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Coleoptera, Cantharidae) Gabriel Biffi Análise cladística de Chauliognathini LeConte, 1861 (Coleoptera, Cantharidae) Cladistic analysis of Chauliognathini LeConte, 1861 (Coleoptera, Cantharidae) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Mestre em Ciências, na Área de Zoologia. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Sônia A. Casari São Paulo 2012 ! Biffi, Gabriel Análise cladística de Chauliognathini LeConte, 1861 (Coleoptera, Cantharidae) vi+152 páginas Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia. 1. Chauliognathinae 2. filogenia 3. sistemática I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Zoologia. Comissão Julgadora: ________________________ _______________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). ______________________ Prof. Dra. Sônia Aparecida Casari Orientadora !! AVISO Essa dissertação é parte dos requerimentos necessários à obtenção do título de doutor, área de Zoologia e, como tal, não deve ser vista como uma publicação no senso do Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica (apesar de ser disponibilizada publicamente sem restrições). Desta forma, quaisquer informações inéditas, opiniões e hipóteses, bem como nomes novos, não estão disponíveis na literatura zoológica. Pessoas interessadas devem estar cientes de que referências públicas ao conteúdo deste estudo, na sua presente forma, somente devem ser feitas com aprovação prévia do autor. NOTICE This dissertation is a partial requirement for the PhD degree in Zoology and, as such, should not be considered as a publication in the sense of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (although it is available without restrictions). Therefore, any new information, opinions and hypotheses, as well as new names, are not available in the zoological literature. Interested people are advised that any public reference to this study, in its current form, should only be done after previous acceptance of the author. !!! "Marco Polo descreve uma ponte, pedra por pedra. – Mas qual é a pedra que sustenta a ponte? – pergunta Kublai Khan. – A ponte não é sustentada por esta ou aquela pedra – responde Marco –, mas pela curva do arco que estas formam. Kublai Khan permanece em silêncio, refletindo. Depois acrescenta: – Por que falar das pedras? Só o arco me interessa. Polo responde: – Sem pedras o arco não existe." Ítalo Calvino, As cidades invisíveis (Trad. D. Mainardi, Companhia das Letras, 1990) !" !"#$%&'()&*+,- Em primeiro lugar à Dra. Sônia Casari pela confiança em mim e em meu trabalho e pela orientação nesses últimos dois anos. Sempre que precisei, pude contar com sua ajuda e conselhos. À minha família, em especial minha mãe, pelo apoio em todos os momentos. Aos professores e funcionários do Museu de Zoologia da USP, especialmente aos bibliotecários, que sempre se empenham ao máximo pra resolver meus maiores problemas. Aos curadores dos museus e instituições por permitirem o acesso às coleções e empréstimo de material para esse estudo. Agradeço o Dr. Michel Brancucci, Dr. Robert Constantin e Dr. Sergey Kazantsev as discussões, esclarecimentos e ajuda na localização de tipos perdidos. Ao Dr Carlos Roberto Brandão, Dr. Ricardo Kawada e à Dra. Helena Onody, do laboratório de Hymenoptera do MZUSP por autorizarem a utilização do equipamento fotográfico. Ao Dr. Elynton Nascimento por me encorajar a estudar esses besouros que fazem corpo mole. Aos amigos Guilherme, Laura, Fernando, Juares, Henrique, Kawada, Lucas, Júlia, Tiago, Flávia, Simeão, Maurício e todos da Entomologia do MZSP pelas discussões sobre morfologia, taxonomia, sistemática etc. Todos me ajudaram de alguma forma. Aos amigos da Turma do Tenga, de Ribeirão Preto, pelos debates e momentos de descontração ao redor da mesa do Marcão. Ao Danilo, especialmente, pela ajuda e discussão teórica e prática sobre sistemática, codificação e análise dos resultados. À Cristiane Borovina pela diagramação da capa deste trabalho. Ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia do Instituto de Biociências da USP e à CAPES pela bolsa de mestrado. " .*%('& Resumo ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Introdução .................................................................................................................................. 3 Família Cantharidae ..................................................................................................... 3 Subfamília Chauliognathinae ...................................................................................... 5 Chauliognathidae, Chauliognathinae ou Chauliognathini? ................................... 9 Classificação atual de Chauliognathinae ................................................................. 15 Objetivos ................................................................................................................................... 19 Material e métodos .................................................................................................................. 20 Material examinado ................................................................................................... 20 Dissecções .................................................................................................................... 52 Ilustrações .................................................................................................................... 54 Terminologias ............................................................................................................. 55 Filogenia ....................................................................................................................... 55 Resultados ................................................................................................................................ 57 Lista de caracteres ....................................................................................................... 57 Hipótese filogenética .................................................................................................. 94 Monofilia de Chauliognathinae, Chauliognathini e Ichthyurini ............ 94 Monofilia de Chauliognathus ..................................................................... 96 Malthesis parafilético .................................................................................... 99 Psilorhynchus monofilético .......................................................................... 99 Daiphron, Daiphron (Championellum) e Microdaiphron ...................... 100 A posição de Malthopterus ......................................................................... 100 Ichthyurini sensu Miskimen ....................................................................... 101 Ichthyurini sensu Magis & Wittmer .......................................................... 104 Conclusões ............................................................................................................................. 108 Referências bibliográficas ..................................................................................................... 109 Matriz de caracteres .............................................................................................................. 118 Figuras ..................................................................................................................................... 121 "! !"#$%& A tribo Chauliognathini, na atual definição, é composta por ca. 650 espécies em 14 gêneros: Chauliognathus, Daiphron, Microdaiphron, Malthesis, Psilorhynchus, Belotus, Maronius, Paramaronius, Maroniodes, Lobetus, Pseudolobetus, Macromalthinus, Malthoichthyurus e Malthinocantharis – estes dois últimos considerados incertae sedis. Caracteriza-se, principalmente, pela forte assimetria do abdômen e genitália dos machos, presença de sutura epistomal e ausência de esporões tibiais. Tradicionalmente, a classificação da subfamília Chauliognathinae e suas duas tribos era baseada principalmente no comprimento dos élitros: os gêneros de élitros longos eram agrupados em Chauliognathini, enquanto os de élitros curtos eram posicionados em Ichthyurini. Na atual classificação os gêneros foram redistribuídos e as tribos definidas com base na morfologia dos segmentos genitais e genitálias dos machos. Para testar a monofilia de Chauliognathini e verificar as relações entre seus gêneros foi feita uma análise cladística da tribo com 138 caracteres morfológicos envolvendo 45 espécies representantes de todos os gêneros de Chauliognathini e alguns de Ichthyurini, Silinae e Cantharinae. Foram encontradas 48 árvores igualmente mais parcimoniosas, com 341 passos de transformação. Demonstrou-se que Chauliognathini não é monofilética. Dois clados principais foram encontrados, agrupando os gêneros de acordo com a classificação tradicional de Chauliognathinae. O clado que representa a tribo Ichthyurini surge dentre os gêneros de Chauliognathini de élitros curtos. Os gêneros Chauliognathus, Daiphron, Malthesis, Belotus e Lobetus também são parafiléticos. Malthopterus pertence ao grupo formado pelos gêneros de élitros longos, enquanto Malthinocantharis deve ser excluído de Chauliognathini e posicionado em Silinae. ! !"#$%&'$ The tribe Chauliognathini, in its current definition, is composed of approximately 650 species
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