Cracking The

Paper Height 308.0mm Height Paper

12.0mm

148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0

6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm

SOCIETY FOR PROGRAMME AND ABSTRACT BOOK EXPERIMENTAL AN INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY BIOLOGY OF THE EGG: FROM THE SHELL’S STRUCTURE TO THE PHYSIOLOGY WITHIN Paper Width 450.0mm 3 JULY 2016 BRIGHTON CENTRE, UK

148.0 x 210.0mm CR148.0A CKx 210.0mmING

THE EGG

6.0mm 6.0mm

SEB Main Office Charles Darwin House 12 Roger Street London, WC1N 2JU T el: +44 (0)20 7685 2600 Fax: + 44 (0)20 7685 2601 [email protected]

The Society for Experimental Biology is a registered charity No. 273795 12.0mm SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY Paper Width 450.0mm Width Paper 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 01 07 02 16 03 18 06 CONTENTS 148.0 x210.0mm 148.0 x210.0mm 148.0 x 210.0mm 148.0 x 210.0mm 12.0mm 6.0mm 12.0mm Paper Height308.0mm DELEGATE INFORMATION PROGRAMME ABSTRACTS AUTHOR INDEX POSTER SESSION POSTER ABSTRACTS ORGANISED BY: DR STEVE PORTUGAL UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM HOLLOWAY ROYAL PROF MARK HAUBER UNITED STATES HUNTER COLLEGE, MEETING SPONSORED BY: THE PHYSIOLOGY WITHIN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE AN INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY THE FROM EGG: THE OF STRUCTURE TO SHELL’S 20 NOTES

Paper Height 308.0mm

12.0mm 6.0mm 12.0mm 148.0 x210.0mm 148.0 x210.0mm 148.0 x 210.0mm 148.0 x 210.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE

Paper Width 450.0mm Paper Height 308.0mm Height Paper 12.0mm

12.0mm

148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0 148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0

6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm Paper Width 450.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm

ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE DELEGATEAUTHOR INFORMATION INDEX 1802 ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE PROGRAMMENOTES 1903 DELEGATEAUTHOR INDEX PROGRAMME INFORMATION Paper Width 450.0mm

Booth, D T AS16.4 Portugal, S J AS16.16 10:00 BADGESClark, M E AS16.15 PHOTOGRAPHYReed, W AS16.10 SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 Ms Jasmina Wiemann University of Bonn, Germany ParticipantsCooper, C are required to wear name badgesAS16.18 NoSartori, photographs M R are to be taken of the speakersAS16.6 and Opening a window in time: How dinosaur eggshell at all times for proof of registration, security their slides during the symposium. 08:20 REGISTRATION chemofossils store palaeobiological information purposesDeeming, and D C catering identification. AS16.5 Spottiswoode, C N AS16.1 AS16.3 *Please note: The SEB will be taking photos during CHAIR: DR STEVE PORTUGAL Druyan, S AS16.11 theTaylor, event D for promotional purposes. If you haveAS16.8 any CATERING 10:15 concerns, please visit the SEB registration desk. 08:50 Dr David T Booth Hanley, D AS16.12 Wiemann, J AS16.3 Introduction Lunch and refreshments during the meeting are University of Queensland, Australia Dr Steve Portugal included in your registration fee and will be served POSTERS Incubation temperature: A critical factor Hu, M Y AS16.9 Wiethase, J AS16.20 Royal Holloway University of London, in the Syndicate Room 2. determining reptile hatchling quality United Kingdom Posters will be on display in the breakout area AS16.4 Igic, B AS16.14 Williams, T D AS16.17 Prof Mark Hauber (Syndicate Room 2) throughout the meeting from CERTIFICATE OF ATTENDANCE Hunter College, United States 08:20-17:00 on Sunday 3 July 2016. Poster 10:35 REFRESHMENT BREAK / POSTERS Labonte, D AS16.13 Williamson, S A AS16.2 presenters are invited to hang their poster on Delegates requiring a certificate148.0 of attendance x 210.0mm 09:00 148.0 x 210.0mm their arrival (Velcro will be provided) and asked CHAIR: DR DANIEL HANLEY shouldMusa, S visit M the SEB registration desk on AS16.19 Yang, T-R AS16.7 Dr Claire N Spottiswoode to remove their posters by 17:00 on Sunday 3 July. their departure. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom & Any posters left behind will be disposed of. 11:05 University of Cape Town, South Africa Dr Denis Charles Deeming Eggs as battlegrounds: coevolutionary arms races VENUE University of Lincoln, United Kingdom REGISTRATION between brood-parasitic birds and their hosts Life support systems for avian embryos: interaction AS16.1 Brighton Centre between the incubation environment and the The registration desk will be open during the hours

Kings Road, Brighton, physiology of the embryo

of the meeting and SEB staff members will be on 09:35

BN1 2GR AS16.5 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm hand during the refreshment and lunch breaks Mr Sean A Williamson Tel: +44 (0)1273 292671 should you require any assistance. Monash, Australia Web: www.brightoncentre.co.uk 11:30 Embryonic development is constrained by in utero Miss Marina R Sartori oxygen availability prior to oviposition. The scientific sessions will be taking place in TWITTER University of Sao Paulo State, Brazil AS16.2 Syndicate Room 1. Posters will be displayed in the Hydrostatic pressure in flexible-shelled catering area in Syndicate Room 2. We’re looking to increase the conversation at the reptilian eggs meeting using Twitter so please get tweeting! AS16.6 LIABILITY Follow the conversation #SEBEGG2016 SEB - @SEBiology Neither the Society for Experimental Biology nor the Brighton Centre will accept responsibility for INTERNET ACCESS damage or injury to persons or property during the 12.0mm meeting. Participants are advised to arrange their There is free Wi-Fi is available throughout the own personal health and travel insurance. Brighton Centre. No login details are required. 12.0mm

Paper Height 308.0mm Paper Height 308.0mm Height Paper 12.0mm

12.0mm

148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0 148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0

6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm Paper Width 450.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm

ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE POSTER PROGRAMMEABSTRACTS 0416 ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE POSTER PROGRAMMEABSTRACTS 0517

POSTERPROGRAMME SESSION - widerPROGRAMME range of incubation temperatures than those

with shared incubation. Based on these preliminary Paper Width 450.0mm results, we draw first conclusions about the trends SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 associated with different life history strategies in parrots, as well as for the optimization of artificial incubation methods.

AS16.19 ELASMOBRANCH EGG CASE AS16.20 EGG TURNING AND DEVELOPMENT 11:45 IN 7 KEY STAGES INCUBATION13:55 TEMPERATURE IN 16:00 Mr Tzu-Ruei Yang DrPARROTS: Shelly Druyan INFLUENCES OF BREEDING Dr Steve J Portugal Steinmann-Institut SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 für Geologie Mineralogie ARO,BEHAVIOUR Israel AND IMPLICATIONS FOR Royal Holloway University of London, Paläontologie Universität Bonn, Germany PhysiologARTIFICIAL ica l e ffec INCUBATION t s of hy pox ic cond it ion s du r i ng United Kingdom SYAFIQ M MUSA (UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER, NewUNITED evidences KINGDOM), from complete JOHN L oviraptoridFITZPATRICK clutches the plateau period on the chicken embryo Cuckoo eggs: Is the mimicry just skin deep? SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 explain(STOCKHOLM why oviraptorid UNIVERSITY, dinosaur SWEDEN), did not HOLLY brood AS16.11 AS16.16 AS16.7A SHIELS (UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER, 14:20JORIS WIETHASE (UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW, 16:20 UNITED KINGDOM) UNITED KINGDOM), JUAN CORNEJO (LORO 12:00 Dr Daniel Hanley Dr Tony D Williams PARQUE FUNDACIÓN, SPAIN), BARBARA HELM Prof [email protected] David Taylor Palacký University, Czech Republic Simon Fraser University, Canada (UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW, UNITED KINGDOM), Trinity College Dublin, Ireland How hosts recognize parasitic eggs: Sy ne rg i st ic or a ntagon i st ic e ffec t s of t wo AUGUSTE VON BAYERN (MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE HowThe classical tough is eggshell? embryological study by Ballard et al. asymmetricalFOR ORNITHOLOGY, egg discrimination GERMANY), SCOTTalong SHAFFER maternally-derived egg components (antibodies AS16.8(1993, J. Exp. Zoo. 267: 318-336) identified 34 stages in an eggshell(SAN JOSE colour STATE gradient UNIVERSITY, UNITED STATES) a nd testoste rone) on off s pr i ng phe not y pe the oviparous elasmobranch development spanning AS16.12 AS16.17 the 12:15 time between laying and hatch. The aim of the [email protected] Drcurrent Marian work YHu is to produce a simplified148.0 and more x user 210.0mm 14:35 16:35 148.0 x 210.0mm Institutefriendly developmental of Physiology University staging that of Kiel,can be Germany adopted DrDespite David the Labonte importance of correct egg turning and Dr Caren Cooper pHby regulatoryanyone who mechanisms is interested enable in oviparouscephalopod shark Universityheating for of the Cambridge, successful United embryonic Kingdom development North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, eand mbr skate yos to embryonic deve lop i n development.a nat u ra l ly ac id Our i fied aim was to Theof birds, role thoseof the parameterscollagenous are membrane rarely studied in the in detail. United States environmentprovide a ‘pocket guidance’ for elasmobranch egg case fractureThis study resistance aimed at of investigating eggs and quantifying Cracking mysteries at the museum: citizen science AS16.9developmental stage identification for members of the AS16.13for the first time egg turning rates and incubation revival of egg collection general public that is also relevant to aquarists and temperatures in captive individuals of a particularly AS16.18 scientists. 12:30 LUNCH Each development / POSTERS stage is provided with threatened14:50 group, the parrots (Psittaciformes).

diagrams and physiological and ecologically relevant DrAdditionally, Branislav Igicit asked for factors influencing those 17:00 CLOSE OF MEETING

details.CHAIR: MR Moreover, SEAN WILLIAMSON each stage can be identified by Australianbreeding parameters, National University, as well as Australia for implications 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm shining a light6.0mm from the back of the egg case without Recentfor improving insights into artificial the function incubation and evolution techniques. requiring13:30 any additional magnification which makes ofWe avian hypothesized eggshell structure that egg and turning colouration rates and egg Drit amenable Wendy Reed to shark enthusiasts without specialised AS16.14temperatures of nesting parrots are not uniform Northequipment. Dakota The University, 7 stage developmental United States table has between genera of different parental breeding Hormonesbeen constructed in avian in eggs: reference Perspectives to the onlarge pattern, spotted systems,15:15 andREFRESHMENT that they BREAK are influenced by physical processcatshark, and Scyliorhinus mechanism stellaris, but it can be applied conditions. Furthermore, we hypothesized that AS16.10to other oviparous elasmobranch species with only CHAIR:those parametersMS JASMINA deviate WIEMANN from those used in artificial minor modification. incubation devices. Over one breeding season, we studied15:45 25 captive breeding pairs of six species of Markthe generaAra, E Clark Amazona, Cacatua and Eclectus.The Northparrot’s Dakota incubation State parameters University, were United measured States through

Within-seasonrotation and temperature variation in sensors the shape using and novel data 12.0mm conductancelogging techniques of American within white 3D-printed pelican parrot eggs eggs, AS16.15combined with nest cameras and temperature-sensing iButtons. First results showed increasing trends in egg temperatures and number of daily rolling events during the first third of incubation for two of the genera. Strictly uniparental incubating species exhibited a 12.0mm

Paper Height 308.0mm Paper Height 308.0mm Height Paper 12.0mm

12.0mm

148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0 148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0

6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm Paper Width 450.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm

ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE POSTERABSTRACTS SESSION 1406 ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE ABSTRACTS 1507

AS16.15 WITHIN-SEASON VARIATION AS16.16 CUCKOO EGGS: IS ANAS16.17 INTEGRATIVESYNERGISTIC OR BIOLOGYAS16.18 CRACKING OF MYSTERIES THE AT POSTERIN THE SHAPE AND CONDUCTANCE SESSION OF THE MIMICRY JUST SKIN DEEP? ANTAGONISTIC EFFECTS OF THE MUSEUM: CITIZEN SCIENCE AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN EGGS EGG:TWO MATERNALLY-DERIVED FROM THE EGG SHELL’SREVIVAL OF STRUCTUREEGG COLLECTION Paper Width 450.0mm SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 16:00 COMPONENTS (ANTIBODIES AND SUNDAY SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 3 15:45 JULY 2016 TESTOSTERONE) ON OFFSPRING SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 16:35 STEVE J PORTUGAL (ROYAL HOLLOWAY TOPHENOTYPE THE PHYSIOLOGY WITHIN MARK E CLARK (NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM) CAREN COOPER (NORTH CAROLINA MUSEUM UNIVERSITY, UNITED STATES) OF NATURAL SCIENCES, UNITED STATES) [email protected] SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 16:20 Mr [email protected] M Musa Joris Wiethase AS16.1 EGGS AS BATTLEGROUNDS: AS16.2 [email protected] DEVELOPMENT IS University of Manchester, United Kingdom UniversityMany cuckoos of Glasgow, are obligate United avian Kingdom brood parasites, TONY D WILLIAMS (SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY, COEVOLUTIONARYCANADA), EUNICE CHIN ARMS (SIMON RACES FRASER CONSTRAINED BY IN UTERO OXYGEN ElasmobranchWe investigated egg the case relationship development between in laying date Egglaying turning their eggs and inincubation hosts’ nests temperature and playing in no role in In US, egg collecting peaked from 1885 to the 1920s BETWEENUNIVERSITY, BROOD-PARASITIC CANADA), ROWAN RAMPTON AVAILABILITY PRIOR TO OVIPOSITION 7and key the stages characteristics associated with gas exchange parrots:the provisioning Influences of the of progeny.breeding Thebehaviour eggs of andCuculus and dwindled to an end by 1970. Egg collecting was BIRDS(SIMON AND FRASER THEIR UNIVERSITY, HOSTS CANADA), AS16.19in American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) implicationscuckoos mimic for those artificial of their incubation hosts and hatch earlier, carried out almost exclusively by amateurs, but ROXANA TORRES (UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 09:35 eggs. We collected 92 eggs (within 24 hours of laying) AS16.20with the altricial chick evicting the hosts eggs and SUNDAYAUTÓNOMA 3 JULY DE MÉXICO, 2016 MEXICO) 09:00 supported thousands of professional research projects. from 92 American white pelican nests located at Marsh nestlings. Other members of the cuckoo family have ThanksSEAN to A the WILLIAMSON amalgamation (MONASH, of private AUSTRALIA), collections into Lake in Southwestern Minnesota, United States during different breeding strategies, including intra-specific [email protected] N SPOTTISWOODE (UNIVERSITY OF museumROGER repositories, G EVANS (MONASH there are UNIVERSITY, about 80 egg collections the 2012 and 2015 breeding season. We measured size cooperative breeding (e.g. anis), and a traditional non- CAMBRIDGE, UNITED KINGDOM & UNIVERSITY of researchAUSTRALIA), importance ANTHONY in the R RAFFERTY North America, (MONASH which (mass, length and breadth), volume, surface area, parasitic bi-parental care approach (e.g. coucals). For Maternally-derivedOF CAPE TOWN, SOUTH egg components AFRICA) (non-genetic togetherUNIVERSITY, contain AUSTRALIA), less than 500,000 RICHARD egg Dsets. REINA These conductance, shell thickness and porosity of the eggs each species, these different breeding strategies parental contribution) are thought to modulate egg(MONASH sets have UNIVERSITY, been useful forAUSTRALIA) anticipated, as well as in the lab. We found that size and volume of the eggs place different requirements on the egg and eggshell. offspring [email protected] development and, potentially, final adult unanticipated, reasons. The skills of egg collecting did not vary with laying date. However, surface area (r2 Whether it be host egg mimicry and rapid laying in the phenotype. Eggs contain multiple maternally have [email protected] been lost among amateur birdwatchers, and = 0.32, F = 28.9, p < 0.001) and surface area:volume Cuculus cuckoos, or coping with large clutch sizes in derivedBrood-parasitic compounds birds are (e.g. cheats hormones, that lay their antibodies, eggs in those who monitor nestboxes typically remove and 1,62 Oxygen availability has been shown to heavily (r2 = 0.16, F = 11.8, p = 0.001) increased with laying anis, each cuckoo egg has specific adaptations suited to mRNA,the nests antioxidants)of other species, but and aremost renowned studies for havetheir discard House Sparrow eggs, an invasive species in 1,62 influence patterns of embryonic development and even date. In addition, conductance (mg H O lost per day their reproductive strategies. This talk will present data focusedegg mimicry on single of their egg hosts. components This talk will(most ask often how suchyolk North America. The Sparrow Swap is a citizen science 2 constrain the evolution of reproductive mode in several per torr) also increased with laying date (r2 = 0.15, F on how parasitic cuckoo eggs have adaptations to their testosterone,coevolutionary or interactionscorticosterone), can escalateand on short-term into arms project that is reviving amateur egg collecting by 1,90 taxa. Here we present current evidence that in utero = 16.0, p < 0.001). However neither shell thickness nor parasitic lifestyle in terms of heat retention, potentially effects.races between Here wehost simultaneously signatures and manipulated parasitic forgeries, two egg focusing on the eggs of House Sparrows because no 148.0 x 210.0mm 148.0 x 210.0mmoxygen availability of egg-laying reptiles determines porosity were related to laying date. We conclude that supporting rapid development, Similarly, new data components,played out across maternally-derived the egg’s surface. antibodies I will report (MAb) on permits are required. The short-term goals of the the level of embryonic development possible prior to the shape of American white pelican eggs changes will demonstrate how cooperative breeding anis andresearch yolk testosterone on several African to assess brood-parasitic potential synergistic species or Sparrow Swap involve examining the effectiveness of oviposition. We have recently shown that turtle eggs across the season such that surface area relative to have special adaptations in their eggshell structure antagonistic(mainly the cuckoo effects finch, on offspringAnomalospiza phenotype. imberbis We) byused nestbox management option, including comparing the will enter embryonic arrest until they move from the volume increases. The increase in surface area to for their large clutch sizes and multiple incubating lipopolysaccharidemyself and collaborators, treatment using to generate field experiments a secondary to outcomes of egg removal with egg swapping (removing low oxygen environment of the oviduct to the normoxic volume ratio facilitates greater conductance, and may parents. Lastly, data will demonstrate that low rates immunetest reciprocal response selection in female pressures zebra finches on host and(Taeniopygia parasitic eggs and replacing them with replicas). As the egg environment of the nest. Similarly, we have shown that be a mechanism by which offspring from eggs laid later of gas exchange across the eggshell in Cuculus cuckoos guttata),eggs, and whichgenetic produced approaches clutches to test ofhow eggs the with resulting high collection grows, the long-term goals of the Sparrow crocodilian eggs are unable to successfully develop after in the season develop more quickly. in comparison to hosts is a trait of other parasitic bird (LPS-treated)coevolutionary or low arms (control) races MAb. may Webe thenshaped used by a split the Swap involve investigations on whether various oviposition without sufficient oxygen availability.

species such as honeyguides and vidua finches. designgenetic manipulating mechanisms yolk that testosterone underpin them. within clutches characteristics of House Sparrow eggs (color, pattern,

Preliminary measurements and calculations of the

of high- and low-MAb eggs using in ovo egg injection. thickness, porosity, etc) can be useful for mapping and 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm oxygen availability for egg-laying squamates suggest We investigated a) short-term effects of experimental monitoring environmental contaminants. that oxygen supply in utero is increased in species that manipulation of both egg components at 30 days post- develop embryos to later stages within the mother. hatching on chick growth and immune function at Research on birds also suggests that oxygen constrains fledging, and b) long-term effects at sexual maturity the evolution of reproductive mode within this taxon. (> 90 days post-hatching) on phenotypic quality of i/ However, there is a current lack of information on the males (sons) using standardise mating trials (courtship, cellular and genetic processes that are controlled by song rate, etc); ii/ females (daughters) by measuring changes in oxygen availability during the early stages reproductive traits during breeding (egg size, clutch of development. Significant changes to morphology size etc), and iii/ cell-mediated and humoral immunity and physiology are required in order to supply sufficient in both sexes. oxygen in utero to enable prolonged egg retention and more advanced stages of embryonic development within 12.0mm the mother. We think an exciting area for investigation is the interface between evolutionary and physiological ecology to better understand how oxygen availability constrains evolution in egg laying taxa. There is large potential for novel research on this evolutionary question, particularly in understudied oviparous taxon that exhibit a range of reproductive modes. 12.0mm

Paper Height 308.0mm Paper Height 308.0mm Height Paper 12.0mm

12.0mm

148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0 148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0

6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm Paper Width 450.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm

ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE ABSTRACTS 0812 ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE ABSTRACTS 0913

AS16.3AS16.11OPENINGPHYSIOLOGICAL A WINDOW EFFECTS AS16.4AS16.12INCUBATIONHOW HOSTS RECOGNIZETEMPERATURE: AS16.13AS16.5 LIFETHE SUPPORTROLE OF THESYSTEMS AS16.14AS16.6 HYDROSTATICRECENT INSIGHTS PRESSURE INTO INOF TIME:HYPOXIC HOW CONDITIONS DINOSAUR DURING APARASITIC CRITICAL EGGS: FACTOR ASYMMETRICAL DETERMINING COLLAGENOUSFOR AVIAN EMBRYOS: MEMBRANE INTERACTION IN THE THEIN FLEXIBLE-SHELLED FUNCTION AND EVOLUTION EGGSHELLTHE PLATEAU CHEMOFOSSILS PERIOD ON THE STORE REPTILEEGG DISCRIMINATION HATCHLING QUALITY ALONG AN FRACTUREBETWEEN THE RESISTANCE INCUBATION OF EGGS OFREPTILIAN AVIAN EGGSHELL EGGS STRUCTURE Paper Width 450.0mm PALAEOBIOLOGICALCHICKEN EMBRYO INFORMATION EGGSHELL COLOUR GRADIENT ENVIRONMENT AND THE PHYSIOLOGY AND COLOURATION SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 10:15 OF SUNDAY THE EMBRYO3 JULY 2016 14:35 SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 11:30 SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 10:0013:55 SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 14:20 SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 14:50 DAVID T BOOTH (UNIVERSITY SUNDAYDAVID LABONTE 3 JULY 2016 (UNIVERSITY OF11:05 CAMBRIDGE, MARINA R. SARTORI (UNIVERSITY OF SAO JASMINASHELLY DRUYAN WIEMANN (ARO, (UNIVERSITY ISRAEL), AMITOF BONN, HARON OFDANIEL QUEENSLAND, HANLEY (PALACKÝ AUSTRALIA) UNIVERSITY, CZECH UNITED KINGDOM), H. BURAK CALISKAN BRANISLAVPAULO STATE, IGIC BRAZIL), (AUSTRALIAN LAURA B.T.NATIONAL CARREIRA GERMANY),(HEBREW UNIVERSITY, TZU-RUEI YANG ISRAEL) (UNIVERSITY REPUBLIC), TOMÁŠ GRIM (PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY, (UNIVERSITYDENIS CHARLES OF DEEMING CAMBRIDGE, (UNIVERSITY UNITED KINGDOM), UNIVERSITY,(UNIVERSITY AUSTRALIA),OF SAO PAULO MARKSTATE, E HAUBERBRAZIL), OF BONN, GERMANY), P. MARTIN SANDER [email protected] REPUBLIC), MARK E. HAUBER (HUNTER MICHELLEOF LINCOLN, L. OYENUNITED (UNIVERSITY KINGDOM) OF CAMBRIDGE, (HUNTEREDWIN W. COLLEGETAYLOR (UNIVERSITY CITY UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM, OF NEW [email protected](UNIVERSITY OF BONN, GERMANY) COLLEGE AND THE GRADUATE CENTER OF THE CITY UNITED KINGDOM) YORK,UNITED UNITED KINGDOM), STATES), AUGUSTO MATTHEW S. ABE D SHAWKEY It is UNIVERSITYnow well known OF thatNEW YORK,incubation UNITED temperature STATES) plays [email protected] (UNIVERSITY OF GHENT,SAO PAULO BELGIUM) STATE, BRAZIL) The chick embryo employs several adaptive responses [email protected] a crucial role in determining hatchling phenotype in [email protected] to hypoxic challenges, affecting both metabolism [email protected] most [email protected] oviparous reptiles. Studies in this field of research The avian egg has been described the perfect [email protected] and oxygen transport. The present study assessed Maintaining the structural integrity of eggs is of Although several recent studies changed our view on are becoming increasingly relevant to conservation ‘space capsule’ - with the exception of heat and the effects of hypoxic conditions (17% O ) during Accurately recognizing and responding to cues is considerable biological relevance and a central problem Bird eggs have astonished naturalists for centuries due the limits of biomolecular stability during fossilisation,2 biology because of the well documented fact that air oxygen, it contains all that an embryo requires for Reptilian eggshells exhibit a wide variation in the plateau phase on embryonic metabolic rate, crucial for the fitness and survival. However, these for the poultry industry. While failure criteria for eggs to their diverse and beautiful colours and appearances. studies on organic compounds in fossil eggshell temperatures and consequently nest temperatures safe development through to hatching in a harsh structure, presenting rigid eggshells in crocodilians, cardiovascular parameters and development up tasks can be challenging in a natural context because are clear-cut in an industrial context, it is less obvious Although aesthetically appealing for us humans, material remain the exception. Here we present are increasing globally. The best described and studied environment. For many years the study of embryonic similar to birds, and flexible eggshells, present in to hatching. The chicks were into 3 treatments: (1) novel stimuli inevitably differ from previously what exactly constitutes critical failure of an egg these colours and patterns play some very important the first holistic approach on endogenous eggshell effect is the phenomenon of temperature dependent physiology has focussed on the domestic fowl most of the Squamata and some turtles. The degree of control; 17% O for 12 h/d on E16 - E18 (12H), and 17% encountered stimuli. Despite being of great scientific during incubation. In both contexts, the egg’s shell roles in the reproductive biology of birds worldwide. degradatomics2 in a behavioural and evolutionary sex determination (TSD) found in all crocodilians incubated in artificial systems but there have been mineralization of the eggshell influences the capacity O continuously on E16 - E18, a total of 72h (72H). interest, the underlying sensory and cognitive has attracted most of the attention, and its strength For example, eggshell pigments may aid embryonic context.2 Therefore, we investigated all potentially and many species of lizards and chelonians, but forays into the study of embryonic physiology in the of eggs to absorb water from the environment. Several Hypoxic embryos exhibited a significant increase processes behind these decisions remain poorly has even been suggested to pose a limit to bird body size. development by controlling the transmission of preserved organic compounds from fossil eggshell incubation temperature can also influence the amount more natural environment of the nest. We are relatively species of lizards and snakes can take up large volumes in heart rate and an upward trend in hematocrit understood. We used the avian host-brood parasite However, it is unlikely that the failure of eggs is stress- light through the eggshell or help parents to identify samples of sauropod, oviraptorid, and troodontid of yolk converted to tissue at hatching, the size, shape confident of how the incubation environment impacts of water during the incubation period, swelling and and hemoglobin levels. We observed a decrease in system to explore how hosts respond to foreign eggs limited, as the egg’s shell is brittle, and thus failure is parasitic eggs in their nests. Surprisingly, despite dinosaurs, as well as subfossil Psammornis material and colour patterns of hatchlings, and hatchling on embryonic development and physiology in some increasing in mass, thus generating an increase metabolism in 12H and 72H embryos during the plateau displaying a range of novel colours. These differently expected to be energy-limited instead: it should occur the huge diversity in the phenotypic appearance in comparison with extant Struthio, Rhea, Dromaius, locomotion performance and behaviour. With the species but there is a need to better understand in pressure in the internal fluid system. Therefore, period; their oxygen consumption as well as yolk coloured foreign eggs represented unfamiliar stimuli via the propagation of a crack. However, the crack- of eggshells between and within species, only two and Gallus eggshells. Using UV/Vis spectrophotometry, exception of several recent studies focusing on TSD, incubation in the vast majority of species. This the structure of the eggshell is of importance to consumption were lower compared to control and they (unnatural colours, i.e., variation from green to purple) pattern that ensued when blown-out eggs were pigments are considered primary contributors to Raman spectroscopy, HPLC148.0 ESI MS, EMPA xand 210.0mmstudies to date have been restricted to a description presentation will describe the148.0 interaction between x 210.0mmwater balance and the course of development. We hatched with a significantly lower body temperature, and stimuli representing ecologically relevant risks fractured between two flat plates was not dominated eggshell colouration, whereas structural features XRD, we identified (1) preserved cuticle (lipids and of the effects of incubation temperature on hatchling key elements of embryonic physiology, such as water investigated how internal hydrostatic pressure and indicating lower heat production. Exposure to 72h of (eggs spanning the full range of eggshell coloration, by a few long cracks. Instead, the eggs’ shells broke that may influence eggshell appearance are rarely polypeptides, colour pigments), (2) proteinaceous phenotype, and the possible consequences on balance and respiration, with the egg’s structure compliance changes during embryonic incubation hypoxic conditions led to significant physiological i.e., variation from blue-green to brown). If hosts into multiple small fragments, which were held investigated. In this talk I will discuss our current remnants of the spongy layer, and first hints for (3) hatchling fitness that these differences in phenotype and its incubation environment. Recent research in the flexible-shelled lizardIguana iguana. We glued changes and had a detrimental influence on embryonic responded symmetrically to this colour variation, together by the collagenous membrane. As a result, understanding of both the pigmentary and structural remains of a membrana testacea, and a chorioallantoic might have. The next obvious new direction of research is highlighting the role of nest construction and and sealed a port in the eggshell using Playdough and development and growth. In contrast, exposure to they would reject these foreign eggs from their the eggs retained a significant fraction of their initial factors that affect the optical appearance of avian membrane. Regarding endogenous molecular relating to incubation temperature induced difference function in the incubation process, particularly for cyanoacrylic glue for the passage of a hypodermic 12h/d produced moderate hypoxic changes, which nests based on their degree of colour dissimilarity to load-carrying capacity, even when compressed to half eggshells, and suggest some interesting avenues preservation, we observed a strong taphonomic bias, in locomotion performance of hatchlings is to discover, small passerine species. Whilst nests may seemed needle connected to a pressure transducer. We recorded helped the embryo to cope with the stress, without their own eggs, regardless of their particular colour their original height. Strikingly, the fracture resistance for future research. In the spirit of the meeting, I which seems to be mainly affected by the type of the the molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms to serve as receptacles for eggs during incubation, changes in baseline pressure after puncturing the

significant influences on its growth and development. (e.g., blue or brown). By contrast, if hosts responded changed completely when the collagenous membrane will take an integrative approach by illustrating

embedding sediment, and the chemical milieu based that cause these differences. Here I discuss this exciting there is a growing awareness that nest construction eggshell and after a series of 0.2 ml saline injections.

The decrease in metabolism may represent a metabolic asymmetrically, they would reject foreign eggs based was removed. Firstly, eggs without a membrane lost how technologies and techniques commonly used 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm on pH, Eh, and6.0mm character of the circulating fluids. new field. may not simply reflect the result of evolutionary From the time of oviposition to close to hatching egg adaptation through a decrease in resting metabolic on their particular colour (i.e., colour category) despite their load-carrying capacity immediately after the in material and chemical sciences can help further From a palaeobiological perspective, the composition processes aimed at minimising the thermal energetics mass increased 130% and calculated volume 113% due rate and lower heat production. Such alterations may their perceived colour dissimilarity to their own eggs. initiation of the first macroscopic crack. Secondly, our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of of preserved cuticle (1) provides information about of incubation. Rather the bird and nest interact as an to water uptake from the incubation media. Internal affect post-hatch performance and energy allocation We found that hosts responded asymmetrically to a the ensuing crack-pattern was dominated by a small avian eggshells. the nesting environment, incubation strategy, and incubator to ensure successful development. hydrostatic pressures varied from -0.27 ± 0.09 kPa to between maintenance and growth, especially under natural gradient of eggshell colours; hosts rejected number of long and straight cracks, and the number parental investment. The chemical composition and 22.2 ± 3.76 kPa. Mean compliance after serial injections stress when there is increased oxygen demand. brown but accepted blue-green eggs that were, to host of fragments decreased, while their size increased spatial arrangement of the spongy layer (2) reflects was 8.3 x 10-3 ml cmH O-1 both at inicial and final perception, equally dissimilar in colour to their own correspondingly. Together, these results constitute 2 the rigidity of the eggshell and might also be related to incubation. Our results highlight the remarkable eggs. Contrary to these findings, unnaturally coloured strong evidence for a mechanical function of the incubation strategies. Preservation of a chorioallantoic capacity of expansion of the flexible eggshells of lizards eggs did not predict host responses. These findings collagenous membrane: it deflects cracks and hence membrane (3) would represent a fertilisation proxy for and raises the question of how developing embryos illustrate a novel cognitive decision rule with important prevents catastrophic failure of the eggs after crack- fossil eggs. Thus, our study offers a first assessment of cope with varying pressures during the incubation implications for the coevolutionary arms race between initiation. the preservability of eggshell biomolecules and opens period and how this may affect development. hosts and their brood parasites. up a new avenue of investigation for the evolution of avian reproductive traits. 12.0mm 12.0mm

Paper Height 308.0mm

12.0mm 12.0mm

148.0 x 210.0mm 210.0mm x x 148.0 148.0 210.0mm 210.0mm x x 148.0 148.0

6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm Paper Width 450.0mm Paper Width 450.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm

ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE ABSTRACTS 10 ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE ABSTRACTS 11

AS16.7 NEW EVIDENCES FROM AS16.8 HOW TOUGH IS EGGSHELL? AS16.9 pH REGULATORY MECHANISMS AS16.10 HORMONES IN AVIAN EGGS: COMPLETE OVIRAPTORID CLUTCHES ENABLE CEPHALOPOD EMBRYOS PERSPECTIVES ON PATTERN, PROCESS EXPLAIN WHY OVIRAPTORID SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 12:00 TO DEVELOP IN A NATURALLY AND MECHANISM DINOSAUR DID NOT BROOD ACIDIFIED ENVIRONMENT DAVID TAYLOR (TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN, SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 13:30 IRELAND), PETER O’REILLY (TRINITY COLLEGE SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 11:45 SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 12:15 DUBLIN, IRELAND), MEGAN WALSH (TRINITY WENDY REED (NORTH DAKOTA UNIVERSITY, TZU-RUEI YANG (STEINMANN-INSTITUT FÜR COLLEGE DUBLIN, IRELAND), ALEX CULLEN MARIAN Y HU (INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY UNITED STATES), MARK E CLARK (NORTH DAKOTA GEOLOGIE MINERALOGIE PALÄONTOLOGIE (TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN, IRELAND) UNIVERSITY OF KIEL, GERMANY), YUNG-CHE STATE UNIVERSITY, UNITED STATES), NICOLE UNIVERSITÄT BONN, GERMANY), JASMINA TSENG (DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCE NATIONAL SNYDER (NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, WIEMANN (STEINMANN-INSTITUT FÜR GEOLOGIE [email protected] TAIWAN NORMAL UNIVERSITY, TAIWAN) UNITED STATES) MINERALOGIE PALÄONTOLOGIE UNIVERSITÄT BONN, GERMANY), YEN-NIEN CHENG (NATIONAL The shells of avian eggs are very brittle, but how [email protected] [email protected] MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES, TAIWAN), brittle? We carried out tests to obtain the first accurate Cephalopod embryos develop inside a protective egg Maternally derived hormones in eggs are bioactive XIAO-CHUN WU (CANADIAN MUSEUM OF measurements of the fracture toughness of eggshell. capsule that creates an extreme microenvironment compounds that can influence embryonic growth NATURE, CANADA) There have been some previous measurements of in terms of low pH and oxygen concentrations. I and development. Hormones in eggs of free-living this quantity, but they were so inaccurate as to be [email protected] order to tolerate these environmental stressors, birds were first characterized nearly 20 years ago and misleading. We designed a new experiment, applying embryonic stages must possess physiological the research on patterns, processes and mechanisms axial compressive forces to eggs containing introduced mechanisms to cope with CO induced acid-base of hormone deposition and action provide some Previous studies on the egg clutch specimen with defects (notches and holes). By analysing the stresses 2 disturbances. This microenvironment of the insight into flexible phenotypes. One hypothesis is an associated oviraptorid dinosaur implied the in the areas around the defects we calculated a developing embryo is particularly interesting in that hormones in eggs can be a conduit for maternal ‘prehatching brooding’ behavior of oviraptorosaur fracture toughness value of 0.3MPa√m for the shells the context of CO induced seawater acidification adjustment of offspring phenotypes to match post- dinosaurs. The inference was based on the remain of of commercial hen’s eggs. This is a very low value, about 2 as increases in environmental pCO (hypercapnia) hatching environments. In this system offspring are an adult oviraptor sitting atop a clutch with an avian- half the toughness of glass and only one tenth that of 2 are additive to the already high pCO inside the egg. expected to perceive and respond to maternal egg like brooding posture. However, the previously reported other natural materials based on calcium carbonate 2 We used squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) and environments and adjust development, in a system of ‘brooding oviraptor’ specimens have clutch size of 6 and (e.g. nacre, mussel shells). We showed by microscopic cuttlefish Sepia( officinalis), which are known as maternal signal and offspring response. We use this 22, which are significantly smaller148.0 than the complete x 210.0mm analysis that this difference is due to the suppression 148.0 x 210.0mm powerful acid-base regulators to investigate the context to explore the influence of maternal melatonin clutches (>30) we investigated in this study. Besides, of toughening modes. Unlike most natural materials, pH regulatory machinery with a special focus on in egg yolks and impact on growth and development in no embryo remains have been reported in the clutch of low toughness is essential for the egg, to allow the chick proton secretion pathways during environmental a variety of species. Melatonin is a hormone that varies ‘brooding’ specimens, which indicates that the embryo to break it when hatching. Eggshell has an unusual hypercapnia. We cloned acid-base transporters with day length and could signal seasonal timing of development did not initiate since avian embryos start combination of low toughness (K ) with high stiffness c including a Rhesus protein (sIRhP), V-type H+ breeding, which is strongly associated with offspring developing as the adult starts prehatching brooding (Young’s modulus, E): in fact it has the highest ratio of -ATPase (sIVHA) and the Na+ /H+ exchanger 3 survival and reproductive value across many species. (incubation). Intact eggshell microstructure also E/K of any biological material. c (sINHE3), which are hypothesized to represent We propose that embryos are using maternally derived supports that the embryo development did not

key players in proton secretion pathways among melatonin as a signal of when during the season they

initiate yet. Three to four rings of eggs with sediments

different animal taxa. Cephalopod specific antibodies are developing to adjust growth and development to 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm interbedded and high inclining angle of eggs make 6.0mm demonstrated the sub-cellular localization of these match their hatch date. body-heat transfer insufficiently, and hence it is transporters in epidermal (skin and yolk epithelium) unlikely for an adult to sit and incubate the eggs. ionocytes of early life stages. Functional genomics Hence, we propose a new alternate explaination that underline the role of sINHE3, sIVHA and sIRhP the ‘brooding’ oviraptors were actually laying eggs. during acclimation to environmental hypercapnia. We also reconstruct the oviraptorid nest structure as H+ selective microelectrode measurements were a piled-up mound with paired eggs lying on the slope used to detect increased proton gradients on with their blunt ends pointing inward to a center devoid ion-regulatory epithelia in CO treated embryos. of eggs. The eggs were partially buried in sediments 2 Our results demonstrate that in convergence according to porosity estimation and pigmentation to teleosts, also cephalopod embryos have evolved detection of eggshells. The cryptic function suggested a unique acid-base regulatory machinery located by the pigmentation detection of oviraptorid eggshells

in epidermal ionocytes.12.0mm 12.0mm These vertebrate like pH also implies that the eggs had camouflage other than regulatory systems can be regarded a key feature of being covered by the adult (prehatching brooding). cephalopod early life stages to cope with hypercapnia induced pH fluctuations during an oviparous development.

Paper Height 308.0mm Paper Height 308.0mm Height Paper 12.0mm

12.0mm

148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0 148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0

6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm Paper Width 450.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm

ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE ABSTRACTS 0812 ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE ABSTRACTS 0913

AS16.11AS16.3 OPENINGPHYSIOLOGICAL A WINDOW EFFECTS AS16.12AS16.4 INCUBATIONHOW HOSTS RECOGNIZETEMPERATURE: AS16.5AS16.13LIFETHE SUPPORTROLE OF THESYSTEMS AS16.6AS16.14HYDROSTATICRECENT INSIGHTS PRESSURE INTO OFIN TIME:HYPOXIC HOW CONDITIONS DINOSAUR DURING PARASITICA CRITICAL EGGS: FACTOR ASYMMETRICAL DETERMINING FORCOLLAGENOUS AVIAN EMBRYOS: MEMBRANE INTERACTION IN THE INTHE FLEXIBLE-SHELLED FUNCTION AND EVOLUTION THEEGGSHELL PLATEAU CHEMOFOSSILS PERIOD ON THE STORE EGGREPTILE DISCRIMINATION HATCHLING QUALITY ALONG AN BETWEENFRACTURE THE RESISTANCE INCUBATION OF EGGS REPTILIANOF AVIAN EGGSHELL EGGS STRUCTURE Paper Width 450.0mm CHICKENPALAEOBIOLOGICAL EMBRYO INFORMATION EGGSHELL COLOUR GRADIENT ENVIRONMENT AND THE PHYSIOLOGY AND COLOURATION SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 10:15 OF SUNDAY THE EMBRYO3 JULY 2016 14:35 SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 11:30 SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 13:5510:00 SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 14:20 SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 14:50 DAVID T BOOTH (UNIVERSITY SUNDAYDAVID LABONTE 3 JULY 2016 (UNIVERSITY OF11:05 CAMBRIDGE, MARINA R. SARTORI (UNIVERSITY OF SAO SHELLYJASMINA DRUYAN WIEMANN (ARO, (UNIVERSITY ISRAEL), AMITOF BONN, HARON DANIELOF QUEENSLAND, HANLEY (PALACKÝ AUSTRALIA) UNIVERSITY, CZECH UNITED KINGDOM), H. BURAK CALISKAN PAULOBRANISLAV STATE, IGIC BRAZIL), (AUSTRALIAN LAURA B.T.NATIONAL CARREIRA (HEBREWGERMANY), UNIVERSITY, TZU-RUEI YANG ISRAEL) (UNIVERSITY REPUBLIC), TOMÁŠ GRIM (PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY, (UNIVERSITYDENIS CHARLES OF DEEMING CAMBRIDGE, (UNIVERSITY UNITED KINGDOM), (UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA),OF SAO PAULO MARKSTATE, E HAUBERBRAZIL), OF BONN, GERMANY), P. MARTIN SANDER [email protected] REPUBLIC), MARK E. HAUBER (HUNTER MICHELLEOF LINCOLN, L. OYENUNITED (UNIVERSITY KINGDOM) OF CAMBRIDGE, EDWIN(HUNTER W. COLLEGETAYLOR (UNIVERSITY CITY UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM, OF NEW [email protected](UNIVERSITY OF BONN, GERMANY) COLLEGE AND THE GRADUATE CENTER OF THE CITY UNITED KINGDOM) UNITEDYORK, UNITED KINGDOM), STATES), AUGUSTO MATTHEW S. ABE D SHAWKEY It is UNIVERSITYnow well known OF thatNEW YORK,incubation UNITED temperature STATES) plays [email protected] (UNIVERSITY OF SAOGHENT, PAULO BELGIUM) STATE, BRAZIL) The chick embryo employs several adaptive responses [email protected] a crucial role in determining hatchling phenotype in [email protected] to hypoxic challenges, affecting both metabolism [email protected] most [email protected] oviparous reptiles. Studies in this field of research The avian egg has been described the perfect [email protected] and oxygen transport. The present study assessed Maintaining the structural integrity of eggs is of Although several recent studies changed our view on are becoming increasingly relevant to conservation ‘space capsule’ - with the exception of heat and the effects of hypoxic conditions (17% O ) during Accurately recognizing and responding to cues is considerable biological relevance and a central problem Bird eggs have astonished naturalists for centuries due the limits of biomolecular stability during fossilisation,2 biology because of the well documented fact that air oxygen, it contains all that an embryo requires for Reptilian eggshells exhibit a wide variation in the plateau phase on embryonic metabolic rate, crucial for the fitness and survival. However, these for the poultry industry. While failure criteria for eggs to their diverse and beautiful colours and appearances. studies on organic compounds in fossil eggshell temperatures and consequently nest temperatures safe development through to hatching in a harsh structure, presenting rigid eggshells in crocodilians, cardiovascular parameters and development up tasks can be challenging in a natural context because are clear-cut in an industrial context, it is less obvious Although aesthetically appealing for us humans, material remain the exception. Here we present are increasing globally. The best described and studied environment. For many years the study of embryonic similar to birds, and flexible eggshells, present in to hatching. The chicks were into 3 treatments: (1) novel stimuli inevitably differ from previously what exactly constitutes critical failure of an egg these colours and patterns play some very important the first holistic approach on endogenous eggshell effect is the phenomenon of temperature dependent physiology has focussed on the domestic fowl most of the Squamata and some turtles. The degree of control; 17% O for 12 h/d on E16 - E18 (12H), and 17% encountered stimuli. Despite being of great scientific during incubation. In both contexts, the egg’s shell roles in the reproductive biology of birds worldwide. degradatomics2 in a behavioural and evolutionary sex determination (TSD) found in all crocodilians incubated in artificial systems but there have been mineralization of the eggshell influences the capacity O continuously on E16 - E18, a total of 72h (72H). interest, the underlying sensory and cognitive has attracted most of the attention, and its strength For example, eggshell pigments may aid embryonic context.2 Therefore, we investigated all potentially and many species of lizards and chelonians, but forays into the study of embryonic physiology in the of eggs to absorb water from the environment. Several Hypoxic embryos exhibited a significant increase processes behind these decisions remain poorly has even been suggested to pose a limit to bird body size. development by controlling the transmission of preserved organic compounds from fossil eggshell incubation temperature can also influence the amount more natural environment of the nest. We are relatively species of lizards and snakes can take up large volumes in heart rate and an upward trend in hematocrit understood. We used the avian host-brood parasite However, it is unlikely that the failure of eggs is stress- light through the eggshell or help parents to identify samples of sauropod, oviraptorid, and troodontid of yolk converted to tissue at hatching, the size, shape confident of how the incubation environment impacts of water during the incubation period, swelling and and hemoglobin levels. We observed a decrease in system to explore how hosts respond to foreign eggs limited, as the egg’s shell is brittle, and thus failure is parasitic eggs in their nests. Surprisingly, despite dinosaurs, as well as subfossil Psammornis material and colour patterns of hatchlings, and hatchling on embryonic development and physiology in some increasing in mass, thus generating an increase metabolism in 12H and 72H embryos during the plateau displaying a range of novel colours. These differently expected to be energy-limited instead: it should occur the huge diversity in the phenotypic appearance in comparison with extant Struthio, Rhea, Dromaius, locomotion performance and behaviour. With the species but there is a need to better understand in pressure in the internal fluid system. Therefore, period; their oxygen consumption as well as yolk coloured foreign eggs represented unfamiliar stimuli via the propagation of a crack. However, the crack- of eggshells between and within species, only two and Gallus eggshells. Using UV/Vis spectrophotometry, exception of several recent studies focusing on TSD, incubation in the vast majority of species. This the structure of the eggshell is of importance to consumption were lower compared to control and they (unnatural colours, i.e., variation from green to purple) pattern that ensued when blown-out eggs were pigments are considered primary contributors to Raman spectroscopy, HPLC148.0 ESI MS, EMPA xand 210.0mmstudies to date have been restricted to a description presentation will describe the148.0 interaction between x 210.0mmwater balance and the course of development. We hatched with a significantly lower body temperature, and stimuli representing ecologically relevant risks fractured between two flat plates was not dominated eggshell colouration, whereas structural features XRD, we identified (1) preserved cuticle (lipids and of the effects of incubation temperature on hatchling key elements of embryonic physiology, such as water investigated how internal hydrostatic pressure and indicating lower heat production. Exposure to 72h of (eggs spanning the full range of eggshell coloration, by a few long cracks. Instead, the eggs’ shells broke that may influence eggshell appearance are rarely polypeptides, colour pigments), (2) proteinaceous phenotype, and the possible consequences on balance and respiration, with the egg’s structure compliance changes during embryonic incubation hypoxic conditions led to significant physiological i.e., variation from blue-green to brown). If hosts into multiple small fragments, which were held investigated. In this talk I will discuss our current remnants of the spongy layer, and first hints for (3) hatchling fitness that these differences in phenotype and its incubation environment. Recent research in the flexible-shelled lizardIguana iguana. We glued changes and had a detrimental influence on embryonic responded symmetrically to this colour variation, together by the collagenous membrane. As a result, understanding of both the pigmentary and structural remains of a membrana testacea, and a chorioallantoic might have. The next obvious new direction of research is highlighting the role of nest construction and and sealed a port in the eggshell using Playdough and development and growth. In contrast, exposure to they would reject these foreign eggs from their the eggs retained a significant fraction of their initial factors that affect the optical appearance of avian membrane. Regarding endogenous molecular relating to incubation temperature induced difference function in the incubation process, particularly for cyanoacrylic glue for the passage of a hypodermic 12h/d produced moderate hypoxic changes, which nests based on their degree of colour dissimilarity to load-carrying capacity, even when compressed to half eggshells, and suggest some interesting avenues preservation, we observed a strong taphonomic bias, in locomotion performance of hatchlings is to discover, small passerine species. Whilst nests may seemed needle connected to a pressure transducer. We recorded helped the embryo to cope with the stress, without their own eggs, regardless of their particular colour their original height. Strikingly, the fracture resistance for future research. In the spirit of the meeting, I which seems to be mainly affected by the type of the the molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms to serve as receptacles for eggs during incubation, changes in baseline pressure after puncturing the

Paper Height 308.0mm Paper Height 308.0mm Height Paper 12.0mm

12.0mm

148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0 148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0

6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm Paper Width 450.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm

ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE POSTERABSTRACTS SESSION 1406 ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE ABSTRACTS 1507

AS16.15 WITHIN-SEASON VARIATION AS16.16 CUCKOO EGGS: IS ANAS16.17 INTEGRATIVESYNERGISTIC OR BIOLOGYAS16.18 CRACKING OF MYSTERIES THE AT POSTERIN THE SHAPE AND CONDUCTANCE SESSION OF THE MIMICRY JUST SKIN DEEP? ANTAGONISTIC EFFECTS OF THE MUSEUM: CITIZEN SCIENCE AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN EGGS EGG:TWO MATERNALLY-DERIVED FROM THE EGG SHELL’SREVIVAL OF STRUCTUREEGG COLLECTION Paper Width 450.0mm SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 16:00 COMPONENTS (ANTIBODIES AND SUNDAY SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 3 15:45 JULY 2016 TESTOSTERONE) ON OFFSPRING SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 16:35 STEVE J PORTUGAL (ROYAL HOLLOWAY TOPHENOTYPE THE PHYSIOLOGY WITHIN MARK E CLARK (NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM) CAREN COOPER (NORTH CAROLINA MUSEUM UNIVERSITY, UNITED STATES) OF NATURAL SCIENCES, UNITED STATES) [email protected] SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 16:20 Mr [email protected] M Musa Joris Wiethase AS16.1 EGGS AS BATTLEGROUNDS: AS16.2 [email protected] DEVELOPMENT IS University of Manchester, United Kingdom ManyUniversity cuckoos of Glasgow, are obligate United avian Kingdom brood parasites, TONY D WILLIAMS (SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY, COEVOLUTIONARYCANADA), EUNICE CHIN ARMS (SIMON RACES FRASER CONSTRAINED BY IN UTERO OXYGEN WeElasmobranch investigated egg the case relationship development between in laying date layingEgg turning their eggs and inincubation hosts’ nests temperature and playing in no role in In US, egg collecting peaked from 1885 to the 1920s BETWEENUNIVERSITY, BROOD-PARASITIC CANADA), ROWAN RAMPTON AVAILABILITY PRIOR TO OVIPOSITION and7 key the stages characteristics associated with gas exchange theparrots: provisioning Influences of the of progeny.breeding Thebehaviour eggs of andCuculus and dwindled to an end by 1970. Egg collecting was BIRDS(SIMON AND FRASER THEIR UNIVERSITY, HOSTS CANADA), inAS16.19 American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) cuckoosimplications mimic for those artificial of their incubation hosts and hatch earlier, carried out almost exclusively by amateurs, but ROXANA TORRES (UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 09:35 eggs. We collected 92 eggs (within 24 hours of laying) withAS16.20 the altricial chick evicting the hosts eggs and SUNDAYAUTÓNOMA 3 JULY DE MÉXICO, 2016 MEXICO) 09:00 supported thousands of professional research projects. from 92 American white pelican nests located at Marsh nestlings. Other members of the cuckoo family have ThanksSEAN to A the WILLIAMSON amalgamation (MONASH, of private AUSTRALIA), collections into Lake in Southwestern Minnesota, United States during different breeding strategies, including intra-specific [email protected] N SPOTTISWOODE (UNIVERSITY OF museumROGER repositories, G EVANS (MONASH there are UNIVERSITY, about 80 egg collections the 2012 and 2015 breeding season. We measured size cooperative breeding (e.g. anis), and a traditional non- CAMBRIDGE, UNITED KINGDOM & UNIVERSITY of researchAUSTRALIA), importance ANTHONY in the R RAFFERTY North America, (MONASH which (mass, length and breadth), volume, surface area, parasitic bi-parental care approach (e.g. coucals). For Maternally-derivedOF CAPE TOWN, SOUTH egg components AFRICA) (non-genetic togetherUNIVERSITY, contain AUSTRALIA), less than 500,000 RICHARD egg Dsets. REINA These conductance, shell thickness and porosity of the eggs each species, these different breeding strategies parental contribution) are thought to modulate egg(MONASH sets have UNIVERSITY, been useful forAUSTRALIA) anticipated, as well as in the lab. We found that size and volume of the eggs place different requirements on the egg and eggshell. offspring [email protected] development and, potentially, final adult unanticipated, reasons. The skills of egg collecting did not vary with laying date. However, surface area (r2 Whether it be host egg mimicry and rapid laying in the phenotype. Eggs contain multiple maternally have [email protected] been lost among amateur birdwatchers, and = 0.32, F = 28.9, p < 0.001) and surface area:volume Cuculus cuckoos, or coping with large clutch sizes in Brood-parasiticderived compounds birds are (e.g. cheats hormones, that lay their antibodies, eggs in those who monitor nestboxes typically remove and 1,62 Oxygen availability has been shown to heavily (r2 = 0.16, F = 11.8, p = 0.001) increased with laying anis, each cuckoo egg has specific adaptations suited to themRNA, nests antioxidants)of other species, but and aremost renowned studies for havetheir discard House Sparrow eggs, an invasive species in 1,62 influence patterns of embryonic development and even date. In addition, conductance (mg H O lost per day their reproductive strategies. This talk will present data eggfocused mimicry on single of their egg hosts. components This talk will(most ask often how suchyolk North America. The Sparrow Swap is a citizen science 2 constrain the evolution of reproductive mode in several per torr) also increased with laying date (r2 = 0.15, F on how parasitic cuckoo eggs have adaptations to their coevolutionarytestosterone, or interactionscorticosterone), can escalateand on short-term into arms project that is reviving amateur egg collecting by 1,90 taxa. Here we present current evidence that in utero = 16.0, p < 0.001). However neither shell thickness nor parasitic lifestyle in terms of heat retention, potentially raceseffects. between Here wehost simultaneously signatures and manipulated parasitic forgeries, two egg focusing on the eggs of House Sparrows because no 148.0 x 210.0mm 148.0 x 210.0mmoxygen availability of egg-laying reptiles determines porosity were related to laying date. We conclude that supporting rapid development, Similarly, new data playedcomponents, out across maternally-derived the egg’s surface. antibodies I will report (MAb) on permits are required. The short-term goals of the the level of embryonic development possible prior to the shape of American white pelican eggs changes will demonstrate how cooperative breeding anis researchand yolk testosterone on several African to assess brood-parasitic potential synergistic species or Sparrow Swap involve examining the effectiveness of oviposition. We have recently shown that turtle eggs across the season such that surface area relative to have special adaptations in their eggshell structure (mainlyantagonistic the cuckoo effects finch, on offspringAnomalospiza phenotype. imberbis We) byused nestbox management option, including comparing the will enter embryonic arrest until they move from the volume increases. The increase in surface area to for their large clutch sizes and multiple incubating myselflipopolysaccharide and collaborators, treatment using to generate field experiments a secondary to outcomes of egg removal with egg swapping (removing low oxygen environment of the oviduct to the normoxic volume ratio facilitates greater conductance, and may parents. Lastly, data will demonstrate that low rates testimmune reciprocal response selection in female pressures zebra finches on host and(Taeniopygia parasitic eggs and replacing them with replicas). As the egg environment of the nest. Similarly, we have shown that be a mechanism by which offspring from eggs laid later of gas exchange across the eggshell in Cuculus cuckoos eggs,guttata), and whichgenetic produced approaches clutches to test ofhow eggs the with resulting high collection grows, the long-term goals of the Sparrow crocodilian eggs are unable to successfully develop after in the season develop more quickly. in comparison to hosts is a trait of other parasitic bird coevolutionary(LPS-treated) or low arms (control) races MAb. may Webe thenshaped used by a split the Swap involve investigations on whether various oviposition without sufficient oxygen availability.

species such as honeyguides and vidua finches. geneticdesign manipulating mechanisms yolk that testosterone underpin them. within clutches characteristics of House Sparrow eggs (color, pattern,

Preliminary measurements and calculations of the

Paper Height 308.0mm Paper Height 308.0mm Height Paper 12.0mm

12.0mm

148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0 148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0

6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm Paper Width 450.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm

ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE POSTER PROGRAMMEABSTRACTS 0416 ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE POSTER PROGRAMMEABSTRACTS 0517

POSTERPROGRAMME SESSION - PROGRAMMEwider range of incubation temperatures than those

AS16.19 ELASMOBRANCH EGG CASE AS16.20 EGG TURNING AND DEVELOPMENT 11:45 IN 7 KEY STAGES INCUBATION13:55 TEMPERATURE IN 16:00 Mr Tzu-Ruei Yang DrPARROTS: Shelly Druyan INFLUENCES OF BREEDING Dr Steve J Portugal Steinmann-Institut SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 für Geologie Mineralogie ARO,BEHAVIOUR Israel AND IMPLICATIONS FOR Royal Holloway University of London, Paläontologie Universität Bonn, Germany PhysiologARTIFICIAL ica l e ffec INCUBATION t s of hy pox ic cond it ion s du r i ng United Kingdom SYAFIQ M MUSA (UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER, NewUNITED evidences KINGDOM), from complete JOHN L oviraptoridFITZPATRICK clutches the plateau period on the chicken embryo Cuckoo eggs: Is the mimicry just skin deep? SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 explain(STOCKHOLM why oviraptorid UNIVERSITY, dinosaur SWEDEN), did not HOLLY brood AS16.11 AS16.16 AS16.7A SHIELS (UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER, 14:20JORIS WIETHASE (UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW, 16:20 UNITED KINGDOM) UNITED KINGDOM), JUAN CORNEJO (LORO 12:00 Dr Daniel Hanley Dr Tony D Williams PARQUE FUNDACIÓN, SPAIN), BARBARA HELM Prof [email protected] David Taylor Palacký University, Czech Republic Simon Fraser University, Canada (UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW, UNITED KINGDOM), Trinity College Dublin, Ireland How hosts recognize parasitic eggs: Sy ne rg i st ic or a ntagon i st ic e ffec t s of t wo AUGUSTE VON BAYERN (MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE TheHow classical tough is eggshell? embryological study by Ballard et al. asymmetricalFOR ORNITHOLOGY, egg discrimination GERMANY), SCOTTalong SHAFFER maternally-derived egg components (antibodies (1993,AS16.8 J. Exp. Zoo. 267: 318-336) identified 34 stages in an eggshell(SAN JOSE colour STATE gradient UNIVERSITY, UNITED STATES) a nd testoste rone) on off s pr i ng phe not y pe the oviparous elasmobranch development spanning AS16.12 AS16.17 the 12:15 time between laying and hatch. The aim of the [email protected] Drcurrent Marian work YHu is to produce a simplified148.0 and more x user 210.0mm 14:35 16:35 148.0 x 210.0mm Institutefriendly developmental of Physiology University staging that of Kiel,can be Germany adopted DrDespite David the Labonte importance of correct egg turning and Dr Caren Cooper pHby regulatoryanyone who mechanisms is interested enable in oviparouscephalopod shark Universityheating for of the Cambridge, successful United embryonic Kingdom development North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, eand mbr skate yos to embryonic deve lop i n development.a nat u ra l ly ac id Our i fied aim was to Theof birds, role thoseof the parameterscollagenous are membrane rarely studied in the in detail. United States environmentprovide a ‘pocket guidance’ for elasmobranch egg case fractureThis study resistance aimed at of investigating eggs and quantifying Cracking mysteries at the museum: citizen science AS16.9developmental stage identification for members of the AS16.13for the first time egg turning rates and incubation revival of egg collection general public that is also relevant to aquarists and temperatures in captive individuals of a particularly AS16.18 scientists. 12:30 LUNCH Each development / POSTERS stage is provided with threatened14:50 group, the parrots (Psittaciformes).

diagrams and physiological and ecologically relevant DrAdditionally, Branislav Igicit asked for factors influencing those 17:00 CLOSE OF MEETING

details.CHAIR: MR Moreover, SEAN WILLIAMSON each stage can be identified by Australianbreeding parameters, National University, as well as Australia for implications 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm shining a light6.0mm from the back of the egg case without Recentfor improving insights into artificial the function incubation and evolution techniques. requiring13:30 any additional magnification which makes ofWe avian hypothesized eggshell structure that egg and turning colouration rates and egg itDr amenable Wendy Reed to shark enthusiasts without specialised AS16.14temperatures of nesting parrots are not uniform equipment.North Dakota The University, 7 stage developmental United States table has between genera of different parental breeding beenHormones constructed in avian in eggs: reference Perspectives to the onlarge pattern, spotted systems,15:15 andREFRESHMENT that they BREAK are influenced by physical catshark,process and Scyliorhinus mechanism stellaris, but it can be applied conditions. Furthermore, we hypothesized that toAS16.10 other oviparous elasmobranch species with only CHAIR:those parametersMS JASMINA deviate WIEMANN from those used in artificial minor modification. incubation devices. Over one breeding season, we studied15:45 25 captive breeding pairs of six species of Markthe generaAra, E Clark Amazona, Cacatua and Eclectus.The Northparrot’s Dakota incubation State parameters University, were United measured States through

Paper Height 308.0mm Paper Height 308.0mm Height Paper 12.0mm

12.0mm

148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0 148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0

6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm Paper Width 450.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm

ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE DELEGATEAUTHOR INFORMATION INDEX 1802 ANIMAL SECTION SATELLITE PROGRAMMENOTES 1903 AUTHORDELEGATE INDEX PROGRAMME INFORMATION Paper Width 450.0mm

Booth, D T AS16.4 Portugal, S J AS16.16 10:00 Clark,BADGES M E AS16.15 Reed,PHOTOGRAPHY W AS16.10 SUNDAY 3 JULY 2016 Ms Jasmina Wiemann University of Bonn, Germany Cooper,Participants C are required to wear name badgesAS16.18 Sartori,No photographs M R are to be taken of the speakersAS16.6 and Opening a window in time: How dinosaur eggshell at all times for proof of registration, security their slides during the symposium. 08:20 REGISTRATION chemofossils store palaeobiological information Deeming,purposes and D C catering identification. AS16.5 Spottiswoode, C N AS16.1 AS16.3 *Please note: The SEB will be taking photos during CHAIR: DR STEVE PORTUGAL Druyan, S AS16.11 theTaylor, event D for promotional purposes. If you haveAS16.8 any CATERING 10:15 concerns, please visit the SEB registration desk. 08:50 Dr David T Booth Hanley, D AS16.12 Wiemann, J AS16.3 Introduction Lunch and refreshments during the meeting are University of Queensland, Australia Dr Steve Portugal included in your registration fee and will be served POSTERS Incubation temperature: A critical factor Hu, M Y AS16.9 Wiethase, J AS16.20 Royal Holloway University of London, in the Syndicate Room 2. determining reptile hatchling quality United Kingdom Posters will be on display in the breakout area AS16.4 Igic, B AS16.14 Williams, T D AS16.17 Prof Mark Hauber (Syndicate Room 2) throughout the meeting from CERTIFICATE OF ATTENDANCE Hunter College, United States 08:20-17:00 on Sunday 3 July 2016. Poster 10:35 REFRESHMENT BREAK / POSTERS Labonte, D AS16.13 Williamson, S A AS16.2 presenters are invited to hang their poster on Delegates requiring a certificate148.0 of attendance x 210.0mm 09:00 148.0 x 210.0mm their arrival (Velcro will be provided) and asked CHAIR: DR DANIEL HANLEY Musa,should S visit M the SEB registration desk on AS16.19 Yang, T-R AS16.7 Dr Claire N Spottiswoode to remove their posters by 17:00 on Sunday 3 July. their departure. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom & Any posters left behind will be disposed of. 11:05 University of Cape Town, South Africa Dr Denis Charles Deeming Eggs as battlegrounds: coevolutionary arms races VENUE University of Lincoln, United Kingdom REGISTRATION between brood-parasitic birds and their hosts Life support systems for avian embryos: interaction AS16.1 Brighton Centre between the incubation environment and the The registration desk will be open during the hours

Kings Road, Brighton, physiology of the embryo

of the meeting and SEB staff members will be on 09:35

Paper Height 308.0mm Paper Height 308.0mm Height Paper

12.0mm

148.0 x 210.0mm x 148.0 210.0mm x 148.0

6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm

148.0 x 210.0mm CR148.0A CKx 210.0mmING

THE EGG

6.0mm 6.0mm

SEB Main Office Charles Darwin House 12 Roger Street London, WC1N 2JU T el: +44 (0)20 7685 2600 Fax: + 44 (0)20 7685 2601 [email protected]

The Society for Experimental Biology is a registered charity No. 273795 12.0mm SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY