lb/trans® Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Toolbox June 2019 Produced by: Introduction This document provides a concentration locations and Each location and situation set of tools for improving systemic safety locations. is unique, and engineering pedestrian safety on the However, these tools may judgment should be used State Highway System. be used more generally to when applying these tools It was designed to be improve pedestrian safety. and selecting the best used to address issues solution for any location. This document should not identified during traf c safety provide the sole source of investigations conducted guidance when resolving while evaluating high collision a pedestrian safety issue. 2 Acknowledgements lb/trans· Rachel Carpenter• Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Branch Chief, Division of Traf c Operations Anika Jesi Senior Transportation Planner, Sustainability Program Rebecca Mowry Senior Transportation Engineer, Division of Design Caltrans Pedestrian Safety Training Technical Advisory Committee Thomas Schriber Of ce Chief, Traf c Safety Caltrans Bryan Sorensen District 12 Traf c Safety Engineer Caltrans Troy Bucko District 11 Traf c Safety Engineer Caltrans Darryl Chambers District 3 Traf c Safety Engineer Caltrans Jef Chin District 6 Traf c Safety Engineer Caltrans Dario A. Senor District 5 Traf c Safety Branch Chief Caltrans Dean Samuelson Chief, Traf c Investigations Branch, HQ Traf c Operations Caltrans Abdel Beshair Chief, HSIP Branch, HQ Traf c Operations Caltrans Jessica Downing Caltrans Active Transportation (CAT) Plan Project Manager Caltrans Of er Grembek Co-Director, Safe Transportation Research and Education Center UC Berkeley John Bigham Co-Founder, RoadSafe GIS RoadSafe GIS Ken Kochevar Safety Engineer FHWA James Shahamiri Transportation Engineer SFMTA FEHRf PEERS Meghan Mitman Principal Ryan McClain Principal Rod Brown Senior Transportation Planner Developed with key input from the Orange County Transportation Authority 3 CALTRANS PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX Countermeasure Toolbox crashes. CMFs greater than 1.0 is expected to increase crashes. Summary indicate an expected increase in crashes. The expected change CMFs and CRFs can be calculated This Toolbox presents 47 safety in crashes can be calculated by for all crashes or for specific types countermeasures applicable in multiplying the associated CMF by of crashes, such as only those dif erent roadway contexts across the total crashes per year at a site. involving pedestrians or only California involving bicycles. • By giving a quantitative estimate of the ef ectiveness of Countermeasures not in the CMF a countermeasure, CMFs can Clearinghouse are emerging tools indicate which countermeasure that have been included based Many of the countermeasures will have the greatest impact on on their potential to complement included in this toolbox have an decreasing crashes. CMFs can or enhance the ef cacy of other associated Crash Modifi cation also assist in determining cost- countermeasures. References for Factor (CMF) as found in the ef ectiveness for safety funding. these countermeasures are found Federal Highway Administration in the Appendix. Crash Modification Factors A Crash Reduction Factor (CRF) Additional information for Clearinghouse. A CMF is a is another way of representing determining where best to use multiplicative factor that indicates the expected ef ect of a each countermeasure, including the proportion of crashes that would countermeasure in terms of the collision conditions, location and be expected after implementing a percentage decrease in crashes. context, and relative cost for each countermeasure. A CRF is equal to 100*(1-CMF). The safety field has moved to using countermeasure can be found in CMFs with a value less than 1.0 CMFs due in part to confusion that Tables 1-3. indicate an expected decrease in can arise when a countermeasure What You’ll See in This Toolbox: COUNTERMEASURE Countermeasure title Extend Pedestrian Crossing Time Prolongs the green phase when pedestrians are present to provide additional time for Countermeasure pedestrians to clear the intersection. Can Countermeasure icon occur automatically in the signal phasing or description when prompted with pedestrian detection. Topography should be considered in ~ ._____Iclearance time. ______.I · Treatment locations Locations: Signalized intersections Note: identified as "Increase Cycle Length for Pedestrian Crossing" in Notes and details CMF Clearinghouse l Low Cost & Quick Build countermeasures are identified with a pale blue background 4 COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX SUMMARY OF COUNTERMEASURES A. SIGNAL TIMING & PHASING C. SIGNS & MARKINGS Additional Signal Heads Advance Stop Markings Extend Pedestrian Crossing Time Advance Yield Markings Flashing Yellow Turn Phase Prohibit Right-Turn-On-Red Leading Pedestrian Interval Yield To Pedestrians Sign Install Trafc Signal Pedestrian Phase Recall Permissive Lefts To Protected Separate Right-Turn Phasing D. PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS Pedestrian Scramble ADA Ramps & Audible Push Button Upgrades Reduce Cycle Lengths Extended Time Pushbutton Install Pedestrian Countdown Timer Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (PHB) Curb Extensions B. INTERSECTION & ROADWAY DESIGN Paint and Plastic Curb Extension High-Visibility Crosswalk Close Slip Lane Pedestrian Detection Raised Intersection Pedestrian-Level Lighting Convert Two-Way Stop to All-Way Stop Pedestrian Median Barrier Install Sidewalk Raised Crosswalk Protected Intersection Restripe Crosswalk Raised Median Upgrade Curb Ramp Paint and Plastic Median Pedestrian Refuge Island Hardened Centerline Paint and Plastic Pedestrian Refuge Area Left Turn Enhanced Daylighting/Slow Turn Wedge Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon Realign Intersection to 90 Degrees Road Diet Widen Shoulder E. OTHER Roundabout Paint and Plastic Mini Circle Access Management/Close Driveway Splitter Island Intersection, Street-Scale Lighting 5 CALTRANS PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES TOOLBOX A. SIGNAL TIMING & PHASING COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Additional Signal Heads Install Traf c Signal Additional signal heads allow drivers to New trafc signals can help to organize anticipate signal changes farther away from travel of all modes at an intersection, limiting intersections, decreasing the likelihood of interactions between vehicles, pedestrians, driver error resulting in a collision with a and bicyclists with conflicting movements. ® pedestrian. CID Locations: Signalized Intersections Locations: Unsignalized Street Crossings Note: see Countermeasure References for additional information. COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Extend Pedestrian Crossing Time Pedestrian Phase Recall Increases time for pedestrian walk phases, Signals can be put in “recall” full time or especially to accommodate vulnerable for key time periods of day such as peak populations, such as children and the elderly. business hours or school drop-of /pick-up times. During these periods the “WALK” signal would be displayed every signal cycle without prompting by a pedestrian push button. Locations: Signalized intersections Locations: Signalized intersections Note: identified as "Increase Cycle Length for Pedestrian Crossing" in CMF Clearinghouse. Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References. COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Flashing Yellow Turn Phase Permissive Lefts to Protected Flashing yellow turn arrow alerts drivers to Provides a protected green arrow phase proceed with caution and decide if there is a for left turning vehicles while showing a red sufcient gap in oncoming trafc to safely make light for both on-coming trafc and parallel a turn. To be used only when a pedestrian walk pedestrian crossings. Eliminates conflicts phase is not called. Protected-only phases between pedestrians and left-turning vehicles. ® should be used when pedestrians are present. CID Locations: Signalized Intersections Locations: Signalized Intersections Note: identified as "Change Permissive Left-Turn Phasing to Protected Only" in CMF Clearinghouse. COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Leading Pedestrian Interval Separate Right-Turn Phasing Gives people walking a head start, making Provides a green arrow phase for right-turning them more visible to drivers turning right or vehicles. Avoids conflicts between right-turning left. “WALK” signal comes on a few seconds trafc and bicyclists or pedestrians crossing the before the cars get their green light. May be intersection on their right. used in combination with No Right Turn on (]) Red restrictions. CID Locations: Signalized Intersections Locations: Signalized Intersections Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References. 6 COUNTERMEASURE TOOLBOX A. SIGNAL TIMING & PHASING COUNTERMEASURE Pedestrian Scramble A form of pedestrian "WALK" phase at a signalized intersection in which all vehicular trafc is required to stop, allowing pedestrians to safely cross through the intersection in any direction, including diagonally. Locations: Signalized Intersections Note: identified as "Implement Barnes Dance" in CMF Clearinghouse. COUNTERMEASURE Reduce Cycle Lengths Trafc signal cycles should be kept short (preferably 90 seconds maximum) to reduce pedestrian delay. When delay is significant, pedestrians are more inclined to ignore signal indications. Locations: Signalized Intersections Note: not in CMF Clearinghouse. See Countermeasure References. 7 CALTRANS PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES TOOLBOX B. INTERSECTION & ROADWAY DESIGN COUNTERMEASURE COUNTERMEASURE Close Slip Lane Protected Intersection Modifies the corner