Nematodes of Medical Importance Pdf
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Nematodes of medical importance pdf Continue Trihuriasis of the United States: Recent estimates show that 2.2 million people in the United States are infected with Trihuris Trihiura (whip worm), mostly in rural areas of the southeast. Enterobiase: This is the most common of all helminth infections, with an estimated 42 million cases. Ascariaz: An estimated 4 million people, mostly in the southeast, are infected with ascaris species. Hookworm: This infection is still of low prevalence in the southeast. Strongyloidiasis: Prevalence of 0.4-4% was estimated in the southern states. Trichinosis: Prevalence is 4-20%. Anisakiasis: Less than 10 cases occur in the United States each year. Dirofilariasis: A total of 116 cases have been reported, mainly in the southeastern United States. Angiostrongyliasis (rat lung worm disease): This is a rare infection that has been reported in Hawaii and Louisiana. According to a WHO analysis, intestinal nematode infections are most common in Asia, where about 67% of cases have been reported. Trihuriase: Infection with T trichiura is one of the most common nematode infections worldwide; about 800 million people have trichurias worldwide, mostly in warm, humid regions. Infection rates of up to 75 per cent were found in young schoolchildren in Puerto Rico. Enterobiase: Pinworm is also widespread worldwide, especially in temperate countries. Children are most often infected. The estimated prevalence rate among children in different regions of the world is 4 to 28%. Ascariasis: Ascaris, or roundworm, infection is a common helminth infection in humans, with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 1 billion. The causal organism, lumbricoides, is cosmopolitan in distribution, being the most common in tropical countries. Hookworm: Human infection with 2 types of nematodes, duodenale and N americanus is estimated to affect about 550-750 million people. Strongiloidiosis: Infection is more common in tropical countries with poor sanitation, especially in southeast Asia and parts of Africa. Strongyloides stercoralis is also endemic in Jamaica and presumably in other parts of the Caribbean. An estimated 30-100 million people worldwide have syliloidosis. The prevalence of S stercoralis infection among people with HIV infection is 5.1%. Trichinosis: Trichinella species are common around the world and are widespread in nature among a large number of carnivorous animals, with humans acting as a random host. Trichinosis was a major public health problem and was reported in many Asian countries, including China, Japan, Korea and Thailand. Dracunculiasis: Estimates of the number of people infected with Dracunculus medinensis in Africa, on The east, India and other tropical areas range from 50-150 million. An An a campaign is underway to eliminate D medinensis, called guinea worm. Filariaz: An estimated 120 million people are infected with Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Loyasis: Loa Loa is distributed irregularly in Africa. It is estimated that between 3 and 13 million people in West and Central Africa are infected. Onhocercosis: Onhocerka volvulus infects 20 million people in West, Central and East Africa and another 1 million people in scattered hotbeds in Central America and South America. The disease caused by this filament worm is called river blindness. Anisakiasis: About 20,000 cases of anisakiasis are reported worldwide each year; more than 90% are from Japan and most others are from Spain, the Netherlands and Germany, depending on the habits of fish consumption. Dirofilariasis: The highest incidence of human beings was reported in the Mediterranean countries (Italy, southern France, Greece). Over the past two decades, dirofilariasis has been registered in some Eastern European countries, namely Ukraine, the Russian Federation and Belarus. Italy has the highest number of human cases of dirofilariasis. Angiostrongyliasis (rat pulmonary worm disease): This is an unusual infection that mainly affects the Pacific Basin and southeast Asia. Isolated cases have been reported in the Caribbean, Africa and Australia. Nematode infections are usually asymptomatic or subclinical. Strongyroidosis can be fatal in patients with weakened immunity and in newborns. Intestinal nematodes can cause some problems with the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, malaise). Hookworms can cause serious anemia. Onhocercosis can lead to blindness (river blindness). Trichinosis can cause life-threatening manifestations, including myocarditis, CNS involvement, and pneumonitis. The larvae of the Anisakis species can be inserted into the stomach mucous membrane; endoscopy can reveal erythema, swelling, severe erosive gastritis, tumor nodules or ulcers. Anisakiasis has been reported to be associated with allergic reactions in some people. Patients with eye dirofilariasis often report discomfort, eye pain, sandiness and redness of the eyes. Angiostrongillase (rat lung worm disease) has an idea similar to bacterial meningitis. Rarely, neurological dysfunction or death can occur. Some of the more serious nematodes infections lead to symptoms of inflammatory reactions in vital organs and malnutrition. Nematod infections have no known racial bias. Nematod infections have no known sexual addiction. E vermicularis infection (pinworm) is more common in children than in adults. This article is about the body. For the infection, see Helminthosis. Filum worms with digestive system with holes at both ends of the NematodeTemporal range: Precambrian-Recent PreꞒ PreꞒ O S D C P T J K Pg N Caenorhabditis elegans, Model of the Species of RoundWorm Scientific Classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa (unrethed): Protostom Superfilum: Ecdysozoa Clade: Nematida Filum 1861 Classes Chromadorea Enoplea Secernentea Dorylaimea 1837 Nematoidea sensu stricto Cobb, 1919 Nemates Cobb, 1919 Nemata Cobb, 1919 emend. Nematodes (UK: /ˈnɛmətoʊdz/NEM-- -tohdz, USA: //ˈniːm-/ NEEM- Greek: Νηματώδη; Latin: Nematoda) or roundworms make up the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemat domini), with plant-parasitic nematodes known as e-ray. They are a variety of animals of the phylum inhabiting a wide range of environments. Taxonomicically, they are classified along with insects and other animal molting in the Ecdysozoa hoard, and unlike flatworms, have tubular digestive systems with holes at both ends. As tardigrades they have a reduced number of Hox genes, but as their sister Nematomorpha phylum kept the generic protostomy of the Hox genotype, it shows that the decrease occurred in the phylum nematode. Types of nematodes are difficult to distinguish from each other. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematodes described to date vary from author to author and can change rapidly over time. A study of animal biodiversity, published in 2013 in the mega-journal zootax, puts this figure at more than 25,000. Estimates of the total number of expectant species may be even more different. A widely referred article published in 1993 had estimated that there could be more than 1 million types of nematodes, and the claim has since been repeated in many publications. Since then, many other publications have strongly denied the allegation on the grounds that it is not supported by facts. Later, fact-based estimates brought the true figure closer to 40,000 species worldwide. Nematodes have successfully adapted to almost every ecosystem: from sea (salt) to fresh water, soils, from polar regions to the tropics, as well as the highest and lowest altitudes (including mountains). They are widespread in freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments, where they often outnumber other animals in both individual and species, and are found in such diverse locations as mountains, deserts and ocean trenches. They are found in every part of the Earth's lithosphere, even at great depths, 0.9-3.6 km (3,000-12,000 feet) below the Earth's surface in gold mines in southern Africa. They make up 90% of all animals on the ocean floor. A total of 4.4 × 1020 nematodes inhabit the topsoil of the Earth's soil, or about 60 billion per person, with the highest density observed in tundra and boreal forests. Their numerical dominance, often million individuals per square metre, which account for about 80% of all individual animals on earth, their life cycle diversity and their presence at various trophic levels indicate an important role in many ecosystems. They have been shown to play a crucial role in polar ecosystems. Approximately 2,271 birth therapy is available in 256 families. Many parasitic forms include pathogens in most plants and animals. One third of births occur as vertebrate parasites; about 35 types of nematodes are found in humans. Nathan Cobb, a nematologist, described the ubiquity of nematodes on Earth as such: In short, if all the matter in the universe, except nematodes, was swept away, our world would still be vaguely recognizable, and if, like disembodied spirits, we could explore it, we should find its mountains, hills, valleys, rivers, lakes and oceans represented by the film about the nemato. The location of the cities will be deciphered, as for each mass of the person will be appropriate massing of certain nematodes. Trees will continue to stand in ghostly rows representing our streets and highways. The location of various plants and animals would still be deciphered, and if we had enough knowledge, in many cases even their species could be determined by studying their former