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Stone Beads and Pendant Making Techniques Kenoyer 2003

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Stone Beads and Pendant Making Techniques Kenoyer 2003 89089560213 Anthro 352 - Kenoyer Kenoyer, Stone Beads and Pendant Makino b I1II1I111111111 " 11111111111111111111111111111111111· Techniques b89089560213a A BEADTIMELINE VOLUME I: PREHISTORY to ·1200cE A Resource for Identification, . Classific'ation and Dating. BY JAMESW LANKTON, M.D. JOYCE'DIAMANTI AND . JONATHAN M. KENOYER, PH.D. PHOTOGRAPHY By,ROBERT K. LID, PH.D. ~3 stone beads and pendant. making techniques Jonathan M. Kenoyer he large number and great vari­ ety of stone beads on the Bead T TImeline make their origins and manufacture ofspecial interest. Two factorS define the process: the characteristics of the raw material being used; and the effort that a beadmaker wishes to expend. Soft stones; such as talc or soapstone, can easily be carved, drilled and polished to produce a bead or pendant. Harder stones require different techniques, worked out over many . thouSands ofyears. In addition, the surface . of the stone can be painted, incised or . glazed to modify its natural appearance. The nature of the raw material and the processes of manufacture often contribute to the longevity of a bead and its overall cultural or economic value. Raw Material Origins Each region of the world has distinct FIGURE 1: RAW MATERIALS FOR BEADS AND BE;ADS ILLUSTRATING MATERIALS. in order of their numbers: types of natural raw materials which limestone. fossiliferous limestone. orbicular jasper. carnelian. banded agate. dyed agate. onyx. coUld be used to create objects ofvalue for . chalcedony. sardonyx. moss agate, grey steatite. talc, bloodstone. malachite. lapis lazuli. sodal.ite, aventurine. serpentine. amethyst rock crystal. smoky and rose quartz. ruby. jade. basalt basalt with local as well as external trade. Human quartz bands. coral and turquoise. Photographs: J. Mark Kenoyer. communities have experimented with all varieties of rock to make beads or to use times, human communities have shown expose a wide variety of exotic raw mate­ as tools in the processing ofstone beads. a preference for materials that are rare rials, many of which have been sought . Grinding and polishing stones, as well·as and·exotic.. Generally speaking, rare after for making beads. drills, are made from specific types ofrock materials have more value than objects Rocks themselves, which are composed that are hard enough to modifY the surface made from commonly available stones, ofa number ofconstituent minerals, have of other rocks. The Mohs' hardness scale except in situations where the common been used to rriake beads; examples include can be used to give an idea of the relative materials have been modified through basalt, a dark igneous rock; marble, the hardness of various rocks, with values complex technologies. metamorphic form of limestone; and ranging from I(talc) t~ IO(diamond). A Each species ~f rock is formed through. lapis lazuli, a rock composed of calcite, . variety of raw materials commonly used for. very specific geological processes that pyrite, and the blue minerallazurite. stone beadmaking is shown in Figure I. occur in distinct areas of the landscape More commonly,beadmakers have sought Selecting an appropriate raw material or the earth's mantle. Plate tectonics rocks with concentrations of minerals, for making a bead is the first of many create zones of tremendous pressure such as steatite, serpentine, chlorite, . stages where decisions are made by a and heat,. transforming the surrounding calcite, nephrite, and jadeite, in order .beadmaker. Many stone beads are made sedimentary and igneous rocks into of increasing hardness. In order to obtain &0 m rocks that have nat~ral features that their metamorphic counterparts. Rugged some crystalline gemstones, such as make them attractive, induding specific mountains form as these same forces emerald, ruby, and sapphire, miners must colors, distinctive patterns; or the ease push up layers ofsediments and rock &om blast through tons of the surrounding .with which the stone can be modified the lowest levels 'of the earth's crust. Over matrix to find crystal veins or inclusions. and perforated. From the very earliest the years, these mountain rocks erode to Volcanic eruptions produce obsidian, stone beads and pendant n1.aking techniques Jonathan M. Kenoyer a natural glass which comes in several Raw Material Preparation Shaping Bead Rougbouts colors and has often been used for making After collection, rocks must be prepared Some stone beads are made from natu­ beads. Among the most popular bead­ for manufacture through varioUs processes. rally shaped pebbles without any further making materials are the various forms Some rocks such as agate and chalcedony modification except to drill and sometimes of crystalline quartz, ranging from rock are dried in the sunEor months to remove polish the stone. However, most stone crystal th~ough the microcrystalline , any moisture prior to heating. The nodules beads are made by selecting a large block varieties ofchalcedony and banded agate, are then slowly heated to around 340 0 C of stone and breaking or sawing it into which form in hollow pockets ofmassive to drive off the intercrystalline water, smaller pieces, referred to as blocklets or volcanic lava flows. After millions ofyears making them easier to flake. Heating bead roughouts. Rocks such as agate and these agate nodules or geodes erode and also changes the color ofthe raw material. chert can be flaked relatively easily using collect in stream beds as massive gravel Rocks that are saturated with iron become a stone hammer or various sizes of metal deposits. Colored jaspers and chert are reddish after heating in an oxidizing atmos­ ,hammers. In India, beadmakers use the formed in limestone or other alluvial phere. If a rotkisheated ina smoky or technique of inverse indirect percussion, deposits that also eventually erode, expos­ reducing atmosphere it will turn darker as shown in Figure 2. An iron stake is set ing these very hard rocks for use as ~eads, and sometimes become black.,Jhterttional into the ground at an angle and the bead .or as will be discussed below, to make drill". coloring of rocks will be discussed below, chipper sits on the ground with one knee Each variety of ~ock has specific ft4tures but the coloring process actually begins bracing the stake. In one hand he holds ,that a beadmaker must take into account right from the first heating. While some a bead roughout and the other wields a as the bead is being processed. rocks become "softer" when heated prop­ hammer made with water buffalo honi erly, others can be made harder. Usually and a flexible bamboo handle. The bead Collecting and Mining this is done after the bead is finished and roughout is placed against the stake and The collection of raw materials depends the most common rock that is hardened the soft hammer is used to strike the bead . entirely on the type of rock being sough': by heating is talc or soapstone (steatite), roughollt against the stake to remove a 'and the geological processes that have which Can change in hardness from Mohs' flake without damaging the stone. affected the landscape. In many regions of 3 to Mohs' 5. Materials such as nephrite and j,adeite the world, the earliest beadmakers simply collected partially rounded pebbles from streams or beaches and then perforated them to produce a bead. Other rocks can be collected hom eroding cl.i..ffi; or hom exposures where they can be broken from the parent rock. One oftheearly methods for obtaining lapis lazuli and other rocks from massive formations was to build a fire against the rock and throw water on the heated surface to make it crack apart. Through experimentation with fire, people gradually came to understand how to modify rock in other ways. When the surface rocks were depleted, mining was developed to follow a vein ofdesired rock ~ ~rth. z deep into the Today mining is the ' ::1 ,major method for obtaining materials such FIGURE 2: left-hand photographs show inverse indirect percussion technique ofpreparing bead ~ blanks. Upper right shows sawing of agate with bronze saw and abrasives. lower right shows prepa- f-< as carnelian, serpentine, talc, chert, jade, lOtion ofmaterial for microbeads, seen as strand. In middle are respec1ively from top to bottom: banded ~ turquoise and fine gemstones. agate roughouf. bead blank and pierced bead; carnelian roughout and finished bead. a:l stone beads and pendant making techniques Jonathan M. Kenoyer do no! break very easily and must be sawn· as were the shell heishi beadspro'­ materials, it is now possible to make or ground into smaller pieces. Sawing duced in the American Southwest. extremely precise molds of bead perfora­ can be done with an abrasive sand and Even with modern grinding wheels, the tions that can then be examined under a copper blade,. using water as a lubricant . preparation ofstone beads requires consid­ the Scanning Electron Microscope. and coolant. In cultures that did riot have erable time and skill. Most beads are Experimental studies of perforation and metal tools, sawing was done with a individually shaped by hand and only drilling technology, uSing different types string or eVen a piece ofwood. The grains spherical beads can be produced with a of tools or drill bits have made it possible of hard quartz or emery in the sand minimum of handling. to differentiate the various perforation become embedded in the soft copper or There are many more techniques of techniques and correlate them to specific organic saw and gradually cut through preparing bead roughouts and bead blanks, time periods and to cultural regions, as the hard rocks. some ofthem unique to specificcultures. shown in Figures 3a, b. Many cultures do not necessarily use the . Short disk shaped and biconical beads . Bead Blanks most efficient technique since the prepara­ ?fcarnelian and agate reveal the use of a Bead roughouts are often processed again tion ~f beads may be part ofa larger social pecking technique that results in a rough to create various types offinal bead shapes event, and careful hand grinding may be hour-glass shaped perforation.
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