Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Toolbox June 2019

lb/trans® Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Toolbox June 2019

Produced by: Introduction

This document provides a concentration locations and Each location and situation set of tools for improving systemic safety locations. is unique, and engineering pedestrian safety on the However, these tools may judgment should be used State Highway System. be used more generally to when applying these tools It was designed to be improve pedestrian safety. and selecting the best used to address issues solution for any location. identiﬁed during traf c safety This document should not investigations conducted provide the sole source of while evaluating high collision guidance when resolving a pedestrian safety issue.

2 Acknowledgements

lb/trans· Rachel Carpenter• Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Branch Chief, Division of Traf c Operations Anika Jesi Senior Transportation Planner, Sustainability Program Rebecca Mowry Senior Transportation Engineer, Division of Design

Caltrans Pedestrian Safety Training Technical Advisory Committee

Thomas Schriber Of ce Chief, Traf c Safety Caltrans Bryan Sorensen District 12 Traf c Safety Engineer Caltrans Troy Bucko District 11 Traf c Safety Engineer Caltrans Darryl Chambers District 3 Traf c Safety Engineer Caltrans Jef Chin District 6 Traf c Safety Engineer Caltrans Dario A. Senor District 5 Traf c Safety Branch Chief Caltrans Dean Samuelson Chief, Traf c Investigations Branch, HQ Traf c Operations Caltrans Abdel Beshair Chief, HSIP Branch, HQ Traf c Operations Caltrans Jessica Downing Caltrans Active Transportation (CAT) Plan Project Manager Caltrans Of er Grembek Co-Director, Safe Transportation Research and Education Center UC Berkeley John Bigham Co-Founder, RoadSafe GIS RoadSafe GIS Ken Kochevar Safety Engineer FHWA James Shahamiri Transportation Engineer SFMTA

FEHRf PEERS

Meghan Mitman Principal Ryan McClain Principal Rod Brown Senior Transportation Planner

Developed with key input from the Orange County Transportation Authority

3 CALTRANS PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX

Countermeasure Toolbox

crashes. CMFs greater than 1.0 is expected to increase crashes. Summary indicate an expected increase in crashes. The expected change CMFs and CRFs can be calculated This Toolbox presents 47 safety in crashes can be calculated by for all crashes or for specific types countermeasures applicable in multiplying the associated CMF by of crashes, such as only those dif erent roadway contexts across the total crashes per year at a site. involving pedestrians or only California involving bicycles. • By giving a quantitative estimate of the ef ectiveness of Countermeasures not in the CMF a countermeasure, CMFs can Clearinghouse are emerging tools indicate which countermeasure that have been included based Many of the countermeasures will have the greatest impact on on their potential to complement included in this toolbox have an decreasing crashes. CMFs can or enhance the ef cacy of other associated Crash Modifi cation also assist in determining cost- countermeasures. References for Factor (CMF) as found in the ef ectiveness for safety funding. these countermeasures are found Federal Highway Administration in the Appendix. Crash Modification Factors A Crash Reduction Factor (CRF) Additional information for Clearinghouse. A CMF is a is another way of representing determining where best to use multiplicative factor that indicates the expected ef ect of a each countermeasure, including the proportion of crashes that would countermeasure in terms of the collision conditions, location and be expected after implementing a percentage decrease in crashes. context, and relative cost for each countermeasure. A CRF is equal to 100*(1-CMF). The safety field has moved to using countermeasure can be found in CMFs with a value less than 1.0 CMFs due in part to confusion that Tables 1-3. indicate an expected decrease in can arise when a countermeasure

What You’ll See in This Toolbox:

COUNTERMEASURE Countermeasure title Extend Pedestrian Crossing Time

Prolongs the green phase when pedestrians are present to provide additional time for Countermeasure pedestrians to clear the intersection. Can Countermeasure icon occur automatically in the signal phasing or description when prompted with pedestrian detection. Topography should be considered in ~ ._____Iclearance time. ______.I · Treatment locations Locations: Signalized intersections Note: identiﬁed as "Increase Cycle Length for Pedestrian Crossing" in Notes and details CMF Clearinghouse l Low Cost & Quick Build countermeasures are identiﬁed with a pale blue background

4 COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX

SUMMARY OF COUNTERMEASURES

A. SIGNAL TIMING & PHASING C. SIGNS & MARKINGS

Additional Signal Heads Advance Stop Markings Extend Pedestrian Crossing Time Advance Yield Markings Flashing Yellow Turn Phase Prohibit Right-Turn-On-Red Leading Pedestrian Interval Yield To Pedestrians Sign Install Trafc Signal Pedestrian Phase Recall Permissive Lefts To Protected Separate Right-Turn Phasing D. PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS Pedestrian Scramble ADA Ramps & Audible Push Button Upgrades Reduce Cycle Lengths Extended Time Pushbutton Install Pedestrian Countdown Timer Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (PHB) Curb Extensions B. INTERSECTION & ROADWAY DESIGN Paint and Plastic Curb Extension High-Visibility Crosswalk Close Slip Lane Pedestrian Detection Raised Intersection Pedestrian-Level Lighting Convert Two-Way Stop to All-Way Stop Pedestrian Median Barrier Install Sidewalk Raised Crosswalk Protected Intersection Restripe Crosswalk Raised Median Upgrade Curb Ramp Paint and Plastic Median Pedestrian Refuge Island Hardened Centerline Paint and Plastic Pedestrian Refuge Area Left Turn Enhanced Daylighting/Slow Turn Wedge Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon Realign Intersection to 90 Degrees Road Diet Widen Shoulder E. OTHER Roundabout Paint and Plastic Mini Circle Access Management/Close Driveway Splitter Island Intersection, Street-Scale Lighting

5 CALTRANS PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES TOOLBOX A. SIGNAL TIMING & PHASING

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Additional Signal Heads Install Traf c Signal

Additional signal heads allow drivers to New trafc signals can help to organize anticipate signal changes farther away from travel of all modes at an intersection, limiting intersections, decreasing the likelihood of interactions between vehicles, pedestrians, driver error resulting in a collision with a and bicyclists with conﬂicting movements. ® pedestrian. CID Locations: Signalized Intersections Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings Note: see Countermeasure References for additional information.

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Extend Pedestrian Crossing Time Pedestrian Phase Recall

Increases time for pedestrian walk phases, Signals can be put in “recall” full time or especially to accommodate vulnerable for key time periods of day such as peak populations, such as children and the elderly. business hours or school drop-of /pick-up times. During these periods the “WALK” signal would be displayed every signal cycle without prompting by a pedestrian push button.

Locations: Signalized intersections Locations: Signalized intersections Note: identiﬁed as "Increase Cycle Length for Pedestrian Crossing" in CMF Clearinghouse. Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References.

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Flashing Yellow Turn Phase Permissive Lefts to Protected

Flashing yellow turn arrow alerts drivers to Provides a protected green arrow phase proceed with caution and decide if there is a for left turning vehicles while showing a red sufcient gap in oncoming trafc to safely make light for both on-coming trafc and parallel a turn. To be used only when a pedestrian walk pedestrian crossings. Eliminates conﬂicts phase is not called. Protected-only phases between pedestrians and left-turning vehicles. ® should be used when pedestrians are present. CID Locations: Signalized Intersections Locations: Signalized Intersections Note: identiﬁed as "Change Permissive Left-Turn Phasing to Protected Only" in CMF Clearinghouse.

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Leading Pedestrian Interval Separate Right-Turn Phasing

Gives people walking a head start, making Provides a green arrow phase for right-turning them more visible to drivers turning right or vehicles. Avoids conﬂicts between right-turning left. “WALK” signal comes on a few seconds trafc and bicyclists or pedestrians crossing the before the cars get their green light. May be intersection on their right. used in combination with No Right Turn on (]) Red restrictions. CID Locations: Signalized Intersections Locations: Signalized Intersections

Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References.

6 COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX A. SIGNAL TIMING & PHASING

COUNTERMEASURE Pedestrian Scramble

A form of pedestrian "WALK" phase at a signalized intersection in which all vehicular trafc is required to stop, allowing pedestrians to safely cross through the intersection in any direction, including diagonally.

Locations: Signalized Intersections Note: identiﬁed as "Implement Barnes Dance" in CMF Clearinghouse.

COUNTERMEASURE Reduce Cycle Lengths

Trafc signal cycles should be kept short (preferably 90 seconds maximum) to reduce pedestrian delay. When delay is signiﬁcant, pedestrians are more inclined to ignore signal indications.

Locations: Signalized Intersections Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References.

7 CALTRANS PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES TOOLBOX B. INTERSECTION & ROADWAY DESIGN

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Close Slip Lane Protected Intersection

Modiﬁes the corner of an intersection to Protected intersections use corner islands, remove the sweeping right turn lane for curb extensions, and colored paint to vehicles. Results in shorter crossings for delineate bicycle and pedestrian movements pedestrians, reduced speed for turning across an intersection. Slower driving speeds vehicles, better sight lines, and space for and shorter crossing distance increase safety landscaping and other amenities. (Q) for pedestrians. Separates bicycles from pedestrians.

Locations: Signalized Intersections Locations: Signalized Intersections

Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References. Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References.

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Raised Intersection Raised Median

Elevates the intersection to bring vehicles to A concrete or landscaped area between the the sidewalk level and increases the visibility two directions of travel. Increases safety by of pedestrians. Serves as a trafc calming reducing vehicular speeding and reducing measure by extending the sidewalk context pedestrian crossing distance. across the road.

Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings

Note: See Countermeasure References for additional discussion.

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Convert Two-Way Stop to All-Way Stop Paint and Plastic Median

Converting two-way stops to all-way stops A painted median with plastic posts between prevents motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians the two directions of travel. Reduces vehicular from having to cross free-ﬂowing lanes speeding and discourages risky turning of trafc at a side-street stop-controlled movements, increasing pedestrian safety. (!) intersection and reduces the risk of collision. 8 Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings Locations: Along the Road Note: reference "Raised Median" in CMF Clearinghouse.

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Install Sidewalk Hardened Centerline

Sidewalks and walkways are “pedestrian Uses paint to widen left-turn radii and rubber lanes” that provide people with space to travel curb with plastic bollards on the receiving within the public right-of-way that is separated roadway’s centerline to modify the angle of from roadway vehicles. They are associated motorists turning left. Widening the turning radii with reduced crashes where pedestrians were of left-turning vehicles expands the ﬁeld of walking along the roadway. vision for drivers and increases the visibility of pedestrians.

Locations: Along the Road Locations: Signalized Intersections, Unsignalized Street Crossings Note: See Countermeasure References for additional discussion. Note: reference "Raised Median" in CMF Clearinghouse.

8 COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX B. INTERSECTION & ROADWAY DESIGN

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Left Turn Enhanced Daylighting/ Roundabout Slow Turn Wedge Roundabouts are circular intersections designed Uses paint and bollards to extend the curb to eliminate left turns by requiring traf c to travel and slow left turns at intersections of one-way in a counter-clockwise direction and exit to the to one-way or two-way streets. Widening the right. Installed to manage vehicular speeds, turning radii of left-turning vehicles expands reduce pedestrian exposure, improve safety at the ﬁeld of vision for drivers and increases the intersections through eliminating angle collisions, ~ visibility of pedestrians. and help traf c ﬂ ow more ef ciently. GLocations: Signalized Intersections, Unsignalized Street Crossings, Locations: Signalized Intersections, Unsignalized Street Crossings Roundabouts Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References for "Curb Extension."

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Realign Intersections to 90 Degrees Paint and Plastic Mini Circle

Mini circles use paint and soft hit posts to By eliminating acute or obtuse angles between replace stop-controlled intersections with a intersection roadways, intersection sight angles circular design that slows trafc and eliminates may be improved, allowing motorists to see left turns, also reducing conﬂict points with pedestrians more easily. pedestrians. Also helps trafc ﬂow more @ ef ciently.

Locations: Signalized Intersections, Unsignalized Street Crossings Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References. Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References.

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Road Diet Splitter Island

Depending on the street, road diets may change A raised area that separates the two directions the number of lanes, turn lanes, center turn lanes, of travel on the minor street approach at an bike lanes, parking lanes, and/or sidewalks. Road unsignalized intersection or roundabout. Helps diets optimize street space to beneﬁ t all users by channelize trafc in opposing directions of travel. improving the safety and comfort of pedestrians Typically installed at skewed intersections or and bicyclists, and reducing vehicle speeds and where speeds on minor roads are high. Provides the potential for rear end collisions. eD a refuge for pedestrians. Locations: Along the Road Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings, Roundabouts

COUNTERMEASURE Widen Shoulder

Widened shoulders create greater separation between vehicles and pedestrians and also provide motor vehicle safety beneﬁts, such as space for inoperable vehicles to pull out of the 8 travel lane. Locations: Along the Road

9 CALTRANS PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES TOOLBOX C. SIGNS & MARKINGS

COUNTERMEASURE Advance Stop Markings

A stop bar placed ahead of the crosswalk at stop signs and signals reduces conﬂict with pedestrians from vehicles encroaching on the crosswalk.

Locations: Signalized Intersections, Unsignalized Street Crossings

COUNTERMEASURE Advance Yield Markings

Yield lines are placed 20 to 50 feet in advance of multi-lane pedestrian crossings to increase visibility of pedestrians. Can reduce the likelihood of a multiple-threat crash.

Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings

COUNTERMEASURE Prohibit Right-Turn-on-Red

Prohibiting right-run-on-red movements should be considered at skewed intersections, or where exclusive pedestrian “WALK” phases, Leading Pedestrian Intervals (LPIs), sight distance issues, or high pedestrian volumes are present. Can help prevent crashes between vehicles turning right on red from one street and through vehicles on the cross street, and crashes involving pedestrians. Locations: Signalized Intersections

COUNTERMEASURE Yield To Pedestrians Sign

The “Yield Here to Pedestrians” signs alert drivers about the presence of pedestrians. These signs are required with Advance Yield Lines. Other sign types can be placed on the 0 centerline in the roadway. Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings Note: identiﬁed as "Install Advanced Yield or Stop Marking and Signs" in CMF Clearinghouse.

10 COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX D. PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE ADA Ramps & Audible Push Button Upgrades Curb Extensions Curb ramps and push buttons must comply with the Americans with Disability Act (ADA) standards for accessibility. Pushbuttons should be visible Widens the sidewalk at intersections or and conveniently located for pedestrians waiting midblock crossings to shorten the pedestrian at a crosswalk. Accessible pedestrian signals, crossing distance, to make pedestrians more including audible push buttons, improve access visible to vehicles, and to reduce the speed of for pedestrians who are blind or have low turning vehicles. Cl) vision. DIB 82-06 includes accessibility design guidance. ® Locations: Signalized Intersections Locations: Intersection Geometry, Unsignalized Street Crossings Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References. Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References.

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Extended Time Pushbutton Paint and Plastic Curb Extension

A pushbutton that can be pressed to request Widens the sidewalk at intersections or extra time for using the crosswalk, beyond midblock crossings to shorten the pedestrian the standard crossing time. Ideal near senior- crossing distance, to make pedestrians more serving land uses. visible to motorists, and to reduce the speed of ~ ® turning vehicles. Locations: Signalized Intersections Locations: Signalized Intersections, Unsignalized Street Crossings Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References. Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References.

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Install Pedestrian Countdown Timer High-Visibility Crosswalk

Displays “countdown” of seconds remaining A crosswalk that is designed to be more visible on the pedestrian signal. Countdown to approaching drivers. Crosswalks should be indications improve safety for all road users, designed with continental markings and use and are required for all newly installed trafc high-visibility material, such as inlay tape or signals where pedestrian signals are installed. thermoplastic tape instead of paint.

Locations: Signalized Intersections Locations: Signalized Intersections, Unsignalized Street Crossings

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon Pedestrian Detection

Pedestrian-activated beacon used at mid-block An intersection treatment that relies on crosswalks and side-street stop-controlled sensors to detect when a pedestrian is intersections to notify oncoming motorists to waiting at a crosswalk and automatically stop with a series of red and yellow lights. Also triggers the pedestrian "WALK" phase. known as a High-Intensity Activated crossWalK Reduces crossings at inappropriate times and (HAWK) beacon ensures that pedestrians have enough time to ® CD safely cross the roadway. Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings, Roundabouts Locations: Signalized Intersections Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References.

11 CALTRANS PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES TOOLBOX D. PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Pedestrian-Level Lighting Upgrade Curb Ramp

Specialty pedestrian-level lighting may be Tactile warning devices must be detectable to placed over the sidewalks to improve pedestrian visually impaired pedestrians. Curb ramps must comfort, security, and safety. Well-lit pedestrian follow the DIB 82-06 design guidelines. areas make people walking through the area feel safer. At intersections, lighting should also placed before the crosswalk on the approach into the intersection. Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings Locations: Signalized Intersections, Unsignalized Street Crossings Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References. Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References.

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Pedestrian Median Barrier Pedestrian Refuge Island

Pedestrian median barriers restrict pedestrians Pedestrian refuge islands provide a protected from crossing the median at locations where area for pedestrians at the center of the nearby crossings are available and midblock roadway. They reduce the exposure time for crossings may have poor sight distance or pedestrians crossing the intersection. They insufcient crossing enhancements for the simplify crossings by allowing pedestrians to conditions. focus on one direction of trafc at a time.

Locations: Along the Road Locations: Signalized Intersections, Unsignalized Street Crossings Note: identiﬁed as "Median Treatment for Ped/Bike Safety" in CMF Note: identiﬁed as "Raised Median with Crosswalk" in CMF Clearinghouse. Clearinghouse.

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Raised Crosswalk Paint and Plastic Pedestrian Refuge Area

The crosswalk is elevated to match the Paint and plastic posts designate pedestrian sidewalk to make pedestrians more visible refuge spaces at the center of the roadway. to approaching vehicles. Typically located Pedestrian refuge areas constructed from paint at midblock crossings or across free right and plastic may be implemented in conjunction turns, they encourage motorists to yield to with additional safety devices, such as a pedestrians and reduce vehicle speed. An Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon (RRFB) or road 8 entire intersection may be raised similarly. diet, to reduce pedestrian exposure. Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings, Roundabouts Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings Note: reference "Raised Median with Crosswalk" in CMF Clearinghouse.

COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Restripe Crosswalk Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon

Periodic restriping of crosswalks is necessary Pedestrian-activated ﬂashing lights and to ensure the trafc markings are visible. additional signage enhance the visibility of Crosswalk may be restriped with high visibility marked crosswalks and alert motorists to markings. pedestrian crossings.

Locations: Signalized Intersections, Unsignalized Street Crossings Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings, Roundabouts Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References.

12 COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX E. OTHER

COUNTERMEASURE Access Management/Close Driveway

Vehicles entering and exiting driveways may conﬂict with pedestrians and with vehicles on the main road, especially at driveways within 250 feet of intersections. Closing driveways near intersections with high crash rates related 0 to driveways may reduce potential conﬂicts. Locations: Along the Road Note: see Countermeasure References for additional discussion.

COUNTERMEASURE Intersection, Street-Scale Lighting

Street and intersection lighting helps make pedestrians and other road users or hazards more visible to motorists at night, improving driver perception and reaction time and reducing the CT) risk of collision.

Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings, Roundabouts

Note: identiﬁed as "Highway Lighting" in CMF Clearinghouse.

13 CALTRANS PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES TOOLBOX

14 COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX

5. Use information provided in “Crash Type,” “Crash Using the CMF Clearinghouse Severity, “Area Type,” and “Comments” to help select the most appropriate CMF for site conditions.

Crash Area The CMF Clearinghouse Quality Crash Type Reference Comments Severity Type (http://www.cmfclearinghouse.org/) is an online repository The study Urban of data on the ef ectiveness of countermeasures. The Zegeer et design was Vehicle/ pedestrian All and Clearinghouse includes identification of the research al., 2002 a ... [read Suburban more] behind each CMF and is updated quarterly. The Clearinghouse is funded by FHWA and maintained by the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research › “Crash Type” may include details such as Center. To find appropriate CMFs for the conditions of a “Vehicle/pedestrian” or "Rear end." location, perform the following: › “Crash Severity” may include all severities or be limited to categories such as fatalities or serious injuries. 1. Use the search box on the home page to find the countermeasure by name. › “Area Type” may provide further breakdown by urban, suburban, rural. If the particular area type is not Search for: available, select the type most similar to the location.

I enter search ferm(s) › “Comments” may provide more study details. The "Compare" tool may be used to directly compare in details on multiple stuides. IC ountermeasure Name CMF CRF(O/o) iUi¥iMd

2. In the search results, use results from the category 0.742 25.8 “Pedestrians” where available. This will provide results based on studies of safety improvements for pedestrians. Other categories, such as “Roadway,” may contain data more broadly applicable to all crash types, including pedestrians, and may also be used if a pedestrians 0.714 28.6 category is not available.

► Category : Access management (145)

► Category : Bicyclists (4) 0.741 25.9

► Category : Pedestrians (7) 6. Where available, use studies with “Quality” of three ► Category: Road way (20) stars or more. The higher the number of stars, the better the study has been judged by reviewers for study design, 3. Expand the “Category” and “Subcategory” to see sample size, standard error, potential bias, and data source. each countermeasure. Studies with one or two stars may be used if other data is not available. ..,. Category : Pedestrians (7)

~ Subcategory: None (7)

► Countermeasure: Install raised median with marked crosswalk (uncontrolled)

► Countermeasure: Install raised median with or without marked crosswalk (uncontrolled)

► Countermeasure: Install raised median with unmarked crosswalk (uncontrolled)

4. Use speciﬁc details for the study site to identify the category and subcategory that best ﬁt location conditions.

15 16 CALTRANS PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES TOOLBOX circumstances of the collision to determine a column which matches collision history. history. matches collision which acolumn to determine collision ofthe circumstances the Use condtions. collision for speciﬁc countermeasures appropriate about guidance provides table This Table 1:Collision Conditions Countermeasures Guidance Widen Shoulder Diet Road Splitter Island Island Splitter Circle Mini Plastic and Paint Roundabout Realign Intersection to 90 Degrees Degrees to90 Intersection Realign Turn Wedge Daylighting/Slow TurnLeft Enhanced Hardened Centerline Median Plastic and Paint Median Raised Intersection Protected SidewalkInstall Stop toAll-Way Two-Way Stop Convert Raised Intersection Pedestrian Scramble Separate Right-Turn Phasing toProtected Lefts Permissive Recall Phase Pedestrian Install Traf Close Slip Lane Lane Slip Close &ROADWAY DESIGN INTERSECTION B. Lengths Cycle Reduce Leading Interval Pedestrian Flashing Yellow Turn Phase Extend Pedestrian Crossing Pedestrian Time Extend Signal Additional Heads &PHASING TIMING SIGNAL A. c Signal cSignal COUNTERMEASURE

x x x Along roadway

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Turning vehicle not yielding x x x x x x x Through vehicle not yielding x x x x x x x x x x x Speed -related

x x Crossing outside of crosswalk x x x x Pedestrian signal violation COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX

COUNTERMEASURE - yielding yielding violation violation crosswalk Speed related Along roadway Along Pedestrian signal Pedestrian Turning vehicle not Crossing outside of Crossing Through vehicle not

C. SIGNS & MARKINGS Advance Stop Markings x x Advance Yield Markings x x Prohibit Right Turn on Red x Yield to Pedestrians Sign x x D. PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS ADA Ramps & Audible Push Button Upgrades x Extended Time Pushbutton x x Install Pedestrian Countdown Timer x Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (PHB) x x Curb Extensions x Paint and Plastic Curb Extension x High-Visibility Crosswalk x x x x Pedestrian Detection x x Pedestrian-Level Lighting x x x x Pedestrian Median Barrier x x x Raised Crosswalk x x Restripe Crosswalk x x x Upgrade Curb Ramp x Pedestrian Refuge Island x x x x Paint and Plastic Pedestrian Refuge Area x x x x Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon (RRFB) x x E. OTHER Access Management/Close Driveway x Intersection, Street-Scale Lighting x x x Education x x x x x x Enforcement x x x x x

Note: Low Cost & Quick Build countermeasures are identiﬁed with a pale blue background.

17 CALTRANS PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES TOOLBOX

Table 2: Location Context Countermeasures Guidance

This table provides guidance about appropriate countermeasures for speciﬁc location contexts. Use the characteristics of the location to determine a column which matches local conditions.

COUNTERMEASURE - Turn of Slip Lane Slip of Single Family Driveway Turns Driveway Residential Area Residential Unprotected Left Unprotected Senior- and Child Right Turn Volume Turn Right Serving Land Uses Skewed Intersection Commercial Corridor Commercial Dual Right Turn/High Turn/High Right Dual Free Right/ Presence Free Freeway Interchange Freeway

A. SIGNAL TIMING & PHASING Additional Signal Heads x x x x x Extend Pedestrian Crossing Time x x x x x x x Flashing Yellow Turn Phase x x Leading Pedestrian Interval x x x x Install Traf c Signal xx x x xx x Pedestrian Phase Recall x x Permissive Lefts to Protected x x x Separate Right-Turn Phasing x x Pedestrian Scramble x Reduce Cycle Lengths x x B. INTERSECTION & ROADWAY DESIGN Close Slip Lane x Raised Intersection x Convert Two-Way Stop to All-Way Stop x x Install Sidewalk x Protected Intersection x Raised Median x Paint and Plastic Median x x Hardened Centerline x x x Left Turn Enhanced Daylighting/ x x x Slow Turn Wedge Realign Intersection to 90 Degrees x Road Diet x x x Widen Shoulder x Roundabout x x xx Paint and Plastic Mini Circle x x Splitter Island x x

18 COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX

C. SIGNS & MARKINGS Advance Stop Markings I x I x I x I x I x I I I x I Advance Yield Markings x I I I I x Prohibit Right Turn on Red x I x I I I x Yield to Pedestrians Sign I I I I I I x I I I x D. PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS ADA Ramps & Audible Push Button x x Upgrades Extended Time Pushbutton x x Install Pedestrian Countdown Timer x x Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (PHB) x x x Curb Extensions x x Paint and Plastic Curb Extension x x High-Visibility Crosswalk x x x x x x x Pedestrian Detection x Pedestrian-Level Lighting x x x x Pedestrian Median Barrier x x x Raised Crosswalk x x x x Restripe Crosswalk x x x Upgrade Curb Ramp x x x Pedestrian Refuge Island x x Paint and Plastic Pedestrian Refuge x x Area Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon x x x (RRFB) E. OTHER Access Management/Close Driveway I x I I I I I x I I I Intersection, Street-Scale Lighting x I I I I x Education I I I x I Enforcement I x I I I I x I I x I I Note: Low Cost & Quick Build countermeasures are identiﬁed with a pale blue background.

19 CALTRANS PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES TOOLBOX

Table 3: Relative Countermeasure Cost This table provides relative costs of the countermeasures presented in this toolbox. Costs will vary based on local conditions, existing infrastructure, and other factors.

COUNTERMEASURE RELATIVE COST A. SIGNAL TIMING & PHASING Additional Signal Heads $$ Extend Pedestrian Crossing Time $ Flashing Yellow Turn Phase $$ Install Traf c Signal $$$ Leading Pedestrian Interval $ Pedestrian Phase Recall $ Pedestrian Scramble $$ Permissive Lefts to Protected $$ Reduce Cycle Lengths $ Separate Right-Turn Phasing $$ B. INTERSECTION & ROADWAY DESIGN Close Slip Lane $$ Convert Two-Way Stop to All-Way Stop $ Install Sidewalk $$ - $$$ Protected Intersection $$$ Raised Intersection $$$ Raised Median $$ Realign Intersection to 90 Degrees $$$ Road Diet $$$ Roundabout $$$ Splitter Island $$ Widen Shoulder $$$ Hardened Centerline $ Paint and Plastic Mini Circle $ Paint and Plastic Median $ Left Turn Enhanced Daylighting/Slow Turn Wedge $

20 COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX

COUNTERMEASURE RELATIVE COST C. SIGNS & MARKINGS Advance Stop Markings $ Advance Yield Markings $ Prohibit Right Turn on Red $ Yield to Pedestrians Sign $ D. PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS ADA Ramps & Audible Push Button Upgrades $$ Curb Extensions $$ Extended Time Pushbutton $$ High-Visibility Crosswalk $ Install Pedestrian Countdown Timer $$ Pedestrian Detection $$ Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (PHB) $$$ Pedestrian-Level Lighting $$$ Pedestrian Median Barrier $$ Pedestrian Refuge Island $$ Raised Crosswalk $$$ Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon (RRFB) $$ Restripe Crosswalk $ Upgrade Curb Ramp $$ Paint and Plastic Curb Extension $ PainPaintt aand n d PPlastic lasti c PePedestrian destrian RefRefuge uge Area $ E. OTHER Access Management/Close Driveway $$ Intersection, Street-Scale Lighting $$$ Education $$ Enforcement $

Note: Low Cost & Quick Build countermeasures are identiﬁed with a pale blue background.

Relative cost ranges:

$: less than $10,000

$$: $10,000 to $100,000

$$$: greater than $100,000

21 CALTRANS PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX Summary of Policy & Design Guidance

California Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices Summary Caltrans Complete ..,.,""""""~ This section summarizes the Intersections Guide procedures and design standards relevant for the countermeasures This Guide provides described in this report. countermeasures, intersection design treatments, operational changes, and speed management Additional guidance is available treatments to address challenges in various ITE manuals including people walking and biking face at the ITE 2010 Recommended intersections and interchanges. CA MUTCD Practice Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares, the ITE devices, and will thus not be Complete Intersections: governed by the MUTCD. There Context Sensitive Solutions A Guide to Reconstructing Intersections and Interchanges f0< BicycliSts and Pedestrians are also countermeasures that Practitioners’ Guide, the ITE may have current FHWA interim Recommended Design Guidelines approval. Countermeasures not Accommodating Pedestrians included in the MUTCD should and Bicycles at Interchanges, not be assumed to be disallowed various NACTO Design Guides, in California. Please reference the FHWA Countermeasure the additional sources included Selection Guide, the FHWA in this section for guidance on Design Guidance Accommodating countermeasure implementation. Caltrans Complete Bicycle and Pedestrian Travel: A Intersections Guide Recommended Approach, and the Main Street California Guide. Local Road Safety Manual (LRSM) The matrix on pages California Manual on Uniform Traf c Control This Manual provides insights 17-20 provides high- to local agencies to proactively level information from Devices (CA MUTCD) identify and analyze their safety issues and to position themselves relevant documents This Manual contains the basic to compete ef ectively in Caltrans’ described in this chapter. principles that govern the statewide, data-drive call for selection, application, design, and projects. The Manual provides use of traf c control devices for all countermeasures compliant to California Highway streets, highways, bikeways, and the Caltrans HSIP Call for Projects private roads open to public travel for signalized intersections, Design Manual regardless of roadway ownership. non-signalized intersections, Not all countermeasures and roadway segments. This Manual contains uniform listed in this report’s Safety policies and procedures to Countermeasures Toolbox are carry out the highway design considered to be traf c control functions of Caltrans.

22 SUMMARY OF POLICY & DESIGN GUIDANCE

CALTRANS COMPLETE TOPIC/COUNTERMEASURE CA MUTCD CA HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL INTERSECTIONS GUIDE

SECTION 4B.113 provides guidance Additional Signal SECTION 403.9 Ef ective Signal Control regarding the modiﬁ cations of existing Signal Heads refers to CA MUTCD Modiﬁ cation signals.

Guidance on extending the pedestrian Extend Pedestrian SECTION 403.9 Ef ective Signal Control crossing phase is provided in SECTION Crossing Time refers to CA MUTCD 4E.06.

Interim approval IA-10 for optional use of Flashing Yellow SECTION 403.9 Ef ective Signal Control ﬂ ashing yellow arrow for permissive left Turn Phase refers to CA MUTCD turn lanes was issued 11/3/08

SECTION 4E.06 provides information about pedestrian intervals and signal Leading phases. The option of leading pedestrian SECTION 403.9 Ef ective Signal Control Pedestrian Interval intervals is introduced for locations refers to CA MUTCD with high pedestrian volumes and high conﬂ icting turning vehicle volumes.

Install Trafc CHAPTER 4C provides studies and SECTION 403.9 Ef ective Signal Control Signal factors for justifying traf c control signals refers to CA MUTCD

Pedestrian SECTION 4E provides guidance Scramble regarding the application of signal heads

SECTION 4B.113 provides guidance Pedestrian Phase SECTION 403.9 Ef ective Signal Control regarding the modiﬁ cations of existing Recall refers to CA MUTCD signals.

Permissive left turn phasing guidance is provided in SECTION 4D.111. Standard Permissive Lefts to SECTION 403.9 Ef ective Signal Control application for signal indications for Protected refers to CA MUTCD left turn movements are provided in SECTION 4D.17 - 20.

SECTIONS 4D.113 and 4D.114 provide Reduce Cycle SECTION 403.9 Ef ective Signal Control guidance for the proper operations of Lengths refers to CA MUTCD traf c signals.

SECTION 4B.113 provides guidance Separate Right- SECTION 403.9 Ef ective Signal Control regarding the modiﬁ cations of existing Turn Phasing refers to CA MUTCD signals.

SECTION 504.3 Ramps discusses ramp Intersection intersection design Close Slip Lane Not a traf c control device & Roadway SECTION 405.3 Right Turn Design Channelization emphasizes low vehicle speeds

Convert Two-Way SECTION 2B.05 provides guidance SECTION 401.5 Intersection Type refers Stop to All-Way regarding the use of All-Way Stop signs. to CA MUTCD Stop

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CALTRANS COMPLETE TOPIC/COUNTERMEASURE CA MUTCD CA HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL INTERSECTIONS GUIDE

Intersection SECTION 105.1 describes design & Roadway Install Sidewalk Not a traf c control device Design options in a variety of settings (cont.) Protected DIB 89 discusses protected Not a traf c control device Intersection intersections

DIB 82 provides guidance on blended Raised Intersection Not a traf c control device transitions for raised crossings

Guidance provided in SECTIONS 2B.32, 2C.63-2C.66, Raised Median Support provided in SECTION 9C.04 SECTION 303.2 Curb Types and Uses Option provided in SECTION 3I.04 and 8C.04

Realign Intersection to 90 Not a traf c control device SECTION 403.3 Angle of Intersection Degrees

TOPIC 403 - Principles of Road Diet Not a traf c control device Channelization

SECTION 4C.01 requires consideration of roundabouts on State Highways and suggests their consideration on local streets and highways. Section 4C.01.01c references Traf c Operations Policy Directive 13-02, which speciﬁ es Areas with 45 the Intersection Control Evaluation Roundabout SECTION 405.10 Roundabouts mph or less speed procedures used to justify the use of limit traf c signal systems, yield (roundabout), or multi-way stop control. This directive supplements the California MUTCD warrant and engineering study requirements, adding yield control to the menu of intersection control options.

Splitter islands are deﬁ ned in SECTION SECTION 405.10 Roundabouts Splitter Island 1A.13.03.213. Sign and striping guidance provides guidance on Splitter Islands at is provided throughout the manual. roundabouts

Shoulder is deﬁ ned in SECTION 1A.13.03.191A as the portion of highway contiguous with the roadway for accommodations or pedestrians, TOPIC 302 - Highway Shoulder Widen Shoulder bicyclists, stopped vehicles, for Standards emergency use, and for lateral support of base and surface courses. Sign and striping guidance is provided throughout the manual.

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 24 SUMMARY OF POLICY & DESIGN GUIDANCE

CALTRANS COMPLETE TOPIC/COUNTERMEASURE CA MUTCD CA HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL INTERSECTIONS GUIDE

SECTION 3B.16 provides standard and Advance Stop TOPIC 405 - Intersection Design guidance language for the use of stop Signage & Markings Standards Markings and yield lines. ®

0 SECTION 3B.16 provides standard and Advance Yield TOPIC 702 references CA MUTCD for guidance language for the use of stop Markings pavement marking guidance and yield lines.

SECTION 2B.54 provides guidance on consideration of this treatment, and standards for sign installation. Standard Prohibit Right- application for signal indications for SECTION 403.9 Ef ective Signal Control Turn-on-Red right turn movements are provided in refers to CA MUTCD SECTION 4D.21 - 24. Sign numbers include R10-11 Series, R10-17a, and R10-30.

SECTION 2B.11 provides standards,

0 support, guidance and options for the Yield to Pedestrian TOPIC 702 references CA MUTCD for placement of Yield Here to Pedestrians Sign sign guidance Signs. Sign numbers include R1-5, R1-5A, R1-6

Pedestrian 0 Guidelines for the location and design of Standards, guidance, options and ADA Ramps & Reconstructed curb ramps provided in SECTION 105.5 Crossings support for Accessible Pedestrian Audible Push sidewalks should Signals and Detectors is provided in @ Button Upgrades meet ADA DIB 82-06 Pedestrian Accessibility SECTION 4E.09 THROUGH 4E.13. requirements Guidelines for Highway Projects

SECTION 303.4 deﬁ nes bulbout and

0 placement, curb type and dimensions and references MUTCD for signs and Construct curb SECTION 4B.04 provides alternatives pavement markings as well as DIB Curb Extensions extensions at non- to traf c control signals, including curb 82 requirements. This section also corner crosswalk extensions and median refuge islands. end describes busbulbs and busbays. Landscaping and appurtenant facilities are to comply per TOPIC 405.

Extended Time Direction on Pedestrian Detectors is SECTION 403.9 Ef ective Signal Control Pushbutton provided in SECTION 4E.08. refers to CA MUTCD CHAPTER 4E 0 0 High-Visibility Design Guidance on crosswalk markings is SECTION 105.6 refers to CA MUTCD Crosswalk principle to provided in SECTION 3B.18. and California Vehicle Code, and DIB 82 improve visibility

SECTION 4E.07 provides standards, Install Pedestrian SECTION 403.9 Ef ective Signal Control Accessible options and guidance for Countdown Countdown TImer refers to CA MUTCD signals Pedestrian Signals.

Not discussed in HDM. See Caltrans Pedestrian Guidance provided in SECTION 4C.05 Traf c Manual, Section 9-10 Highway Detection Safety Lighting Design Standards.

CHAPTER 4F provides information for Pedestrian Hybrid SECTION 403.9 Ef ective Signal Control the application, design and operation of Beacon (PHB) refers to CA MUTCD Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons. 0 Pedestrian-Level Referred to in SECTION 105.2, Ample lighting Not a traf c control device Lighting for crosswalks Sidewalks and Walkways

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CALTRANS COMPLETE TOPIC/COUNTERMEASURE CA MUTCD CA HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL INTERSECTIONS GUIDE

Pedestrian Signs and pavement markings for Crossings median barriers are described in the SECTION 305.3 "Median Barriers" Pedestrian Median Manual, however no speciﬁ cations are refers the reader to Traf c Safety (cont.) Barrier @ provided because these are not traf c Systems guidance control devices.

SECTION 405.4: including "At unsignalized intersections in rural

0 city/town centers (rural main streets), CHAPTER 3L describes treatments and suburban, or urban areas, a pedestrian Pedestrian Refuge If pedestrians pavement marking and sign applications refuge should be provided between Island are unable to cross in one cycle for pedestrian islands and medians. opposing traf c where pedestrians are allowed to cross 2 or more through traf c lanes in one direction of travel, at marked or unmarked crosswalks"

SECTION 2C.29 provides guidance, options and support for speed humps. DIB 82 provides guidance on blended Raised Crosswalk Pavement markings for Speed Tables transitions for raised crossings and Speed Humps with Crosswalks are provided in FIGURE 3B-30. 0 0 SECTION 105.6 An option at pedestrian Do not let cross SECTION 3B.18 provides installation Restripe Crosswalk crossings, in accordance with CA walk markings/ guidance and design standards. striping fade MUTCD.

References MUTCD in SECTION 403.9. INTERIM APPROVAL IA-21 allows the Rectangular Rapid- Pedestrian activated devices, signals or installation of RRFBs at uncontrolled Flashing Beacon Or in-pavement beacons are not required but must be marked crosswalks adopted 4/9/18 in (RRFB) ﬂ ashers evaluated where directional, multi- lane, California pedestrian crossings occur.

SECTION 105.5 Guidelines for the location and design of curb ramps Upgrade Curb Not a traf c control device Ramp DIB 82-06 Pedestrian Accessibility Guidelines for Highway Projects

Access Other Management/ Not a traf c control device SECTION 405.6 Access Control Close Driveway CID

Intersection, Not discussed in HDM. See Caltrans r Street-Scale Not a traf c control device Traf c Manual, Section 9-10 Highway Lighting Safety Lighting Design Standards.

26 SUMMARY OF POLICY & DESIGN GUIDANCE

Education and Enforcement

The California Highway Patrol studies outline actions that can › Pleasanton: Outreach and local police departments be taken to focus resources on and Education are essential to the prevention identifi ed issues. The Pleasanton Police Department of collisions through safety visits local schools twice a year education, community outreach, › Anaheim: Targeted and Saturated Patrols to educate students on bicycle and increased and targeted and pedestrian safety, as well enforcement. Ef orts should Enforcement activities included as attending Parent Teacher use collision history to focus review of traf c collision locations Association (PTA) meetings on targeted audiences. Typical for the previous week by the to educate parents on safe campaigns are often focused Anaheim Traf c Bureau. The driving, specifically near schools. on videos and downloadable reviews were done on a weekly Additionally, Pleasanton of ers materials. These campaign basis and of cers were sent to first time of enders courtesy messages can be reformatted to conduct enforcement at locations citations for minor traf c violations be more public facing and reach with the highest number of by motorists, bicyclists and wider audiences through social collisions. Primary Collision Factors pedestrians. This allows of cers media communication tactics. such as speeding, running red to educate violators on the issue Key messages can be finessed lights, and driver impairment and provide safety information. to reach the areas, groups and (alcohol) were the focus of the The police department tracks situational attributes identified as enforcement, but of cers enforced the courtesy citations to ensure over-represented in collisions. The any traf c violations that occurred. that of cers are aware of repeat table below and the following case of enders.

COMMUNICATION TARGET MESSAGES & PROGRAMS EXAMPLES TACTICS AREA • Hang banners and billboards throughout • Banners • “Accident Area” signage, Kingman, the area highlighting the importance • Billboards AZ of safe driving, biking and walking • Bus exteriors https://kdminer.com/news/2015/ • Create network for tracking vehicles, • Transit shelters may/11/dps-kingman-battalion- pedestrians and bicycles in high KSI areas • Social media, chief-failed-to-yield-in-fa/ • Geofence audible messages on including audio, • High-crash corridor traf c sensors, approach to over-represented locations graphics and pre- Portland, OR through wayﬁnding or music apps written Tweets https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/ • Partner with companies collecting and posts portland-deploys-data-tracking- speed and traf c volume information • Partnerships traf c-sensors-to-save-lives to focus on key locations (Ambassadors • Comprehensive Bike Study, Wilkes and Community Barre, PA Organizations) https://www.psdispatch.com/ • Gas pump videos news/63333/making-downtown- wilkes-barre-bicycle-pedestrian- friendly-focus-of-new-study USER • Partner with Senior Centers and/or Retirement • Banners • Walking Tips for Seniors, Toronto, COMMUNITY Communities to educate older adults on • Bus interiors ON the importance of crossing in a crosswalk • Printed materials http://walkandrollpeel.ca/ • Hang pedestrian focused banners at over- • Events and classes walking/seniors.htm represented intersections (roads with 5 or • Social media, more lanes, high volume streets, etc.) including audio, • Distribute printed materials at community graphics and pre- events (farmer’s markets, block written Tweets parties, etc.) highlighting importance of and posts situational awareness while walking • Partnerships • Work with area schools and youth (Ambassadors organizations to share education on and Community walking without looking at phones Organizations) 27 OCTA SYSTEMIC SAFETY PLAN Appendix: Countermeasure Sources

› Evaluation of Pedestrian-Related › Recommended Design General Sources Roadway Measures, Pedestrian Guidelines to Accommodate The countermeasures included in and Bicycle Information Center, Pedestrians and Bicycles at the Toolbox draw from the sources 2014 Interchanges listed below. Safety practitioners http://www.pedbikeinfo. https://trid.trb.org/view/1326321 are encouraged to use these org/cms/downloads/ › FHWA Design Guidance; references to learn more about PedestrianLitReview_ Accommodating Bicycle pedestrian countermeasures. April2014.pdf and Pedestrian Travel: a › NCHRP Report 500 Series: Recommended Approach › The Crash Modification Factors Volumes 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, and https://safety.f wa.dot.gov/ Clearinghouse, FHWA others intersection/other_topics/ http://www. http://www.trb.org/Main/ f wasa09027/resources/ cmfclearinghouse.org/ Blurbs/152868.aspx Design%20Guidance%20 › A Vision for Transportation › Highway Safety Manual (HSM), Accommodating%20Bicycle%20 Safety, SFMTA and SFDPH for First Edition, 2010 and%20Pedestrian%20Travel.pdf TRB, 2015 http://www. https://trid.trb.org/view/1393412 highwaysafetymanual.org At this time, several tools in › Application of Pedestrian › Toolbox of Countermeasures to common practice do not have Crossing Treatments for Streets Reduce Pedestrian Crashes documented CMFs. This is largely and Highway, NCHRP, 2016 http://safety.f wa.dot.gov/ped_ due to limited funding to evaluate http://www.trb.org/Publications/ bike/tools_solve/ped_tctpepc/ devices. These tools have been Blurbs/175419.aspx included based on their potential › FHWA Manual for Rural to complement or enhance the › California Local Roadway Safety Road Owners: Manual, Caltrans, FHWA & ef cacy of other countermeasures, SafeTREC, 2016 › Roadway Departure Safety and/or "proxy" safety studies of ef cacy that have led to their http://www.dot.ca.gov/ › Intersection Safety hq/LocalPrograms/ inclusion in national manuals and › Non-Motorized Safety HSIP/2016/CA-LRSM.pdf resources. http://safety.f wa.dot.gov/local_ › Development of Crash Caltrans will continue to rural/training/ Modification Factors for periodically update this list Uncontrolled Pedestrian › FHWA Desktop Reference for of countermeasures as new Crossing Treatments, NCHRP, Crash Reduction Factors safety research data becomes 2017 http://safety.f wa.dot.gov/tools/ available. With this in mind, http://www.trb.org/Main/ crf/resources/f wasa08011/ Caltrans is interested in feedback Blurbs/175381.aspx and suggestions from safety › FHWA Pedestrian Safety Guide practitioners on the overall and Countermeasure Selection countermeasure list as well as System specific details of individual http://www.pedbikesafe.org/ countermeasures, including locally PEDSAFE/countermeasures.cfm developed safety ef ectiveness information.

28 Countermeasure References Specific references for › Raised Intersection FHWA Pedestrian Safety Guide and countermeasures not in the CMF Note: some studies in CMF Countermeasure Selection System. Clearinghouse are provided below. Clearinghouse show an increase http://www.pedbikesafe.org/ in crashes. See additional source PEDSAFE/countermeasures_ › Install Traf c Signal below showing decrease. detail.cfm?CM_NUM=49 Currently the CMF Clearinghouse (1) Perkins+Will Consultant Team. has only one reference for "Pedestrians at Multi-Modal › Audible Push Button Upgrade and ped/vehicle collisions which Intersections." Better Market Extended Time Pushbutton: indicates an increase in crash Street Existing Conditions & Best FHWA Pedestrian Safety Guide and likelihood. However, a majority Practices, Part Two: Best Practices Countermeasure Selection System of references for all crash types 36-58, City & County of San http://www.pedbikesafe.org/ show a decrease in collisions. Francisco, San Francisco. PEDSAFE/countermeasures_ http://www.bettermarketstreetsf.org/ detail.cfm?CM_NUM=52 › Pedestrian Phase Recall: Evaluation about-reports-existing-conditions. of Pedestrian-Related Roadway html › Pedestrian-Level Lighting: FHWA Measures, Pedestrian and Bicycle (2) Bhatt, Shailen, Natalie Barnhart, Pedestrian Safety Guide and Information Center, 2014 Mark Luszcz, Tom Meyer, & Michael Countermeasure Selection System http://www.pedbikeinfo. Sommers. "Delaware Trafc http://www.pedbikesafe.org/ org/cms/downloads/ Calming Design Manual." Delaware PEDSAFE/countermeasures_ PedestrianLitReview_April2014.pdf Department of Transportation, State detail.cfm?CM_NUM=8 of Delaware, Dover, DE › Separate Right-Turn Phasing: https://nacto.org/wp-content/ › Curb Extensions: Evaluation of Pedestrian-Related uploads/2015/04/DE-Trafc- (1) Application of Pedestrian Crossing Roadway Measures, Pedestrian and Calming-Manual_2012.pdf Treatments for Streets and Highways, Bicycle Information Center, 2014 (3) King, Michael R, Jon A Carnegie, NCHRP, 2016 http://www.pedbikeinfo. and Reid Ewing. "Pedestrian https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24634/ org/cms/downloads/ Safety through a Raised Median application-of-pedestrian-crossing- PedestrianLitReview_April2014.pdf and Redesigned Intersections." treatments-for-streets-and-highways Journal of the Transportation (2) Development of Crash Modification › Reduce Cycle Lengths: Research Board 1828 (1), 56-66, Factors for Uncontrolled Pedestrian FHWA Pedestrian Safety Guide and Transportation Research Board, Crossing Treatments, NCHRP, 2017 Countermeasure Selection System Washington, DC. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24627/ http://www.pedbikesafe.org/ https://trid.trb.org/view/663867 development-of-crash-modifi cation- PEDSAFE/countermeasures_ (4) Fitzpatrick, Kay, Mark D factors-for-uncontrolled-pedestrian- detail.cfm?CM_NUM=45 Wooldridge, and Joseph D crossing-treatments Blaschke. "Urban Intersection (3) Evaluation of Pedestrian-Related › Close Slip Lane: Design Guide: Volume 1– Roadway Measures, Pedestrian and FHWA Pedestrian Safety Guide and Guidelines." Texas Transportation Bicycle Information Center, 2014 Countermeasure Selection System Institute, Texas A&M University http://www.pedbikeinfo. http://www.pedbikesafe.org/ System, Texas Department of org/cms/downloads/ PEDSAFE/countermeasures_ Transportation, Austin, TX. PedestrianLitReview_April2014.pdf detail.cfm?CM_NUM=24 https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu. edu/documents/0-4365-P2.pdf › Pedestrian Detection: › Install Sidewalk: FHWA Pedestrian Safety Guide and Data in the CMF Clearinghouse is › Realign Intersection to 90 Degrees: Countermeasure Selection System currently limited to bicycle/vehicle A Guide for Addressing http://www.pedbikesafe.org/ collisions. See additional reference: Unsignalized Intersection Collisions, PEDSAFE/countermeasures_ FHWA Pedestrian Safety Guide and NCHRP, 2003 detail.cfm?CM_NUM=11 Countermeasure Selection System. http://onlinepubs.trb. http://www.pedbikesafe.org/ org/Onlinepubs/nchrp/ › Restripe Crosswalk: PEDSAFE/countermeasures_ nchrp_rpt_500v5.pdf FHWA Pedestrian Safety Guide and detail.cfm?CM_NUM=1 Countermeasure Selection System › Prohibit Right-Turn-on-Red: http://www.pedbikesafe.org/ › Protected Intersection: Currently the CMF Clearinghouse PEDSAFE/countermeasures_ Evolution of the Protected does not include specific studies; detail.cfm?CM_NUM=4 Intersection, Alta Planning and however, permitting right-turns- Design, December 2015 on-red shows an increase in https://altaplanning.com/wp-content/ ped/vehicle crashes. Additional uploads/Evolution-of-the-Protected- information is available at the Intersection_ALTA-2015.pdf

29 › Upgrade Curb Ramp: FHWA Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System http://www.pedbikesafe.org/ PEDSAFE/countermeasures_ detail.cfm?CM_NUM=3

› Access Management/Close Driveway: The CMF Clearinghouse has limited research related to vehicle/ pedestrian crashes. See additional reference: FHWA Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System http://www.pedbikesafe.org/ PEDSAFE/countermeasures_ detail.cfm?CM_NUM=20

› Paint and Plastic Curb Extension: Evaluation of Pedestrian-Related Roadway Measures, Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, 2014 http://www.pedbikeinfo. org/cms/downloads/ PedestrianLitReview_April2014.pdf

› Paint and Plastic Mini Circle: FHWA Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System http://www.pedbikesafe.org/ PEDSAFE/countermeasures_ detail.cfm?CM_NUM=34