andhepublicly criticized captainwho Army competitiveness,American whichheseemstohave relished. Heappreciated the American whowereministers asintentuponconversions aswas hehimself. Itwas lessonin hisfirst was 24. bewildered by oftheseaandwaves” theroaring (Luke 21:25–26). there will be signs in the sun and moon and stars, distress of nations, and upon the great hurdle, first isspectralized ofapocalypticultimacy:by Mazzuchellitothedegree “And negative sublime entails death but also the possibility of rebirth. The Atlantic, the immigrant’s open, andalsoaftercompletinghisno some semblance ofr Ste. andL’Arbre Marie Croce (Harbor Springs, )amongtheOttawa tribe; turned does notrenounce father, , brothers, cannotbemy andsisters disciple.” his third-personMemoirs. Leaving home, heinvokes theinjunctionofLuke 14:26: “Whoever divinely appointedmissionateachmajorstepinhiscareer, signsthatprovided to structure of whichwere carved Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, andhalfofMinnesota. the OldNorthwest, (in1787)the originally “Territory Northwest oftheRiver Ohio,” out the Mississippiandfrom theOhioRiver totheCanadianborder. Itwas anarea known as Fenwick, bishopofCincinnati. thefirst Fenwick’s diocesestretched from Lake Huron to Dominican atFaenza, from hisnovitiate Edward toheedacallformissionaries interrupting Mazzuchelli, O.P. hashadfew equals. inMilan1806, Born hestudiedtobea Menominee] Indians.” or give instruction, where tothe[mainly “almost allwere ofCanadiandescentandmarried boarded atradingvessel tovisitGreen Bay, toofferMass whichforyears hadnopriest Mackinac Island, attheoppositeendofdioceseCincinnati. Then, in November, he by boat, across andHuron, Lakes Erie on intotheMichiganstraitstohisheadquarters closely associatedwithgeneralmoralcorruption.” “Several days ofdelay A liberalCatholicinthemannerofManzoni, Mazzuchelliwon therespect ofProtestant Mazzuchelli’s project memoirs hisbeliefthatimmanentalsignswere guidinghimona priest—when As aparish “parish” iswhatyou make ofanendlesswilderness—Samuel In May In October Mazzuchelli disembarked inaNew York thatheldno Augustinian temptationsforhim. 11 As the modern writer BeldenLaneobserves inTheSolaceofFierceLandscapes, writer As themodern the 8

Edward B. Bunn, Georgetown’s president, forty-fourth calledGrassiits “second 1831, aftertheice thawed, MazzuchellisailedbacktoGreen Bay toestablish

1830, andlive English, ahorse afterlearning inthe toride andlearning egularity inthemission.egularity Inthis andthefollowing years hevisitedSault

. 15

. HethenhastenedbacktoMackinacbefore theicefroze over. He

. convinced thetraveler ofthisworld thatthesplendors are always 9 J ohn 14 vitiate, FatherMazzuchellitraveled 600milesnorth P

1828, aul 56 ahowling galedescends, “bent ondestroy- 13 toCincinnati,The journey by coachand usso 16 12 10 As hisship Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 of hismission, heprays forcourageandendurance: type. Soherecalls hisyouthful energyandenthusiasm, and, inlightofthemagnitude ready-made of the green grass insummerandhardready-made frozen inwinter.” grass ofthegreen earth of Italianmarble forapavement,” hewrote, withalmostbiblical , “that was found to retrieve somehumble yet precious church furnishings. woods, rivers, andfrozen lakes,” from Galena, Illinois, toGreen Bay andback(400miles), sion herode alonethrough ablizzard “in asledge, drawn by asinglehorse, crossing prairies, hours, orsometimeshewould celebrate mass onthe “vast prairie.” his coming, theIndianswould build himachurch ofmatsandanaltarbarkinamatter to statehood. Mostoftenhewas alone, from onevillagetoanother. riding Gettingwindof ciently well known toaddress the steps uponitsfirst Wisconsin asitwas legislature entering fondlycalledhim parishioners “Father MatthewHis Irish Kelley.” By1836hewas suffi- du Chien, andthen, in1842,river floateddown the toBloomington(now Muscatine, Iowa). after hisown design. Oneofthem, St. MathiasChurch, was upstream atPrairie constructed proved aconvenient avenue, andhewent upanddown, foundingparishes, erecting churches Chippewa sothattheIndianscouldsinghymns intheirown language. The lowed thetribes: where they wandered, hewandered withthem. HetranslatedLatininto stopped over du Chien; at Prairie and crossed into Minnesotaterritory. Sometimeshe fol- of regions Wisconsin andIowa; preached tothe Winnebago, Sacs, Sioux, andFox tribes; westward, traveling by andcanoeonfootwithsnowshoes horse intotheunsettled exercising German, forlanguagesby learning his naturalgift French, Spanish, andEnglish. odds withmunicipal authorities, lefttown andsoheprudently andtraveled across , from abourgeoisbusiness family. Hisfreethinking andMasonicconnectionsputhimat taught fortwenty-five attheCollegeofyears William andMary. Bellini was a Florentine languagesataNorth collegewasin modern CarloBellini(1735–1804),American who Every generation hasitsversion ofthe Wandering Scholar. tooccupy person achair The first declared Mazzuchelli Venerable, steptoward thefirst sainthood. lost amidtheimmensespaces, totheMissionary. fittingtribute In1993 John Paul II as I So far road. In1863hediedfrom inBenton, pneumoniacaughttendingasickperson Wisconsin. emy (now DominicanUniversity). Yet his maindutycontinued tobepastoralandonthe sinawa MoundCollege(1846); theSinsinawa (1847); DominicanSisters and St. Clara Acad- thesecond phaseofhiscareer intheOldNorthwest hefoundedinstitutions:During Sin- to divine will.” zuchelli becomes inwhomself-willhasgiven idealpersonality way“the Missionary”—“the apologetics,Christian anthropology, andautobiography. inthethird person,Writing Maz- of the Order of Preachers],Apostolic Missionary a book of major interest for church history, [Memoirs, apostolicodell’Ordine deiPredicatori d’un Missionario andEdifying, Historical ofan behind, letaloneMilan. He returned to Italy in 1843–44, ed edificanti He returned istoriche his Memorie lessfor rest than to write them tothesublime dignityofChrist’s ambassadors. with themtothetombholyfervor thatanimatedthemwhenordination raised ordination. Would intheworld mightpersevere Godthatheandallpriests andtake of fruit didnotlackthatabundant[T]he young zealthatisusuallythefirst priest

know 20 As inasaint’s life, inorder aretofulfillan selectedandarranged thefacts , is a roadside his only public tablet, memorial one mile west of Benton, I talians The LiteratiandtheExiles

in A merica 57 , 1800–1850 21 19 New York must have seemedfar 17 “[T]here was no need 18 Ononeocca- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 one from your placethanhere, forindeedsuchworkmen are scarcely tobehad here atall.” neighborhood”—the future University of Virginia—and “are in want of a stone-cutter office in Livorno that testified to his feeling for Italy: “[W]e are erecting a College in my of written from Monticello(1 written August years afterBellini’sand draggedonforthirteen death. Inthevery last ofthesedocuments, position oftheman’s will. asPresident The casebeganwhileJefferson was term inhisfirst Bellini’s deathin1804, Jefferson, holdingpower ofattorney, tookresponsibility forthedis- by astudent. When Bellini’s sightdeclined, forapairofeyeglasses. Jefferson arranged After in arun-down housenearthecampus, hesurvived onwineandbiscuits brought tohim fered strokes and was invalid andparalytic, hisresources dwindledtonearnothing. Living town, andhemay have saved thecampusby diplomacy. hispersonal in thiscounty, you undertake voluntarily todefenditasasoldier.” “You, Sir, tothisstatewithyour service render example, animportant becausebarely arrived Revolutionary hero , Patrick whoaddressed himwithtwo otherItalianvolunteers: an soldier,”“ordinary whichhehelda office.”“noble andglorious Hiscaptain was thefuture positions as a tutor and interpreter. In his role asa militiaman, Bellini was content with being Bellini impressed Jefferson, whoinsubsequentyears helpedhimstay afloat by findinghim Monticello. Whether itwas hisradicalpolitics, hiscosmopolitanism, orhisgenialpersonality, to wife emigrated they were andwithinmonthsoftheirarrival Virginia guestsofJefferson at office. del Granducatopardoned him, to hisnative hereturned cityandtookapositioninthetax He metupwithafellow Florentine Mason, Filippo Mazzei, inLondon. When the Polizia addressed Jefferson as “My dearest Thomas.” Jefferson’s biographer, DumasMalone, wrote thatBelliniwas the “only maninhistory” who inLivornosisters referredtoitas “Saint Mary.” nor), Languages at Bellini was appointed to the chair in Modern William and Mary. His (thenthestate’son therecommendation Henry ofJefferson andofPatrick new gover- friends On Jefferson’s recommendation, inMarch to be from theUniversity of . InJanuary on hishead. Bachi (orBatolo)was anative whoreceived ofPalermo hisdoctorateinlaw not have known atthetimethat his real namewas Ignazio Batoloandthathehadaprice program inforeign languages, heinterviewed Bachi andoffered himthejob. Ticknor might being unable tolocateinBostonasingleItaliangrammar. that ofthePolitical Exile. George In1814theHarvard Ticknor hadcomplained of was Bellini’s almostcertainly intention. Hewrote: that was subsequentlypublished intwo andwidelycirculated, Florentine periodicals which in1778,in hisadoptedcountry Belliniwrote anencomiasticlettertohisbrother in capable of Bellini’s dependedonthefeesofhisstudents, salary and, inlateryears, whenhesuf- In 1774, however, attheinvitation—or rathertheinstigation—ofMazzei, Belliniandhis Another Italian, Pietro Bachi(1787–1853)combinedtherole of Wandering Scholarwith ­Williamsb the insolencetobelieve toanother. himselfsuperior ence inallthesevast one findsnot regions even asinglebeingsostupidastohave I amatlastafree andindependent man. andindepend- As aconsequenceofliberty

a for

to bethatof“Secr

cutting anIoniccapital eign correspondent and interpreter,eign correspondent arole that Bellinipuffed up amongItalian urg in1780, Bellini remained behind while the revolutionaries abandoned the etary of this State of Virginia forForeign ofthisStateVirginia etary Affairs.” In August

J .

ohn .

1817), . andwe supposewe canbebetteraccommodatedwith P Jefferson made aspecialrequest totheconsular

aul

1822 26 58 1778, appointedBellini theStateofVirginia R 24 his name was found on a list of his name was foundon a listof Carbonari During the theBritish andseizure During usso 23 27 Ten years later, openingthenew 22 Surveying hisfirst years

1778,

.

. 25

.

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 never was.” comments onescholar, “the endofBachi’s career—nay, atHarvard, service foracareer it the younger generationofnationalists treated himlike an old-timer, andwhen, afterfifteen the early1840swould betheenvy ofany scholar. Bachi couldnote, quiteobjectively, that bycritics. disparagementofthelanguageanditsauthors French andBritish a -old Italian as “indispensable” to a “polite education.” He projected his defense of Italian against Spanish for Those Who Are Already Acquainted with the Italian, he pleaded the case for to “the Italian with his charming accentandtheshadow uponhislife.”“the Italianwithhischarming andagentleman,“a youth ofspirit suchasI When Henry Wadsworth Longfellow neededaFrench instructor, hewrote thatheshouldbe Italian aloudtohimandthehistorian William . Prescott. and finallytoBoston, upas where heturned Ticknor’s “accomplishedItalianexile,” reading but somehow Batoloslippedthrough theroundup andescapedtoMalta, thencetoLondon, convicted whowereconspirators plottingtooverthrow theBourbongovernment inSicily. Hewas Bachi was fired “duetoneglectattend giving notice.”your classeswithout classes didwell; theItaliannotsowell.” After twenty years’ teaching, andinpoorhealth, alcoholism. inJuly theexaminationperiod Longfellow noteditduring to Harvard without settingfootontheisland. The shadow deepenedanditexacerbatedhis of theothers, hadbeentracked by Bourbonpolice, the plotwas foiled, andBachireturned on ,group ofconspirators hopingtoinvade . However hismovements, like those expelled three ofthemongroundspoormorals. Inthesummerof1844Bachijoineda many participated? There must have been a respectable number because Bachi at one point appointed Boston’s itsCongrega(assembly). Ordinatore ()andheinstructed How When GiuseppeMazzinirevived Giovine Italia()inEngland1838, Bachiwas ter’s life in exile. Even from across the in his political commitments.Atlantic Bachi persisted ofItalianwere turn. But thefortunes abouttotake asurprising guese were studiesofcomparative“the first philology produced atHarvard.” they tookastudent’s practicalneedsintoaccount. Hispublications inSpanishandPortu- pedagogy. “His bookswere care,” withgreat written they were sound, philologically and upon him, andheenjoyed thegrowing Italophiles. company ofCambridge “by far superior toallthosealready inuseschools.”“by superior far him. pupils, Theodore Koch, wrote ofhisteachingthat “everybody liked him, nottosay loved oftheItalianLanguage(1838), aproject of “immense labor plying thevery lackthat Ticknor hadlamented. Longfellow praisedtherevised editionofA ofgrammars,Bachi published anambitiousseries anthologies, andaconversation guide, sup- sive andclear, andwherein every isliterallyshoredupwithgoodauthorities.” rule Bachi returned to Palermo in 1847 in time to participate intheRevolution in1847timetoparticipate toPalermo Bachi returned of1848. But When Longfellow mentioneda “shadow” uponBachi’s life, tothelat- hewas referring If Bellini had a natural gift forlanguages,If Bellinihadanaturalgift Bachiadoptedamore scientificapproach to Bachi’s career atHarvard (1826–1846)was highlyproductive initsfirst years. Oneofhis A Comparative View oftheItalianandSpanishLanguages, or the An EasyMethodofLearning on the continent,American anditsutilityincommercial transaction. from extent to whichit is spoken the great day claim arising in this country—the Spanish hasinsomerespects ahigher claimtoattention[thanItalian]atthepresent

.

.

. ofDante,As acritic whichagoodteacheroughttohave.” hehadexactlythegift in absentiaandsentencedtotwenty-four years inchains. Ten were others executed, 36 Butthisistooharsh, forBachi’s record ofpublication andhisteachingupuntil I talians

in A merica

ha 59 ve in German andItalian,”ve inGerman toBachi, referring 32 , 1800–1850 Harvard conferred an honorary MA Harvard anhonorary conferred 28

.

.

. 30 atoncecomprehen- During theseyears During

1846: 34 33 In the preface Inthepreface “the Spanish 35 “It was,” “It 31 Itwas 29

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 of IndependencetheUnitedStates](1809)ledhimto shores. American reading ofCarloBotta’s ofthe d’IndipendenzadegliStatiUniti[History dellaguerra Storia War Bachi’s anxiety, perplexity, inhisfinal andsenseoffailure years. (see ColorPlate the first timethatI,the first too, was aman.” confidence isestablished: “I I thenfeltintenselywhatitistobealone.” Intheend, however, and asenseofreintegration Italophile. A Literary Messengerin1842,in theSouthern translatedby Henry Tuckerman, himselfaBoston backtoPalermo.one ortwo trips falange” (theboldphalanx). Hestayed for nineyears inBoston(1833–1842), thoughhemade was aCarbonaro sympathizerandmemberoftheSiciliansecret societyknown as “’ardita frankness, whileimbuing itwithdiscretion and ‘sweet cordiality.’ Hoit, notedforhisability aNew Englandartist “to capture anaccuratelikeness with in1861as toPalermo returning consul. American appointed in1853. in 1853. Bachiwas notreplaced Monti, atHarvard untilLuigi anotherSicilianexile, was months, revolt thePalermo collapsed, hewent backtoBoston. Hediedinbankruptcy until GeorgeBancroft’s multivolumeadecadelater. beganappearing history was well received in the , remaining on Harvard reading lists through the 1820s idealismtotheItalianRisorgimento. afiery thatcontributed standard history Intranslationit cal extortions.” . adecentliving by Heearned goingintotheimport-export Yet ifhis andcommerce,intent uponindustry withoutbeing retarded by ortyranni - civil restrictions official applicationsincontrast toItaly, thegeneralefficiency: “aquiet populationincessantly ofHarvard and theBoston the libraries Athenaeum, and thesimplicityofcustomsforms of orderandpolicedidnotroam (soldiers thestreets asinPalermo), therespect forlearning, over theicewithacalmindifference.” Ontheotherhand, D’Alessandro admired thesense a day, whichItalianwomen didnotdo. Rejectinghisdesire forcompanionship, they “glide .” oftheirpelissestowhispercomfort the skirt Bostonwomen changedoutfitsseveral times feathered bonnets, silk stockingsanddancingshoes, withabitoffur round theirnecks, of nowhere more apparent thaninwomen’s : “gala dresses, allsatinandmuslin, light extravagance:and outright “their are afternew entirely accumulations,” spentinstriving modesty, whichheexpectedinthecityofMatherand Adamses, hefoundconsumerism of poverty.” metaphorbespeaksthelanguageofPuritans. and Religious Instead ofthrift To bea “stranger” was akindof sin,”“original compoundedby the “still lesspardonable sin ingly waryofforeigners”—notonlyEuropeans like himselfbut ofnon-New Englanders. a growing family. The Bostonianswere civil, but they were alsocool, distantand “exceed- D’Alessandro, thenewcomer hadnomoney andthemany responsibilities thatcomewith remittances ofItalianswould cross intheotherdirection!) Though Bachiproved to afriend circumstances andrelied uponremittances from inSicily. hisfamily (Fiftyyears laterthe most painfulsenseofuncertainty. I ofarrival;and hefeltthethrill at length, therecollection ofhome “awoke inmy mindthe the immigrant. ofthelongvoyageThe weariness vanished entirely uponhissightingland does notlike whatheseesgoingforward. At theoutsethecaptures themixed emotionsof Pietro D’Alessandro (circa1812–1855)was aSicilianpoetandpoliticalrefugee, whose D’Alessandro’s ofanItalianExile,”“Letters amemoirofhisfirst inyears America, appeared Not longbefore Bachi’s death, from hisdaughtercommissionedportrait Gal- Albert Boston proved uncongenialtoD’Alessandro who, withoutsteadywork, lived instrained

tone of

5), Hoit’s hisdiscretion andsweetness. accuracytrumps betraysThe portrait 37 melancholy pervades the “Letters.” back, cannot turn The writer yet he Monti, having becomean citizen,American of hadthesatisfaction

stooped r J ohn

felt doubtfulofe 41 everently tokiss thelandsacred toliberty, andfeltfor P aul 60 R usso very , even my own existence

” 38 In his portrait ofBachi Inhisportrait 40 39 D’Alessandro Botta’s was a

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 ing, having tothebosomofnature. returned attitude toward death, which held that the beloved was not dead but or the friend sleep- professors.and Cambridge Likeitself, thecemetery MonteAuburno reflected theRomantic (1831),America whichbecameanotedresting placeofwriters, artists, BostonBrahmins by UgoFoscolo’s andby ISepolcri Mount Cemetery,Auburn thefirst cemetery” “rural in It appeared in1835withasingleeponymous poemof319hendecasyllabic lines, inspired full ofmemories.” home,” waiting to be visited, “as one would go to a relative’s home, or into one’s own home, ows. property inwhichthelovedThe tombsitebecameakindoffamily oneswere “at removed—often underapretense ofsanitationandseemliness—andsetinlandscapedmead- aroundstarting 1750, thatfor millennia hadbeen located in town were centers cemeteries friends, ofletters, ofyour country.” advicetoItalians:his ringing Remainin, andwork forItaly. “Live ever inthelove ofyour toItalywasdecision toreturn marked, again, by mixed , nosuchemotionsinform friends andloversfriends meetagainindeathasifonearth. and sometimesthesamesectionsofthose cemeteries” fortheirown resting place, because societyofBoston.”the literary andcolleagues “[]riends ”soggiorno ofthedead. Mount ofthose wasAuburn themostcherished “convening placesfor The autumnalfoliage, New England’s “beautiful death” settingforthe istheappropriate “bel into exileonMaltaasanaide toRuggero Settimo, theheadofunofficialgovernment doning politics, theRevolution during he becameaSecretary of1848, afterwards going today. Giannone, Pagano, Cuoco, Foscolo, andMazzini. Itisaconversation inItaly onestillhears andcontinued through ofPadua, Marsilius Machiavelli, , Campanella, Galileo, There denied, was practicallyatraditioninItalyofbrilliance atraditionthatbeganwith politically, sothatthey fellunderforeign rule, forcing thecountry’s best mindsintoexile? them, beensolackinginvision? Why haditmisgoverned theItalians, botheconomically and Why class, haditsruling withsomany modelsofbuon (goodgovernment) governo before with anabundance ofhumanenergyandingenuity squandered itsresources sorecklessly? tion intheirnative country. Why, fortheprevious two hundred fifty years, hadacountry and gossip, thenwithgrowing anger atthepolice, thePope,- theinformers, andthecorrup andthen,daily struggles inevitably, tothesubjectofItaly, turning withoddbitsofnews first thethree ofthemconversingOne canimagine over works, theirliterary theirfamilies, their which hedepictedtheflowering ofItalophiliaintheNew Englandofthe1830sand1840s. travel acopiousmemoir, andwideinexilewrite far EpisodesofMySecondLife(1885), in middle-class family, inastudentprotest; forhispart Gallengahadbeenimprisoned hewould joined BachiforsupperathishouseinBrattleStreet, Cambridge. toanupper inParma Born Aside from , D’Alessandro published one book in his lifetime, D’Alessandro returned to Palermo in 1843 to marry andmanagehisestate. in1843tomarry D’Alessandro toPalermo returned Never aban- thelate 1830s,During D’Alessandro andanother exile, Antonio Gallenga, occasionally [. Pia suletombe, eleprotegge. co’ prima Fornì ramiedorl’incurva Quercia, chel’arco all’Indianvagante .

.

. .

robusta pious shapeabove thegraves, protecting them.] . sturdy oak, Indianwithhisbow, thatoncesuppliedthewandering andnow bendsits 44 D’Alessandro praisedthesheltering I talians 42

in A merica 61 43 Philippe onceexplained,As historian Ariès 46 45 , 1800–1850

.

.

. oftenchosethesamecemeteries, Monte Auburno. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 in 1805, hewas already 56 Italy’s eighteenth- “adventurers.”Italy’seighteenth-century the needsofhisnew community. decline, thankstoDaPonte’s unusual abilitytomatchhisconsiderable creative resources to of hislifewould never attaintheheightofhisyears withMozart, becalleda itcannotfairly in 1828; never toEurope; returned andlived tohisninetiethyear. Ifthe period American spent inhidingaboard aship. ButDaPonte threw inhislotwith America; becameacitizen was forced toleave Englandforbreach ofcontractin1804. Hisfinaldays inEngland were in1779;banished himforlicentiousnessandadultery forlèse-majestéin1792; andhe friend, wrote apoemtoD’Alessandro: oftheEnglishcolonialgovernmentSecretary ofMalta, himselftodiewithinmonthsofhis in exile. There, in1855, hediedofrheumaticfever attheageof45. Lushington, Henry the riage of Figaro, riage on accountofhishaving beenMozart’s favoritelibrettist, providing thetextforTheMar- wascentury Lorenzo DaPonte (portrayed inColorPlate Perhaps themostfamous, mostcolorfulItalian andcertainly ofthenineteenth American approved”—and Machiavelli too. Note how the “Sicilian” blossoms intoan “Italian,” of1848, inthespirit “Such asDantehad rato canaglia(scoundrel).”) rather avventuriere than an iere galantuomo(a “gentleman adventurer,” similartoGoldoni’s self-styled Ono - “Avventuriere that advice—hedidhaveoranother—heseemsmore like ofoneform anavventur- scruples always ready toofferhimagoodadventurer’s advice. BecauseDaPonte didnotalways follow than Mazzei, notleastinhisassociationwithfellow Venetian GiacomoCasanova, whowas enough, backtorags—inaceaselesscircle. Yet Da resembled thetypemore closely one’s wits, moving and going from from to country rags to riches—and, country often realized by Casanova and Cagliostro: egoist, amoral, libertine, cosmopolite, living by he was notmarried, dissimulating according tohisadvantage. tutor, professor. thathewas Hetypicallyhidthefact apriest,that thathewas married—or of DaPonte’s many —poet, librettist, bookseller, publisher, gambler, impresario, grocer, ness several circles. inwithitslibertine timesandhadfallen would beone The priesthood priests. By the time he was ordained in 1773, however, he had already visited on busi- Financial anddomesticproblems constrained Lorenzo andhistwo brothers tobecome gave theboy thenameoflocalbishop, school. preparatory andsenthimtoareligious a leatherworker, converted toRomanCatholicismwhenLorenzo was hisfamily fourteen, Vittorio ), ofVenice. 40miles north Hismotherdiedwhenhewas five.father, His sinning, or, inhiscase, more dupedthanduping. Ponte even isperhapsdescribed betterasanadventurer manqué , more sinnedagainst than Long agoinaclassicessay, Masiranked DaPonte Ernesto andFilippoMazzeiamong He was born EmanueleHe was ConeglianointheJewish born ghettoofCeneda(now thecityof An exile—notaslave. Italian! SuchasDantehadapproved— haveSicilian! whomourEnglishhearts loved, Rest inthy foreign grave, , and Così fan tutte. When Da Ponte disembarked at Philadelphia 47

y ears old and his fortunes were oldandhisfortunes ears attheirlowest ebb. Venice had J Lorenzo DaPonte ohn 48 P Neithermanexactlyfitthetypethat was instead aul 62 R usso 49 Indeed the naïve, -natured Da

4), whose immortality isassured whoseimmortality Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 a measure ofbeer.” Chinese.” or itsliterature would sellinacitywhere “they were aboutaswell known four children. Hesoldfood, , dry andliquor, andhe doubtedthattheItalianlanguage Italian. hiswife and his handat opening shopsto sellthingsto support he tried But first sixth.” caccio, Ariosto, Tasso, thenholdingontothatlastfinger. “To tellthetruth, inthepreviousimportance sixcenturies, I Dante, countingoutonhisfingers , Boc- The gentlemanaddedthatthere were “five oratthemostsix” oflasting Italianwriters repertoire founditsway toNew York. Itwas theGarcia troupe, with itscelebratedsoprano energy andinventiveness, like acharacteroutofhisown libretti. enhanced hisstature, thesecret tohisachievement charm, lay inhischarismatic optimism, one ever asksforthem”: stopped intoaskifthere were any Italianbooks: “I the imageofItalyinUnitedStatescirca1810. Passing aBroadway bookstore, DaPonte exiles teach Italian. DaPonte thisas scorned “a profession practicedby currently waiters, cobblers, nova whosaw inLondonandsuggestedthathe DaPonte asanimpresario floundering cussed.” in hishome, andholdingweekly receptions atwhichItalianclassicswere read anddis- of goodtaste, booksfrom“ordering Italy, by littleplays his pupils tobeperformed arranging enthusiasmforhissubject,enormous asitwas ashistrionic tobewithinthebounds paid basedonthenumber ofstudentsenrolled. Ponte (atage76)was Professor appointeditsfirst ofItalianliterature, tobe withhissalary Christmas.” Herecommended Da Ponte tohisfellow trustees, and, inSeptember a Columbiatrustee, although heisknown bestasthepoetwhowrote “The Nightbefore dent ofColumbiaCollege. Moore, whowould becomeadistinguishedHebrew scholar, was the teachingofItalian. Oneofhisstudents, ClementClarke Moore, was thesonofpresi - ofFigaro. much like thesizeofhisbedinTheMarriage Figaro measuring captured inthepicture cloth, hepaintsofhimselfweighing itemsinscalesandmeasuring Yet henever tohave appears been undulydepressed by theconsequences. Hismoodiswell and Sunbury, eachofwhichfailed, mainlyonaccountofhiscredulity insellingoncredit. Later inNew York, DaPonte would discover thathewas exceptionallygoodatteaching In DaPonte’s ofteaching, term first acompany specializingintheItalian ofoperasingers Let uspassover hisgoldenyears in tohissilver onesinNew York. Itwas Casa- For sixorseven thefirst all years went well. Da Ponte was anaturalteacher, filledwith But DaPonte toNew returned York in1819anditwas there permanently thathetookup inNewDa Ponte first openedgroceries York, andthenin inElizabethtown nay rivals, ofthesupreme .” She isnotthatsovereign queenwhichgave totheagesandworld emulators, I try of literature. Comingby chancetoalludethelanguageandliterature ofmy coun- versation. I While we stoodchatting, an gentlemanapproached andjoinedourcon- American enlightened asI

.

“Oh sir,” hereplied, theItalyofancienttimes. Italyisnotunfortunately “modern .

54 . whoby way ofpayment are insultedwithafew pennies, orashilling, orsometimes

Though hisassociationwiththehighculture oflateeighteenth-century Vienna took occasiontoaskhimwh 52

was 50 soon aware from his remarks that he was admirably read in a

OneepisodeinDaPonte’s remarkably Memoirsspeaksto entertaining belie I talians ved tobe. America

in y they should be so little studied in a country as y they shouldbesolittlestudiedinacountry 51 A merica 63

ha , 1800–1850 ve afew,” theclerkreplied, “but no 53

cannot r .

.

. as Turkish or

1825, ecall the Da Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 well-known.” oftheearlynineteenthcentury,lific amongItalian writers American theleast but certainly coming years. According toscholarFrancescoDurante, Rocchiettiis “perhaps themostpro- publish in HisbibliographyVirginia? islikely togrow asmore itemsare uncovered inthe phy are scanty—whenandwhy didhecometo America? Where didhelive? Why didhe lini, aDrama oftheDisunitedStatesNorth (1875).America ofRocchietti’sThe facts - biogra while allowing himselftobeshot death. . A inlove. andthey fall After extensive travels inEngland and to hereturns America Greek, Latin, French andItalian. Oonalaska, ayoung Englishwomen, isamonghispupilsin an all-too-brief car an all-too-brief “Casal”—by which he meant Casale Monferrato inPiedmont.“Casal”—by whichhemeantCasaleMonferrato A styled himself “” Rocchiettionthetitlepage, andidentifiedhimselfascomingfrom States were tooinsular, imitative andnativist; intheUnitedStatesofNorth Cannot Flourish America” (1845), arguingthattheUnited published a tragedyin Italian, Ifigenia(1842); alengthy essay “Why a National Literature decade would bewildlysuccessfulinNew York, as Walt Whitman, amongothers, observed. tothegroundin1836.burn Yet stimulated aninterest hisefforts inoperathatwithinanother leaving himdeeplyindebt, sothathehadtosellthebuilding topay hisexpenses. Itwould Within two seasonsDaPonte’s lackofbusiness senseledtoruin. disappeared, Hispartner by Rossini (6), Cimarosa (1), Pacini (1), and Salvioli (1), there were none by Mozart. which openedin1833(DaPonte was 85). season, inthatfirst Curiously althoughthere were funds tobuild whathenamedthe “Italian OperaHouse,” ofitskindin thefirst America, toestablishing ItalianoperainNewmajor effort York. Almost onhisown heraisedsufficient language andculture. The Garcias moved onbut insubsequentyears DaPonte devoted his vogue forthereception ofits toamodestchangeinfortune ofstudyingItaliancontributed which introduced to Italian ,America was a sensational success, and together with the include “my Garcia,Maria Malibran(1808–1836), laterMaria then17 ican , Lorenzo andOonalaska , whichwas published in in1835. Virginia theearliestknownJoseph Italian (Giuseppe)Rocchiettihasthedistinctionofwriting Amer- understood Frost’s Robert understood lines: duties,professorial andfewer and fewer studentssignedupforhiscourses. Hewould have demands oftherole ofimpresario, successfulorotherwise, undoubtedlykept himfrom his Cato,and Washington.” that hisfather “made meswear ofpoliticsbut againsteverythoseofBrutus, otherprinciple instill inhimtheancientvalues oftheGreek polisandtheRomanrepublic. The hero writes ofYoungWerther DeStaël’s andGermaine . Corinne Sorrows Inthenovel Lorenzo’s parents Foscolo’s 20 is a short epistolary novel epistolary Lorenzo andOonalaskaisashort of132pagesthatdraws inspirationfrom Da Ponte’s lastyears were unhappy. HissonGiuseppediedsuddenlyat21. Hiswife,

Or keeps theendfrom beinghard. Atones forlaterdisregard ofhavingNo memory starred y ears hisjunior,ears diedin1831. Hisoperaplanshadquiteliterallygoneupinflames. The [Last Letters ofJacopo aswellUltime letterediJacopo[LastLetters Ortis] Ortis asfrom Goethe’s Don Giovanni” season, inthespring inthe role ofZerlina. withMaria The tour, 59

ser Joseph RocchiettiandtheItalian NovelAmerican ies of misunderstandings leadstoaduelinwhichherefusesies ofmisunderstandings tokillhisrival, eer. Recognizing hertalent at once, DaPonte convinced to herfather 60 These beliefsforce himintoexileatGeneva, where heteaches J ohn 56 P aul 61 64 58 Oonalaska dies upon hearing thenews. Oonalaskadiesuponhearing Most andaplay abouttheCivil War, CharlesRovel- R usso

years old and at the beginning of years oldandatthebeginning

teacher ofItalian, 57 Rocchietti healso 55 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 business formany years, refusing tobeboughtoutby theoilmagnate. ness by moving toasiteinCleveland nexttoRockefeller’s Standard Oilwithwhomhedid acid; formakingsulfuric to Cincinnatiwhere heopened afactory heexpandedhisbusi- the hydrometer, lactometer, andthermometer. InthesamedecadeEugeneGrassellimigrated on Pearl Street inNew York City, suchas scientificinstruments designingandmanufacturing outmoded. Hediedin1850atCivitavecchia ontheeve forNew ofaplanneddeparture York. him backtoItaly, thoughamidtheintensenationalistfervor hisJacobite ideaswere seenas he feared inthe would expandslave territory West. At age75theRevolution of1848drew non Musketeers, hetookupthecauseof Texas independence—thoughnotannexation, which Anglo-American maturity,Anglo-American andwork. seriousness unself-conscious children atplay, fullofcandorbut withalackofcontrol, incontrastto culture, oftheman. theRomanticsidealizedchildasfather Italianswere as described Where the Enlightenment treated the child as an imperfect adult needing to be shaped by both strandsoftheItaliancharacter, highandlow, thaninthetype ofthe “noble savage”? another Italianprofile developed withtheadvent ofRomanticism. Where bettertocombine Italian ashumanist, , orcourtesan, but alsoasthedeceitfulMachiavel. Yet preconceptions. SomebelongedtotheRenaissance, thatspread theideaof aperiod port” to America. Hewould succeedDaPonte inthechairofItalianliterature atColumbia. released from Austria’s inanamnestyof1836onconditionthathe Spielbergprison “trans- wrong Schoolcrafteightyears by later. Henry Felice Foresti, Eleuterio aCarbonaro, was of theMississippiandwrote aboutthediscovery ofitssource in1824, onlytobeproven (1790–1855), from Bergamoandinexileforliberalsympathies, explored theupperreaches Machiavellian thatisable virtù “to bearupagainstadversities withcalmness, andheroism.” for Italy to achieve the political system.”American importantly, thenovel expresses Rocchietti’s revolutionary republicanism. Hishero “longs In July as a famous r as afamous immigrants at the turn ofthetwentieth would attheturn century realize;immigrants and 1830s, improved thegeneralview ofItalians. Negative stereotypes remained latent, as the childhoodofmodernity, tobeviewed withfondnostalgia, asinamuseum. with spontaneouslife, like thesavage—or thenaïve artist. Italianswere seenasrepresenting ceived admiration. withfondnessandsometimes wholehearted inspired them—theways inwhichItaliansdiffered from native-born wereAmericans per- a good number of them freedom-loving whose own exilesina country revolution had 1850, withfew Italians actuallypresent, andthesemostlymiddleclassprofessional— not have inItaly.” United States” and “to make Italiansacquire in thatnationalconsciencethey did America twin goals were “to encourage a more assiduous Italian presence in the institutional life of the Broadway andthenanotherinNew Orleans, becomingan citizenin1828.American His . InNew York, DaPonte, where hebefriended heopenedagirls’ boarding schoolon in ItalyandRussia. Jacobin activities ledtohisexpulsionfrom thePapal States, , and 1850. Orazio de Attellis, from in the , anoble family fought in ’s armies In the1830sGiuseppe Tagliabue from emigrated theenvirons ofComoandsetupshop From intheNew 1800to1850the Italians whoarrived World encountered long-standing The Romanticidealizationofthechild, whichreached itszenithin inthe1820s America Other noteworthy Italiansestablished themselves from in 1800to intheperiod America

1850, afterthedefeat oftheRomanRepublic of1849, arrived GiuseppeGaribaldi efugee inNew York City. Typically, herefused the honor ofapublic reception. 64 Having established inNew OrleansanItalianguard troop, theMount Ver- I talians The Time oftheExiles Ends

in A merica 65 66 62 Closertonature, thechildisincontact To achieve that goal, one must revive a , 1800–1850 67 yet, inourperiod, 1800– 65 GiacomoBeltrami 63 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3 to thebusiness athand: Man withhisvolunteer follo of Garibaldi, whomherevered as “a hero ofantiquity, afigure outoftheAeneid.” ings theexiledRussianintellectual Herzenwasacharacterportrait able towrite ping over atLondontoencounterprominent European radicals. As aresult ofthesemeet- remain in America, afterthree andahalfyears, inJanuary stepstowardHe tookthefirst citizenship, American but thenbidedhistime. Ratherthan name and in presencethe city (indicating a growing fostered Italian charities population). manual labor, andhewent towork inacandlefactory, oftallow. mostlyhaulingbarrels His His rheumatism, whichincapacitated him from time to time, could not dissuade him from Masi, Ernesto. “Gli avventurieri,” in Casillo, andJohn Robert Paul Russo.. TheItalianinModernity Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011. Billington,Ray Allen. to commencetheunificationofItaly. Thetimeoftheexiles was over. It was aprophetic statement. A Then heanswered hisown question: Herzen was sadlyfamiliar. “What can[theexiles]donow inEurope?” wondered. Garibaldi conversation expatiatedontheadverse effectsofalongexile, Garibaldi amatterwithwhich 5 4 3 2 1 New York: Rinehart, 1952. Treves, 1896, 85–128.

University Press, 1997), 64. Michael Anesko,see York: Hurd and Houghton, 1871), 35–59. circles impression that itmade, in literary For the striking William DeanHo statisticoitalianopercur Annuario (Fairfax: GeorgeMasonUniversity Press, 2012), 60–61. 2001), 210, 211; DianePortnoy, Portnoy andCharles Riggs, Barry Immigrant Struggles, Immigrant Gifts M. Ibid., whichcitesanobituar sity Pr The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. BarbaraB. ObergandJulian P. Boyd, 31(Princeton: Univer Princeton - published in theAtlantic Monthly (April and unassailable! and withdanger? A ocean, hardening ourselves in the rough life of sailors, in conflict with the elements together roundcould bebetterthangathering afew mastsandsailing over the [M]en whostay in outoftheranks. fall America What isbetterthanmy , what country”: itisanew fatherland, there are otherinterests, everything isdifferent. tling in isworse still—that’sAmerica theend, that’s thelandof“forgettingone’s own Grow usedtoslavery tothemselves, andbefalse inEngland. orgobegging y an immigrant wouldy animmigrant feelthepungencyofthatremark. Then themanofactionturned ess, 2004), 99. Brownstone andIrene M. Frank,Immigration (New Facts AboutAmerican York: H.W. Wilson, The ProtestantCrusade, 1800–1860: A wells’s essay, “Doorstep Acquaintance,” Street, theItaliansofFerry describing was 69 Letters, Fictions, Lives: James Henry and William DeanHowells(New York:

floating r Richmond Enquirerof17Marchy intheRichmond (: andPietroMaestri a diCesareCorrenti letteraria,Tipografia 1858). wers—the “Thousand”—and they would “put in” atMarsala La vita italiana nel settecento:

few years later Garibaldi wouldfew years shipoutfrom laterGaribaldi near aport J evolution, ready toputinatany shore, independent ohn Further Reading Further

1869), P Notes aul and then reprinted in Howells, andthen reprinted (New Suburban Sketches 66 R

usso Stud Conferenze tenute a Firenze nel 1895. : y of the Origins of y oftheOrigins Nativism[1938].American

1854,

1809. he returned toEurope, hereturned stop-

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. Set- . 68

. Inone Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:04 25 Sep 2021; For: 9780203501856, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203501856.ch3

44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 34 9 8 7 6

of ChicagoPress, 1978), 54. ish Tongue for Those Who Are Already Acquainted withtheItalian(Boston: CottonsandBarnard, 1832), vi. 1988), 263–283. Spini, “ del Perù,” in D’Alessandro,” 1800–1944 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948), 9. (1925), 14. respondence ofJefferson andBellini: SettlementofBellini’s Estate,” Quarterly, WilliamandMary ser. 2, 5 Ibid., 14. Samuel Mazzuchelli, Newcomen SocietyinNorth America, 1954), 6. Edwar ner, 1971), 10. Alexander DeConde, Ibid., 84. Uni EmmetCurran,Robert ofGeorgetownUniversity TheBicentennialHistory (Washington DC: Georgetown Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 72–73. Ar Philippe Pietro D’Alessandro 8.12 (December Pietro D’Alessandr ,America trans. George Alexander Otis, 3vols. (Philadelphia: Maxwell, 1820). The first Scalia, Theodore E. Durante, Scalia, versity Press, 2014), 264. and Pastels by and New Haven: before 1826 (Cambridge Born Artists Harvard Museum and Yale Uni - Theodore E. Pietro Ibid., versity Press, 2006), 25. Dionig Renzo Letters ofHenry Press, 1966–1982), 1: 273, 321. The LettersofHenry Scalia, S. Angelina LaPiana, Malone Dumas Ibid., Earl G. Ibid., Antonio Mazzuchelli, J Karl Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., vii, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Scene 1). EugeneScalia, in “Figures oftheRisorgimento America: IgnazioBatolo, Alias Pietro BachiandPietro versity Press, 1993), 64. .Weintraub, 26. 27. 351. 168. 106–107. 73. 40. 16. 15. 14–15. d B. Bunn, S.J., “Georgetown”: fromtheU.S. FirstCollegeCharter (New York: Congress(1789–1954) “Figures,” 333–334. “Figures,” 322. “Figures,” 319. Bachi, D’Alessandro, Swem, “Charles Bellini, Languagesinan Professor First College: ofModern American Cor-

80. The translatormay have recalled Shakespeare’s surge” imperious “rude IV, (IIHenry 3, Act [Italianed.],Italoamericana 1: 447–478. American editionwas CharlesBotta,American ofthe History War ofIndependencetheUnitedStates iès, Stebbins, Jr. , 1, andMelissaRenn, eds., Watercolors, American atHarvard , vol. Stebbins, Jr. andMelissaRenn, Painting American atHarvard , 264. A Comparative View oftheItalian andSpanishLanguages, or theSpan- An EasyMethodofLearning , ofanItalianExile,”“Letters 742, 748. Memoirs , “Another LetterofCarloBellini,” Quarterly, WilliamandMary ser. 3, 4(1947), 352. i, Wadsworth Longfellow, 2: 103. Italica, 42.4(1965), 311–357(319). OnPrescott, Ticknor andtheircircle, seeGiorgio , Western Attitudes Toward Death: FromtheMiddle Ages tothePresent , trans. M. Patricia

Antonio Gallenga: An ItalianExileinBrahmin Boston, 1836–1839(: Uni- Insubria efro theVirginian(Boston: Little,Jefferson , 1948), 285. 1842), The Value of the Individual: Self and Circumstance in (Chicago: University o, ofanItalianExile,”“Letters trans. Henry T. Tuckerman, Literary Messenger, Southern Dante’s Pilgrimage:American A Wadsworth Longfellow, ed. Hilen, 6vols. (Cambridge: Harvard University O.P., Memoirs(Chicago: Press, Priory 1967), 11. Monte Auburno (Cambridge: Torchi diC. Folsom, 1835). , 24. HalfBitter, HalfSweet: (New History An ExcursionintoItalian-American York:- Scrib 741–748(741–742). I talians Incontri europei e americani col Risorgimento, europei e americani Incontri ed. Spini(: Vallecchi,

in A merica 67

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69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45

nVrii, 1835,”in Virginia, Press, 2004). intheUnitedStatesofNorth National Literature CannotFlourish America” (1845)(Lewiston: EdwinMellen ary Works JosephRocchietti, ofItalian-American 1835–1845: “Lorenzo andOonalaska” (1835)and “Why a rare books. SeeCarol Bonomo andElviraDiFabio,Albright Republican IdealsintheSelectedLiter- ,bridged ed. Edward Lathen(New Connery York: Holt, Henry 1979), 307. 2017), 69–101. Italian inDakota: The Function of EuropeanMusical Theatre in U.S. Culture(Göttingen: &R unipress, University of Wisconsin Press, 2002), 198–199. 111. ButseealsoSheilaHodges, Lorenzo DaPonte: The Lifeand Times ofMozart’s Librettist(Madison: Lorenzo DaP Rodney Masi, Treves, 1908), 85–128. Ernesto lan, 1859), lvi. Henry Dionigi, D’Alessandro lxne Herzen, Alexander eHerzen (:Garibaldi Castelvecchi, 2015), published in1932. originally Jasper Prejudice, ed. ConnellandFred Gardaphé (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 11–22. See W British Century Travel Literature,” EnglishMiscellany, 22(1971), 107–146. Andre Por Durante, Rocchietti, Carol Bonomo duelin The sceneanticipatestheNaptha-Settembrini Joseph Durante, Rocchietti condemnsthebur Carol Bonomo Fr Robert Walt Whitman For Joseph LouisRusso Ibid., Ibid., 1929), 361. Press, 1982), 371. tnoy, Portnoy andRiggs, Immigrant Struggles, Immigrant Gifts, 61–62. Whitman’s opera going and his strong preference for belcanto , D. see Robert Faner, “Gli avventurieri,” 90. 357. 360. w M. Canepa, “From Degenerate Scoundrel to Noble Savage: The ItalianStereotype in 18th- Ridley, illiam J. Connell, “Darker Aspects of Italian Prehistory,”American inAnti-Italianism: ona Rocchietti, Lushington,

Masi, “Gli avventurieri,” in Bolt, Antonio Gallenga, 29–30. [Italianed.],Italoamericana 1: 261. [Italianed.],Italoamericana 1: 327. ost, “Provide, Provide,” Frost: ofRobert in ThePoetry The CollectedPoems, CompleteandUna- Lorenz ,

(New Garibaldi York: Viking, 1974), 377. Seealsothetouchingessay by LeoneGinzburg, Monte Auburno, 8. The Remarkable LifeofLorenzo DaPonte(London: Bloomsbury, 2006), 233. onte, Memoirs, trans. Abbott, ed. Livingston (Philadelphia: Lippincott, & Oper Albright, “Earliest Italian Novel:American Lorenzo andOonalaskaby Joseph Rocchietti Albright discoveredAlbright thislong-forgottennovel in1999, following anadvertisement for o andOonalaska, 97–98. ,Italian Americana 18.2(2000), 129–132.

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