Les Bandes Dessinées Britanniques Pendant La Seconde Guerre Mondiale : Effort De Guerre Et Messages Patriotiques

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Les Bandes Dessinées Britanniques Pendant La Seconde Guerre Mondiale : Effort De Guerre Et Messages Patriotiques DOSSIER Les bandes dessinées britanniques pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale : effort de guerre et messages patriotiques RENÉE DICKASON Professeur à l’Université Rennes 2. u’ils soient agresseurs, agressés, occupants ou occupés, les pays impliqués dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale n’ont pas échappé à une propagande, qui s’adapte nécessairement aux conjonctures et aux desseins des dirigeants. En effet, les enjeux, les méthodes et les stratégies de la propagande correspondent aux orientations politiques qui définissent Q les priorités d’une nation à un moment donné et varient selon la situation de chacun (bombardements, invasions, occupation), mais aussi selon les étapes du conflit. En Grande-Bretagne, dès le début de la guerre, l’accent est mis sur la mobilisation du peuple, condition sine qua non pour mener à la Victoire et préparer l’après-guerre. Tout est mis en œuvre pour satisfaire cet objectif, même lorsque certaines mesures semblent inadéquates, précoces ou tout simplement inutiles, en particulier pendant l’épisode de la « drôle de guerre ». La communication politique, traditionnellement effectuée par les affiches et les « informations » diffusées au cinéma ou à la radio, trouve d’autres vecteurs de transmission, peut-être plus subtils ou du moins plus ludiques, dans les chansons ou dans les dessins. Souvent complémentaire des articles de journaux, le dessin de presse (ou cartoon), sous le coup de crayon d’un David Low, d’un Leslie Illingworth, d’un Sidney ‘George’ Strube ou d’un Philip Zec, est sans doute le support le plus virulent, le plus caustique, pour ne pas dire le plus engagé dans son interprétation des faits et des événements. Le cartoon, par essence politique dans sa portée, est destiné à un public adulte qui appréciera les connotations de messages liés à l’actualité immédiate. Plus enclines à meubler les passe-temps des petits et des grands que ne le sont les dessins de presse, les bandes dessinées diffusées pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – qu’elles soient des « comics », plus sérieux (ici l’humour ne prévaut pas), ou des « funnies » (aux contenus plus légers et humoristiques) – n’ont plus uniquement pour vocation de divertir et d’éduquer un jeune public mais bien aussi d’informer et de guider les opinions. 44 Témoigner – enTRE HISTOIRE ET MÉMOIRE Les bandes dessinées britanniques pendant la seconde guerre mondiale Les histoires de personnages sympathiques caractéristiques de l’univers enfantin sont diluées au gré de la guerre et se vivent en temps réel. Pour autant, les thématiques des BD restent semblables à celles d’avant-guerre à l’exception bien sûr des récits alimentant les « boys’ picture stories », qui couvrent une guerre le plus souvent fictive. L’Histoire est partiellement livrée dans les BD, on y stigmatise les fléaux à combattre tout en prodiguant des conseils sur l’art et la manière de se comporter en temps de guerre. Les allusions aux camps de concentration ou aux crimes nazis ne figurent pas parmi les priorités des auteurs de BD britanniques pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Quelques échos (qui demeurent rares) à cette dure réalité se font comme dans le magazine pour garçons, Wizard, qui, en 1942, raconte l’histoire de combattants ayant réussi à s’évader de camps de concentration. Ces hommes (qui portent le nom de Deathless Men, sorte de héros immortels) ont pris pour défi de terroriser les nazis et n’ont qu’un but : se venger. V for Vengeance est leur mot d’ordre. Cette série d’histoires fictives sera reprise, dans Hornet, poursuivant, entre autres, un but commémoratif. C’est à partir de 1956 que les représentations d’un vécu dérangeant où est entretenu le côté surhumain de certaines actions sont à nouveau accessibles. On insiste sur le caractère exceptionnel, pour ne pas dire sensationnel, de prouesses tant physiques que stratégiques. On ne cherche pas à être crédible : en effet, dansWizard ou Hornet, les épisodes dépeints qui abordent des aspects mystérieux, voire inexpliqués, de la guerre n’apportent pas de réponses historiques et ne constituent pas en soi une dénonciation ou une condamnation. Dans les « funnies », la bonne humeur est de mise car il n’est pas opportun d’affoler les jeunes lecteurs, ce qui n’exclut pas de recourir à une moquerie systématique de l’ennemi. Maintenir le moral de la nation est ce que souhaitent les hommes politiques pris dans la tourmente d’une guerre, qui, pour la plupart des civils britanniques, se vit sur le front de l’intérieur (Home front) régi par la peur permanente des bombardements ennemis et par la menace d’une invasion allemande. Sans doute plus soumis que les dessinateurs de presse, les bédéistes, loin de déroger à la volonté gouvernementale, adhèrent au cadre de pensée de l’instant. BRASSAGE INFORMATIONNEL Pendant la guerre, les bandes dessinées relaient les informations et les messages diffusés sur d’autres supports (radio, cinéma, dessins de presse ou photographies placées dans des magazines) et viennent compléter le dispositif communicationnel initié par les instances gouvernementales, en particulier le ministère de l’information (MOI). Dans les années 1930, après une profusion de BD dédiées à la Grande Guerre, plusieurs titres imprégneront leur époque parmi lesquels figurent les « funnies », The Dandy (décembre 1937) et The Beano (juillet 1938) du groupe écossais D. C. Thomson1. (1) D. C. Thomson, basé à Dundee, est à l’origine de la publication, entre autres, de The Beano, The Dandy, Adventure, The Hornet, The Rover, The Wizard, The Skipper, The Victor, Commando, Warlord. Son concurrent, MARS 2011 45 DOSSIER Sans entrer dans une rétrospective exhaustive de ce que les Britanniques avaient à leur disposition dans la presse ou dans les albums ou almanachs, il semble intéressant de pointer quelques pistes qui se sont dégagées suite à la lecture d’un large corpus de bandes dessinées, réalisées pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il apparaît des récurrences dans des bandes dessinées qui ciblent plusieurs tranches d’âge. L’effort de guerre et les messages patriotiques sont perceptibles dans le choix des journaux de maintenir certaines BD, comme c’est le cas du Daily Express, avec la parution des aventures du bien aimé ourson Rupert même lorsque le journal se réduisait à une page recto verso2. Rupert, bien éduqué, poli et fier d’être Britannique, fait partie de ces modèles de sagesse et de bonne conduite, qui aident à surmonter des situations difficiles et symbolisent patriotisme et ferveur nationale. Une autre mascotte, certes dans un registre tout autre, cette fois, pour le plaisir des plus âgés dont le journal populaire Daily Mirror choisit de publier les aventures de Jane qui met ses charmes au service de la nation et remonte, avec une sensualité et un sens du devoir avéré, le moral d’une partie de la population en quête d’un réconfort3. Les slogans fédérateurs prodigués par le MOI tels que « Restons calme et continuons comme si de rien n’était » ou « Votre courage, votre joie de vivre, votre détermination conduiront à la Victoire » constituent des arrière-plans omniprésents, des fils conducteurs à toute trame narrative, qu’elle se concrétise sous la forme d’une bande dessinée, d’une publicité pour la boisson Horlicks4, aux effets relaxants, ou sous la forme d’affiches plus ouvertement propagandistes. Multiples et protéiformes, les échos entre les différents supports de communication, les résonances entre la propagande et les BD sont manifestes. La « guerre des nerfs », habilement et humoristiquement croquée par David Low sous les traits d’un certain Colonel Blimp5, devait être gagnée. Parmi les stratégies de dédramatisation et de soutien au moral de la population, les BD ont joué un rôle tout aussi important que celui des affiches de propagande ou encore celui des dessins de presse, tout lectorat confondu. Certes, commenter l’actualité se fera de manière plus acerbe par les dessinateurs politiques du moment, contraints aux mains d’Alfred Harmsworth, Amalgamated Press (qui devient Fleetway en 1958 et International Publishing Company ou IPC en 1963), entré dans le monde de l’édition de bandes dessinées à la fin du XIXe siècle, compte plusieurs titres célèbres : Comic Cuts, The Champion, Illustrated Chips, Boys’ Cinema, Golden Comic, The Jester, Larks, The Schoolgirl, Lion, The Thriller, Battle, The Gem et The Magnet. (2) À partir de 1941, les tirages sont freinés par la pénurie de l’encre et du papier. (3) Les aventures de Jane, personnage créé en 1932, étaient, pendant la guerre, dédiées pour l’essentiel à un lectorat masculin, en particulier celui des militaires dont il fallait remonter le moral. (4) Dans la publicité « London Lullaby » conçue en 1940 telle une série de vignettes de bandes dessinées ou de dessins de presse de l’époque, un homme déclare que grâce aux bienfaits de Horlicks, il se sent régénéré, prêt à affronter son quotidien et invite tous les citoyens à le suivre pour donner une bonne leçon à Hitler… (5) L’histoire de ce personnage chauvin caricatural, récalcitrant, rétrograde et pompeux, satire de la haute société, a été portée à l’écran en 1943 par Michael Powell et Emeric Pressburger. « War of Nerves » est le titre d’un dessin montrant le corps du Colonel Blimp, en écorché, censé illustrer « le système nerveux de l’être humain » qui est, selon la légende « à l’image du Colonel Blimp », connu pour son caractère patriotique et indomptable. 46 Témoigner – enTRE HISTOIRE ET MÉMOIRE Les bandes dessinées britanniques pendant la seconde guerre mondiale David Low, Evening Standard, 18 novembre 1939 – British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent, LSE0828. [Colonel Blimp, voir plus précisément l’illustration située en bas, à gauche, intitulée « War of Nerves »] en quelques coups de crayon et quelques petites phrases de retracer les positions des dirigeants amis ou ennemis et de tourner en ridicule les frasques d’un Hitler de plus en plus illuminé.
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