A Diversity of Moths (Lepidoptera) Trapped with Two Feeding Attractants Author(s): Peter J. Landolt, Todd Adams, Richard S. Zack, and Lars Crabo Source: Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 104(3):498-506. 2011. Published By: Entomological Society of America DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/AN10189 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/AN10189 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. ARTHROPOD BIOLOGY A Diversity of Moths (Lepidoptera) Trapped With Two Feeding Attractants 1 2 3 4 PETER J. LANDOLT, TODD ADAMS, RICHARD S. ZACK, AND LARS CRABO Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 104(3): 498Ð506 (2011); DOI: 10.1603/AN10189 ABSTRACT Feeding attractants for moths are useful as survey tools to assess moth species diversity and for monitoring of the relative abundance of certain pest species. We assessed the relative breadth of attractiveness of two such lures to moths, at sites with varied habitats during 2006. Eighty-six of the 114 species of Lepidoptera captured were in traps baited with acetic acid plus 3-methyl-1-butanol (AAMB), a moth lure that is based on the odor chemistry of fermented molasses baits. Fifty-two of the 114 species were trapped with a ßoral odorant lure comprised of phenylacetaldehyde, ␤-myrcene, methyl salicylate, and methyl-2-methoxy benzoate. Preference for one lure type was statistically supported for 10 species of moths: seven to the AAMB lure and three to the ßoral lure. To gain better information on lure preference, 10 pairs of traps baited with the same lures were maintained in a single habitat type (riparian) during 2008. Sixty-eight of 89 species captured were in traps baited with AAMB, and 43 were in traps baited with the ßoral lure. Preference for a lure type was statistically supported for 39 of the 89 species of moths trapped; 32 to the AAMB lure and seven to the ßoral lure. Both of these lures hold advantages for trapping different types of moths, and both lures might be used in a complementary way to sample moth biodiversity. KEY WORDS moth, attractant, trapping, survey, biodiversity Feeding attractants have been sought for their poten- 2001, Landolt et al. 2007, Toth et al. 2010). Important tial use in detecting, monitoring, and managing moths. pest species attracted to AAMB include the noctuids Chemical attractants based on plant ßoral odorants are Mamestra configurata Walker (bertha armyworm), Xe- demonstrated for cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni stia c-nigrum (L.) (spotted cutworm), Lacanobia sub- (Hu¨ bner) (Cantelo and Jacobson 1979, Haynes et al. juncta (Barnes & McDunnough), and Mythimna 1991, Heath et al. 1992); alfalfa looper, Autographa (ϭPseudaletia) unipuncta (Haworth) (Landolt 2000, californica (Speyer) (Landolt et al. 2001, 2006); Au- Landolt and Higbee 2002); the erebids Mocis spp. tographa gamma (L.) (Plepys et al. 2002); soybean (grass loopers) (Meagher and Mislevy 2005) and Hy- looper, Chrysodeixis (ϭPseudoplusia) includens pena humuli Harris (hop looper) (Landolt et al. 2011); (Walker) (Meagher 2001, 2002); tobacco budworm, and the stored product pyralids Pyralis farinalis L. Heliothis virescens (F.); corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (meal moth) (Landolt 2005), Anagasta kuhniella (Boddie) (Pair and Horvat 1997, Lopez et al. 2000); (Zeller), and Plodia interpunctella (Hu¨ bner) (Indian- and Helicoverpa armigera (Hu¨ bner) (Midgley et al. meal moth) (Toth et al. 2002). 2008), among others. These lures are thought to be These two types of lures (ßoral and AAMB) are feeding attractants that are used by moths to locate potentially attractive to numerous and diverse moth and then feed on ßoral nectars. taxa. Traps in Alaska baited with a ßoral odorant-based Chemical attractants based on odorants from fer- lure captured 22 species of Noctuidae and 13 species mented sweet baits also are demonstrated for moths. of Geometridae (Landolt et al. 2007). This lure emit- Utrio and Eriksson (1977) trapped moths with several ted phenylacetaldehyde, ␤-myrcene, methyl salicy- single chemical lures as well as an eight-component late, and methyl-2-methoxy benzoate. Traps baited blend of compounds, based on the chemistry of fer- with the same attractant in Florida captured large mented molasses. A subset of that blend, acetic acid numbers of nine pest species of noctuids and erebids, with 3-methyl-1-butanol (AAMB), has been used to whereas nonpest species were not reported (Meagher trap moths (Landolt 2000, Landolt and Hammond and Landolt 2008). Traps baited with AAMB in Alaska captured 64 species of noctuids, four species of Ere- 1 Corresponding author: USDAÐARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd., bidae, Þve species of Geometridae, and one species of Wapato, WA 98951 (e-mail: [email protected]). Thyatiridae (Landolt et al. 2007). In Washington, traps 2 Oregon Department of Agriculture, 635 Capitol St. NE, Salem, OR baited with AAMB captured 50 species of Noctuidae, 97302. four species of Erebidae, three species of Thyatiridae, 3 Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pull- man, WA 99164. and three species of Pyralidae (Landolt and Ham- 4 724 18th St., Bellingham, WA 98225. mond 2001). These results suggest potential for use of May 2011 LANDOLT ET AL.: DIVERSITY OF MOTHS TRAPPED WITH FEEDING ATTRACTANTS 499 such feeding attractants in detection efforts or surveys (BM), methyl salicylate (MS), and methyl-2-methoxy of moth biodiversity. For our analysis, we follow the benzoate (M2MB) (Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee, taxonomic arrangements of Lafontaine and Schmidt WI) on cotton balls in the bottom of the vial. Lures (2010) for Noctuoidea, Solis (2007) for Pyraloidea, were suspended within the bucket by a length of wire and Hodges (1983) for other Lepidoptera. folded over the bucket lip so that they remained up- Although both types of lures seem broadly attrac- right but above the ßoor of the bucket. Traps were tive to moths, each of the two lures may be attractive hung on shrubs, trees, and fencing at a height of to, or preferred by, different lepidopteran taxa. For 1.0Ð1.5 m and with a distance of 10 m between traps. example, in an assessment of the moths trapped with Traps were checked weekly, lures were replaced ev- feeding attractants in Alaska (Landolt et al. 2007), all ery two weeks, and Vaportape pieces were replaced plusiine noctuids captured were in traps baited with every 4 wk. Captured insects were placed in prela- the ßoral lure, whereas those in other subfamilies were beled (experiment, site, date, and lure) Ziplock plastic captured principally in traps baited with AAMB. In bags and stored in a freezer until insects were sorted Hungary, Toth et al. (2010) trapped greater numbers and identiÞed. of the noctuid plusiines A. gamma and Macdunnoughia 2006 Study of Diversity of Moths Trapped. Pairs of confusa Stephen, as well as the noctuid heliothine H. traps (a trap with an AAMB lure and a trap with a ßoral armigera and noctuid noctuine Charanyca trigram- lure), were maintained in the Yakima Valley, Yakima mica Hufnagel, with the ßoral compound phenylac- Co., WA (Þve pairs), and in Wasco Co. of north central etaldehyde. They trapped more of the noctuines Agro- Oregon (10 pairs). The Þve Yakima Valley trap loca- tis exclamationis L., Agrotis segetum Schiffermuller, X. tions were 1) a forested riparian zone bordering lawn c-nigrum, Amphipyra pyramidea L., Apatele rumicis L., and pasture along Ahtanum Creek 3 km SE of Ahta- Mamestra brassicae (L.), Mamestra oleracea L., and num; 2) a forested riparian zone bordering pasture Mamestra suasa (Denis & Schiffermu¨ ller), with a lure along Cowiche Creek near Cowiche; 3) at the edge of that is based on fermented molasses odor and included a Yakima River ßood plain forest of black cottonwood, AAMB. A comparative assessment of taxonomic pat- Populus trichocarpum Fernald, adjacent to an irrigated terns to these responses would be useful for deter- apple (Malus spp.) orchard; 4) within an irrigated mining which lure or lure type would be most appro- apple orchard near Parker; and 5) on Rattlesnake priate to use for moth detection or monitoring Ridge in sagebrush steppe habitat that was largely applications. burned by a wildÞre on 13 August 2006. Traps were We Þrst sought to improve our knowledge of the maintained from 3 March until 27 October 2006. The breadth of attractiveness of these two lures to moth 10 trap locations in Wasco County were 1) in a stand taxa with an observational study of moths trapped in of mixed ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws., and a variety of habitats. We then focused on a single garry oak, Quercus garryanna Douglas ex Hook, sur- habitat type to better test the hypothesis that moth rounded by dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) species will respond preferentially to the ßoral lure or Þelds 5 km SW of the town of Dufur; 2) roadside to the AAMB lure. We also experimentally conÞrmed adjacent to dryland wheat and rolling grassland Þelds observations of previous studies that noctuid plusiines 4 km SE of Dufur; 3) dryland wheat, 200mWofHwy are preferentially attracted to a ßoral lure, whereas 197 Ϸ5 km NE of Dufur; 4) 8 km W of Dufur in a noctuids in the Noctuinae generally are preferentially transition zone from grassland to ponderosa pine and attracted to the AAMB lure.