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Dr. Juan Carlos Jácome Fernández

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Dr. Juan Carlos Jácome Fernández Title CAPTURING OF 3D CONTENT USING A SINGLE APERTURE CAMERA Name: Dr. Juan Carlos Jácome Fernández This is a digitised version of a dissertation submitted to the University of Bedfordshire. It is available to view only. This item is subject to copyright. CAPTURING OF 3D CONTENT USING A SINGLE APERTURE CAMERA By Juan Carlos Jácome Fernández A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2017 Abstract Integral imaging has recently re-emerged as an alternative to current 3D capturing systems, providing post-production refocusing capabilities and reducing the complexity of 3D capturing systems. One of the main drawbacks of conventional plenoptic 1 integral imaging systems is the implementation of a single custom made microlens array which has a fixed focal length and a high cost/low scalability associated with. This thesis demonstrates a variable focal length microlens arrays system, which can flexibly operate within a range of various focal lengths, increase the cost-effectiveness of the integral imaging system and offers the opportunity to manipulate the main camera optical parameters without modifying the objective lens settings. To validate the proposed concept, a custom-made integral imaging camera system was designed and built (IMPERX 4K system). Based on the results obtained from two initial optical simulations, software simulation and mathematical model; the suitable microlens arrays were acquired, and several experiments were performed to establish the feasibility of a variable focal length microlens arrays system. The results obtained show the proposed system performed as expected. The variable focal length system represents an ideal method to control microlens focal length, as it offers a higher microlens count, without a dedicated electronic system, whose performance is not susceptible to temperature-pressure changes and can operate in real-time as it does not require downtimes to re-adjust. Additionally, an existing technique of increasing the spatial resolution in Plenoptic 1 systems was conducted using a different implementation method. An alternative technique to fabricate microlens arrays using commercial 3D printers was attempted. Throughout the research, the quality of the images was improved using relevant optical elements and optimal optical integrations. II Acknowledgements From the very first day I was introduced to my doctoral advisor Prof. Amar Aggoun and since he has believed in my potential, always challenged me to embark on more demanding projects. His support has been unequivocal, his advice and guidance whether it was work or personal related has always been invaluable. Above all, I consider him a person with high moral standards, someone I can trust. Thank you for everything. Since I transferred my doctoral studies to the University of Bedfordshire, I have received unconditional support and guidance from the Research Graduate School department, academics and colleagues; to all thank you very much, especially to Mrs Caroline Aird who helped me in the most challenging times. I am very grateful every day of my life for the paths God helped me transit, I always showed my appreciation vocally out loud or mentally, this time I formally put it in written thank you very much, God. To my family and friends all my unsolicited gratitude and love for as long, I am around in the third rock from the sun. III Table of Contents Abstract ..........................................................................................................................II Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................III Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... IV List of Figures .............................................................................................................. VIII List of Tables .................................................................................................................XII Declaration .................................................................................................................. XIII 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................1 1.1 Brief History of Three-Dimensional (3D) Image Representations ......................2 1.2 Current Main Applications of 3D Imaging .........................................................7 1.3 Market Potential of 3D Imaging .......................................................................9 1.4 Aims .............................................................................................................. 10 1.5 Objectives ...................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Contributions ................................................................................................. 12 1.7 Thesis Overview ............................................................................................. 13 2 Overview of 3D Imaging Techniques ...................................................................... 14 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging Technologies ...................................................... 15 2.2.1 Stereoscopy ........................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Autostereoscopic ................................................................................... 19 2.2.3 Integral Imaging ..................................................................................... 24 2.2.4 Plenoptic Cameras ................................................................................. 29 2.3 Optical Distortions ......................................................................................... 34 2.4 Optical Calibration ......................................................................................... 37 2.5 Microlens Arrays and Fill Factor ..................................................................... 38 2.6 3D VIVANT Project ......................................................................................... 39 2.7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 42 3 Development of Custom Built Integral Imaging Camera Systems ........................... 43 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 43 3.2 Canon 5D Integral Imaging System ................................................................. 44 3.2.1 Digital Camera Selection ........................................................................ 44 3.2.2 Choosing Relay Lens ............................................................................... 45 IV 3.2.3 Relay Lens Main Enclosure ..................................................................... 46 3.2.4 Cylinders Coupling Components ............................................................. 46 3.2.5 Microlens Array and Objective Lens Mounts........................................... 47 3.2.6 Objective Lens ........................................................................................ 48 3.2.7 Microlens Arrays .................................................................................... 49 3.2.8 Design Layout......................................................................................... 50 3.2.9 Final Prototype Implementation ............................................................. 51 3.2.10 Tests and Results.................................................................................... 51 3.3 Canon 7D Integral Imaging System ................................................................. 52 3.3.1 Digital Camera Selection ........................................................................ 53 3.3.2 System Relay Lens .................................................................................. 54 3.3.3 Integral Imaging Adapter Enclosure ........................................................ 54 3.3.4 Final Prototype Implementation ............................................................. 55 3.4 ARRI Alexa Integral Imaging System ............................................................... 56 3.4.1 Design Layout......................................................................................... 56 3.4.2 Final Prototype Implementation ............................................................. 57 3.4 Direct Integration of Integral Imaging Camera System ................................... 58 3.4.1 IMPERX 4K Integral Imaging System ....................................................... 60 3.4.2 Digital Camera Selection ........................................................................ 61 3.4.3 Camera Modifications ............................................................................ 62 3.4.4 Linear Stages .......................................................................................... 64 3.4.5 Microlens Array and Objective Lens Mounts........................................... 65 3.4.6 Microlens Arrays .................................................................................... 66 3.4.7 Design Layout........................................................................................
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