Plan 9 from Bell Labs
Rob Pike Dave Presotto Sean Dorward Bob Flandrena Ken Thompson Howard Trickey Phil Winterbottom *AllL=>oH=JoHEAI MKHH=O0Ell,NAMJAHIAO %'%" 75)
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=??AII Jo HAIoKH?AI, ALAn JDoIA, IK?D =I @ALE?AI, noJ JH=@EJEon=llO JHA=JA@ =I BElAI. .oH 2l=n ', MA =@oFJA@ JDEI E@A= >O @AIECnEnC = nAJMoHk-lALAl FHoJo?ol, ?=llA@ '2, Jo An=>lA m=?DEnAI Jo =??AII BElAI on HAmoJA IOIJAmI. )>oLA JDEI, MA >KElJ = n=mEnC IOIJAm JD=J lAJI FAoFlA =n@ JDAEH ?omFKJEnC =CAnJI >KEl@ ?KIJomEzA@ LEAMI oB JDA HAIoKH?AI En JDA nAJMoHk. 6DEIEI MDAHA 2l=n ' BEHIJ >AC=n Jo look @EBBAHAnJ: = 2l=n ' KIAH >KEl@I = FHEL=JA ?omFKJEnC AnLEHonmAnJ =n@ HA?HA=JAI EJ MDAHALAH @AIEHA@, H=JDAH JD=n @oEnC =ll ?omFKJ EnC on = FHEL=JA m=?DEnA. 1J Ioon >A?=mA ?lA=H JD=J JDEI mo@Al M=I HE?DAH JD=n MA D=@ BoHAIAAn, =n@ JDA E@A=I oB FAH-FHo?AII n=mA IF=?AI =n@ BElA-IOIJAm-lEkA HAIoKH?AI MAHAANJAn@A@JDHoKCDoKJJDAIOIJAmߞJoFHo?AIIAI,CH=FDE?I,ALAnJDAnAJMoHkEJIAlB. *O '&' JDA IOIJAm D=@ >A?omA IolE@ AnoKCD JD=J IomA oB KI >AC=n KIEnC EJ =I oKH AN?lKIELA ?omFKJEnC AnLEHonmAnJ. 6DEI mA=nJ >HEnCEnC =lonC m=nO oB JDA IAHLE?AI =n@ =FFlE?=JEonI MA D=@ KIA@ on 7N1:. 9A KIA@ JDEI oFFoHJKnEJO Jo HALEIEJ m=nO EIIKAI, noJ jKIJ kAHnAl-HAIE@AnJ onAI, JD=J MA BAlJ 7N1: =@@HAIIA@ >=@lO. 2l=n ' D=I nAM ?om FElAHI, l=nCK=CAI, lE>H=HEAI, MEn@oM IOIJAmI, =n@ m=nO nAM =FFlE?=JEonI. M=nO oB JDA ol@JoolIMAHA@HoFFA@,MDElAJDoIA>HoKCDJ=lonCD=LA>AAnFolEIDA@oHHAMHEJJAn. 9DO >A Io =ll-An?omF=IIEnC? 6DA @EIJEn?JEon >AJMAAn oFAH=JEnC IOIJAm, lE>H=HO, =n@ =FFlE?=JEon EI EmFoHJ=nJ Jo JDA oFAH=JEnC IOIJAm HAIA=H?DAH >KJ KnEnJAHAIJEnC Jo JDA KIAH. 9D=J m=JJAHI EI ?lA=n BKn?JEon=lEJO. *O >KEl@EnC = ?omFlAJA nAM IOIJAm, MA MAHA =>lA Jo IolLA FHo>lAmI MDAHA MA JDoKCDJ JDAO IDoKl@ >A IolLA@. .oH AN=mFlA, JDAHA EI no HA=l ߢJJO @HELAHߣ En JDA kAHnAl; JD=J EI JDA jo> oB JDA MEn@oM IOIJAm. 1n JDA mo@AHn MoHl@, mKlJE-LAn@oH =n@ mKlJE-=H?DEJA?JKHA ?omFKJEnC =HA AIIAnJE=l, OAJ JDA KIK=l ?om FElAHI =n@ JoolI =IIKmA JDA FHoCH=m EI >AEnC >KElJ Jo HKn lo?=llO; MA nAA@A@ Jo HAJDEnk JDAIA EIIKAI. MoIJ EmFoHJ=nJ, JDoKCD, JDA JAIJ oB = IOIJAm EI JDA ?omFKJEnC AnLEHon mAnJ EJ FHoLE@AI. 2Ho@K?EnC = moHA ABBE?EAnJ M=O Jo HKn JDA ol@ 7N1: M=HDoHIAI EI AmFJO AnCEnAAHEnC; MA MAHA moHA EnJAHAIJA@ En MDAJDAH JDA nAM E@A=I IKCCAIJA@ >O JDA =H?DEJA?JKHA oB JDA Kn@AHlOEnC IOIJAm An?oKH=CA = moHA ABBA?JELA M=O oB MoHkEnC. 6DKI, =lJDoKCD 2l=n ' FHoLE@AI =n AmKl=JEon AnLEHonmAnJ BoH HKnnEnC 2O51: ?omm=n@I, EJ EI = >=?kM=JAH oB JDA IOIJAm. 6DA L=IJ m=joHEJO oB IOIJAm IoBJM=HA EI @ALAloFA@ En JDA ߢn=JELAߣ 2l=n'AnLEHonmAnJ. 6DAHA =HA >AnABEJI Jo D=LEnC =n =ll-nAM IOIJAm. .EHIJ, oKH l=>oH=JoHO D=I = DEIJoHO oB >KEl@EnC ANFAHEmAnJ=l FAHEFDAH=l >o=H@I. 6o m=kA EJ A=IO Jo MHEJA @ALE?A @HELAHI, MA M=nJ = IOIJAm JD=J EI =L=El=>lA En IoKH?A BoHm no lonCAH CK=H=nJAA@ MEJD 7N1:, ALAn En JDA l=>oH=JoHO En MDE?D EJ M=I >oHn . )lIo, MA M=nJ Jo HA@EIJHE>KJA oKH MoHk, MDE?D mA=nI JDA IoBJM=HA mKIJ >A lo?=llO FHo@K?A@. .oH AN=mFlA, MA ?oKl@ D=LA KIA@ IomA LAn@oHIߣ + ?omFElAHI BoH oKH IOIJAm, >KJ ALAn D=@ MA oLAH?omA JDA FHo>lAmI MEJD ?HoII-?omFEl=JEon,MAMoKl@D=LA@EBBE?KlJOHA@EIJHE>KJEnCJDAHAIKlJ. 6DEI F=FAH IAHLAI =I =n oLAHLEAM oB JDA IOIJAm. 1J @EI?KIIAI JDA =H?DEJA?JKHA BHom JDA loMAIJ >KEl@EnC >lo?kI Jo JDA ?omFKJEnC AnLEHonmAnJ IAAn >O KIAHI. 1J =lIo IAHLAI =I =n EnJHo@K?JEon Jo JDA HAIJ oB JDA 2l=n ' 2HoCH=mmAHߣI M=nK=l, MDE?D EJ =??omF=nEAI. MoHA@AJ=El=>oKJJoFE?IEnJDEIF=FAH?=n>ABoKn@AlIAMDAHAEnJDAm=nK=l.
Design 6DA LEAM oB JDA IOIJAm EI >KElJ KFon JDHAA FHEn?EFlAI. .EHIJ, HAIoKH?AI =HA n=mA@ =n@ =??AIIA@ lEkA BElAI En = DEAH=H?DE?=l BElA IOIJAm. 5A?on@, JDAHA EI = IJ=n@=H@ FHoJo ?ol, ?=llA@ '2, BoH =??AIIEnC JDAIA HAIoKH?AI. 6DEH@, JDA @EIjoEnJ DEAH=H?DEAI FHoLE@A@ >O @EBBAHAnJ IAHLE?AI =HA joEnA@ JoCAJDAH EnJo = IEnClA FHEL=JA DEAH=H?DE?=l BElA n=mA IF=?A. 6DA KnKIK=l FHoFAHJEAI oB 2l=n ' IJAm BHom JDA ?onIEIJAnJ, =CCHAIIELA =FFlE?=JEon oB JDAIAFHEn?EFlAI. ) l=HCA 2l=n ' EnIJ=ll=JEon D=I = nKm>AH oB ?omFKJAHI nAJMoHkA@ JoCAJDAH, A=?D FHoLE@EnC = F=HJE?Kl=H ?l=II oB IAHLE?A. 5D=HA@ mKlJEFHo?AIIoH IAHLAHI FHoLE@A ?omFKJ EnC ?O?lAI; oJDAH l=HCA m=?DEnAI oBBAH BElA IJoH=CA. 6DAIA m=?DEnAI =HA lo?=JA@ En =n =EH-?on@EJEonA@ m=?DEnA Hoom =n@ =HA ?onnA?JA@ >O DECD-FAHBoHm=n?A nAJMoHkI. LoMAH >=n@ME@JD nAJMoHkI IK?D =I -JDAHnAJ oH 15,N ?onnA?J JDAIA IAHLAHI Jo oBBE?A- !
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@ALAloFmAnJ BHom = IEnClA IoKH?A JHAA. 6DA ?omFElAHI =n@ JDA lo=@AH BoH A=?D =H?DEJA? JKHA =HA KnEGKAlO n=mA@; JDAHA EI no cc ?omm=n@. 6DA n=mAI =HA @AHELA@ >O ?on?=JA n=JEnC = ?o@A lAJJAH =IIo?E=JA@ MEJD JDA J=HCAJ =H?DEJA?JKHA MEJD JDA n=mA oB JDA ?om FElAH oH lo=@AH. .oH AN=mFlA, JDA lAJJAH ߢ&ߣ EI JDA ?o@A lAJJAH BoH1nJAl x&$FHo?AIIoHI;JDA + ?omFElAH EI n=mA@ 8c, JDA )lAB ?omFElAH 8al, =n@ JDA lo=@AH EI ?=llA@ 8l. 5EmEl=HlO, JDA?omFElAHEnJAHmA@E=JABElAI=HAIKBBENA@ .8,noJ .o. 6DA 2l=n ' >KEl@ FHoCH=m mk, = HAl=JELA oB make, HA=@I JDA n=mAI oB JDA ?KHHAnJ =n@ J=HCAJ =H?DEJA?JKHAI BHom AnLEHonmAnJ L=HE=>lAI ?=llA@ $cputype =n@ $objtype. *O @AB=KlJ JDA ?KHHAnJ FHo?AIIoH EI JDA J=HCAJ, >KJ IAJJEnC $objtype Jo JDA n=mA oB =noJDAH=H?DEJA?JKHA>ABoHAEnLokEnC mk HAIKlJIEn=?HoII->KEl@: % objtype=sparc mk >KEl@I = FHoCH=m BoH JDA 52)4+ =H?DEJA?JKHA HAC=H@lAII oB JDA ANA?KJEnC m=?DEnA. 6DA L=lKA oB $objtype IAlA?JI = BElA oB =H?DEJA?JKHA-@AFAn@AnJ L=HE=>lA @ABEnEJEonI JD=J ?onBECKHAI JDA >KEl@ Jo KIA JDA =FFHoFHE=JA ?omFElAHI =n@ lo=@AH. )lJDoKCD IEmFlA- mEn@A@, JDEI JA?DnEGKA MoHkI MAll En FH=?JE?A: =ll =FFlE?=JEonI En 2l=n ' =HA >KElJ BHom = IEnClA IoKH?A JHAA =n@ EJ EI FoIIE>lA Jo >KEl@ JDA L=HEoKI =H?DEJA?JKHAI En F=H=llAl MEJDoKJ ?onBlE?J.
Parallel programming 2l=n 'ߣI IKFFoHJ BoH F=H=llAl FHoCH=mmEnC D=I JMo =IFA?JI. .EHIJ, JDA kAHnAl FHo LE@AI = IEmFlA FHo?AII mo@Al =n@ = BAM ?=HABKllO @AIECnA@ IOIJAm ?=llI BoH IOn?DHonEz= JEon =n@ ID=HEnC. 5A?on@, = nAM F=H=llAl FHoCH=mmEnC l=nCK=CA ?=llA@ )lAB IKFFoHJI ?on?KHHAnJ FHoCH=mmEnC. )lJDoKCD EJ EI FoIIE>lA Jo MHEJA F=H=llAl FHoCH=mI En +, )lAB EI JDAF=H=llAll=nCK=CAoB?DoE?A. 6DAHA EI = JHAn@ En nAM oFAH=JEnC IOIJAmI Jo EmFlAmAnJ JMo ?l=IIAI oB FHo?AIIAI: noHm=l 7N1:-IJOlA FHo?AIIAI =n@ lECDJ-MAECDJ kAHnAl JDHA=@I. 1nIJA=@, 2l=n ' FHoLE@AI = IEnClA ?l=II oB FHo?AII >KJ =lloMI BEnA ?onJHol oB JDA ID=HEnC oB = FHo?AIIߣI HAIoKH?AI IK?D =I mAmoHO =n@ BElA @AI?HEFJoHI. ) IEnClA ?l=II oB FHo?AII EI = BA=IE>lA =FFHo=?D En 2l=n ' >A?=KIA JDA kAHnAl D=I =n ABBE?EAnJ IOIJAm ?=ll EnJAHB=?A =n@ ?DA=F FHo?AII ?HA =JEon=n@I?DA@KlEnC. 2=H=llAl FHoCH=mI D=LA JDHAA >=IE? HAGKEHAmAnJI: m=n=CAmAnJ oB HAIoKH?AI ID=HA@ >AJMAAn FHo?AIIAI, =n EnJAHB=?A Jo JDA I?DA@KlAH, =n@ BEnA-CH=En FHo?AII IOn?DHonEz= JEon KIEnC IFEn lo?kI. On 2l=n ', nAM FHo?AIIAI =HA ?HA=JA@ KIEnC JDA rfork IOIJAm ?=ll. Rfork J=kAI = IEnClA =HCKmAnJ, = >EJ LA?JoH JD=J IFA?EBEAI MDE?D oB JDA F=HAnJ FHo?AIIߣI HAIoKH?AI IDoKl@ >A ID=HA@, ?oFEA@, oH ?HA=JA@ =nAM En JDA ?DEl@. 6DA HAIoKH?AI ?onJHollA@ >O rfork En?lK@A JDA n=mA IF=?A, JDA AnLEHonmAnJ, JDA BElA @AI?HEFJoH J=>lA, mAmoHO IACmAnJI, =n@ noJAI 2l=n 'ߣI =n=loC oB 7N1: IECn=lI . OnA oB JDA >EJI ?onJHolI MDAJDAH JDA rfork ?=ll MEll ?HA=JA = nAM FHo?AII; EB JDA >EJ EI oBB, JDA HAIKlJEnCmo@EBE?=JEon Jo JDA HAIoKH?AI o??KHI En JDA FHo?AII m=kEnC JDA ?=ll. .oH AN=m FlA, = FHo?AII ?=llI rfork(RFNAMEG) Jo @EI?onnA?J EJI n=mA IF=?A BHom EJI F=HAnJߣI. )lAB KIAI = BEnA-CH=EnA@ BoHk En MDE?D =ll JDA HAIoKH?AI, En?lK@EnC mAmoHO, =HA ID=HA@ >AJMAAnF=HAnJ=n@?DEl@,=n=loCoKIJo?HA=JEnC=kAHnAlJDHA=@Enm=nOIOIJAmI. )n En@E?=JEon JD=J rfork EI JDA HECDJ mo@Al EI JDA L=HEAJO oB M=OI EJ EI KIA@. OJDAH JD=n JDA ?=nonE?=l KIA En JDA lE>H=HO HoKJEnA fork, EJ EI D=H@ Jo BEn@ JMo ?=llI Jo rfork MEJD JDA I=mA >EJI IAJ; FHoCH=mI KIA EJ Jo ?HA=JA m=nO @EBBAHAnJ BoHmI oB ID=HEnC =n@ HAIoKH?A =llo?=JEon. ) IOIJAm MEJD jKIJ JMo JOFAI oB FHo?AIIAIߞHACKl=H FHo?AIIAI =n@ JDHA=@Iߞ?oKl@noJD=n@lAJDEIL=HEAJO. 6DAHA =HA JMo M=OI Jo ID=HA mAmoHO. .EHIJ, = Bl=C Jo rfork ?=KIAI =ll JDA mAm oHO IACmAnJI oB JDA F=HAnJ Jo >A ID=HA@MEJDJDA?DEl@ AN?AFJJDAIJ=?k,MDE?DEIBoHkA@ ?oFO-on-MHEJA HAC=H@lAII . )lJAHn=JELAlO, = nAM IACmAnJ oB mAmoHO m=O >A =JJ=?DA@ KIEnC JDA segattach IOIJAm ?=ll; IK?D = IACmAnJ MEll =lM=OI >A ID=HA@ >AJMAAn F=H AnJ=n@?DEl@.
6DA rendezvous IOIJAm ?=ll FHoLE@AI = M=O BoH FHo?AIIAI Jo IOn?DHonEzA. )lAB KIAI EJ Jo EmFlAmAnJ ?ommKnE?=JEon ?D=nnAlI, GKAKEnC lo?kI, mKlJEFlA HA=@AH/MHEJAH lo?kI, =n@ JDA IlAAF =n@ M=kAKF mA?D=nEIm. Rendezvous J=kAI JMo =HCKmAnJI, = J=C =n@ = L=lKA. 9DAn = FHo?AII ?=llI rendezvous MEJD = J=C EJ IlAAFI KnJEl =noJDAH FHo?AII FHAIAnJI = m=J?DEnC J=C. 9DAn = F=EH oB J=CI m=J?D, JDA L=lKAI =HA AN?D=nCA@ >AJMAAn JDA JMo FHo?AIIAI =n@ >oJD rendezvous ?=llI HAJKHn. 6DEI FHEmEJELA EI IKBBE ?EAnJJoEmFlAmAnJJDABKllIAJoBIOn?DHonEz=JEonHoKJEnAI. .En=llO, IFEn lo?kI =HA FHoLE@A@ >O =n =H?DEJA?JKHA-@AFAn@AnJ lE>H=HO =J KIAH lALAl. MoIJ FHo?AIIoHI FHoLE@A =JomE? JAIJ =n@ IAJ EnIJHK?JEonI JD=J ?=n >A KIA@ Jo EmFlAmAnJ lo?kI. ) noJ=>lA AN?AFJEon EI JDA M125 4! , Io JDA 5/1 2oMAH IAHEAI mKlJEFHo?AIIoHI D=LA IFA?E=l lo?k D=H@M=HA on JDA >KI. 7IAH FHo?AIIAI C=En =??AII Jo JDA lo?k D=H@M=HA >O m=FFEnC F=CAI oB D=H@M=HA lo?kI EnJo JDAEH =@@HAII IF=?A KIEnC JDA segattach IOIJAm?=ll. ) 2l=n ' FHo?AII En = IOIJAm ?=ll MEll >lo?k HAC=H@lAII oB EJI ߢMAECDJߣ. 6DEI mA=nI JD=J MDAn = FHoCH=m MEIDAI Jo HA=@ BHom = IloM @ALE?A MEJDoKJ >lo?kEnC JDA AnJEHA ?=l ?Kl=JEon, EJ mKIJ BoHk = FHo?AII Jo @o JDA HA=@ BoH EJ. 6DA IolKJEon EI Jo IJ=HJ = I=JAllEJA FHo?AII JD=J @oAI JDA 1/O =n@ @AlELAHI JDA =nIMAH Jo JDA m=En FHoCH=m JDHoKCD ID=HA@ mAmoHO oH FAHD=FI = FEFA. 6DEI IoKn@I onAHoKI >KJ MoHkI A=IElO =n@ ABBE?EAnJlO En FH=?JE?A; En B=?J, moIJ EnJAH=?JELA 2l=n ' =FFlE?=JEonI, ALAn HAl=JELAlO oH@En=HO onAI MHEJ JAnEn+,IK?D=IJDAJANJA@EJoH5=m[2EkA&%],HKn=ImKlJEFHo?AIIFHoCH=mI. 6DA kAHnAl IKFFoHJ BoH F=H=llAl FHoCH=mmEnC En 2l=n ' EI = BAM DKn@HA@ lEnAI oB FoHJ=>lA ?o@A; = D=n@BKl oB IEmFlA FHEmEJELAI An=>lA JDA FHo>lAmI Jo >A D=n@lA@ ?lA=nlO =J KIAH lALAl. )lJDoKCD JDA FHEmEJELAI MoHk BEnA BHom +, JDAO =HA F=HJE?Kl=HlO ANFHAIIELA BHom MEJDEn )lAB. 6DA ?HA=JEon =n@ m=n=CAmAnJoBIl=LA1/OFHo?AIIAI?=n>AMHEJJAnEn = BAM lEnAI oB )lAB, FHoLE@EnC JDA BoKn@=JEon BoH = ?onIEIJAnJ mA=nI oB mKlJEFlANEnC @=J= BloMI >AJMAAn =H>EJH=HO FHo?AIIAI. MoHAoLAH, EmFlAmAnJEnC EJ En = l=nCK=CA H=JDAH JD=n EnJDAkAHnAlAnIKHAI?onIEIJAnJIAm=nJE?I>AJMAAn=ll@ALE?AI=n@FHoLE@AI= moHA CAn AH=l mKlJEFlANEnC FHEmEJELA. +omF=HA JDEI Jo JDA 7N1: select IOIJAm ?=ll: select =FFlEAI onlO Jo = HAIJHE?JA@ IAJ oB @ALE?AI, lACEIl=JAI = IJOlA oB mKlJEFHoCH=mmEnC En JDA kAHnAl,@oAInoJANJAn@=?HoIInAJMoHkI,EI@EBBE?KlJJoEmFlAmAnJ,=n@EID=H@JoKIA. )noJDAH HA=Ion F=H=llAl FHoCH=mmEnC EI EmFoHJ=nJ En 2l=n ' EI JD=J mKlJE-JDHA=@A@ KIAH-lALAl BElA IAHLAHI =HA JDA FHABAHHA@ M=O Jo EmFlAmAnJ IAHLE?AI. -N=mFlAI oB IK?D IAHLAHI En?lK@A JDA FHoCH=mmEnC AnLEHonmAnJ )?mA [2EkA'"], JDA n=mA IF=?A ANFoHJEnC Jool exportfs [22669'!], JDA 0662 @=Amon, =n@ JDA nAJMoHk n=mA IAHLAHI cs =n@ dns [2H9E'!]. +omFlAN =FFlE?=JEonI IK?D =I )?mA FHoLA JD=J ?=HABKl oFAH=JEnC IOIJAm IKFFoHJ ?=n HA@K?A JDA @EBBE?KlJO oB MHEJEnC mKlJE-JDHA=@A@ =FFlE?=JEonI MEJDoKJ moLEnC JDHA=@EnC=n@IOn?DHonEz=JEonFHEmEJELAIEnJoJDAkAHnAl.
Implementation of Name Spaces 7IAH FHo?AIIAI ?onIJHK?J n=mA IF=?AI KIEnC JDHAA IOIJAm ?=llI: mount, bind, =n@ unmount. 6DA mount IOIJAm ?=ll =JJ=?DAI = JHAA IAHLA@ >O = BElA IAHLAH Jo JDA ?KHHAnJ n=mA IF=?A. *ABoHA ?=llEnC mount, JDA ?lEAnJ mKIJ >O oKJIE@A mA=nI =?GKEHA = ?onnA?JEon Jo JDA IAHLAH En JDA BoHm oB = BElA @AI?HEFJoH JD=J m=O >A MHEJJAn =n@ HA=@ JoJH=nImEJ'2mAII=CAI. 6D=JBElA@AI?HEFJoHHAFHAIAnJI=FEFAoHnAJMoHk?onnA?JEon. 6DA mount ?=ll =JJ=?DAI = nAM DEAH=H?DO Jo JDA ANEIJEnC n=mA IF=?A. 6DA bind IOIJAm ?=ll, on JDA oJDAH D=n@, @KFlE?=JAI IomA FEA?A oB ANEIJEnC n=mA IF=?A =J =noJDAH FoEnJEnJDAn=mAIF=?A. 6DA unmount IOIJAm?=ll=lloMI?omFonAnJIJo>AHAmoLA@. 7IEnC AEJDAH bind oH mount, mKlJEFlA @EHA?JoHEAI m=O >A IJ=?kA@ =J = IEnClA FoEnJ En JDA n=mA IF=?A. 1n 2l=n ' JAHmEnoloCO, JDEI EI = union @EHA?JoHO =n@ >AD=LAI lEkA JDA ?on?=JAn=JEon oB JDA ?onIJEJKAnJ @EHA?JoHEAI. ) Bl=C =HCKmAnJ Jo bind =n@ mount IFA?EBEAI JDA FoIEJEon oB = nAM @EHA?JoHO En JDA KnEon, FAHmEJJEnC nAM AlAmAnJI Jo >A =@@A@AEJDAH=JJDABHonJoHHA=HoBJDAKnEonoHJoHAFl=?AEJ AnJEHAlO. 9DAn = BElA lookKF !
EI FAHBoHmA@ En = KnEon @EHA?JoHO, A=?D ?omFonAnJ oB JDA KnEon EI IA=H?DA@ En JKHn =n@ JDA BEHIJ m=J?D J=kAn; lEkAMEIA, MDAn = KnEon @EHA?JoHO EI HA=@, JDA ?onJAnJI oB A=?D oB JDA ?omFonAnJ @EHA?JoHEAI EI HA=@ En JKHn. 7nEon @EHA?JoHEAI =HA onA oB JDA moIJ ME@AlO KIA@ oHC=nEz=JEon=l BA=JKHAI oB JDA 2l=n ' n=mA IF=?A. .oH EnIJ=n?A, JDA @EHA?JoHO /bin EI >KElJ =I = KnEon oB /$cputype/bin FHoCH=m >En=HEAI , /rc/bin IDAll I?HEFJI , =n@ FAHD=FI moHA @EHA?JoHEAI FHoLE@A@ >O JDA KIAH. 6DEI ?onIJHK?JEon m=kAI JDAIDAll $PATH L=HE=>lAKnnA?AII=HO. OnA GKAIJEon H=EIA@ >O KnEon @EHA?JoHEAI EI MDE?D AlAmAnJ oB JDA KnEon HA?AELAI = nAMlO ?HA=JA@ BElA. )BJAH IALAH=l @AIECnI, MA @A?E@A@ on JDA BolloMEnC. *O@AB=KlJ,@EHA? JoHEAI En KnEonI @o noJ =??AFJ nAM BElAI, =lJDoKCD JDA create IOIJAm ?=ll =FFlEA@ Jo =n ANEIJEnC BElA IK??AA@I noHm=llO. 9DAn = @EHA?JoHO EI =@@A@ Jo JDA KnEon, = Bl=C Jo bind oH mount An=>lAI ?HA=JA FAHmEIIEon = FHoFAHJO oB JDA n=mA IF=?A En JD=J @EHA?JoHO. 9DAn = BElA EI >AEnC ?HA=JA@ MEJD = nAM n=mA En = KnEon, EJ EI ?HA=JA@ En JDA BEHIJ @EHA? JoHO oB JDA KnEon MEJD ?HA=JA FAHmEIIEon; EB JD=J ?HA=JEon B=ElI, JDA AnJEHA create B=ElI. 6DEI I?DAmA An=>lAI JDA ?ommon KIA oB Fl=?EnC = FHEL=JA @EHA?JoHO =nOMDAHA En = KnEon oBFK>lE?onAI,MDElA=lloMEnC?HA=JEononlOEnJDAFHEL=JA@EHA?JoHO. *O?onLAnJEon,kAHnAl@ALE?A BElA IOIJAmI =HA >oKn@ EnJo JDA /dev @EHA?JoHO, >KJ Jo >ooJIJH=F JDA n=mA IF=?A >KEl@EnC FHo?AII EJ EI nA?AII=HO Jo D=LA = noJ=JEon JD=J FAH mEJI @EHA?J =??AII Jo JDA @ALE?AI MEJDoKJ =n ANEIJEnC n=mA IF=?A. 6DA HooJ @EHA?JoHO oB JDA JHAA IAHLA@ >O = @ALE?A @HELAH ?=n >A =??AIIA@ KIEnC JDA IOnJ=N #c, MDAHA c EI = KnEGKA ?D=H=?JAH JOFE?=llO = lAJJAH E@AnJEBOEnC JDA type oB JDA @ALE?A. 5EmFlA @ALE?A @HELAHI IAHLA = IEnClA lALAl @EHA?JoHO ?onJ=EnEnC = BAM BElAI. )I =n AN=mFlA, A=?D IAHE=l FoHJEIHAFHAIAnJA@>O=@=J==n@=?onJHolBElA:
% bind −a ’#t’ /dev % cd /dev % ls −l eia* −−rw−rw−rw− t 0 bootes bootes 0 Feb 24 21:14 eia1 −−rw−rw−rw− t 0 bootes bootes 0 Feb 24 21:14 eia1ctl −−rw−rw−rw− t 0 bootes bootes 0 Feb 24 21:14 eia2 −−rw−rw−rw− t 0 bootes bootes 0 Feb 24 21:14 eia2ctl 6DA bind FHoCH=m EI =n An?=FIKl=JEon oB JDA bind IOIJAm ?=ll; EJI −a Bl=C FoIEJEonI JDA nAM @EHA?JoHO =J JDA An@ oB JDA KnEon. 6DA @=J= BElAI eia1 =n@ eia2 m=O >A HA=@ =n@ MHEJJAn Jo ?ommKnE?=JA oLAH JDA IAHE=l lEnA. 1nIJA=@ oB KIEnC IFA?E=l oFAH=JEonI on JDAIA BElAI Jo ?onJHol JDA @ALE?AI, ?omm=n@I MHEJJAn Jo JDA BElAI eia1ctl =n@ eia2ctl ?onJHol JDA ?oHHAIFon@EnC @ALE?A; BoH AN=mFlA, MHEJEnC JDA JANJ IJHEnC b1200 Jo /dev/eia1ctl IAJI JDA IFAA@ oB JD=J lEnA Jo >=K@. +omF=HA JDEIJoJDA7N1: ioctl IOIJAm ?=ll: En 2l=n ', @ALE?AI =HA ?onJHollA@ >O JANJK=l mAII=CAI, BHAA oB >OJA oH@AH FHo>lAmI, MEJD ?lA=H IAm=nJE?I BoH HA=@EnC =n@ MHEJEnC. 1J EI ?ommon Jo ?onBECKHA oH@A>KC@ALE?AIKIEnCIDAllI?HEFJI. 1J EI JDA KnELAHI=l KIA oB JDA '2 FHoJo?ol JD=J ?onnA?JI 2l=n 'ߣI ?omFonAnJI JoCAJDAH Jo BoHm = @EIJHE>KJA@ IOIJAm. 4=JDAH JD=n EnLAnJEnC = KnEGKA FHoJo?ol BoH A=?D IAHLE?A IK?D =I rlogin, .62, 6.62, =n@ : MEn@oMI, 2l=n ' EmFlAmAnJI IAHLE?AI En JAHmI oB oFAH=JEonI on BElA o>jA?JI, =n@ JDAn KIAI =IEnClA,MAll-@o?KmAnJA@FHoJo?olJo AN?D=nCA EnBoHm=JEon >AJMAAn ?omFKJAHI. 7nlEkA N.5, '2 JHA=JI BElAI =I = IAGKAn?A oB >OJAI H=JDAH JD=n >lo?kI. )lIo KnlEkA N.5, '2 EI IJ=JABKl: ?lEAnJI FAHBoHm HAmoJA FHo?A @KHA ?=llI Jo AIJ=>lEID FoEnJAHI Jo o>jA?JI En JDA HAmoJA BElA IAHLAH. 6DAIA FoEnJAHI =HA ?=llA@ BElA E@AnJEBEAHI oH fids. )ll oFAH=JEonI on BElAI IKFFlO = BE@ Jo E@AnJEBO =n o>jA?J En JDAHAmoJABElAIOIJAm. 6DA '2 FHoJo?ol @ABEnAI % mAII=CAI, FHoLE@EnC mA=nI Jo =KJDAnJE?=JA KIAHI, n=LE C=JA BE@I =HoKn@ = BElA IOIJAm DEAH=H?DO, ?oFO BE@I, FAHBoHm 1/O, ?D=nCA BElA =JJHE>KJAI, =n@ ?HA=JA =n@ @AlAJA BElAI. 1JI ?omFlAJA IFA?EBE?=JEon EI En 5A?JEon # oB JDA 2HoCH=mmAHߣI M=nK=l ['m=n]. 0AHA EI JDA FHo?A@KHA Jo C=En =??AII Jo JDA n=mA DEAH=H ?DO IKFFlEA@ >O = IAHLAH. ) BElA IAHLAH ?onnA?JEon EI AIJ=>lEIDA@ LE= = FEFA oH nAJMoHk "
?onnA?JEon. )n EnEJE=l session mAII=CA FAHBoHmI = >El=JAH=l =KJDAnJE?=JEon >AJMAAn ?lEAnJ =n@ IAHLAH. )n attach mAII=CA JDAn ?onnA?JI = BE@ IKCCAIJA@ >O JDA ?lEAnJ Jo JDA HooJ oB JDA IAHLAH BElA JHAA. 6DA attach mAII=CA En?lK@AI JDA E@AnJEJO oB JDA KIAH FAHBoHmEnCJDA=JJ=?D;DAn?ABoHJD=llBE@I@AHELA@BHomJDA HooJ BE@ MEll D=LA FAHmEIIEonI =IIo?E=JA@ MEJD JD=J KIAH. MKlJEFlA KIAHI m=O ID=HA JDA ?onnA?JEon, >KJ A=?D mKIJ FAH BoHm=n=JJ=?DJoAIJ=>lEIDDEIoHDAHE@AnJEJO. 6DA walk mAII=CA moLAI = BE@ JDHoKCD = IEnClA lALAl oB JDA BElA IOIJAm DEAH=H?DO. 6DA clone mAII=CA J=kAI =n AIJ=>lEIDA@ BE@ =n@ FHo@K?AI = ?oFO JD=J FoEnJI Jo JDA I=mA BElA =I JDA oHECEn=l. 1JI FKHFoIA EI Jo An=>lA M=lkEnC Jo = BElA En = @EHA?JoHO MEJDoKJ loIEnC JDA BE@ on JDA @EHA?JoHO. 6DA open mAII=CA lo?kI = BE@ Jo = IFA?EBE? BElA En JDA DEAH=H?DO, ?DA?kI =??AII FAHmEIIEonI, =n@ FHAF=HAI JDA BE@ BoH 1/O. 6DA read =n@ write mAII=CAI =lloM 1/O =J =H>EJH=HO oBBIAJI En JDA BElA; JDA m=NEmKm IEzA JH=nIBAHHA@ EI @ABEnA@ >O JDA FHoJo?ol. 6DA clunk mAII=CA En@E?=JAI JDA ?lEAnJ D=I no BKHJDAH KIA BoH = BE@. 6DA remove mAII=CA >AD=LAI lEkA clunk >KJ ?=KIAI JDA BElA =IIo?E=JA@MEJD JDABE@Jo>AHAmoLA@=n@=nO=IIo?E=JA@HAIoKH?AIonJDAIAHLAHJo>A@A=llo?=JA@. '2 D=I JMo BoHmI: 42+ mAII=CAI IAnJ on = FEFA oH nAJMoHk ?onnA?JEon =n@ = FHo ?A@KH=l EnJAHB=?A MEJDEn JDA kAHnAl. 5En?A kAHnAl @ALE?A @HELAHI =HA @EHA?JlO =@@HAII=>lA, JDAHA EI no nAA@ Jo F=II mAII=CAI Jo ?ommKnE?=JA MEJD JDAm; EnIJA=@ A=?D '2 JH=nI=? JEon EI EmFlAmAnJA@ >O = @EHA?J FHo?A@KHA ?=ll. .oH A=?D BE@, JDA kAHnAl m=EnJ=EnI =lo?=l HAFHAIAnJ=JEon En = @=J= IJHK?JKHA ?=llA@ = channel, Io =ll oFAH=JEonI on BElAI FAHBoHmA@ >O JDA kAHnAl EnLolLA = ?D=nnAl ?onnA?JA@ Jo JD=J BE@. 6DA IEmFlAIJ AN=mFlA EI = KIAH FHo?AIIߣI BElA @AI?HEFJoHI, MDE?D =HA En@ANAI EnJo =n =HH=O oB ?D=nnAlI. ) J=>lA En JDA kAHnAl FHoLE@AI = lEIJ oB AnJHO FoEnJI ?oHHAIFon@EnC onA Jo onA MEJD JDA '2 mAII=CAI BoH A=?D @ALE?A. ) IOIJAm ?=ll IK?D =I read BHom JDA KIAH JH=nIl=JAI EnJo onA oH moHA FHo ?A@KHA ?=llI JDHoKCD JD=J J=>lA, En@ANA@ >O JDA JOFA ?D=H=?JAH IJoHA@ En JDA ?D=nnAl: procread, eiaread, AJ?. -=?D ?=ll J=kAI =J lA=IJ onA ?D=nnAl =I =n =HCKmAnJ. ) IFA?E=l kAHnAl @HELAH, ?=llA@ JDA mount @HELAH, JH=nIl=JAI FHo?A@KHA ?=llI Jo mAII=CAI, JD=J EI, EJ ?onLAHJI lo?=l FHo?A@KHA ?=llI Jo HAmoJA onAI. 1n ABBA?J, JDEI IFA?E=l @HELAH >A?omAI = lo?=l FHoNO BoH JDA BElAI IAHLA@ >O = HAmoJA BElA IAHLAH. 6DA ?D=nnAl FoEnJAH EnJDAlo?=l?=llEIJH=nIl=JA@JoJDA=IIo?E=JA@BE@EnJDAJH=nImEJJA@mAII=CA. 6DA moKnJ @HELAH EI JDA IolA 42+ mA?D=nEIm AmFloOA@ >O JDA IOIJAm. 6DA IAm=n JE?I oB JDA IKFFlEA@ BElAI, H=JDAH JD=n JDA oFAH=JEonI FAHBoHmA@ KFon JDAm, ?HA=JA = F=H JE?Kl=H IAHLE?A IK?D =I JDA cpu ?omm=n@. 6DA moKnJ @HELAH @AmKlJEFlANAI FHoJo?ol mAII=CAI >AJMAAn ?lEAnJI ID=HEnC = ?ommKnE?=JEon ?D=nnAl MEJD = BElA IAHLAH. .oH A=?D oKJCoEnC 42+ mAII=CA, JDA moKnJ @HELAH =llo?=JAI = >KBBAH l=>AlA@ >O = Im=ll KnEGKA EnJACAH, ?=llA@ = tag. 6DA HAFlOJoJDA42+EIl=>AlA@MEJDJDAI=mAJ=C,MDE?DEIKIA@>O JDAmoKnJ@HELAHJom=J?DJDAHAFlOMEJDJDAHAGKAIJ. 6DA kAHnAl HAFHAIAnJ=JEon oB JDA n=mA IF=?A EI ?=llA@ JDA mount table, MDE?D IJoHAI = lEIJoB>En@EnCI>AJMAAn?D=nnAlI. -=?DAnJHOEnJDAmoKnJJ=>lA?onJ=EnI=F=EH oB ?D=nnAlI: = from ?D=nnAl =n@ = to ?D=nnAl. -LAHO JEmA = M=lk IK??AA@I En moLEnC = ?D=nnAl Jo = nAM lo?=JEon En JDA n=mA IF=?A, JDA moKnJ J=>lA EI ?onIKlJA@ Jo IAA EB = ߢBHomߣ ?D=nnAl m=J?DAI JDA nAM n=mA; EB Io JDA ߢJoߣ ?D=nnAl EI ?lonA@ =n@ IK>IJEJKJA@ BoH JDA oHECEn=l. 7nEon @EHA?JoHEAI =HA EmFlAmAnJA@ >O ?onLAHJEnC JDA ߢJoߣ ?D=nnAl EnJo = lEIJ oB ?D=nnAlI: = IK??AIIBKl M=lk Jo = KnEon @EHA?JoHO HAJKHnI = ߢJoߣ ?D=nnAl JD=J BoHmI JDA DA=@ oB = lEIJ oB ?D=nnAlI, A=?D HAFHAIAnJEnC = ?omFonAnJ @EHA?JoHO oB JDA KnEon. 1B = M=lk B=ElI Jo BEn@ = BElA En JDA BEHIJ @EHA?JoHO oB JDA KnEon, JDA lEIJ EI BolloMA@, JDA nANJ ?omFonAnJ?lonA@,=n@M=lkJHEA@onJD=J@EHA?JoHO. -=?DBElAEn2l=n'EIKnEGKAlO E@AnJEBEA@ >O = IAJ oB EnJACAHI: JDA JOFA oB JDA ?D=nnAl KIA@ =I JDA En@AN oB JDA BKn?JEon ?=ll J=>lA , JDA IAHLAH oH @ALE?A nKm>AH @EIJEnCKEIDEnC JDA IAHLAH BHom oJDAHI oB JDA I=mA JOFA @A?E@A@ lo?=llO >O JDA @HELAH , =n@ = qid BoHmA@ BHom JMo ! ->EJ nKm>AHI ?=llA@ path =n@ version. 6DA F=JD EI = KnEGKA BElA nKm>AH =IIECnA@ >O = @ALE?A @HELAH oH BElA IAHLAH MDAn = BElA EI ?HA=JA@. 6DA LAHIEon nKm>AH EI KF@=JA@ MDAnALAH JDA BElA EI mo@EBEA@; =I @AI?HE>A@ En JDA nANJ IA?JEon, EJ ?=n >A KIA@ #
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Networks and Communication Devices NAJMoHk EnJAHB=?AI =HA kAHnAl-HAIE@AnJ BElA IOIJAmI, =n=loCoKI Jo JDA -1) @ALE?A @AI?HE>A@ A=HlEAH. +=ll IAJKF =n@ IDKJ@oMn =HA =?DEALA@ >O MHEJEnC JANJ IJHEnCI Jo JDA ?onJHol BElA =IIo?E=JA@ MEJD JDA @ALE?A; EnBoHm=JEon EI IAnJ =n@ HA?AELA@ >O HA=@EnC =n@ MHEJEnC JDA @=J= BElA. 6DA IJHK?JKHA =n@ IAm=nJE?I oB JDA @ALE?AI EI ?ommon Jo =ll nAJ MoHkI Io, oJDAH JD=n = BElA n=mA IK>IJEJKJEon, JDA I=mA FHo?A@KHA m=kAI = ?=ll KIEnC 6+2oLAH-JDAHnAJ=I742oLAH,=J=kEJ[.H=& ]. 6DEIAN=mFlAEllKIJH=JAIJDAIJHK?JKHAoBJDA6+2@ALE?A:
% ls −lp /net/tcp d−r−xr−xr−x I 0 bootes bootes 0 Feb 23 20:20 0 d−r−xr−xr−x I 0 bootes bootes 0 Feb 23 20:20 1 −−rw−rw−rw− I 0 bootes bootes 0 Feb 23 20:20 clone % ls −lp /net/tcp/0 −−rw−rw−−−− I 0 rob bootes 0 Feb 23 20:20 ctl −−rw−rw−−−− I 0 rob bootes 0 Feb 23 20:20 data −−rw−rw−−−− I 0 rob bootes 0 Feb 23 20:20 listen −−r−−r−−r−− I 0 bootes bootes 0 Feb 23 20:20 local −−r−−r−−r−− I 0 bootes bootes 0 Feb 23 20:20 remote −−r−−r−−r−− I 0 bootes bootes 0 Feb 23 20:20 status % 6DA JoF @EHA?JoHO, /net/tcp, ?onJ=EnI = clone BElA =n@ = @EHA?JoHO BoH A=?D ?onnA? JEon, nKm>AHA@ 0 Jo n. -=?D ?onnA?JEon @EHA?JoHO ?oHHAIFon@I Jo =n 6+2/12 ?onnA?JEon. OFAnEnC clone HAIAHLAI=nKnKIA@?onnA?JEon=n@ HAJKHnI EJI ?onJHol BElA. 4A=@EnC JDA ?onJHol BElAHAJKHnIJDAJANJK=l?onnA?JEonnKm>AH,IoJDAKIAHFHo?AII?=n?onIJHK?JJDA BKll n=mA oB JDA nAMlO =llo?=JA@ ?onnA?JEon @EHA?JoHO. 6DA local, remote, =n@ status BElAI =HA @E=CnoIJE?; BoH AN=mFlA, remote ?onJ=EnI JDA =@@HAII BoH 6+2, JDA $
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connect 135.104.9.52!23 6DA MHEJA Jo JDA ?onJHol BElA >lo?kI KnJEl JDA ?onnA?JEon EI AIJ=>lEIDA@; EB JDA @AIJEn=JEon EI KnHA=?D=>lA, JDA MHEJA HAJKHnI =n AHHoH. On?A JDA ?onnA?JEon EI AIJ=>lEIDA@, JDA telnet =FFlE?=JEon HA=@I =n@ MHEJAI JDA data BElA Jo J=lk Jo JDA HAmoJA 6AlnAJ @=A mon. OnJDAoJDAHAn@,JDA6AlnAJ@=AmonMoKl@IJ=HJ>OMHEJEnC
announce 23 Jo EJI ?onJHol BElA Jo En@E?=JA EJI MEllEnCnAII Jo HA?AELA ?=llI Jo JDEI FoHJ. 5K?D = @=Amon EI?=llA@= listener En2l=n'. ) KnEBoHm IJHK?JKHA BoH nAJMoHk @ALE?AI ?=nnoJ DE@A =ll JDA @AJ=ElI oB =@@HAIIEnC =n@ ?ommKnE?=JEon BoH @EIIEmEl=H nAJMoHkI. .oH AN=mFlA, ,=J=kEJ KIAI JANJK=l, DEAH=H ?DE?=l =@@HAIIAI KnlEkA 12ߣI ! ->EJ =@@HAIIAI, Io =n =FFlE?=JEon CELAn = ?onJHol BElA mKIJ IJEll knoM MD=J nAJMoHk EJ HAFHAIAnJI. 4=JDAH JD=n m=kA ALAHO =FFlE?=JEon knoM JDA =@@HAIIEnC oB ALAHO nAJMoHk, 2l=n ' DE@AI JDAIA @AJ=ElI En = connection server, ?=llA@ cs. Cs EI = BElA IOIJAm moKnJA@ En = knoMn Fl=?A. 1J IKFFlEAI = IEnClA ?onJHol BElA JD=J =n =FFlE?=JEon KIAI Jo @EI?oLAH DoM Jo ?onnA?J Jo = DoIJ. 6DA =FFlE?=JEon MHEJAI JDA IOm>olE? =@@HAII =n@ IAHLE?A n=mA BoH JDA ?onnA?JEon EJ MEIDAI Jo m=kA, =n@ HA=@I >=?k JDA n=mA oB JDA clone BElA Jo oFAn =n@ JDA =@@HAII Jo FHAIAnJ Jo EJ. 1B JDAHA =HA mKlJEFlA nAJMoHkI >AJMAAn JDA m=?DEnAI, cs FHAIAnJI = lEIJ oB FoIIE>lA nAJMoHkI =n@ =@@HAIIAI Jo >A JHEA@ En IAGKAn?A; EJ KIAI DAKHEIJE?I Jo @A?E@A JDA oH@AH. .oH EnIJ=n?A, EJ FHAIAnJIJDADECDAIJ->=n@ME@JD?DoE?ABEHIJ. ) IEnClA lE>H=HO BKn?JEon ?=llA@ dial J=lkI Jo cs Jo AIJ=>lEID JDA ?onnA?JEon. )n =FFlE?=JEon JD=J KIAI dial nAA@I no ?D=nCAI, noJ ALAn HA?omFEl=JEon, Jo =@=FJ Jo nAM nAJMoHkI;JDAEnJAHB=?AJo cs DE@AIJDA@AJ=ElI. 6DA KnEBoHm IJHK?JKHA BoH nAJMoHkI En 2l=n ' m=kAI JDA import ?omm=n@ =ll JD=J EInAA@A@Jo?onIJHK?JC=JAM=OI.
Kernel structure for networks 6DA kAHnAl FlKm>EnC KIA@ Jo >KEl@ 2l=n ' ?ommKnE?=JEonI ?D=nnAlI EI ?=llA@ streams [4EJ&"][2HAIoJJo]. ) IJHA=m EI = >E@EHA?JEon=l ?D=nnAl ?onnA?JEnC = FDOIE?=l oH FIAK@o-@ALE?AJo=KIAHFHo?AII. 6DAKIAHFHo?AIIEnIAHJI =n@ HAmoLAI @=J= =J onA An@ oB JDA IJHA=m; = kAHnAl FHo?AII =?JEnC on >AD=lBoB=@ALE?AoFAH=JAI=JJDAoJDAHAn@. ) IJHA=m ?omFHEIAI = lEnA=H lEIJ oB processing modules. -=?D mo@KlA D=I >oJD =n KFIJHA=m JoM=H@ JDA FHo?AII =n@ @oMnIJHA=m JoM=H@ JDA @ALE?A put routine. +=llEnC JDA FKJ HoKJEnA oB JDA mo@KlA on AEJDAH An@ oB JDA IJHA=m EnIAHJI @=J= EnJo JDA IJHA=m. -=?D mo@KlA ?=llI JDA IK??AA@EnC onA Jo IAn@ @=J= KF oH @oMn JDA IJHA=m. LEkA 7N1: IJHA=mI[4EJ&"],2l=n'IJHA=mI?=n>A@On=mE?=llO?onBECKHA@.
The IL Protocol 6DA '2 FHoJo?ol mKIJ HKn =>oLA = HAlE=>lA JH=nIFoHJ FHoJo?ol MEJD @AlEmEJA@ mAI I=CAI. '2 D=I no mA?D=nEIm Jo HA?oLAH BHom JH=nImEIIEon AHHoHI =n@ JDA IOIJAm =IIKmAI JD=J A=?D HA=@ BHom = ?ommKnE?=JEon ?D=nnAl MEll HAJKHn = IEnClA '2 mAII=CA; EJ @oAI noJ F=HIA JDA @=J= IJHA=m Jo @EI?oLAH mAII=CA >oKn@=HEAI. 2EFAI =n@ IomA nAJ MoHk FHoJo?olI =lHA=@O D=LA JDAIA FHoFAHJEAI >KJ JDA IJ=n@=H@ 12 FHoJo?olI @o noJ. 6+2 @oAI noJ @AlEmEJ mAII=CAI, MDElA 7,2 [4.+%$&] @oAI noJ FHoLE@A HAlE=>lA En-oH@AH @AlEL AHO. 9A @AIECnA@ = nAM FHoJo?ol, ?=llA@ 1L 1nJAHnAJ LEnk , Jo JH=nImEJ '2 mAII=CAI oLAH 12. 1J EI = ?onnA?JEon->=IA@ FHoJo?ol JD=J FHoLE@AI HAlE=>lA JH=nImEIIEon oB IAGKAn?A@ %
mAII=CAI >AJMAAn m=?DEnAI. 5En?A = FHo?AII ?=n D=LA onlO = IEnClA oKJIJ=n@EnC '2 HAGKAIJ, JDAHA EI no nAA@ BoH BloM ?onJHol En 1L. LEkA 6+2, 1L D=I =@=FJELA JEmAoKJI: EJ I?=lAI =?knoMlA@CA =n@ HAJH=nImEIIEon JEmAI Jo m=J?D JDA nAJMoHk IFAA@. 6DEI =lloMI JDA FHoJo?ol Jo FAHBoHm MAll on >oJD JDA 1nJAHnAJ =n@ on lo?=l -JDAHnAJI. )lIo, 1L @oAI no >lEn@ HAJH=nImEIIEon, Jo =LoE@ =@@EnC Jo JDA ?onCAIJEon oB >KIO nAJMoHkI. .Kll @AJ=ElI=HAEn=noJDAHF=FAH[2H9E'#]. 1n 2l=n ', JDA EmFlAmAnJ=JEon oB 1L EI Im=llAH =n@ B=IJAH JD=n 6+2. 1L EI oKH m=En 1nJAHnAJJH=nIFoHJFHoJo?ol.
Overview of authentication )KJDAnJE?=JEon AIJ=>lEIDAI JDA E@AnJEJO oB = KIAH =??AIIEnC = HAIoKH?A. 6DA KIAH HAGKAIJEnC JDA HAIoKH?A EI ?=llA@ JDA client =n@ JDA KIAH CH=nJEnC =??AII Jo JDA HAIoKH?A EI ?=llA@ JDA server. 6DEI EI KIK=llO @onA Kn@AH JDA =KIFE?AI oB = '2 =JJ=?D mAII=CA. ) KIAH m=O >A = ?lEAnJ En onA =KJDAnJE?=JEon AN?D=nCA =n@ = IAHLAH En =noJDAH. 5AHLAHI =lM=OI =?J on >AD=lB oB IomA KIAH, AEJDAH = noHm=l ?lEAnJ oH IomA =@mEnEIJH=JELA AnJEJO, Io=KJDAnJE?=JEonEI@ABEnA@Jo>A>AJMAAnKIAHI,noJm=?DEnAI. -=?D 2l=n ' KIAH D=I =n =IIo?E=JA@ ,-5 [N*5%%] =KJDAnJE?=JEon kAO; JDA KIAHߣI E@An JEJO EI LAHEBEA@ >O JDA =>ElEJO Jo An?HOFJ =n@ @A?HOFJ IFA?E=l mAII=CAI ?=llA@ ?D=llAnCAI. 5En?A knoMlA@CA oB = KIAHߣI kAO CELAI =??AII Jo JD=J KIAHߣI HAIoKH?AI, JDA 2l=n ' =KJDAn JE?=JEonFHoJo?olInALAHJH=nImEJ=mAII=CA?onJ=EnEnC=?lA=HJANJkAO. )KJDAnJE?=JEon EI >El=JAH=l: =J JDA An@ oB JDA =KJDAnJE?=JEon AN?D=nCA, A=?D IE@A EI ?onLEn?A@ oB JDA oJDAHߣI E@AnJEJO. -LAHO m=?DEnA >ACEnI JDA AN?D=nCA MEJD = ,-5 kAO En mAmoHO. 1n JDA ?=IA oB +27 =n@ BElA IAHLAHI, JDA kAO, KIAH n=mA, =n@ @om=En n=mA BoH JDA IAHLAH =HA HA=@ BHom FAHm=nAnJ IJoH=CA, KIK=llO non-Lol=JElA 4)M. 1n JDA ?=IA oB JAHmEn=lI, JDA kAO EI @AHELA@ BHom = F=IIMoH@ JOFA@ >O JDA KIAH =J >ooJ JEmA. ) IFA?E=l m=?DEnA, knoMn =I JDA authentication server, m=EnJ=EnI = @=J=>=IA oB kAOI BoH =ll KIAHI EnEJI=@mEnEIJH=JELA@om=En=n@F=HJE?EF=JAIEnJDA=KJDAnJE?=JEonFHoJo?olI. 6DA =KJDAnJE?=JEon FHoJo?ol EI =I BolloMI: =BJAH AN?D=nCEnC ?D=llAnCAI, onA F=HJO ?onJ=?JI JDA =KJDAnJE?=JEon IAHLAH Jo ?HA=JA FAHmEIIEon-CH=nJEnC tickets An?HOFJA@ MEJD A=?D F=HJOߣI IA?HAJ kAO =n@ ?onJ=EnEnC = nAM ?onLAHI=JEon kAO. -=?D F=HJO @A?HOFJI EJI oMnJE?kAJ=n@KIAIJDA?onLAHI=JEonkAOJoAn?HOFJJDAoJDAHF=HJOߣI?D=llAnCA. 6DEI IJHK?JKHA EI IomAMD=J lEkA KAH>AHoI [M*55&%], >KJ =LoE@I EJI HAlE=n?A on IOn ?DHonEzA@ ?lo?kI. )lIo KnlEkA KAH>AHoI, 2l=n ' =KJDAnJE?=JEon IKFFoHJI = ߢIFA=kI BoHߣ HAl=JEon [L)*9' ] JD=J An=>lAI onA KIAH Jo D=LA JDA =KJDoHEJO oB =noJDAH; JDEI EI DoM = +27IAHLAHHKnIFHo?AIIAIon>AD=lBoBEJI?lEAnJI. 2l=n 'ߣI =KJDAnJE?=JEon IJHK?JKHA >KEl@I IA?KHA IAHLE?AI H=JDAH JD=n @AFAn@EnC on BEHAM=llI. 9DAHA=I BEHAM=llI HAGKEHA IFA?E=l ?o@A BoH ALAHO IAHLE?A FAnAJH=JEnC JDA M=ll, JDA 2l=n ' =FFHo=?D FAHmEJI =KJDAnJE?=JEon Jo >A @onA En = IEnClA Fl=?Aߞ'2ߞBoH =ll IAH LE?AI. .oHAN=mFlA,JDA cpu ?omm=n@MoHkIIA?KHAlO=?HoIIJDA1nJAHnAJ.
Authenticating external connections 6DA HACKl=H 2l=n ' =KJDAnJE?=JEon FHoJo?ol EI noJ IKEJ=>lA BoH JANJ->=IA@ IAHLE?AI IK?D =I 6AlnAJ oH .62. 1n IK?D ?=IAI, 2l=n ' KIAHI =KJDAnJE?=JA MEJD D=n@-DAl@ ,-5 ?=l ?Kl=JoHI ?=llA@ authenticators. 6DA =KJDAnJE?=JoH Dol@I = kAO BoH JDA KIAH, @EIJEn?J BHom JDA KIAHߣI noHm=l =KJDAnJE?=JEon kAO. 6DA KIAH ߢloCI onߣ Jo JDA =KJDAnJE?=JoH KIEnC = "- @ECEJ 21N. ) ?oHHA?J 21N An=>lAI JDA =KJDAnJE?=JoH BoH = ?D=llAnCA/HAIFonIA AN?D=nCA MEJD JDA IAHLAH. 5En?A = ?oHHA?J ?D=llAnCA/HAIFonIA AN?D=nCA EI L=lE@ onlO on?A =n@ kAOI=HAnALAHIAnJoLAH JDA nAJMoHk, JDEI FHo?A@KHA EI noJ IKI?AFJE>lA Jo HAFl=O =JJ=?kI, OAJEI?omF=JE>lAMEJDFHoJo?olIlEkA6AlnAJ=n@.62. &
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File Permissions OnA oB JDA =@L=nJ=CAI oB ?onIJHK?JEnC IAHLE?AI =I BElA IOIJAmI EI JD=J JDA IolKJEonI Jo oMnAHIDEF =n@ FAHmEIIEon FHo>lAmI B=ll oKJ n=JKH=llO. )I En 7N1:, A=?D BElA oH @EHA? JoHO D=I IAF=H=JA HA=@, MHEJA, =n@ ANA?KJA/IA=H?D FAHmEIIEonI BoH JDA BElAߣI oMnAH, JDA BElAߣICHoKF,=n@=nOonAAlIA. 6DAE@A=oBCHoKFEIKnKIK=l:=nOKIAHn=mAEIFoJAnJE=llO = CHoKF n=mA. ) CHoKF EI jKIJ = KIAH MEJD = lEIJ oB oJDAH KIAHI En JDA CHoKF. +onLAn JEonI m=kA JDA @EIJEn?JEon: moIJ FAoFlA D=LA KIAH n=mAI MEJDoKJ CHoKF mAm>AHI, MDElA CHoKFI D=LA lonC lEIJI oB =JJ=?DA@ n=mAI. .oH AN=mFlA, JDA sys CHoKF JH=@EJEon=llO D=I =ll JDA IOIJAm FHoCH=mmAHI, =n@ IOIJAm BElAI =HA =??AIIE>lA >O CHoKF sys. +onIE@AH '
JDABolloMEnCJMolEnAIoB=KIAH@=J=>=IAIJoHA@on=IAHLAH:
pjw:pjw: sys::pjw,ken,philw,presotto 6DA BEHIJ AIJ=>lEIDAI KIAH pjw =I = HACKl=H KIAH. 6DA IA?on@ AIJ=>lEIDAI KIAH sys =I = CHoKF =n@ lEIJI BoKH KIAHI MDo =HA members oB JD=J CHoKF. 6DA AmFJO ?olon-IAF=H=JA@ BEAl@ EI IF=?A BoH = KIAH Jo >A n=mA@ =I JDA group leader. 1B = CHoKF D=I = lA=@AH, JD=J KIAH D=I IFA?E=l FAHmEIIEonI BoH JDA CHoKF, IK?D =I BHAA@om Jo ?D=nCA JDA CHoKF FAH mEIIEonI oB BElAI En JD=J CHoKF. 1B no lA=@AH EI IFA?EBEA@, A=?D mAm>AH oB JDA CHoKF EI ?onIE@AHA@ AGK=l, =I EB A=?D MAHA JDA lA=@AH. 1n oKH AN=mFlA, onlO pjw ?=n =@@ mAm >AHIJoDEICHoKF,>KJ=lloB sysߣImAm>AHI=HAAGK=lF=HJnAHIEnJD=JCHoKF. 4ACKl=HBElAI=HAoMnA@>OJDAKIAHJD=J?HA=JAIJDAm. 6DACHoKFn=mAEIEnDAHEJA@ BHom JDA @EHA?JoHO Dol@EnC JDA nAM BElA. ,ALE?A BElAI =HA JHA=JA@ IFA?E=llO: JDA kAHnAl m=O =HH=nCA JDA oMnAHIDEF =n@ FAHmEIIEonI oB = BElA =FFHoFHE=JA Jo JDA KIAH =??AIIEnC JDABElA. ) Coo@ AN=mFlA oB JDA CAnAH=lEJO JDEI oBBAHI EI FHo?AII BElAI, MDE?D =HA oMnA@ =n@ HA=@-FHoJA?JA@ >O JDA oMnAH oB JDA FHo?AII. 1B JDA oMnAH M=nJI Jo lAJ IomAonA AlIA =??AII JDA mAmoHO oB = FHo?AII, BoH AN=mFlA Jo lAJ JDA =KJDoH oB = FHoCH=m @A>KC = >HokAnEm=CA,JDAIJ=n@=H@ chmod ?omm=n@=FFlEA@JoJDAFHo?AIIBElAI@oAIJDAjo>. )noJDAH KnKIK=l =FFlE?=JEon oB BElA FAHmEIIEonI EI JDA @KmF BElA IOIJAm, MDE?D EI noJ onlO IAHLA@ >O JDA I=mA BElA IAHLAH =I JDA oHECEn=l @=J=, >KJHAFHAIAnJA@>OJDAI=mA KIAH @=J=>=IA. .ElAI En JDA @KmF =HA JDAHABoHA CELAn E@AnJE?=l FHoJA?JEon =I BElAI En JDA HACKl=H BElA IOIJAm; EB = BElA EI oMnA@ >O pjw =n@ HA=@-FHoJA?JA@, on?A EJ EI En JDA @KmF BElA IOIJAm EJ EI IJEll oMnA@ >O pjw =n@ HA=@-FHoJA?JA@. )lIo, IEn?A JDA @KmF BElA IOI JAm EI EmmKJ=>lA, JDA BElA ?=nnoJ >A ?D=nCA@; EJ EI HA=@-FHoJA?JA@ BoHALAH. ,H=M>=?kI =HA JD=J EB JDA BElA EI HA=@=>lA >KJ IDoKl@ D=LA >AAn HA=@-FHoJA?JA@, EJ EI HA=@=>lA BoH ALAH,=n@JD=JKIAHn=mAI=HAD=H@JoHA-KIA.
Performance )I = IEmFlA mA=IKHA oB JDA FAHBoHm=n?A oB JDA 2l=n ' kAHnAl, MA ?omF=HA@ JDA JEmA Jo @o IomA IEmFlA oFAH=JEonI on 2l=n ' =n@ on 5/1ߣI 141: 4AlA=IA #.! HKnnEnC on =n 5/1 +D=llAnCA M MEJD = M0z M125 4"" =n@ = -mAC=>OJA IA?on@=HO ?=?DA. 6DAJAIJFHoCH=mM=IMHEJJAnEn)lAB,?omFElA@MEJDJDAI=mA?omFElAH,=n@HKnonE@An JE?=lD=H@M=HA,IoJDAonlOL=HE=>lAI=HAJDAoFAH=JEnCIOIJAm=n@lE>H=HEAI. 6DA FHoCH=m JAIJI JDA JEmA Jo @o = ?onJANJ IMEJ?D rendezvous on 2l=n ', blockproc on 141: ; = JHELE=l IOIJAm ?=ll rfork(0) =n@ nap(0) ; =n@ lECDJMAECDJ BoHk rfork(RFPROC) =n@ sproc(PR_SFDS|PR_SADDR) . 1J =lIo mA=IKHAI JDA JEmA Jo IAn@ = >OJA on = FEFA BHom onA FHo?AII Jo =noJDAH =n@ JDA JDHoKCDFKJ on =FEFA >AJMAAnJMoFHo?AIIAI. 6DAHAIKlJI=FFA=HEn6=>lA . ____________6AIJ 2l=n' 141: +onJANJIMEJ?D !'µI # µI 5OIJAm?=ll $µI !$µI LECDJBoHk ! µI µI 2EFAl=JAn?O µI µI ______2EFA>=n@ME@JD $%&K*/I "#"#K*/I Table 1. Performance comparison. )lJDoKCD JDA 2l=n ' JEmAI =HA noJ IFA?J=?Kl=H, JDAO IDoM JD=J JDA kAHnAl EI ?omFAJEJELA MEJD?ommAH?E=lIOIJAmI.
Discussion 2l=n ' D=I = HAl=JELAlO ?onLAnJEon=l kAHnAl; JDA IOIJAmߣI noLAlJO lEAI En JDA FEA?AI oKJIE@A JDA kAHnAl =n@ JDA M=O JDAO EnJAH=?J. 9DAn >KEl@EnC 2l=n ', MA ?onIE@AHA@ =ll =IFA?JI oB JDA IOIJAm JoCAJDAH, IolLEnC FHo>lAmI MDAHA JDA IolKJEon BEJ >AIJ. 5omA JEmAI JDA IolKJEon IF=nnA@ m=nO ?omFonAnJI. )n AN=mFlA EI JDA FHo>lAm oB DAJAHoCA nAoKI EnIJHK?JEon =H?DEJA?JKHAI, MDE?D EI =@@HAIIA@ >O JDA ?omFElAHI @EBBAHAnJ ?o@A ?D=H=?JAHI, FoHJ=>lA o>jA?J ?o@A , JDA AnLEHonmAnJ $cputype =n@ $objtype , JDA n=mA IF=?A >En@EnC En /bin , =n@ oJDAH ?omFonAnJI. 5omAJEmAI m=nO EIIKAI ?oKl@ >A IolLA@ En = IEnClA Fl=?A. 6DA >AIJ AN=mFlA EI '2, MDE?D ?AnJH=lEzAI n=mEnC, =??AII, =n@ =KJDAnJE?=JEon. '2 EI HA=llO JDA ?oHA oB JDA IOIJAm; EJ EI B=EH Jo I=O JD=J JDA 2l=n ' kAHnAlEIFHEm=HElO='2mKlJEFlANAH. 2l=n 'ߣI Bo?KI on BElAI =n@ n=mEnC EI ?AnJH=l Jo EJI ANFHAIIELAnAII. 2=HJE?Kl=HlO En @EIJHE>KJA@ ?omFKJEnC, JDA M=O JDEnCI =HA n=mA@ D=I FHoBoKn@ EnBlKAn?A on JDA IOIJAm [NAA&']. 6DA ?om>En=JEon oB lo?=l n=mA IF=?AI =n@ Clo>=l ?onLAnJEonI Jo EnJAH?onnA?J nAJMoHkA@ HAIoKH?AI =LoE@I JDA @EBBE?KlJO oB m=EnJ=EnEnC = Clo>=l KnEBoHm n=mA IF=?A, MDElA n=mEnC ALAHOJDEnC lEkA = BElA m=kAI JDA IOIJAm A=IO Jo Kn@AHIJ=n@, ALAn BoH noL E?AI. +onIE@AH JDA @KmF BElA IOIJAm, MDE?D EI JHELE=l Jo KIA BoH =nOonA B=mElE=H MEJD DEAH =H?DE?=l BElA IOIJAmI. )J = @AAFAH lALAl, >KEl@EnC =ll JDA HAIoKH?AI =>oLA = IEnClA KnE BoHm EnJAHB=?A m=kAI EnJAHoFAH=>ElEJO A=IO. On?A = HAIoKH?A ANFoHJI = '2 EnJAHB=?A, EJ ?=n ?om>EnA JH=nIF=HAnJlO MEJD =nO oJDAH F=HJ oB JDA IOIJAm Jo >KEl@ KnKIK=l =FFlE?= JEonI; JDA @AJ=ElI =HA DE@@An. 6DEI m=O IoKn@ o>jA?J-oHEAnJA@, >KJ JDAHA =HA @EIJEn? JEonI. .EHIJ, '2 @ABEnAI = BENA@ IAJ oB ߢmAJDo@Iߣ; EJ EI noJ =n ANJAnIE>lA FHoJo?ol. MoHA EmFoHJ=nJ, BElAI =HA MAll-@ABEnA@ =n@ MAll-Kn@AHIJoo@ =n@ ?omA FHAF=?k=CA@ MEJD B=mElE=H mAJDo@I oB =??AII, FHoJA?JEon, n=mEnC, =n@ nAJMoHkEnC. O>jA?JI, @AIFEJA JDAEH CAnAH=lEJO, @o noJ ?omA MEJD JDAIA =JJHE>KJAI @ABEnA@. *O HA@K?EnC ߢo>jA?Jߣ Jo ߢBElAߣ, 2l=n 'CAJIIomAJA?DnoloCOBoHBHAA. NonAJDAlAII, EJ EI FoIIE>lA Jo FKID JDA E@A= oB BElA->=IA@ ?omFKJEnC Joo B=H. +on LAHJEnC ALAHO HAIoKH?A En JDA IOIJAm EnJo = BElA IOIJAm EI = kEn@ oB mAJ=FDoH, =n@ mAJ= FDoHI ?=n >A =>KIA@. ) Coo@ AN=mFlA oB HAIJH=EnJ EI /proc, MDE?D EI onlO = LEAM oB = FHo?AII, noJ = HAFHAIAnJ=JEon. 6o HKn FHo?AIIAI, JDA KIK=l fork =n@ exec ?=llI =HA IJEllnA?AII=HO,H=JDAHJD=n@oEnCIomAJDEnClEkA
cp /bin/date /proc/clone/mem 6DA FHo>lAm MEJD IK?D AN=mFlAI EI JD=J JDAO HAGKEHA JDA IAHLAH Jo @o JDEnCI noJ Kn@AH EJI ?onJHol. 6DA =>ElEJO Jo =IIECn mA=nEnC Jo = ?omm=n@ lEkA JDEI @oAI noJ EmFlO JDA mA=nEnCMEllB=lln=JKH=llOoKJoB JDA IJHK?JKHA oB =nIMAHEnC JDA '2 HAGKAIJI EJ CAnAH=JAI. )I = HAl=JA@ AN=mFlA, 2l=n ' @oAI noJ FKJ m=?DEnAߣI nAJMoHk n=mAI En JDA BElA n=mA IF=?A. 6DA nAJMoHk EnJAHB=?AI FHoLE@A = LAHO @EBBAHAnJ mo@Al oB n=mEnC, >A?=KIA KIEnC open, create, read, =n@ write on IK?D BElAI MoKl@ noJ oBBAH = IKEJ=>lA Fl=?A Jo An?o@A=llJDA@AJ=ElIoB?=llIAJKFBoH=n=H>EJH=HOnAJMoHk. 6DEI @oAI noJ mA=n JD=J JDA nAJMoHk EnJAHB=?A ?=nnoJ >A BElA-lEkA, jKIJ JD=J EJ mKIJ D=LA = moHA JECDJlO @ABEnA@ IJHK? JKHA. 9D=J MoKl@ MA @o @EBBAHAnJlO nANJ JEmA? 5omA AlAmAnJI oB JDA EmFlAmAnJ=JEon =HA KnI=JEIB=?JoHO. 7IEnC IJHA=mI Jo EmFlAmAnJ nAJMoHk EnJAHB=?AI En JDA kAHnAl =lloMI FHo Jo?olI Jo >A ?onnA?JA@ JoCAJDAH @On=mE?=llO, IK?D =I Jo =JJ=?D JDA I=mA 66; @HELAH Jo 6+2, 742, =n@ 1L ?onnA?JEonI, >KJ 2l=n ' m=kAI no KIA oB JDEI ?onBECKH=>ElEJO. 1J M=I ANFloEJA@, DoMALAH, En JDA HAIA=H?D 7N1: IOIJAm BoH MDE?D IJHA=mI MAHA EnLAnJA@. 4AFl=?EnCIJHA=mI>OIJ=JE?1/OGKAKAIMoKl@IEmFlEBOJDA?o@A=n@m=kAEJB=IJAH. )lJDoKCD JDA m=En 2l=n ' kAHnAl EI FoHJ=>lA =?HoII m=nO m=?DEnAI, JDA BElA IAHLAH EI EmFlAmAnJA@ IAF=H=JAlO. 6DEI D=I ?=KIA@ IALAH=l FHo>lAmI: @HELAHI JD=J mKIJ >A MHEJ JAn JME?A, >KCI JD=J mKIJ >A BENA@ JME?A, =n@ MA=kAH FoHJ=>ElEJO oB JDA BElA IOIJAm ?o@A. 6DA IolKJEon EI A=IO: JDA BElA IAHLAH kAHnAl IDoKl@ >A m=EnJ=EnA@ =I = L=HE=nJ oB JDA HACK l=H oFAH=JEnC IOIJAm, MEJD no KIAH FHo?AIIAI =n@ IFA?E=l ?omFElA@-En kAHnAl FHo?AIIAI
Jo EmFlAmAnJ BElA IAHLE?A. )noJDAH EmFHoLAmAnJ Jo JDA BElA IOIJAm MoKl@ >A = ?D=nCA oB EnJAHn=l IJHK?JKHA. 6DA 9O4M jKkA>oN EI JDA lA=IJ HAlE=>lA FEA?A oB JDA D=H@M=HA, >KJ >A?=KIA EJ Dol@I JDA mAJ=@=J= oB JDA BElA IOIJAm, EJ mKIJ >A FHAIAnJ En oH@AH Jo IAHLA BElAI. 6DA IOIJAm ?oKl@ >A HAIJHK?JKHA@ Io JDA 9O4M EI = >=?kKF @ALE?A onlO, MEJD JDA BElA IOIJAm FHoFAH HAIE@EnC on m=CnAJE? @EIkI. 6DEI MoKl@ HAGKEHA no ?D=nCA Jo JDA ANJAHn=lEnJAHB=?A. )lJDoKCD 2l=n ' D=I FAH-FHo?AII n=mA IF=?AI, EJ D=I no mA?D=nEIm Jo CELA JDA @AI?HEFJEon oB = FHo?AIIߣI n=mA IF=?A Jo =noJDAH FHo?AII AN?AFJ >O @EHA?J EnDAHEJ=n?A. 6DA cpu ?omm=n@, BoH AN=mFlA, ?=nnoJ En CAnAH=l HAFHo@K?A JDA JAHmEn=lߣI n=mA IF=?A; EJ ?=n onlO HA-EnJAHFHAJ JDA KIAHߣI loCEn FHoBElA =n@ m=kA IK>IJEJKJEonI BoH JDEnCI lEkA JDA n=mA oB JDA >En=HO @EHA?JoHO Jo lo=@. 6DEI mEIIAI =nO lo?=l mo@EBE?=JEonI m=@A >ABoHA HKnnEnC cpu. 1J IDoKl@ EnIJA=@ >A FoIIE>lA Jo ?=FJKHA JDA JAHmEn=lߣI n=mA IF=?A =n@JH=nImEJEJI@AI?HEFJEonJo=HAmoJAFHo?AII. ,AIFEJA JDAIA FHo>lAmI, 2l=n ' MoHkI MAll. 1J D=I m=JKHA@ EnJo JDA IOIJAm JD=J IKFFoHJI oKH HAIA=H?D, H=JDAH JD=n >AEnC JDA IK>jA?J oBJDAHAIA=H?DEJIAlB. -NFAHEmAnJ=l nAM MoHk En?lK@AI @ALAloFEnC EnJAHB=?AI Jo B=IJAH nAJMoHkI, BElA ?=?DEnC En JDA ?lEAnJ kAHnAl, An?=FIKl=JEnC =n@ ANFoHJEnC n=mA IF=?AI, =n@ JDA =>ElEJO Jo HA-AIJ=>lEID JDA ?lEAnJ IJ=JA =BJAH = IAHLAH ?H=ID. )JJAnJEon EI noM Bo?KIEnC on KIEnC JDA IOIJAm Jo >KEl@ @EIJHE>KJA@=FFlE?=JEonI. OnA HA=Ion BoH 2l=n 'ߣI IK??AII EI JD=J MA KIA EJ BoH oKH @=ElO MoHk, noJ jKIJ =I = HAIA=H?D Jool. )?JELA KIA BoH?AI KI Jo =@@HAII IDoHJ?omEnCI =I JDAO =HEIA =n@ Jo =@=FJ JDA IOIJAm Jo IolLA oKH FHo>lAmI. 6DHoKCD JDEI FHo?AII, 2l=n ' D=I >A?omA = ?omBoHJ =>lA, FHo@K?JELA FHoCH=mmEnC AnLEHonmAnJ, =I MAll =I = LADE?lA BoH BKHJDAH IOIJAmI HAIA=H?D.
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