DOCSLIB.ORG

1Thomas Jefferson, Sally Hemings, James Callender, and Sex Across the Color Line Under Slavery

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1Thomas Jefferson, Sally Hemings, James Callender, and Sex Across the Color Line Under Slavery Notorious in the Neighborhood sex and families across the color line in virginia, 1787–1861 Joshua D. Rothman The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill & London Notorious in the Neighborhood ∫ 2003 The University of North Carolina Press All rights reserved Set in New Baskerville and Snell Roundhand by Keystone Typesetting, Inc. Manufactured in the United States of America The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rothman, Joshua D. Notorious in the neighborhood : sex and families across the color line in Virginia, 1787–1861 / by Joshua D. Rothman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-8078-2768-1 (cloth: alk. paper) isbn 0-8078-5440-9 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Interracial marriage—Virginia—History. 2. Miscegenation—Social aspects— Virginia—History. 3. Racially mixed people—Virginia—History. 4. Miscegenation— Law and legislation—Virginia—History. 5. Virginia—Race relations—History. I. Title. hq1031 .r695 2003 306.84%6%09755—dc21 2002007568 Portions of this work have appeared previously, in somewhat different form, as ‘‘James Callender and Social Knowledge of Interracial Sex in Antebellum Virginia,’’ in Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture, ed. Jan Lewis and Peter S. Onuf, 87–113 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999); ‘‘ ‘Notorious in the Neighborhood’: An Interracial Family in Early National and Antebellum Virginia,’’ Journal of Southern History 67, no. 1 (February 2001): 73–114; and ‘‘ ‘to be freed from thate curs and let at liberty’: Interracial Adultery and Divorce in Antebellum Virginia,’’ Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 106, no. 4 (Autumn 1998): 443–81. They are reprinted here with permission. cloth 07 06 05 04 03 54321 paper 07 06 05 04 03 54321 frontispiece Virginian Luxuries (artist unknown), ca. 1815 (Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Va.) for my parents, whose love of knowledge is an inspiration Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 interlude: Stories Told about Monticello 12 Chapter 1. Thomas Jefferson, Sally Hemings, James Callender, and Sex across the Color Line under Slavery 14 interlude: The Community of Mary Hemings 53 Chapter 2. Notorious in the Neighborhood: An Interracial Family in Early National and Antebellum Virginia 57 interlude: The Funeral of David Isaacs 88 Chapter 3. The Church and the Brothel Are Only Separated by a Pane of Glass: Sex and Race on the Streets of Richmond 92 interlude: The Context for Lawmaking 130 Chapter 4. The Strongest Passion That Can Possibly Aggitate the Human Mind: Sexual Violence, Slave Crime, Law, and the White Community 133 interlude: The Fate of Lucy Bowman 164 Chapter 5. To Be Freed from Thate Curs and Let at Liberty: Interracial Adultery and Divorce 169 interlude: The Mysteries of William Carlton 199 Chapter 6. Let There Be but Two Races among Us: Mixed Bloods in Early National and Antebellum Law and Society 204 interlude: Toward a New Racial Order 235 Epilogue 239 Notes 245 Bibliography 307 Index 331 Illustrations Map 1. Albemarle County, 1780–1800 33 Figure 1. Genealogy of the West-Isaacs-Hemings-Fossett Families 54 Map 2. The Town of Charlottesville, 1818 64 Map 3. Richmond, 1835 106 Map 4. Richmond, 1856 114 Acknowledgments Every historian ought to recognize the inestimable value of help- ful and knowledgeable archivists and librarians. I have been blessed on this project to have found many such people. Much thanks to those at the Library of Virginia, the Valentine Museum, and the University of Virginia Library’s Department of Special Collections. Particular debts are owed to Teresa Roane at the Valentine, who put me onto sources that I might never otherwise have found, and to Brent Tarter, Gregg Kimball, and John Kneebone at the LOV, with whom I shared enriching discus- sions at many a lunch. Thomas Jefferson would surely be proud of the intellectual commu- nity cultivated at and near his beloved Monticello. I am grateful to the Thomas Jefferson Foundation for providing me both with a year-long dissertation fellowship and with a space to work at Kenwood, the home of the International Center for Jefferson Studies and surely one of the most aesthetically pleasant environments in the United States for reading, writing, and contemplation. James Horn, the Saunders Direc- tor of the ICJS, is both a fine scholar and a primary reason for the collegiality evident at Kenwood. I am also extremely grateful to Cinder Stanton, Shannon Senior Research Historian of the ICJS, and to Dianne Swann-Wright, the center’s Director of African-American and Special Programs, both of whom I am fortunate to have as friends and whose work has added immeasurably to my understanding of the Hemings family specifically and of slavery at Monticello generally. Both also read and commented on parts of the manuscript on which this book is based. One of the smartest choices I have ever made was attending graduate school at the University of Virginia. The Corcoran Department of His- tory, the Center for Children, Family, and the Law, and the Carter G. Woodson Institute for Afro-American and African Studies all provided much needed financial support. Studying at Virginia also brought me into contact with friends, mentors, advisers, and colleagues who played large roles in making this book possible. Thanks especially to Reginald Butler, Jeffrey Hantman, Phyllis Leffler, Turk McCleskey, Fraser Neiman, Bob Vernon, Henry Weincek, Camille Wells, and other participants in what was then known as the Central Virginia Social History Project for their comments, criticism, and guidance. Eric Lott helped shape how I think about history and race, and also served as an outside reader on my dissertation committee. I am unashamed to say that the three members of Virginia’s history faculty who served on my committee are my professional heroes. Both individually and collectively, Ed Ayers, Joe Miller, and Peter Onuf taught me how to think, how to write, and how to teach. Each has earned a lifetime of gratitude, and I hope this book makes them proud to be associated with it. I also learned a great deal from my fellow graduate students, many of whom graciously gave me their intellectual insights and their friendship, the latter of which was especially critical to surviving what can sometimes be the disheartening experience of getting a doctoral degree. Andy Mor- ris, Amy Murrell, Steve Norris, Scott Taylor, Andy Trees, and I shared many therapeutic dinner conversations and many equally therapeutic bottles of Red Stripe beer at Monday evening meetings of our ‘‘disserta- tion support group’’ at the Blue Moon Diner. Thanks also to Watson Jennison and John Riedl, with whom I spent what was probably an in- ordinate amount of time. I doubt I ever became anything more than a mediocre basketball player by playing with them, and I know I never learned anything from the hours we spent late at night watching Jerry Springer. But I am certain that I am a better person and a better scholar for knowing them. Others who deserve to be acknowledged include Amy Feely, Scot French, Juliette Landphair, Matt Lassiter, Andy Lewis, Jeff McClurken, Anne Rubin, Philip Troutman, and Kirt von Daacke. Special thanks are due to Woody Holton for alerting me to the existence of the image that appears on the cover. Jim Baumgardner, Mary Frances Berry, Jane Dailey, Paul Gilje, Gra- ham Hodges, Linda Sturtz, and Elizabeth Varon commented on various conference papers that grew out of the research for this book. I pre- sented the earliest version of Chapter 1 in March 1999 at a conference in Charlottesville dedicated to discussing the meaning and significance of the Jefferson-Hemings DNA study, and benefited greatly from the comments of all my fellow presenters, especially Annette Gordon-Reed and Philip Morgan. Paul Apostolidis, Nelson Langford, Jan Lewis, Scott Marler, Elizabeth Shown Mills, and Juliet Williams guided articles and essays through the process of publication. Martha Hodes, George Rable, xii acknowledgments Diane Sommerville, Peter Wallenstein, and an anonymous reader from the University of North Carolina Press read the manuscript in its en- tirety. Kari Frederickson helped with drafts of the introduction. Tom Buckley offered valuable suggestions on several versions of Chapter 5 and was also generous enough to share with me some of his own research on the history of divorce in Virginia. At UNC Press, Chuck Grench and Amanda McMillan saw this book through the process of acquisition and Ron Maner served as project editor. All of these individuals saved me from analytical mishaps, factual errors, and bungled prose along the way, and I thank them for it. Whatever screw-ups remain are due to my own stubbornness and are entirely my own fault. Anyone who has ever written a book understands the loneliness inher- ent to the process. I must thank Calvin for making the solitude easier. He doesn’t speak much, and he can’t read this, but it should be noted for the record that his feline contributions are greatly appreciated. In February 1998, I went to a party in Charlottesville hosted by a friend of a friend, who turned out to be one of the strangest people I have ever met. She was also one of the most charming, outgoing, funny, talented, and beautiful people I have ever met. So I married her. I always assumed there were things in life more important than this book, but until I met Rebecca I wasn’t entirely sure what they were. Now I know. God bless the goose. I dedicate this book to my parents, Bonita and Jeffrey Rothman. Their commitment to the education of their children is boundless, their moral and financial support have never flagged even for a moment, and their intellectual curiosity and engagement with the world make them role models for living the well-examined life.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • HISTORY 263: U.S. Women's History
    HISTORY 263: U.S. Women’s History This is a preliminary syllabus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Summer 2012 HISTORY 263: U.S. Women’s History Instructor: Dr. Mara Dodge Tel. 413-572-5620 Use PLATO e-mail only Office: Bates 104 Course Description: This course explores all of American women’s history from the colonial period to the present and is open to students from any major. However, there is a daunting amount of material to cover in just 6 weeks so be prepared for a heavy reading load and a fast pace (and remember it is a 200 level course!) The course provides an excellent overview/ review of all of U.S. history with a special emphasis on women’s experiences and contributions. The course emphasizes the diversity of women’s experiences. We explore the unique experiences of specific European ethnic/ immigrant groups (ex. Irish, Italian, etc.) as well as the experiences of African-American, Native American, Asian-American, Latina, Jewish, Muslim, and lesbian women. The course makes extensive use of primary source materials. 1 Major themes include: changing ideas about women’s “proper place” in society; the history of the women’s rights movement; women’s role in social reform; changing ideas about sexuality, family, and reproduction; images of beauty and the “feminine ideal”; women and work; and movements for civil and legal rights. Note: Westfield State University assumes that a student will need to spend 16-20 hours a week to complete a 3 credit, on-line course in 6 weeks. These hours include all weekly course work and may include such activities as: textbook readings and assignments, watching videos, viewing Powerpoints, listening to podcasts, taking quizzes and exams, conducting research, writing essays/papers, posting to class discussion boards, and completing any other assigned weekly activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Donors Advance Jefferson Legacies
    SUMMER 2009 www.monticello.org VOLUME 20, NUMBER 1 Donors advance Jefferson legacies DONORS to the Thomas with Jeffersonian principles to that empowers our capacity to Jefferson Foundation are stewards audiences across the globe. preserve and educate. not only of Monticello, the iconic As a private, nonprofit orga- On these pages we thank the three-dimensional autobiography nization the Thomas Jefferson individuals, foundations, cor- of Thomas Jefferson and the only Foundation receives no regular porations, and organizations house in America on the United federal, state or local govern- whose gifts to the Thomas Nations’ World Heritage list, mental support. Revenues from Jefferson Foundation during but also of Jefferson’s enduring ticket sales, the museum shop 2008 supported the operating ideals – of personal liberty, reli- and garden center, and the budget and other critical initia- gious choice, and the illimitable catalog support the Foundation’s tives. We gratefully receive these freedom of the human mind. In annual budget, but private chari- contributions as a testament the years to come the Foundation table contributions account for that Jefferson’s ideas and ideals hopes to build upon our history approximattely 50 percent of our continue to resonate around the of excellence in scholarship by annual income. We rely on our world. expanding active engagement donors to provide vital support The Monticello James L. Akers, Jr. and Deborah E. Mary E. Baker Mr. Peter Becker James P. Bell II Patton Richard and Patricia Baker Dee and Wally Bedell Vickie Benjamin Fund Dr. and Mrs. C. Knight Aldrich Porter and Suzanne Baldridge Robert and Faith Andrews Bedford Stanley and Marion Bergman The Thomas Jefferson Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Enslaved African Americans at the University of Virginia Walking Tour
    ENSLAVED AFRICAN AMERICANS C arrs 3 Henry Martin H il ad at the University of Virginia l R Ro | 1 d Rugby UVA Walking Tour According to oral history, Henry Martin was born Rd N comb at Monticello on July 4, 1826—the day Jefferson n ew Lane Enslaved African Americans at the University N died. He was sold to the Carr family at on Jefferson’s estate sale in 1827 and until 1847 Un adis ive M t29B rsity The University of Virginia utilized the labor of enslaved Av remained enslaved at a property in Albemarle R enu Alderman LIbrary e / African Americans from the earliest days of its County. In 1847, the Carrs hired out Mr. Martin Rt 250B et St / UVA Chapel to Mrs. Dabney Carr, who ran a boarding m m construction in 1817 until the end of the American E house just north of the University. Until the Civil War. Most of the University’s first enslaved general emancipation in 1865, Martin hauled coal, delivered wood, 3 laborers were rented from local slave-owners and and worked as a domestic laborer at her boarding house. In freedom, P he took a job with the University as janitor and bell ringer, which he worked alongside whites and free blacks in all the wrote about in a letter to College Topics, a student publication that 4 Hotel A tasks associated with constructing the Academical asked to report on his life story. Martin routinely awoke at 4 a.m. to 5 tend to his responsibilities. It was Martin who rang the bell to spread M Rotunda Village.
    [Show full text]
  • Slave Narratives Redefine Womanhood in Nineteenth-Century America Candice E
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Honors Theses Student Research Spring 2002 Escaping the auction block and rejecting the pedestal of virtue : slave narratives redefine womanhood in nineteenth-century America Candice E. Renka Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses Recommended Citation Renka, Candice E., "Escaping the auction block and rejecting the pedestal of virtue : slave narratives redefine omw anhood in nineteenth-century America" (2002). Honors Theses. Paper 326. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND LIBRARIES I \\I \\II \\\II\\\ I\\\\\\ II 111\I \\II ~I\~\\3 3082 I\\~\\\\\\\\\\\ 00748 1921I\~ Escaping the Auction Block and Rejecting the Pedestal of Virtue: Slave Narratives Redefine Womanhood in Nineteenth-Century America Candice E. Renka Honors Thesis Department of English University of Richmond Dr Thomas Allen, Thesis Director Spring 2002 The signatures below certify that with this essay Candice Renka has satisfied the thesis requirement for Honors in English. (Dr Thomas Allen, thesis director) (Dr Robert Nelson, English honors coordinator) Black women's slave narratives bring to the forefront the paradoxes of antebellum America's political and moral ideologies. These autobiographies criticize the dichotomous gender roles that were widely accepted in the nineteenth century United States. Women's slave narratives perceive the exclusion of women of color and women of the working class from the prevailing model of womanhood as indicative of an inadequate conceptual framework for understanding female personhood.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomination Form
    ••.w=i.==.c ·-~-·--·--'·--~-··--~···-·----~- NPS Fonn 10-900 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Rav, 10-90) \/ Lf - ~ / 1t./ 9"' United States Department of the Interior National Parle Service Nf?.K P- '/ ~ /lf NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FORM This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districls. See instructions in How ID Complel81he National Register of Historic Places Registration Fonn (National Register Bulletin 1SA}. Complete each Item by marking "x" In the appropriate boX or by entering the iul"Olmatlon requested. If.,, 111m does not apply 1D the property being documented, enter "NIA" for •not app;ii:ahle • For func:tlonS. an:hil8Clllr8I clasllllcalkw,, matarials, and areas of signlllc:ance, enter only categcA las and sub allllgooea fnlmlhe inslnlctions. Place addltlonal entries and narrative Items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 1D-900a). U• a typaw,1181, word processor, or computer, to complete all Items. 1. Name ofPropaty historic name ___CBUR.CH HILL NORm HISTORIC DISTRicr/ VDHR m.E No. 127-820_ other names /site number _CHURCH HILL 2. Location- =====.... ==-=... ======= ..... -==m=-===========--==--=======-====== ================ street & number __MllnllaD, Clay, Leip aad M Streem not for publication_ from 10atll to north; 21 St through 30th Streem from West to East aor town_ Richmond vicinity - state Virglllla_ code_VA_ county _(ln~ependentclty) code 7§0 zip code 23223 · ::.... ,=========== ..... ===•===========~=== ~~----~-------===-~-~~---------====== 3. State/Federal Agency Certification 5-=== =-------=---- --===============----====================-----= As the d>lnated authority under the National Historic Preservation Ad. of 1986, as amended, I hereby certify that this nomi i8tlon _ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering prope,1ies In the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.
    [Show full text]
  • Data Sheet United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ^National Register of Historic Places Z** Inventory -- Nomination Form
    Form No, 10-300 (Rev. 10-74) DATA SHEET UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ^NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Z** INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOWTO COMPLETE NATIONAL REGISTER FORMS TYPE ALL ENTRIES -- COMPLETE APPLICABLE SECTIONS I NAME HISTORIC Eh^Thomas^Carr 'District AND/OR COMMON LOCATION /u STREET & NUMBER Near fcke* inter section of ~4*&gfawa-y 150 and - * • -- ^^u—£***eM^:**"a^WJC%t:S1-furc>"" *• *w**%» _ NOT FOR PUBLICATION CITY. TOWN , ; - - - - CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT : Thomson - 2L VICINITY OF 10th - Robert; G. Stephens, Jr, • - STATE, .CODE .... COUNTY - ; . CODE Georgia 13 - McDuff ie 189 HCLASSIFI CATION CATEGORY OWNERSHIP STATUS PRESENT USE X_D'ISTRICT ^.PUBLIC X-OCCUPIED • " _ AGRICULTURE _ MUSEUM . — BUJLDING(S) . ^.PRIVATE ^-UNOCCUPIED —COMMERCIAL "—PARK —STRUCTURE —BOTH —WORK IN PROGRESS ' —EDUCATIONAL X-PRIVATE RESIDENCE —SITE ; . PUBLIC ACQUISITION ACCESSIBLE —ENTERTAINMENT ^RELIGIOUS •—OBJECT ._ IN PROCESS X-YES: RESTRICTED - • - —GOVERNMENT —SCIENTIFIC —BEING CONSIDERED — YES: UNRESTRICTED —INDUSTRIAL - —TRANSPORTATION " • : ; —NO —MILITARY ^ - —OTHER: WNER OF PROPERTY NAME Multiple owners STREET & NUMBER CITY, TOWN STATE Thomson X_ VICINITY OF . Georgia COURTHOUSE. ' " REGISTRY OF DEEDS, ETC. County Courthouse STREET & NUMBER CITY. TOWN STATE • ' Thomson Georgia I REPRESENTATION IN EXISTING SURVEYS TITLE None : DATE —FEDERAL ; _STATE —COUNTY : —LOCAL DEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS CITY, TOWN STATE DESCRIPTION CONDITION CHECK ONE CHECK ONE —EXCELLENT —DETERIORATED —UNALTERED X.ORIGINALSITE X-GOOD —RUINS X.ALTERED —MOVED DATE- —FAIR _UNEXPOSED DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL (IF KNOWN) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE Within the Thomas Carr District, a part of the original late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Carr Plantation, are the Simpson House, the Bonier house, the E. V.
    [Show full text]
  • Extended North to Include Areas up to T Street
    OMB No. 10246018 Gnited States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FORM This fbrm s for use m nomlnatmg or requesting detetmmations for individual properhw and dlsticts, See insmctions in How to Complete the National Regi&r of Historic Places Rtgismon Fm(Nariod Register Bullctia 16A). Complete ach lkm by mhg"x" m the appropriate box or by entermg tbc informanon requested. liany Item docs not apply to the pmpen king documented, enter TtG" for "not appticahle." For hnff ions, architccml classification, materials, and areas of sign~ficance,enter only categories and subcategories Born the iashuctinm. Place additional cnkies and nmnvc rfms nn contin~~ationsheets WPS Form 10-900~1).Use a tTrpcwrlter, word processor, or computer, to complete all !terns. 1. Name of Property historic name Church Hill North Historic District IBoundarv Increase) other nameslsite number DHR File # 3 27-820 2. Location stree.t & number 800 Black N. 25'%t., 700-1300 Blocks N. 26'"t., 800-7300 Blocks N. 27'" St,, 100-1300 Block N. 2gthSt., 100. 1200 blocks N. 2gthSt., Z 00 Block N. 2om,31 " & 32* Sts.. 2500-2600 Blocks Cedar & 0 St%, 2500-3100 blocks P St,, 2600-3100 Blocks Q St. Not for publication N/A city or town R~chmond vicinity NIA state Virsinia codex county Richmond (Independent Citv) code 760 Zip 23226 3. Statfledera1 Agency Certification As the designated authority underthe National Historic Preservation Act of 1986, as amended, 1 hereby certify that this X nomination -request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and pmfe-ional requirements set forth in 36 CFR P&rt 60.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy Report of the Scholars Commission
    turner 00 fmt auto cx 3 3/17/11 10:54 AM Page iii The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy Report of the Scholars Commission Edited by Robert F. Turner Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina turner 00 fmt auto cx 3 4/15/11 5:36 AM Page iv Copyright © 2001, 2011 Robert F. Turner All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scholars Commission on the Jefferson-Hemings Matter. The Jefferson-Hemings controversy : report of the Scholars Commission / edited by Robert F. Turner. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-89089-085-1 (alk. paper) 1. Jefferson, Thomas, 1743–1826--Relations with women. 2. Hemings, Sally. 3. Jef- ferson, Thomas, 1743–1826--Relations with slaves. 4. Jefferson, Thomas, 1743–1826-- Family. I. Turner, Robert F. II. Title. E332.2.S35 2010 973.4'6092--dc22 2010031551 Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, NC 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com Printed in the United States of America turner 00 fmt auto cx 3 3/17/11 10:54 AM Page v This book is dedicated to the memory of our beloved colleagues Professor Lance Banning Hallam Professor of History University of Kentucky (January 24, 1942–January 31, 2006) and Professor Alf J. Mapp, Jr. Eminent Scholar, Emeritus and Louis I. Jaffe Professor of History, Emeritus Old Dominion University (February 17, 1925–January 23, 2011) turner 00 fmt auto cx 3 3/17/11 10:54 AM Page vii Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Members of the Scholars Commission xvii Scholars Commission on The Jefferson-Hemings Matter, Report 12 April 2001 3 Summary
    [Show full text]
  • Read the Article a Visit to Vermont from Historic Roots Magazine About
    I HISTORIC ROOTS HISTORIC ROOTS Ann E. Cooper, Editor Deborah P. Clifford, Associate Editor ADVISORY BOARD Sally Anderson Nancy Chard Marianne Doe Mary Leahy Robert Lucenti Caroline L. Morse Meg Ostrum Michael Sherman Marshall True Catherine Wood Publication of Historic Roots is made possible in part by grants from the A.D. Henderson Foundation and Vermont-NEA. A Magazine of Vermont History Vol. 4 August 1999 No. 2 A VISIT TO VERMONT By SYDNEY N. STOKES, JR. In 1791, the United States was a new country. The battle for independence was over. A constitution had been drafted and adopted. A new government was at work in the nation's capital, Philadelphia. George Washington was president. It was not easy, running the new country. In Congress, members from individual states and from the north and the south disagreed fiercely. They disagreed about how the new government should work. They differed on how to admit new states and on trade policies. Members of the president's cabinet' argued about whether there should be a strong, centralized government or a looser organization of states. They debated whether business or farming should be the focus of economic life. The new government also had to Thomas Jefferson in 1791. develop ways of dealing with foreign countries, especially Britain and France. As Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson was 1 A cabinet is a group of people who serve as advisors to a country's leader. 4 5 A VISIT TO VERMONT take a trip to find out what people were thinking away from the capital city.
    [Show full text]
  • Jefferson and Cyrus
    photo source: www.kdhamptons.com photo source: Bruno Barbey Monticello, the Mausoleum of Cyrus the Great Home of Thomas Jefferson ca. 530 BC * JEFFERSON AND CYRUS HOW THE FOUNDING FATHERS OF AMERICA, IN THEIR OWN WORDS, WERE INSPIRED BY CYRUS THE GREAT : A SYNOPSIS Richard N. Frye, Harvard University and Afshin Zand, Independent Scholar Summer 2013. www.richardfrye.org © Richard Frye and Afshin Zand, 2013. 2nd Edition, Feb 2014. Though twenty‐three centuries apart in time, continents apart in space, their systems of republican and monarchical government ostensibly diametric opposites of each other, the Founding Fathers of America and the founders of the Iranian state were close in the realm of ideas ‐ ideas that underlie systems of governance vying to institute liberty and justice. America’s Founding Fathers were avid readers of Cyrus’s biography, the Cyropaedia, written by a student of Socrates, Xenophon, being the masterpiece among his works. Leaders at any age stand to benefit from inspiration, which plants its seeds for later manifestation and realization. Such inspiration that the Founding Fathers drew from Cyrus, amidst all the ancient and modern sources they were exposed to, was because they found his ideas and aspirations resonating with their own inmost beliefs, values and convictions. The Cyropaedia describes Cyrus’s character, that made him into an ideal ruler. It is an exposition of timeless qualities of leadership. It has since served as the World’s manual of leadership, from Alexander, Scipio, Cicero, Caesar, Machiavelli who read and drew inspiration from it, so on to our times. In the estimation of Peter Drucker, widely recognized as the father of modern management science, the first book on leadership was still the best.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Biography, Through Biography, Toward an Integrated History
    Beyond Biography, Through Biography, Toward an Integrated DavidHistory Waldstreicher Reviews in American History, Volume 37, Number 2, June 2009, pp. 161-167 (Review) Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: 10.1353/rah.0.0102 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/rah/summary/v037/37.2.waldstreicher.html Access Provided by Sam Houston State University at 07/16/10 5:26PM GMT BEYOND BIOGRAPHY, THROUGH BIOGRAPHY, TOWARD AN INTEGRATED HISTORY David Waldstreicher Annette Gordon-Reed. The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family. New York: Norton, 2008. 800 pp. $35.00. To comprehend the nature and existence of Annette Gordon-Reed’s much- heralded, exquisitely crafted, triumphant history of Sally Hemings and her family, it helps to look back a decade, to a set of developments in public his- tory and scholarship that Gordon-Reed herself helped initiate. In Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy (1997), Gordon-Reed carefully evaluated the evidence for Jefferson’s paternity of some or all of Hemings’s children, beginning with that testimony first put into print publicly by James Thomas Callendar in 1802 and later confirmed in published interviews by Hemings’s descendants. She admitted the hearsay nature of the positive evidence and made her best case by undermining the other side’s arguments, showing that it amounted to far less than “proof” of Jefferson’s nonpaternity. The testimonies relied upon by Virginius Dabney, John C. Miller, Merrill Peterson, Douglass Adair, et al. derived from Jefferson’s family and partisan supporters. Indeed, nineteenth-century defenders of Jefferson had more reasons to dissemble or even destroy evidence, but their words had been taken at face value well into the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Slavery, Resistance and the Slave Narrative
    “I have often tried to write myself a pass” A Systemic-Functional Analysis of Discourse in Selected African American Slave Narratives Tobias Pischel de Ascensão Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie am Fachbereich Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft der Universität Osnabrück Hauptberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Oliver Grannis Nebenberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Busse Osnabrück, 01.12.2003 Contents i Contents List of Tables iii List of Figures iv Conventions and abbreviations v Preface vi 0. Introduction: the slave narrative as an object of linguistic study 1 1. Slavery, resistance and the slave narrative 6 1.1 Slavery and resistance 6 1.2 The development of the slave narrative 12 1.2.1 The first phase 12 1.2.2 The second phase 15 1.2.3 The slave narrative after 1865 21 2. Discourse, power, and ideology in the slave narrative 23 2.1 The production of disciplinary knowledge 23 2.2 Truth, reality, and ideology 31 2.3 “The writer” and “the reader” of slave narratives 35 2.3.1 Slave narrative production: “the writer” 35 2.3.2 Slave narrative reception: “the reader” 39 3. The language of slave narratives as an object of study 42 3.1 Investigations in the language of the slave narrative 42 3.2 The “plain-style”-fallacy 45 3.3 Linguistic expression as functional choice 48 3.4 The construal of experience and identity 51 3.4.1 The ideational metafunction 52 3.4.2 The interpersonal metafunction 55 3.4.3 The textual metafunction 55 3.5 Applying systemic grammar 56 4.
    [Show full text]