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Plastics Waste Management in the Manila Bay Watershed

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Plastics Waste Management in the Manila Bay Watershed Conversations on race and climate change Case studies CASE STUDY #11 by H. Stoltzfus PLASTICS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE MANILA BAY WATERSHED, PHILIPPINES ATLANTIC OCEAN Root cause analysis programs (Atienza, 2013). In analyzing solid waste Even today, previously colonized management practices in the countries like the Philippines Philippines, one may identify experience new cycles of beggar- many impacts, or ‘leaves’ on thy-neighbor interest policies. this human environment that With the rapid diffusion of are fed by the global trade information technology, more in plastic waste. They are expensive labor demands (i.e. especially relevant for plastics Those required for services, produced in newly industrialized research and development, and/ Asian countries, consumed or end-of-chain production in Manila MANILA BAY once worldwide, converted both developed and developing to waste, and shipped back to countries) can be met with the small-scale landfills, leaving labor supply from developed the majority of the world’s economies. According to Richard plastics problem ‘out of sight’ Baldwin’s Great Convergence and thus ‘out of mind’. The bulk theory, most environmentally of the maladaptive effects of costly and area-extensive LAGO DE IZABEL globalization, then, are left to an operations like manufacturing unfortunate few billion people and assembly are usually LAGUNA in the South Pacific at the whim completed in countries with LAKE of regional and global political low GDP and lower regulation and consumptive trends. These standards (2016). people—impoverished rural and urban groups in particular—see It is important, however, the accumulation of trash in to consider that American streets and waterways, and face mercantilist influence in the almost insurmountable costs in Philippines exists only as it has researching and developing the been both reaffirmed by and skills and technologies to teach competed with in the past. Some and implement national recycling locally relevant examples include – 85 – – 86 – Conversations on race and climate change Case studies the older, imperial, and business owners were forced to consequences. arguably more racist dogmas exploit nearby ASEAN nations Increase in mothers’ responsibilities of Spanish conquistadors As a North American university PTSD and mental Increase in like the Philippines because health problems for as caregivers and violence against Intimidation agricultural producers and Catholic priests. In this of their looser environmental student studying conservation, land defenders sex workers and threats Inequalitree, settler-colonialism regulations (Baldwin, 2016 and there are several privileges I Rise in price of as represented by imperialist Sanpu, 2004). This lowers the must claim as I discuss topics electricity Arson Assault and Contamination of attempted murder land (decreased land interferences (by China, Japan, labor and technological capital of such wide breadth. I have productivity, subsistence Decrease in farming, food availability) the United States, Spanish, and costs required to staff the area-, one American parent and one social cohesion Increase in disease and birth deformities finally, by all four by proxy danger-, and work-extensive Korean, and much of my sense Theft through the urban residents of personal identity has centered Murder of land Increase in aspects of waste management defenders Social unrest and protests employment Increase in demand of Manila, or Manileñeros), in a (landfills and recycling plants). on balancing these opposing DAILY IMPACTS DAILY for men for nickel from renewable energy sides of myself. I identify Sexual violence and significant ‘root’ ideology. Thus, a ‘knot’ is included in abuse by security and Increase in women’s strongly with other Asian paramilitary forces economic dependence Incarceration and the Inequalitree’s trunk, as on men because mine criminalization of only employs men land defenders The Chinese waste ban is a it represents the nexus of cultures, and may be biased Investment by useful ‘trunk’ for examining this problem, from which the in my evaluation of racism Hudbay (e.g. at Loss of clean water from UBC) as a move to Forced evictions toxic metals and sewage the causalities of rampant negative effects experienced by and the deeper causalities of innocence and displacement from workers (polluted Lake Izabel) pollution caused by plastic waste Philippine, and racialized peoples this issue, because of a shared in Philippine water and soil radiate outward. historic trauma between Filipino systems. China’s 2018 waste ban and Korean women when they Canadian Strategic lawsuits Hudbay Skye Resources Paramilitarization, of just 12 types of recyclable remember the Japanese soldiers’ international and against public Compañía Guatemalteca militias, police, Positionality domestic law (and perception de Níquel security companies waste, supposedly intended to ‘comfort women’ of World War climate of impunity) (SLAPP lawsuits) counter the 2017 American anti- An outside perspective that 2. Canadian tax codes Corporate social UN Guiding dumping tariffs, has essentially and stock exchanges Investor responsibility policies Principles on Solway Group, informed my model and analyses State Dispute enacted by Hudbay Business and INCO, EXMIBAL drowned Southeast Asia in Because of where my parents Settlements Human Rights (companies that have is the economic analysis of Canadian International operated the mine at Truth and Reconciliation plastic (Kao, 2018). Like in chose to begin my life, I am able Resource Development different times) Commission (doesn’t address Depression-era sociological and Institute Lack of land title violence against Indigenous to wield my inherent privilege, Free Trade for Q’eqchi’ and peoples in other nation-states) many Southeast Asian nations— financial systems introduced Agreement Guatemalan domestic UN Declaration Malaysia, Indonesia, and having attended a one-of-a-kind STRUCTURES/INSTITUTIONS Canadian International between Canada law and environmental on the Rights of by the international economic Development Agency review process and Guatemala Indigenous Peoples Thailand—the Philippine islands theorist, Joseph Stiglitz through honors Global Ecology studies have seen the accelerating his examination of “beggar-thy- program in the eastern United emergence of small-scale and neighbor” interest rate policies, States. I also have the privilege White supremacy extralegal recycling and landfill where a newly established global of attending the University of operations, which have been British Columbia, a rigorous Globalization web of monetary credit benefits accompanied by a host of health the ‘beggar’ country at the direct research university, where I can Neoliberalism and environmental effects; like expense of the ‘neighbor’ (1999). study without worrying about ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS of and free trade dengue fever, respiratory and my family’s safety or financial plastics waste management in the During the Great Depression, Ongoing effect of general illnesses related to air wealthy countries borrowed security. genocicde and civil war Manila Bay watershed, Philippines and water pollution (Dhiraj, credit from their colonies, Racial capitalism 2018; Vila, 2018). leaving the most isolated and Case study From Perera’s “Ineqaulitree,” used here with (Neo)colonialism underdeveloped citizens of appreciation. Leaves represent daily impacts Once China imposed a purity Today, as the global ROOT CAUSE IDEOLOGIES CAUSE ROOT (Perera’s “everyday symptoms”), the trunk Human exceptionalism those same developing countries limit of 99.5% for all imported (rural citizens in Southeast Asia consciousness of the plastic represents structure and institutions, and (Neo)imperialism roots represent root cause ideologies. waste, Chinese, American, and India, for example) with waste problem facing the Cisheteropatriarchy Extractivism South Korean, and other foreign the brunt of the socioeconomic Association of South East – 87 – – 88 – Conversations on race and climate change Case studies Asian Nation (ASEAN) the supply of labor from more to bolster financial deepening Ecological Solid Waste Management to success in its most highly remain wary of severing member countries expands, agriculturally dominant regions within the Metro Manila and the Act (2000) praised barangay, Barangay linkages between related social it will continue to remain (David, 1980 and De la Rosa NCR. For example, there has Maimpis, where, of the initial and economic production centers. deeply important to engage Reyes, n.d.). been serious concern expressed RA 9003, the aforementioned P700,000, P300,000 was saved For example, by redirecting with relevant regional scales over successful mobilization waste management law, in annual costs of trucks and agricultural goods to a more of inequality. Even though Internalized colorism of a flood plan for Manila, requires individual barangay fuel, was the presence of an prioritized development hub, waste management is usually but much less supporting the (neighborhoods) to establish non-governmental organization government-established markets a municipally delegated task, The general attitude in even organization of efforts a materials recovery facility (NGO) called the Mother to be made into ‘finalized it has global, not regional or Philippine urban environments within more agricultural and (MRF), where all barangay Earth Foundation (MEF). On products’, when employed by local, consequences. Counter often mirrors government ecologically vulnerable
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