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The Writing of Thomas Carlyle's 'Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches'

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The Writing of Thomas Carlyle's 'Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches' The writing of Thomas Carlyle's 'Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches' by D. J. Trela Ph. D. University of Edinburgh 1984 Cr 05 -N, -AI Frequently Cited Sources and Abbreviations People TC Thomas Carlyle JWC Jane welsh Carlyle MAC Margaret Aitken Carlyle JAC John Aitken Carlyle UC Unidentified Correspondent Institutions NLS National Library of Scotland EUL Edinburgh University Library Yale Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University Houghton Houghton Library, Harvard University Strouse Charlotte and Norman Strouse Collections University of California at Santa Cruz rc Forster Collection, Victoria and Albert Museum Library. The bound volume of MSs catalogued 48. E. 36 will be referred to by *FC* and the sheet number. All other citations to FC: will include the catalogue number. Books Carlylep Thomas. Centenary'Edition of the Collected Works. 30 vols. London: Chapman & Hall, 1896-99. Referred to by volume and page number only. lot Carlylev Thomas, ed. Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speechest with Elucidations. 2 vols. London: Chapman & Hall, 1845. 2nd --- 2nd ed. 3 vols. London: Chapman & Halle 1846. 3rd -- 3rd ed. 4 vols. Londons Chapman & Halle 1850. 4th /4th ed, / 3 vols. London: Chapman & Hall, 1857. Supplement Oliver Cr2mwell's Letters and Speeches: with Elucidations. Sup2lement to the First Edition. London: Chapman & Hall 1846. Lomas L=aa, S. C.. ed. The Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell wiih Elucidation; by Thomas Carlyle. 3 vols. Londoni Methuen & Co., 1904. HS Carlyle, Alexander, ed. Historical Sketches of Notable Persons and Events in the Reiqns of-James I and Charles 1. 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall# 1898. q 'o" 3314 Bliss Bliss, Trudy, ed. Thomas Carlyle: Letters to His Wife. London: Victor Gollancz, 1953. MSB Carlyle, Alexander, ed. Letters of Thomas Carlyle to John Stuart Mill, John Sterling and Robert BrownýR2. London: T Fisher Unwin, 1923. NL ----- New Letters of Thomas Carlyle. 2 vols. London: John Lane-, The Bodley Head, 1904. " Copeland Copeland, Charles Townsend, ed. Letters of Thomas Carlyle to His Youngest Sister. 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall, 1899. Huxley Huxley, Leonard, ea. Jane Welsh Carlyle: Letters to Her Family, 1839-63. London: John Murray, 1924. Marrs Marrs, Edwin W., Jr., ed. The Letters of Thomas Carlyle to His Brother Alexander. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1968. CL Sanders, Charles Richard and K. J. Fielding, et al., eds. The Collected Letters of Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle. 9 vols. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1970-. Slater Slater, Joseph, ed. The Corresponden2e of Emerson and Carlyle. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964. Terhune Terhune, Alfred McKinley and Annabelle Burdick Terhune, eds. The Letters of Edward FitzGerald. 4 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980. Chapter I Discovering Cromwell 1 G. B. Tennyson, "The Carlyles, " in Victorian Prose: A Guide to Research, ed. David J. Delaura (New York: MLA, 1973), 83,90-3. 2 For collected critical comments on TC's work, including Mill and Thackeray, see Jules Paul Seigel, Thomas Carlyle: The Critical Heritage, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971). For Emerson see Slater, 166-9,408-9,535-7,546-8. For Froude see LL, 1: 76-80, 305-11. 3 An increasing portion of TC'S correspondence has been published, most notably the continuing CL. The largest 'repository of unpublished letters is still the NLS, with more-at EUL and Santa Cruz. Other manuscripts at Santa Cruz, the V&A and Yale are described more fully and partially transcribed in appendices A-C below. 4 David Alec Wilson, Carlyle on Cromwell and Others: 1837-48, (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1925); Fred Kaplan, Thomas Carlyle: A Biography (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983). I 6: 12. 6 G. P. Gooch, History and Hi§torians in the Nineteenth Centuryr 2nd ed., (London: Longmans, 1952), 306, in an otherwise insightful account of TC's histories advances the untenable notion that TC wrote the Historical Sketches in 1822. 7 CL, 1: 210-11; Hill Shine, Carlyle's Early Reading, to 1834 University of Kentucky Libraries: Occasional Contribution, 57 (Lexington, KY: n. p., 1953), 47-79. CL, 1: 355. 9 Charles Eliot Norton, ed., Two Note Books of Thomas Carlyle (1898; reprinted Mamaroneck, NY: Paul P. Appel, 1972), 1. 10 CL, 1: 399; 2: 70,76,81. 11 CL, 2: 8 1. 12 CL, 2: 94. 13 CL, 2: 107. 316 14 CL, 2: 117. is CL, 2: 189. 16 Norton, 1-2. 17 Norton, 12-13. 18 Norton, 19-20. 19 Norton, 22-3. 20 Norton, 17. 21 Norton, 31. 22 Norton, 93. These comments were apparently written after 18 December, 1826, but did come before the end of the year. 23 Thomas Carlyle, Last Words,, ed. K. J. Fieldingi(London, 1892; i-ii reprinted, n. p.: Gregg International Publishers, 1971) , of the Introduction. 24 Last Words, 111-2. 25 Last Words, 112. 26 CL, 5: 244. 27 27: 71. 28 28: 479. 29 LL, 1: 128-9; Wilson, Cromwell, 51-2. 30 Shine, passim. 31 Carlyle's publications at this time are as follows: "The Diamond Necklace, " Fraser's Magazine, 15 (Jan. -Feb*. ý 1837), 1-19; 172-189; "Memoir of Mirabeau, " London and Westminster Review, 26 (Jan 1837), 382-439; "Parliamentary History of the French Revolution,, " London and Westminster Review, 27 (April 1837), 233-47; and "Memoir of the Life of Scott, " London and Westminster Review, 28 (Jan. 1838) 293-345, Dyer, 70,186,200,248. 3ý1 32 Isaac Watson Dyer, A Bibliography of Thomas Carlyle's Writings 1968), and Ana (Maine, 1928; reprinted New York: Burt Franklin, 220 sholýs Sartor Resartus being published in Fraser's Magazine, 8-10, (1833-4). 33 NL, 1: 79-88; Dyer, 187-8. 34 NLS 523.59, TC - JAC, 27 July 1838. 35 NLS 523.59, TC - JAC, 27 July 1838; London and Westminster (Dec. 1838), 60-84. Rpvie , 32 36 Slater, 204. 37 NL, 1: 144. 38 It bears emphasizing that the following account is based almost entirely on tC's retrospective letter concerning this incident. Except for a small portion printed in LL, 1: 129, this letter has not been published. See NLS 523.60. Mili-Is correspondence does not touch on this incident, and Robertson's has not, apparently, survived. 39 Francis E. Mineka, ed., Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963), 13: 389. 40 Slater, 204. 41 NLS 523.60. The determination that Robertson suggested Cromwell as a topic first comes in this letter, quoted in LL, 1: 129 in a manner that makes it appear to be an entry in Carlyle's Journal. No date is given, nor are we told to whom the letter is addressed. Wilson, Cromwell, 52 quotes the same portion of the letter, apparently from Froude, and does call it a Journal entry. Carlyle's retrospective account of this incident was not the clearest. Both Mill and Robertson actively sought his pen, and both may have talked to him about an essay on Cromwell. However, the original suggestion for this article came from Robertson, whose "assent to the Cromwell was of the fainter kind, thol he had proposed it to me weeks. before. " Froude's account does not do justice to the part Robertson played. Wilson's account (Cromwell, 51-2) is conjectural and inaccurate. He has Carlyle agreeing "at once" to the subject "for Cromwell was on the lines of his next set of lectures. " TC's own account indicates a considerable time lag, between the first suggestion and his acceptance. While it is true that TC's next course of lectures would include Cromwell there is no evidence to suggest, and a great deal to doubt the claim that in the Autumn of 1838 Carlyle had fixed a lecture topic for the following May. TC's letters (NL, 1: 146-51) dated 13 Jan. and 5 Feb. 1839 show that he had not yet decided upon a topic. Even as late as 8 March in writing to his mother he 318 lamented "What are the Lectures to be, and When and How? I cannot yet say what, but I am thinking of it daily. r (EL, 1: 154-6). 42 NLS, 523.60. 43 CL, 8: 311-2; 316-8; Michael St. John Packe, The Life of John Stuar7mill, (London: Secker & Warburg, 1954), 210. 44 CL, 9: 64-7. 45 Robertson's motivation for what he did, in the absence of any direct statement from him, remains obscure. The rather bluff, curt manner in which he appropriated the Cromwell topic was not out of character for Robertson, however. He possessed a hard-hitting rashness, was ambitious, energetic and had a knack for offending ptople (Packe, 211-2; David Masson, Memories of London in the 'Forties, ýEdinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, 1908/, 4-12). It is known that he was genuinely interested in Cromwell and did produce an article fulsomely vindicating the Lord Protector for the London and Westminster Review, 33 (Oct. 1839), 181-256. (See Chapter 8 for a summary). It is obvious he wanted the subject for himself, especially since he saw the finished product as his masterpiece. Masson feels Robertson's Independent religious background made him naturally more ýympathetic to Cromwell at a time when Carlyle "was but groping into the Cromwell subject, " with his views unknown (Masson, 10-12). A reading of Carlyle's letter about the incident does reveal a certain lack of enthusiasm for the topic. In his eagerness to, "do" Cromwell Robertson may well have suspected this and in a quirk of logic felt he was doing Carlyle a favor by taking the subject off his hands. 46 NLS 520.76, TC-MAC, 29 Dec. 1838.
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