EVANGELICÂL PHILOSOPHY AS M,{NIFEST IN ISTH CENTURY

BRITISH SCULPTURE COMMISS IONED FOR

MÂDRAS, SOTJ'TH INDIÀ

COMPLETE WITH LISTING AND EPITAPHS

Å [hesis

Presented ùo

the Faculty of Graduate Studies

University of Manitoba

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Arts

by

Mary Ann Steggles

January 1990 Bibf iotfrèque na(ionale *g 5¡3ä.åT*..' du Canada

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ISBÌ{ ø-315-63354-9

Canadä EVANGELICAL PHILOSOPHY AS MANIFEST IN 18TH CENTURY BRITISH SCULPTURE COMMISSIONED FOR MADRAS, SOUTH INDIA

COMPLETE T4TITII LISTING AND EPITAPHS

BY

MARY ANN STEGGLES

A tlresis subnrined to thc Facurty of craduate studies of tl¡e university of Manitoba in partiar furfïrment of the requirenrerts of the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

o 1990

Permission has been granred to the LIBRARy oF THE UNIVER- s¡TY MANTTOBA oF to rend or seil copies of trris rhesis. ro the NaTIONAL LIBRARY oF CANADA ro ¡nicrofirm ttris thesis and to lend or æil copies oi the firm, and uN¡vERs¡Ty MICROFILMS to publisir an absracr of rhis thesis.

The author rcserves other pubrication rights, and neither trrc thesis nor extensive extracts from ir may be pnntec or other- wise reproduced without the author's written permission. ilElltrlÅTrll TOT}TEMEMI]FT iIF

MAT-IDE BRTJESCH DANIEL JUNE 20, 18S6-N0VEMBER 26, 1e7S

WHÛ IN TI{E 63RD 1TAR OF I{ER LIFE TÚOK CHARGE OF A YOIJNG CHILD

}IER MEMORY SIISTAINS ME

FROM A LOVING GRÁ,NDDAUGITTER @ tee0 Mary Ann Steggles

ALL RIGHTS RESER\¡ED vi. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I vish to express my sitrceres[ gratitude bD Dr, Klaus Klos[ermaier,

Distinguished Professor, Head of the DepartmenÈ of Religion and Á,sian Studies at

the university of Manit¡ba, winnipeg, for serving as my thesis advisor, His pa[ience, iotellectual stimulation, untiring zeal for learning and devotion to this

student vas mos[ appreciated, His example will remain vith me, Appreciation is extended ùo Dr. John Gahan, Vice-Provost of University Crillege and Professor in the Department of Classical Studies, TJniversity of Mani[oba and to Dr. Ed Moulbon, Head of the Departmen[ of History, University of Manitoba for agreeing to serve 0n my thesis eommit[ee, Their warm reception of my w*rk, cçmnents +nd guidance vere of 6reat assist;ance,

I wish to thank the Shastri-Indo Canadian Institute, talgary, Â,lberta and

Nev Delhi, India for granting me their research fellowship vhich enabled me to document the works of sculpture in Madras, South India. Withou¿ their financial assistance, Èhis thesis would not have been possible. Special appreciatioa is extended to Mrs, Kay de la Ronde, Executive Director of the Shastri Institute in talgary and Mr. Malik, Director of the Shastri Institute in Nev Delhi, for lheir assis[ance, Additional appreciation is extended to the Indian ,{rchaeological Survey Office in Nev Delhi and Madras for serving as my spotrsor q¡hile I vas in India, . Deepest gratitude is extended to verger David, st, Mary's in the Fort, for allowing me to photograpb the monuneats ia the Church aod for the warm welcome extended to me by the congregations of St, Mary's in the Fort, Madras l-lathedral and 5È, Thoma*q {iarrison Church, Special thanks go to Mrs, Sathyeatrama

Rao, Cr¡rator of the Fort Museum, Madras, for her assistance with rese¿rch on the vli sculFtures,

The following people were helpful in gathering information on the eommissions for the mott¡menls: Mrs Betty Muirdeo, Yale Centre for British studies, Yale university, Nev Haven, Connecticut; Mr, Duncan Robinson, Director,

Yale Centre for British Studies, Yale University, Nev Haven, Connecticut; Mrs,

Valenlile, Li.brarian, Royal ^åcademy .årchi'¡es, Lcndun, England and the st¿ff at the British Museum, the Victoria and Albert Mr¡seum and the India Office Library, London,

I ç¡ould like to express ny appreciation to three professors vhose

friendship and encouragement meant so much to me during my undergraduate as

vell as my graduate sttldíes: Professor Chades Scott, tbrmer Director of the School of Årt and Professor of Ceramics at the University of Manitoba, for the lively talks

sn ceramic art history and the oppor[unity to assist him in several research and

curatorial projects; Professor Dennis Sexsmith of the A,rt History Area, School of Art, University of Manitoba, vhose approach to aú historical invesligation enabled me to viev art in an entirely different light; and Professor M. Molitor, formedy of the Department of Classical Studies, University of Manitoba, for his f'riendship, support and advice,

I wish a.lso t+ neËtowlcdge the deht of gratitude I owe my son, tristofre

Martin, vho accompanied me to India and assisted in the research, Thanks are also extended to Harvey Klaussen vho also assisted in the research in India,

Special gratitude is extended to my family vho alloved me the time to

complete the manuscript sacrificing part of their lives so that I mieht be able to fulfill mine. To my husband, Don; my children, Cristofre, .laise and William; my parents, Clyde and Ivís Duncan and my parents-in-lav, Robert and Viola Steggles- vil -thank you. I hope lhat this research vill prove vorthy of your conlinuing suppor[,

I q¡ould like also to thank r)r, Alison Yarrington . HeaÅof the Department of the History of Art, Leicesler University, Leicester, England, who has agreed to serve as my Ph,D, tut,or so that I may complete the documentation of ¿he vorks by

Bri[ish sculptors in India, vilt TABLEOFCONTENTS

Page tist, of Figures lx

Chapter

1. Introduction I

2, Sculpture and the Rise of British Nationalism 6

3, Evangelical Philosophy and the JustRule of I¡dia 16

4, Christianl¿aüon in India 19

5, Conclusion 49

Appendixes

Â, A History of Madras fromll,?Z¡Ã LSZT 55

B, Church Histories 63

C, Monument Listing 66

D, Epit¿phs 74

E, Sculpture Illustrations 90

Works Cited 148 tx FIGI]RES

Figure Page

1, Barry Close Monument e1

Ê, Conway Statue ez

3, Davics and Nattes Monument s?

4, tçriclie Mqnumenl 94

5, Dçt+il çf Iiçblç Monument _15

6. Detail of Keble Monument 96

7 Leslie Monr¡meot q7

8, McCurdy Monument 96

L McNçill Monument 99

1iJ, Det¿il of McNeill Sfunt¡menL I tttt

11, Moorhuuse Monument 1û1

1å, Det¿il of Moorhouse Monument 1ûU

13, Det¿it of Moorhouse Monument 1û3

1{, Munro Monumenl l(J4

15, Pepper Stalue 1û5

16, Prçndergast Moaumenl 1fJ6

17, Russ Monument 1(t7

18, Det¿il of Ross Monumen[ 1û8

19, Rundall Monumen[ 10e

2û, Russell Monumenl 110 X

21, Detail of Russell Monument 111 ?2, Swart¿ Monument tn ã3, Det¿il oí Swartz hilsrumeni rrJI t.t

24, Webbe Monument 114

ä5, Hhistler Monument 115

26, Anderson Monument 116 27, Detail of Cameron Monument fi7 ?8, Chamiçr Mont¡ment lls

?9, tomiE Statue 11e

30, deMieme Monument i2û

31, Dealtry Monument 12i

32, DentMonument 127,

33, Dick Monumen[ t23

34, Ffrench Monumeat 124 31, Hebçr Monumen[ tzl

36, Higginson Monument 126

37, Detail of Higginson Monument tz7

38, L¿ne hÍonument 128 39. C, Lushington Monument lzs

4û, S, Lushington St¿tue 13û

{1, Mclean Monument rJrlÐi

42. h{ack Monumen[ 132

43, McTaggar[Monumenl rJJ.la4

44, Mousley Monument 134 xi

45. Pamy Monument 1,3J

{6. Cornwallis Statue I36

47, Dctail of Pedesùal Base, Cornwallis Statue rJl

{8, Heber Sta[ue, Crypt, St. Paul's, London 138

49, Samuel Whitbread Memorial, Cardington, Beds, UK l3e lû, St, Mary's, 18th century l4t

51, St, Mary's, 1988 141

52, Interior, St, Mary:'s l42

53, ivl¿dras Calhedral, 198å 143

5{, Interior, Madras Calhedral L++

55, Floorplan, St, Mary's t4J

56, Floorplan, Madras Cathedral 146

57, Map of Ma.dras 147 CHå.PTER ONE

INTRODUTTION

British seulpture executed for Madras, Sosth India, is work representative of scme cf the fÏnçst British artisLq a*s r¡ell as matry lesser knoc¡n artists. Executed betc¡een 1791 and 1872, these moouments exal¿ one of the dominant values of British society in the lat,e eighteenth and eaily oineteenth ceotury; namely that of the just rule of India by a vesÞrn civilized society based on Evangelical philosophy,

Background

The history of British sculpture commissioaed for India is symbolically linked c¡ith the rise of British imperialism, In the late eighteenth century, there vas a change in British perceptions of India (Davies 13), The aspirations of the East India Company, no longer a mere mercantile pover on the sub-continent, but a political pover in control of the Presidency tovns of Calcutta, Bombay and

Madras, became like other European colonial powers overtþ imperial (Davies 13;

Morris 7-s), The British sculptures commissioned for Madras, vhich are the focus of this study, ratrge in date from 1791 to 1E72, They are manifest¿tions, in store, of the changing attitude of the British ûovards India, The earliest monuments executed for India ùestify to a transitioa in aspirations of the British, from a trading interest to that of a political pover, conquering territories and attempting to bring the ¡atives of India under the co¡trol of the civilieing Wes[, This aspect t:f British history it India is most evident in the torawallis Moaumeat(fis, a6-7i e¡ecuted by Thomas Banks (1793-l$t3) betveen 1793 and 179S, Subsequent monumenh focus on olher British heroes vho, through their self-sacrifice, helped achieve supremacy for the Brilish in ùhe Eas[. This assumed supremacy 2 $¡as also expressed in the religious nonuments of the first half of the nineteenth

cenÈury, Not¿hle examples are the EÍebw fr{oaumeat(fig, 35), Lhe hanl torctb (fig, ¡ï/eøorial 29), and the hattry Meøarial (fig, 3l), The last monumen[,

dedicated to Queen Victoria is dated 1s72, Like other monunents to Queen Vicùoria for the Empire, Matthec¡ Noble (lEl7-76), io his depiction, has espoused the confidence of the British, once a conquering nation and nov¡ the conqueror, in his bronee memorial for the Madras vaterfront. The Queen, seated in dignity, holds the orb aod spear, She is Brit¿in herself, both protecting and defending the Empire, Intsnt

The intention of this study is not to document the change in style of British sculpture from the end of the eighteenth century to the third-quarter of the nineteenth century, Scttlpture, in the context of this thesis, vitt be vieved solely ac a visual manifestatio.n of the philosophical attitudes of the Evangelical, The

British sculptures comnissioned for M¿dras are not only memorials to an individual and his or¡tr persoltal achievement but are also visual manifestations of the changing status, values and attitude of the Evangelical move¡neot in India, q'orks The eady are examplçs of an individual's profession of faith, The best example is the SwarttMeøorthlffis,??') dated lsû6, Tvo monuments, lhelleber

Memarial(fig,35), dated lS30,and The tanje Statue(fig, 29), dated 1S37, bear witness to the ¿eal of the missionaries in the conversion of natives to the Christian faith, They are eramples of the prejudice that the British felt tovards the "assumed" heathen populations of India atrd, as such, are examples of the belief that the missionaries could raise the moral state of the natives through the Gospel, The.Dealtry.ùlemortbl(fig. 3t ), dated lg6l, expresses the final evolution of the foreign missionaries; that of establishing a natiye Christian church with 3 nalive clergy,

Im$orùance

The primary importaoce of lhis study has been a eomplete compilation of

the monumeats commissioned for Madras, South India, beh¡een 17gl and 1872 now exùant in the city, There are several aspects of practical importance in compiling a compleÞ listing of the monuments, There has been to date no complete docunentation of the vorks, They are rarely, if ever, mentioned in any of the numerous articles, monographs or exhibition cat¿logues of the artists, John Butler in his book, christian Art in India, makes the fofloving poiot:

In 1979 the Royal.Academy held aFlaxman Exhibitioa at its ,galleries io Londoû, os a tribute to an important artist who had long been neglected, The catalõgue of this exhibition vill be, for maoy years to come, the sta¡dard vork on Flarman; yet, naturally-since the fixed stone monuments in churches cannot be moved half-vay across the vodd for short loans-his work in India r¡as represented only by a photograph of the maín memorial at Thanjavur, Ρe collection of Flarman's boæetti at the University College, London, conüains those of four only of the Madlas t¿blets, Flaxman and the Bacons and other fine statuaries had considerable business connections vith India,,,No one,,,begrudges,,,India this body of fine vork; but more knovledge about it ought to be available io England ( r03).

In her short article, Eritiçh ileo-Classical Sculptare Ìa ladta Mildred Archer has commented on four of the monuments comnissioned for Madras (50-

55), Brief textual remarks on a few of the British sculptures a.ppear in some of the receûl publications on British architeeture io India, The information provided qn the monume¡h is often inaccurate and liniüed; in most cases, the authors have only identified certain monuments in India, The inaccuracies contained in these texLs have been noted in the discussion of the moaumeots, The approach by the architect¡ral studies has been to identify ùhe style of the sculptures r¡ith the 4 styles sf the architecture as represçntative of British imperialism. Archer has

only slressed that India contains vorks by major British artists. There has been no attempt by any of ¿he authors to interpret the monuments in light of curren[ philosophical trends in Brit¿in at the end of the eighÞenÈh century.

A complete documentation of the vorks in Madras urill a-dd knovledge to the body of literature concerning the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century British sculpùors that contributed vork to India. It is hoped that this study vill stimulat,e an interest culminating in the complete document¿tioo of British sculp[ure conmissioned for India,

Method and Procedure

In order to fully understand the transition of British attitude and power as

represented ia the memorials, it is necessary to include a brief introduction to Evangelical philosophy as vell as a chapter devoted to the history of the Evangelical novement as it expressed itself in Christian missions in India. I have attempted to simplify an understanding of these subjects by treating each topic

separately, Thtls, Chapter one introduces the thesis topic. Chapter Two introduces the role of commemorative sculpture as a medium vhich expresses society's ideals, Chapter Three discusses the Evangelical movment and its justification for the rule of India by the British, Chapter Four provides a background to the

Christianization of India, The monuments, in Madras, are discussed in light of the Evangelical movement i-o England and its desire to bring not only vestern civilization but Christían morality to India, Chapter Five serves as a conclusion to the previous chapters,

The *ppeadicçs include a eomplete listiag of the British monuments conmissioned for Madras bett¡een l79l and 1872 nov extant, In a.dditioo, one monument by Mattheur Noble executed for St, Mary's Church, the ÌIobart l (1875), &loauøeaÌ is mentioned in order to document att monuments in the church, The mqsumenLq erç listed hy the sr¡rtrflme of thç deeeflsed ac well a_r by sculp[or, Floor plans of the churches and e map of the City of Madras are included in order to faeilit¿te location of the monuments, .{ hisù0ry of the City of Ma.dras has also been included, In additiun, background informatiotr otr t-vo churches, St. Mary's in the Fort and Madras cathedral, has been included along vith appropriaÞ illustrations. All of the phoüographs, uoless specified, vere taken on location in Madras during the summer of 1988. The vording on the epitaphs has been included where possible, The epitaphs are listed in alphabatical order according to deceased. The format of the thesis is based 0ü the system of parenthetical documentation as contained in the ML 2nd edition. CHAPTERTWO 6

SCULPTI]RE AND THE RISE OF BRITISH NATIONALISM

Background

Several factors occuring eady in the eighteenth century contributed to the rise in prestige of British sculpture by the beginning of the nineteenth century, Foreign influesce, especially in the resident artists from the Lov füuntries, Peter Scheemakers (1691-17E1) and Michael Ryshrack 06g4-177ü, as well as Louis Francois Roubiliac U702-621from France, s¡ns to have a profound (Bindman impact 23s). The sùyle they imparted üo their u¡ork vas a mixlure of Classical and Baroque, These sculpt,ors erecuted portrai[ busts and tomb sculpture using both reclining and allegorical figures vhich flanked the sarcophagus. The style for the figures vas derived from Antique Roman and late Baroque sculpture, These figttres, erecutçd by the imnigr*nt sculptors, replaced the previously depicted effigies vho lay in prayer often stiffTy supporÞd by one elbov or who koelt in niches. Their style vas one of increasing freedom in the treatment of the effigy (Bindman 236).

The continuing interest in studies of Classical and Renaissaûce sculpture va$ pr0moted by the Grand Tour as vell as the collection aad reproduction of Antique sculpture, In addition, the Grand Tour helped est¿blísh an arisüocracy which became both connoisssur and patron for the sculpùors vho vere vitnessing a decline in courù patronage following the Restoration in 1660 (Bindman 237), The aristocîa,cy commissioned moaumental funerary üombs, portrait busts aad interior decorations. These patrons, inspired by the excelleace of the vorks by foreign artists tiving in England as c¡ell as by Renaissance and Ántique sculpture, discriminated both in the style of the monument they 7 connissiooed as well as by the quality of vorkmaoship. They proferred having

the seulptor tlse richly coloured marbles in their work, In style, there was ao increasing demand for a modified Baroque treatment accompanied by an abund*ncc of c*rved dçtail (Bindman Z3Z),

With the publicaiion of Ja.nes Gibbs' Bcok of Architecture in 172E, tomb sculpture became fl co-opera[ive venture betveen architect and sculpt,or, English architec[, James Gibbs, ha.d returned t,o England after spending four years studying in Rone, His book s¡as a compendium of church and monune¡t plaos including his most famous and most copied church, St. Mart"ia-in-the-Fields,

London, Gibbs sought to reinforce the idea tha[ sculpture should be integrated with architçett¡re, Included c'ith thç major church plans were detfl.iled drawinEs for musumental t,omb sculpture including variations on the medallion porlrait, the reclining figure, the rvidou¡ seatod aù her husband's feet, mourning la.dies vith urns as vell as effigies silhouetted againsl pyramids seùwithin columns (BM

62,i,12)' Betveen 1720 and 1740, Gibbs along r¡rith other English architects, such as William Kent, vorked in collaboration with many sculptors, includiog Scheemakers, attempting !0 creat,e vorks representing the inüegration of sculpture intro an architectural design,

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, artists, a¡d most especially the painters, began t,o unite t,o formalize an academy for England such as exist¡d on the Continent a[ the A,cademie Royale de Peintr¡re et de Sculpture in France, the

Accademia di S, Luca in Rome and the Accademia del Disegno in Florence, The firs[ formal academy for training artis[s t¡ drav and paint from life was that of

Sir Godfrey Kneller 0646/9-1723) fou¡ded on 0ct,ober 16, l7l1 (Hutchiason 123),

Locat,ed on Great- Queen Streeü, the Kneller Academy of Painting and Drac¡ing held draving classes both from livs models as vell as Antique plaster casts. Â fee of E one guioea nas charged to hçlp rrith the academy's erpeûses and the msdel,s (Hutchinson snl+ry I?4), Hneller w¡s elected ac the lïrst governçr of the sehool

being folloved by the painter, Sir James Thornhifl n67y1734) in 1716, Several other academies began in the eaily eighteeath century in additioo to Kneller's

'{eademy of Drawing and Painting, These included St, Martin,s Lane .Academy founded by a former member of Kneller's Aca.demy, John Vanderbank ¡694-

173Ð, in 1720' The group charged tvo guineas as a fee vhen [he Academy opened

in October, 1722. The first St. Martin's Lane Acadeny lasted only a fev years. The

treasurer vas involved in embezzling the fees collected from the studenüs; the landlord closçd the Academy and seieed all furnishings (Hutchinson 1Z{), Sir

James Thornhill n675-1734) established another academy, after the demise of the first St, Martin's La.ne Academy, ne¿r t-he playhouse al Covent Ga¡den in l7ZJ. Folloving the denth of Thornhill in 1734, his son-in-lav, William Hogarth ¡692- 176?,1, moved the academy to 5t, Martin's Lane.Academy vhich flourished until the Royal ,Academy received its charter some thirty years later, Influential teachers at the second St, Martin's Lane Academy included the painters, Hubert

Gravelot Q699-1773), Francis Hayman Q708-7il,George MichaBl Moser g706-s3),

the sculptor Louis Fraocois Roubiliac as c¡ell as Hogarth himself, The Ácademy had no official recognition and no charter,

Continuutls üoYes hy various social groups st¡ch as the Society Dilettanti, an elite group composed of members of English society vho h¿d travelled on the 0rand Tour, and artíst-run-academies and societies such as the Incorporated Society of Artists, the Socie[y of Arts and the Free Society of Artists, furthered the interest in the est+blishment of a formar aeademy, The artists sought a permanent space c¡here they could study from a live model, In a.ddition, they vanted a more formalieed a¡nual exhibition, Their efforts resulted in King I George III's consen[ !o establishiog the Royal Academy which received its

charter on December 10, 1768,

The Royal Academy elected as its first Presideot, the painter, Sir Joshua Reyaolds fi723-921' The charter camied twenty-six paragraphs which definsd

the membership, the election aad appointmeat of cfficers and professors as vell

as setting the conduct for the schools, lihrary and annual erhibition, The training at the Academy c¡as [0 be free, being paid for, vith the exception of the first elevetr years crhen it vas supported by the Sovereign, through proceeds from the exhibitions and the receipt of trust funds (Hutchinso n l27-il, Seventy-

sçvetr students originally enrolled in the Ácademy vhich vas located in Pall Malt (Hutchinson l3û).

State of Sculpture at the End of the Eighteenth Century

British sculpûors beginning their careers in the latt€r part of the eighteenth century were heirs of the events that had occurred eadier in the

century, The Royal Academy, having officiatly received its charter in December, L768' established a school as c¡ell as ao aonual exhibition, Sculptural commissions, vhich had formerly gone to foreign artists vorking in Britain, s¡ers oov cçmmanded by native artists such as Joseph Nollekens (1737-1S32) and (174û-99) John Bacon, sr, (cunningham 9)), Aspiring young sculpüors vere able ùo serve their apprenticeships to master artists often studying and exhibiting crith the Royal Academy Schools, Inspired by the ideals of ancient art, many of these sculptors, both masüer and student, travelled t,o Rome, vhen peace permitted, to study, Their $'ork, affected by the classical ideals of ancient Rome, conùains elements of Baroque, Romantic, Realistic and Neo-crassic imagery, Tomb sculptlre costinued ùo creaüe the larges[ demand on the sculptor's vorkshop, Oncç an independent ar[ forn, the execution of funerary sculpture Itl had begun to be iotegratçd into architectural settings vith the puhlieation of

James 6ibbs'Book of .Architecture is uås (Bindman ?38; whinnçy 126-:/), The

execuÈion of portrait busts also coatinued t¡o create conmissions for the artists as well as chimney decorations and ornamental objects, New lnterest in Public Monuments

The one major element of change in the lives of the sculptors at the end of

the eighteenth century r¡as in their patrons (Bindman 2{0}, The end of the

eighteenth century sav a decline in requests for privately commissioned monumental funerary sculpture, While the demand for large, privately

commissioned memorials declined, a nev inþrest in public monuments grev out of the nationalistic spirit created by the Napoleonic Wars (Bindman 240), England's st¡çcess at the end of the Napoleonic Wars furthered the spirit of natisnalism, In 1796, Padiament voted a substantial amount of money for monuments glorifyiog British soldiers, stiatesmen and sailors (Bindman Z4tI; Whinney lg8); synbols of national nnd civie pride lYarriogton 3?6), Betvpeo lE02 and 1812, 40,000 pounds vas spen[ by the British governnerrt, in addition to funds by the corporations of London and other cities, on commemorative montlments (Whinney 197), These expenditures vere often met vith harsh criticism, The sentiments of the history painter, Benjamin Rsbert Haydon (17S6- 1E{6), reflected these feelings in lSl2 vhen he vrote:

You lavish thousands upon thousands on sculpture without effect, You refuse all assistatrçe, all pïbtic support, all public opportunities üo painting, yoi¡ load your churches, your halls, and your publiì buitdings vith masses of unvieldy süone, and allov not one side ör one inch of your room for pictures, Is this fair? is it just? is it liberal?..,1n no country under heaven has sush.patronage been met by such shameful, disgraceful indoletce as in this. Masses of marble scarcelf shaped in¿o intelligibility; boots, spurs, epaulettes, sashes, hats and belts divide your favours and affections, If you 1I shover [housands on Sculpture and fatten her to idleness with one hand, scatter hundreds inüo the lap of painting also,,,No: year after year, and day after day, monuments and money are voùed in ceaseless round, without discrimination and q'ithout thought (Haydon quorÊd in Whinoey l9T).

Although llaydon c¡as vriting in his ovn defence of painting, his image of

the churches, halls and squares is realistic. Westminster Abbey v¡as crowded with

monuments t0 Briùain's glorified, The halt of fane initially conceived for St.

P+t¡l's tathdral þn relieve the overcrovding at Westminster Abbey soon became a resFoose to [he French move of 1791 when St, Genevieve s¡as recognized as

Pan[heon for French national heroes (Yarringt,on 318i, To further display the sacrifice and moral virt¡e of British heroes, monunents \¡ere çomlnissioned either by the St¿te using cenùral funds or by direc[ publie sponsorship using voluntary subscription for public squares, village churches and parks throu ghout Brit¿in (Yarrin gton 3 I 6 ).

One can perceíve hov imporüant sculpture had become at the end of the nineùeçnth eentury, These monuments, whether [hey were commissioned and paid for by public funds or private voluntary subscription, advanced the art of sculpture. To mark the occasion and its importance, the Royal Academy esùablished iùs first chair of sculph"rre in l8l0. John Flaxman (17j5-1826) subsüantiated the role of sculpt¡re u'hen he spoke in his first lecture as Professor of Sculpture at the Royat Åeademy sûatiag:

,..the appoin[nentof aprofessorship in thatartvas not required until the increasing taste-of tho country has given popularity to the ar[ itself and native achievements had called the powers of native sculpture to celebrate British heroes (17),

Sculpture for the Emoire

The feeling of nationalism present in England at the ead of the eighteenth t2 cetrtury extended ho other parts of the Empire, Brit"ish citieens in India, avare of

the efforts ia the hçmel*od ts creflta memorials to glorify both the $tatç +nd the citizens vho gave Èheir lives for their country, also desired to honour [heir

heroes. Commissiooed works, either through voluntary subscriptio¡ or East India Company sponsorship, from some of Èhe very best British sculp ors of the period, began t,o adorn ehurçhes, squares nnd puhlic buildings, The largest aumbers of [hese commissions for the Empire ver€ sent to the Presidency lovns of India, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, Rupert Guinness in his book, Dictiooarv of British

Sculgtors. ci[es eighty-eight vorks being commissiosed for India betveen 1791

and 1E76, Thirty-seven of the c¡orks executed are listed as being commissioaed for Madras, The maiority of the memorials are located in [vo churches, st. Mary,s in the Fort and Madras Cathedral, Tvo of the vorks listed by Guinness are public

monuments, the marble stalue of the Marquis Cornvallis by Thomas Banks fl7gS) (fig. 6tl-3) aow loe*ted in the Fort Mt¡seum and the hronee equestrian süatue of Sir

Thomas Munro ( lS34) (nf) by Sir Francis Chantrey ( lTSl-1S41) on the Island,

Purposes of Cosrmemorative S culoture

Funerary nonuments served several purposes. Privaüety commissioned memorials vere dedicated t¡ the personal loss of a member of one's family or a frie¡d, Like the monument to Jane Amelia Russell fls0s) $is, ?0-zl) by John (1777-lslg) Bacon, Jr, in st, Mary's church, these memorials serve as remenbrflûces, Ùther monuments commissioned through public subscription or directþ by the East ladia Company honour the services of the deceased and are memorials to their rnelnory. In some instances, there is an extended purpose to the monumeûLr; t[sy serve ac tombstonçs, for matry of the deceased are buried vithin the precincts of the church in vhich the monuments are iastalled,

John Butler in his book, Christian Art in India. has also stated that the r3 memorials serve ù0 bring ùogether those members of the contemporary congregation c¡ith its former memt ers c¡ho are comrnemorated in the sculptures, He sl*tes:

[The sculptures] introduce, as it were, e dimçnsion of time, or rather, of eternity they remind us that vç vorship not only as the little compatry asseübled here and nov, but in u¡ity with 'angels and archangels and all the compaûy of heaven', including the blessed {epared who vorshipped in this same pláce in bygone days. This is the all too often forgotter doctrine of the communio¡ of saints (40),

The mçnuments drar¡¡ the present congregalion together vith those of its founding members. They are, in this light, concret€ manifestations of the life of

the Christian church in India, They acknovledge the sacrifices made by religious leadors and congrega[ion members supporting and sustaining Christian beliefs,

The exùensive epitaphs used oû ma.ny of the church memorials serve as short histories of the life and times of these eady European residents of India, In this vay, the monumsnts act as recorded history readily available ¡o all those vho read and study them,

The public monumenh differ from the funerary moouments in several +s¡rects, Firstly, they had to appeal to a wider audienee than the privately commissioned memorials, In a large number of cases, the final model for execution r¡'as chosen through a competition; the final selection vould rest \¡ith an aduinistrative body such as the Council of the Royal .Academy or the Committee of Ta-qte, $eeondly, publie nçnumenLc do not necessarily çonmemofate a dçceased Persorl, Tvo of the seulptures in Ma.dras, the monument to Lord Cornvallis (fie,

46-7J a¡d the memorial ùo Queen Vict¡ria commemorated living beings, The public memorials glorify British values and nationalistic feelings, Cornvallis vas 14 both a nilitary and adminisÈrative hero, His monumeol was erec[ed in gratitude

for his sarvices to the Company as rrell as a commemoralion of an historic event,

t'he first defeat of ripu sulLan, the Tiger of Mysore, in l7gz, This defeat made

cornwallis a contem.porary hero, Queen vict¡ria, holding her orb and spear,

symboliees the British Empire vhich both protects and defends, She enconpflsses, in her dignity, all [he noble values of British society. Sir Thomas Munro, like Cornrrallis, \P¿ts a military as vell as ao a.dninistrative hero. His depictioo

represents the values of a just society and the self-sacrifice of her heroes,

Hero-r¡orship had become a dominant force in the sprea of ideology, vhether military or religious, in the ninet¿enth century, Alison Yapington "Outside concedes that liærature, sculpture.,,T¡ns one of the nost efficient and popular mea-ûs of directly transmitting such ideals t,o both presen[ and future generations" (31{), The French sculptor, Etienne-Maurice Falconet OZ16-91), substantiated Yarrington's viov when hs vrot¡ in l7gl that

lStatues of great n.renl revive io us the feeling of noble emulation, elevating our souls to the virtuãs vhich have preve.qþd. these great neq from being forgotten by mankind (Falconet quoted in Levitine 64)',

The sculptors who sent vorks to India concentrated only on the staûely nnture of the individual, The monuments are symholie effigies of imperialist (Moffis virtue lEl), In thís sense, the statue of Cornvallís, for example, u¡hile not

only representing the man and his aecomplishnsûts, is a visual image of the intangible values of British society; good goverûment and Company administration, the pover of the Company and its military officers, the value of Iandownership and the desire of the British to est¿blish their dominion in India. These public images vere used to unite the British in the causes of imperialism,

They vere also concrete statements to the natives of India of the might and pover I, of the British in their cause of promoting western civilieing ideals. l6 CHAPTER THREE

EVANGELICAL PHILOSOPHY AND THE JUST RULE OF INDIA

The Evangelicals

The Evangelícals r¡ere a morally reforming group representing the most

videly practised fçrm of Christianity in England during the late eighteeath and eady nineteenth century (Spear 1û7), Evangelicalism transcended all religious (spear sects I07), Its basis vas Bibtical; oryanhed prayer, preaching and the strict observance of Sunday transcended a belief in religious sacraments and (Spear ritual I07), The highest valued virtue of the Evangelicals vas moral self- improvement (Spear 107),

The lea-ders of the Evangelical movement vere William Witberforce g759- lE33), Chades 6rant {1746-ls?l), Chades simeon fi759-1s36), aod John shore, (175t-l83{), Lord Teignmor¡th The group¡ c¡hich becnme known a*q the Clapham Sect, vas dedicated in part, to raising Indian society through rapid transformation from c¡hat they regarded as a degenerate state, hindered by their superstitious religious beliefs, to the lsvel of a Christianieed aod civitized western country {Hutchi¡s 6), The Evangelicals vere responsíble for pressing the British govsrtrmetrt and the DirecûDrs of thç East India cnmpany into allowing missionaries to officially enter British held ûerritory ín India h lsl3, The Evangelieals not only hoped to improve Indian soeiety by reforming its moral character through the üospel (Hutchins 10) but also sought a complete alt,aring of the exis[ing native social structure Gmbree t)Z).

The Evangelicals vere highly moralistic in their standards of human conduct, As a product of the rising middte class in late eighùeenth century England, they stressed the morality of the industrious individual, t7 The Just Rule of India

The Evangelicals believed that India could serve higher purposes than just merchant profit (Hutchins 3), They vere initialty dissatisfied by the vay in which Britain conquered her enemies (Hutchios ]; Thomson 30-l), Chadqs Grant, a member of Cornvallis' administratioo in Bengal, a founder of the Clapham Sect,

Director of the Ea-st India Company, and member of Padiament, believed that the British had a responsibility in India ...a goveronlent unequalled...for administering justice, kindnessand moderation, not merely of increasiog the security of the subject and the prospérity of the couotry, but of advancing social happiness, of melioratilg th.e_ moral stato of men and eiænding a superior lieht (Grant quoted in Hutchins 5).

Grant's plea, based on his belief, that the nature of the Indian people vas degenerate and thæ the British administ¡ators had an obligation to them, vould laler, in fact, provide a justificaf,ion for continued Eritish rule in India (Embree

I )6).

Yhife initially unhappy vith the British occupation of India, the

Evangelicals began to believe that Britain vas the best country to rule India, The Evangelicals, although they thought Christianity vould rapidly transform India society, felt that the moral character provided by the Christian religion vould make the English betþr rulers and the Indians beüer subjects. rn particular,

Charles Grant openly voiced his opinion th¿t the Christiani¿ation of India vas a meaos of keeping subjects subordinate ùo British rule. He stated:

,,,in superiors, it vould be equity end moderatios, courtesy a¡d affability, benignity and condescensionj in inferiors, sincerity and iidelity, respect ¿¡d diljgence, In princes, velfare of its subjects: in subjects, loyalty, submission, obedieoce, quietness, peace, patien ce and cheerfulness,..( 99). 18 In Grant's mind, that of the EasÈ India hmpany Dirçchr and the

Evangelical, Chrislianity vould not only reform the mor*ls of the natives but

would alsu produce loyal and obedient subiects. This could, in the end, only assis[ trade, political administration and ¿erritorial expansion of the sub-continent. by Britain,

The early arguments of the Evangelicals against the native praetices of infanticide and sati along vith the British support of various indigeoous religions, temples and celebrations received support by Utititarian leaders in India, such as Lord Witliam Bentinck, in the lB30,s,

Evangelical beliefs contributed support for the continuing preseoce of the

British in India as the only country which had the right to rule India, The East

I¡dia Company through its administ¡¿tive reforms in land revenue settlements, legal a"nd administrative reforms, erpanded its territory in order to further British securíty and mercantile interesh, The Evangelicals enjoyed the henefit of this territorial expansion in that they were able to extend their Christian influence üo larger parts of the sub-continent hoping to create a mass of subservient subjects, l9 CHAPTER FOUR

TI{RISTIANIZATION IN INDIA

Background

The first Christian missiooary to reach India is believed to have been St, Thomas the Ápostle in the first century C,E, Likevise, the first Christian church

of the Thomas Christians vas founded on the Malabar Coast during the earfy centuries of the cument era (Laird 2; Neill 44-Jl, Earty missionaries came in

search of Jevish settlers, vho having been persecuùed in Europe, established themselves in South India at Cochin, A pattern of trade and religious conûacts vould continue in the future missionary movements beginning in the fifteenth century,

The Portuguese arrived in India in 1498, Under three Bulls issued by Pope

,Alexander VI in 1493, the Portuguese vere to seek "both Christians and spices" (Butler 40), These Portuguese traders and Roman Catholic missionaries r¡ere erpected to csnvert the natives of ladia "both in and beyond portuguese (Butler üerritory" 42; Neill 121), 0n August 15, 1534, Ignatius Loyola fouoded the Jesuit Ûrder in Paris vhich was laüer confirmed by Pope Paul III in the Regtmtbi Militaaftls bull, The Jesuit missionaries had as a priority the conversion of heathens to the Roman Catholic faith, During the sixüeenth century, three Jesuiù missions were sent by the Portuguese to Mughal courts, including those of Akbar vho ruled from 1556 t0 1605 and Jahangir vho ruled from 1605 tn 1627 (Laird Z; Watson l2Û), In addition, [he Porluguesebuilt magnificent churches at India's u¡estrern coast cily of ûoa, the headquarters of the Portuguese empire in Âsia,

These churcbes include Bom Jesus vhich enshrines the body of Saint Francis Xavier fiJ96-JÐ, Francis Tavier v'a,s one of the first conpaaions of Ignatius 2t Loyola, Xavier arrivedin India in 154? as the representativç of the Pope and the King of Portugal. He [Xavierl stayed in India, preaching and converting native Indians until 1548, Xavier is considered to be one of the greatest missio¡aries of the Christian faith (Neilt 127),

Brítish Missionfl"ries ^Arrive British chaplains began amiving, after the first traders, at Surat, ea¡y in the seventeenth century (Gibbs 3; watson lz0), Their position, as chaplains

sailing on fümpany vessels, c¡a.s est¿.blished in the tharter uf the East India

Company granted on December 31, 1600, vhich reads;

,,,and for that religious goyerûnent doth best hind men to perform their duties, it is principally to be cared for that prayers be said every morning and eve¡ing io every..ship and the whole company called thereünb vith diligent oyes, that none be vanting; so that all may i.olnfy wilh reveretrce and humility pray unto ,{lnighty God to bless and preserre then fion all $.qe""l in this long and tedious voyage.,,(quoted in Gibbs 3),

Tvo eady British chaplains were Edward Terry and Patrick Copeland,

Copeland \¡as a zealous missionary, Âlthough the main purpose of the East India

Compa.ny ehaplains wzuc to minister to the English and not the natives, Copeland began instructing a native Indian converting him to Christianity (ûibbs,{), The baptism of this native took place not in India, but in England, at St, Dionis Backchurch, (Gibbs London, on December zz,l6t6 4), Kiag James I changed the oame of the first native Anglican convert to Peter at the baptismal services {Gibbs a),

By the end of the seveatçenth century, there vrm an increase in the interests of the British in sendíng missionaries to India. With the reneval of the

East India Company Charter in l6gE, a clause vas included that appoin ed 2t chaplains !o all ports. These chaplains wero t,0 learn Portuguese and the native

languages in order that they vould be able to instruct the natives of India in the Protestant religion, Similady, a place was to be set aside in each garrison for (Peaay worship 9:-s), Dy ncrw, not oaly the portugu*ç nnd thç British hnd

estflttfíshed commercial and religious ventures in lndia but afso the French, Dutch and Danish governments,

Relieious Societies aod Pietism

A reneved ioterest in missionary work rras encouraged by the organization of numerous religious missionary societies, The Society for the

Promotion of Christian Knovledge, the spcK, vas founded ín 169E, In 1701, the

Sociely for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the SPG, received its

Royal Charter, Coinciding with the founding of these mission organizatiotrs r¡as a

religious movement called Pietism (Neitl 19a). Pietism was represented by a belief in personal conversion, a holy and moral chamcter, fellowship in missionary

societies and the call to vitness the Gospel amotrg aon-believers (Neill 194), The

memhers, therefore, sar¡ as their iumediate goal spreading the vord of God rLmoûg the heathen thus hoping to raise them to a holy aad moral character through

conversion, These same ideals vould be echoed in the Evangelical movement at ùhe end of [he oighæen[h ceûtury in England, D¿nish Missionaries

Ät the eod of the seventeenth century, King Frederick IV of Denmark established a mission in the Danish trading settlement at Tranquebar, south of Madras, Lackiog any missionaries in Denmark, the king employed missionaries fron the University of Halle, in the Brandenburg territory of Prussia (Neill lga),

The míssionaries trained at Halle came to India uoder the influence of the new religious üoYement, Pietism. The first of these missionaries at rheRoyal Danish 22 Mission vere tr¡o Germans, Bartholomev Ziegenbalg and llenri Plutschau, They *rrived in Tra.nquebar on July g, l7tl6 (Gihhs I3; NeÍll 194), From the beginnisg, the tvo missionaries held oo to five basic principles: 1) that education through

schools must acconpany the establishing of churches if the members were to be ahle to read the Gospel; ?) the Bible must be translated into ¡ative languages if the "tB qrerE he" converts tD be able to read God's message; 3) thatas missionaries they

mus[ have a knoq¡ledge aod undersüanding of the native population; 4) tha[, instead of group conversions, they s¡ould concentrate on individual personal conversion and 5) that as eady as possible an Indian church vith Indian ministers must be established (Gibbs l3; Neill t9{}, The SPCK and the SPG, havi¡g difficulties in obtaining missionaries in Britain, üook an eaily itterest in the Danish Mission, The two missionaries,

Ziegenbnlg nnd Plutschau, therefore, trot only received encouragement but t=unds

from the Êritish SPCH and SPË t0 further their activities outside the Danish colony (Gibbs a[ Tranquebar 13-{). In addi[ion, the SpCK provided Ziegenbalg with a press printing in order to publish the Tamil Bible, In l7l?,the SPCK extended an iavitation to the Danish missionaries to esi*blish themselves in British settlements along the Coromandel C.oast (Gibbs 1a), The SPCK felt that through this move, conversions of the oatives to Christianity in the British settlemeots (Gibbs wuuld be e¡haûced 14), By 1716, the British chaplain at Madras, William stevenson, was &ccompanying ziegenbalg on his ninisterial journeys,

Stevenson proposed to Ziegenbalg a scheme vhich vould assist in uniting all of the missionary efforts, English, Danish and German. This merging of missionary efforts vns ûeyer implemented in its entirety, perhaps due to ziegenbalg's death, although the groups vorked co-operatively together for a (Gibbs number of years l$, Ziegenbalg died in Tranquebar in lTlg leaving the 23 Danish mission under the commaod of John Schultee. Schultee had difficul[ies

vorking with some of the nevly arrived misionaries, evenlually proposi¡g t0

the British authorities that he rnove the mission ùo Fort S[. George in Madras (Gibbs l{)' His offcr was acccptæd by the SPCK who again assuned rcsponsibility

for the support of the missionaries who vere all Lutherans and mostly of Germao (Gibbs origin I]), The missionaries set up a chapel, a school and a mission house

in Black Ton¡a vhere they began translating the Bibte into Tamit (Gibbs 15),

Schult¿e returned to the University of Halte in l74L,vhere he vas to infTuence [he most famous of afl the SPCK missionaries to vork in South India, Frederick

Christian Swart¿ ( 1726- l79E ).

Frederick Christian Svart¿ was born in Brandenburg, Prussia, on 0ctober E,

1726, He began his religious studies ¿t Halle University, at. the age of tventy, in 1746, whete he met Schultee and began studying his translations of the Tanil

Bihle, 0n July 30, l7]0, Svart¿ arrived at the Danish mission in Tranquebar, By 1762, he vas making regular ministerial visits to Trichiniopoly vhere he vas eventually transferred in 1767 (0ibbs 16), In Trichinopoly, Svarte learned Urdu in order to be able to commuoicate with the representatives of the Nawab of

.Arcot' He also preached at the British garrison in Trichinopoly being paid one hundred pounds yeady from che commissary General of Madras (penny )E7). In Trichinopoly, Svartz established a school for orphan children and preached daily to the British soldiers, A, Lehmann sf,ys of Svart¿' work in Trichinopoly, ,,,,.he alone does the vork of several missionaries. atrd ve have found more here than ve could have imagined" (lt6), svart¿ vas also busy vith missionary v¡ork in Tanjore beginning in l762,vhere he learned Persian and Marathi (Neill 199). In

April of 1769, Svart¿ spent three veeks in Tanjore visiting mainly vith the Raja,

Tulaji {Lçhmann 116), ln 1772, svart¿ receivçd approval for a nission to be 24 est*hlishçd in Tanjore from Tulaji vho considered Sva.rt¿ his father (Pearsun 181), A littlç later, the British and the Navab of .Areot, in efforts to exþnd their

teffitories, att¿cked Tanjore, RajaTulaji vas imprisoned by the British in Madras. Swart¿, who visited the Raja frequently while he was in prison, influenced the

British to eventt¡ally release and restore him to pover (Wamen and Baflorn l3E),

For the remaining tvelve years of Tulaji's life, Svartz exercised immense

influe¡ce over him and the political ¿ffairs of his kingdom, RajaTulaji vas trever

fully converted due mainly to his fears of Muslim uprising if he did so, He, nevertheless, stated that "Christianity r¡rls a thousand times betùer than idolatry,, ffulaji quoùed in Fenger 222),

.As a condition of the Raia's restoration to pover, the British placed a resident at Court, John Hudleston, and a garrison in the Raja's Fort, Svarlzbegan

to live permanently in Tanjore in 1777 acting as ehaplain to the British garrison. He est¿hlished Christ tlhurch in Tanjore ia 1780, and another church for the

Indian eongregation located *pprorimately one mile from christ Cht¡rch,

Svart¿ s'as not only a missionary but also a diplomat, In July and ,{ugust of 1779, he acted as emíssary in the service of the Ma.dras Government to Haidar .Ali

of Mysore fi7?2-821, Svart¿ reached Mysore on ,{pril 24,l77g,vhere he preached

to Indian Çhristians, Germao *nd Freneh troops in the tent of the German Captain, Buden, er'ery Sunday (Pearson ll7-ü, Svartz returned to Seringapatam in August of 1779 on another diplomatic mission for the British (Ati 199). Swartz vas again received vith friendliness by Haidar Ali in spite of rejectíon of the British because of their failure ûo come to his aid in the past under the terns of the April (Majundar 4,1769 |.¡ealy 6S{), Á,fi paid Svartz three hundred rupees for his travel expenses and sent him avay vith a letter to Sir Thomas Rumboldt denouncing the (Ati British 199). Fhen the Second Angto-Mysore V¿r broke out between the 2J British and Haidar Ati in 1780, svarte helped in providing food for the people of Mysore (tìihbs l7),

Meanvhile fu 1787, the Raja Tulaji, died childless, His adopted son, Serfoji, was left in ths ca.rs of Swert¿, who ¿cting as ruler of Ta.njore, intervsnEd iu

dçeisions u¡ith the British over the heir to the throne, ln 1796, the Ma.dras fiovçrnmç¡t *cknowledged $erfoji a-r the righful heir at Tanjore due tc $wartr' influence,

Frederick christian sn¡art¿ died on February lg, lTgE, at Tanjore, In a

trihute of love to Svart¿, vhom Serfoji considered a father and who had acted as

his tutor in English v¡hile he tserfojil vas held in Madras, the ruler of Tanjore

wrote the first poem vritten in English by a native rncían(Gibbs 17; Neill 199_200), It readsr

Fírm wast thou, humble and víse, Honest, qure, free from all disguise, Father of orphans, the vidov,õ support, Comfort in sorroc¡ of every sort To the benighüed dispenser of light Þiog and poinr to that vhich is righr Blessing to princes, to people to me, U?y I, my father, provè võrthy of theel Wiseth and prayeth Thy Sarobójee,

Frederick Christian Svart¿ lived a humble life but died a vealthy man, His income had come not only from his missionary allovance, but also from lucrative appointmeots by the Madras Govrnment including his diptomatic appointment to the court of the Naval¡ of Arcot and to Raja Tulaji at Mysore (Gibbs ZZ; Neill 199),

.{t the time of his deaùh, Snarte gave a large amount of his accrued fortune !o the

SPCK and to the school he had est¿blished for orphans at Rannad. The school, vhich still exist"s(rn t'he lgE0's)and is nov called the Svartz lligh School, continues to supply an education based on Chrislian values, ?,6 The SvartzMonumeats

The memory of Swart¿ is preserved in tvo monuments io South India, One

of the most beautiful is located in st, Mary's church, Madras (fis, ??-I), The large bas-rçlief memorial was e¡ecuted by John Eacon, Jr., ia Is06, The desiga for the

monument vas influeneed by lh,ø Saøuel Whitbrcad Meøorthl(Cardington, Beds)

erecuùed by Baeon in 1799 (fig, a9). Both of these memorials express Christian symbolism and ideals r¡ithou¿ classical allegory.

The monumen[ by Bacon shovs svarÞ lying oo his death bed saying goodbye to his adoptod son, Raja Serfoji. Svartz, surrounded by his orphans, is poioting to an angel descending from heaven carrying a Latin cross in her lçft

hand, Tvo Europeans witness the event. Onecf:the figures is said ùo represen[ Caspar Kohlhoff vho succeeded Su'art¿ on his death at the Danish nission (Verger

David, July, lgEE). Carved belov the nain design of ¿he memorial are three

Christian symbols; the shepherd's crooked st¿ff; the trumpet and an open Bible,

The staff is repres-entative of Christ the Good Shepherd and in this inst¿nca, the

conversion of the native Indians üo Christianity and the care extended them and the orphans by Svarte. The trumpet is symbolic of the angels, r¡essengers of God, vho hlov thsir horns &nnouncing Judgment Day whea all believers shall unite is heaven, The Bible is God's vord, significan[ in the movenent of pietism as in the Evangelical movemsût, ils the vay to God's salvation. SvarÞ' service in India is depicted by a finely carved vindov over the death bed looking ou[ to an Indian palm dome asd tree. The epitaph vas composed by John Hudlest,on of the Madras

Civil Service vho was associated u¡ith Svart¿ vhile he lHudlesto¡] u¡as Resident ar (Wamen Tanjore and Barlov 13s). The memorial vas commissioned fron Bacon by ùhe Directors of the Eas[ Iadia Company under the direct request. of Cha¡es Grant. Sæphen Neill has pointed out tha[ "l[ is strange that the East India 27 Company, at t'hat time engaged in strenuous efforts to keep missionaries out of

stber parts of India, se[ up at their ovn exFense a memorial t¡ Swart¿ in the Fort (199), Church at Madras" Iloc'ever, in light of the religious feeling in England at the time, coupled vith Charles Granù's a.dministrativE duties a[ the East India

Company 0ffice, iù is not surprising ùhat the Company conmissioned a nemorial t0 Swartz. Granù had meü Svartz on his firsl trip t,o India; they remained

acquaintances, Svartz had, io a.ddition, the trusl of the princes and vas able, as a Christian, t,o serve as a diplomat, t¡ the courts of Raja Tulaji and Haida¡ Ali, vhen the British vere so distrusted that they vere no! able t¡ deal directly vith the rulers,

John Butler in his book, Christi*n Art in India. has errsneously credited

the monunent in st, Mary's, Madras, to John Flaxman fl20), He may, in fact, have

confused it vith another memorial dedicated to Svarte in South India vhich is, indeed, by Flarman. Flaxman's nonument ùo Svart¿, located in the Church in the Little Fort, Tanjore, is in the form of a rectangular sarcophagus, It has a lov pedimeatal lid vith a single palmette çrnament on the top, The arrangement of

the figures on the memorial is similiar to those contained on the monument to

Svartz by Bacon, Flaxman's style is more flat aod linear in execution and is thus related to the neo-cl¿ssical style, In additio¡, Svart¿ is already deceased in the

Flaxman memorial. Svart¿, lying on his death bed, is attended by Raja Serfoji on the far side of the bed holding Swart¿' hand, His felloc¡ missionary, Kohthoff, stands vith an operl prayer book u¡hite tvo of the Raja's affendants and four orph*ns witness the event, The monument is supported hy hrackeLs oa which palm ornaments are carved, Flaxman's aceount book indicates that he vas paid five hundred pouads hy Serfoji for executing the monument ùo Svartz vith the paymen[, firsl 166 pounds, being received by Flaxman in ls0ï (Croft-Murray ZE), ZE The inscription, vritten by Serfoji (Revenue Inspector Records, Tanjore) rea-ds:

TO THE MEMÛRY OF TT{E REVTREND CI{RISTIAN FRIDERIC SWARTZ BORN AT SONNENBURG OF NEUMARK IN TM KINGDOM OF PRUSSIA TIIE zOTH OF ÛSTÛBER 1726 AND DIED AT TANJORE ON TI{E I6TH OF FEBRU.ARY 179S IN THE 72ND YEAR OF HIS AGE DEVOTED FROM HIS EÂRLY MANHOOD TO THE OFFICEOF MISSIONARY INTHEEAST THE SIMILARNY OF HIS SITUATION TOTHAT OF TMFIRST PREACI#RS OF THE GOSPEL PRODUCED IN HIM A PECULIAR RESEMBLANCETO TI{E SIMPLE SANCTITY OFTHE APOSTOLIC CH.ARACIER HIS NATURAL VIVACITY WON TI{E ATTECTION HIS UNSPOTIED PROBITY AND PURITY OF LIFE ALIKECOMMÂNDEDTI{E REIIERENCE OF TI{E CI{RISTIÁN, MAHÛftMDAN, AND HINDII rOR SOVTREIGN PRINCES, HINDU AND MAHOMEDAN ELECTED THIS HUMBLE PASTOR AS TI{E MEDIUM OF PÛLITICAL ASSOCIATION WITH TI{E BRITISH GOVERNþTENT ÂND TI{E VERY MARELE THAT HERE RECORDS HIS VIRTUE WAS RAISED BY THE LIBERAL AITTTTION AND ESTIEM OFTI{E RAJA oTTANJoRE MArrÄ RAJA SrRF0Jsr

Folloving the death of Ss'art¿ io 1796 and thp missionary, Christia.n Fillian

Gericke, in 1E03, the south Indian missions fell in¡o a phase of decadeoce, Volt¿irian eolightenment. had replaced pietisn at Halle university; little interest r¡as nov taken in the Indian missions (Gibbs ZZ).

Grovth of Proùesùant Missions

Meanvhile, the Protesüant movement u¡hich had been et¿blished by Svarte in Tamil Nadu began to spread to the north of India. Gernan Lutherans, agatn z9 financed by the British SPCK, began building missions ín thr': norrh modelted the Danish mission at Tranquebar. The interest in nor[hern Indian missions

was ftçgutr by the Baptist Missionary Soeiety (Gibbs 3i, The first of the Baptist missionaries vrl{t William Carey, who cao.E to India reflectiag the Evangefical movement in England, Carey arrived in Bengal in lTgS folloved by two other

Evangelical Baptists, Joshua Marshnan and Hilliam Ward in 1799 (Neill ZZ3J. The [hree Evangelical misionaries, having been refused entry into Calcutt¿ by the

British, who feared reprisals in their commercial vetr[ures, est¿blished a nission

at the Danish colony of Serampore (Kumar 9Z; Neill 223). They preached and circulated tracts of the Bible vhich had been translated into over [hirty Iadian

languages (Kuma¡ 97), Through their missionary zaø|, Lhe three compiled

dictionaries and grammatical texts fron English inüo Bengali, M¿ralhi, Chinese

and Sanskrit; est¿blished schools to promote Christian knovledge; and spoke out

against the Hindu religion and its practice of infanticide aad sati (Kumar 97; Neill 22Ð,

The first Aaglican chaplain to arrive in Bengal under the 1698 charter of

the East India Company vas David Brovn in, LTST (Gibbs 30; Neill ZZ7), Brcwn, like carey, Marshman, ward and the British population of his day, vas not only

inspired by the Evangelical movement in England but as a religious orthodox was reacting to the latBr süages of the French Revolution and the French

philosophers' atheistic attitude üos¡ards religion (Laird { }, In 1790, chades Grant, ù member of the Board of rrade in the administration of Governor-General Cornvallis, returned to England after serving the East India Company in Bengal for tventy-tvo years (Gibbs 2E), Gra¡t,

crhose theological conversion to Evangelic¿lism took place in Bengal, vas made

Director and Chairman of the East India Company in 1794 (Gibbs 30). tn England, 3Û he ioined with Willian Wilberforce and members of the Clapham Sect, the forces behind the Evangelical novement in England, in pressing the Board of Directors of the East India Company to officially introduce a clause int,o the charter, which was to be renewed in 179j, for the provision of schoolmasters and missionaries in (Laird India 3)' This clause, which vas passed by the House of Commons, r¡rls defeat,ed by the court of Propriet,ors of the East India company vho not only

fea¡ed repercussions ùo their trade but also that Christian t¡aching aod Fest€rn education vould destroy aoy native allegiance to Great Britain (Embree Z7ll. In

t794, charles Grant, settled in clapham, residing near wilberforcs, to vhom he gave aÅv'rce on all matters pertaining to India (Gibbs 30),

Meanvhile, the Governors-General of India qrere sympathet^ic to the Baptists working out of Serampore. They alloved them ùo extend their missionary vork despite ùhe official clause in the Charter forbidding such activities, into (laird British territory 3-4], In addition, sorne of the ,{nglican chaplains were actively involved in their ovn missionary work (laird {), Wellesle¡ who vas Governor-tener¿I from l79E-1S05, etrcompassed all the zeal of the Evangelical movenent in England. He designaled Christianity as the official religion of the government issuing strict orders for the observance of Sunday as a holy day. After the defeat and death of Tipu Sulta¡ in 1799, Wellesley marked February 6, I80t, as a general day of Thanksgiving and the inauguration day of Christianity as the official religion of the British rulers in India (Laird 4), He appoinùed the

Evangelieals, David Broc¡n and Claudius Buchanan, tç positions as provost and vice-provost, respectively, atFort Yillíam CoIIege in Calcutt¿, Fort Wiltian Cotlege vas established to train young British officers in the language and literature of (Kumar India 97), William carey, the Serampore Baptist, vas placed in charge of the Vernacular Deparlment (Kumar 47), Fhar all of this meant c¡as that in 3l addition ùo learning Indian languages and literaùure, Èhe young recruits from

Britain q'ould be directly influenced by the Evangelical movement,

Chades Grant and Wiltiam Wilberforce continued their fight to est¿blish Bri¿ish missionaries officially in India. They mounted a public campaign in an effort to lobby the House of Connons. The [vo wrote ù0 Èhe Archbishop of Canterbury, as vell as other prominent Evangelical clergy, praising territorial

expansion as a means of spreading Christianity. In their batlle t,o include missionaries in a fut¡re charter renes¡al, ¿he tvo stated, "Among alt [he advantages accruing to Great Brit¿in from the acquisition of Asiatic territ,ories,

the power of introducing the Ligh¿ of Truth arnorig thsm..,has hardly been

meotioned" (quoted in Gibbs 30). One estimate, perhaps sonevhat exaggerated, vas that 1500 groups sent petitions ûo nembers of Padianent in support of missionary activity in India (EmbreE 272),

In 1807, a commi[tee of the church Missionary society, the cMS, an

Evangelical body, vas founded in Calcutt¿, In 1811, tåe British and Foreign Bible

Society est+blished itself. Meanvhile, Charles Gran[, vho, in 190?, had become a member of Padiament for Inverness, used his iofluence and position to havs the company appoint more Evangelicals as chaplaias in India, Henry Martyn, a "nissionary in the guise of a chaplain" (Laird 4), and Daniel corrie a¡rived in

Calcuü¿ in 1306. Martyn, unlike the self-taugh[ Serampore Baptists (Bearce 83) vith vhom he first lived, vas highly educated. He had had the best philosophical traioing that eieht€enth century England could provide at Cambridge, under lhe tutorage of $imeon (Neill 27), M*rtyn delivered his Evangelical message to crowds of people both in Dinapur and Kanpur during the next four years, ,{ Muslim, Sheikh Salah, came inùo contact vith Martyn and Corrie. Martyn baptised the Muslim io December, lEll. S¿lah t,ook the Christian name, Àbdul Masih (Gibbs {0). 32 Masih vas later ordained by Bishop Heber inüo the Anglican clergy, Martyn, in

his seven yeflrs in India, translated the Nes' Testament into Urdu, and also persien and began vorking on an Arabic revision (Neill 2?7), He died io Persia on his way home to England in lBlZ,

Thomas Thomason, a süaunch Evangelical, replaced David Brovn in lgt2, Along vith Daniel Corrie, Thomason would be the mainsúay of the Evangelical movement in Bengal betveen lE06 and lSlS (Laird I-6),

Betveen the years 1793 a¡d lïll, a considerable amount of "mission ary and quasi missiÐtrary vork" (Laird 6) ùook place in India often vith the "coo.oivatrce rather than the official permission of the East India Company,, (Laird 6), In September, IEOE, the Court of Directors of the East India company sent the folloving message to chaplains in India explaining their positionr

He are anxious,,,that it should be distinctþ understood that ure ilÍe very far fron being av-erse to the iotroduction of Christianity into Indiaior indifferen¿ t¡ [he benefits vhich vould result fron the geaeral diffusion of its doctrines, butu'e have a fixed anðseËled opioion that no[hing could be more unvise and impolitic, and even norç likely t,o frustrat,e the hopãs and endeavours of t"hose vho are aimine af this verv object..,than.any imprudent or injudicious attenpt tå introduce it by means vhich shoulil irritate and aiarm their lthe native Indians] religious prejudices,,.The paramoun[ por¡er vhich ve now possess in India undoubtedly demands fron us an additional caution upoo this subject; it imposes-our upotr us the necessity, as vell as strengthening obligatioo, to proæct thÀ native inhahita¡ts in the frie and ündisturbed profession of their religious opinions, asd t0 take care that they are oeither harasséd nor irritaæd by any premalure or over-zealous altenpts to convert them t0 Christianity,..\Fe rely oo your discretion that you vill abstain from alt unrieces$ary or os¡e'ntariàus interference vith [heir proceedings,,,(quoted in Kaye 513), 33 As 1813 approached, hoc¡ever, the Evangelical movement in England united behind Charles $ran[ and William Filberforce in a call for open missionary

aecess t¡ India, The former fears of the British, specificially of a reaction ag*inst their tra.ding alliances if they were involved in sprea.diog Christianity, had

diminished. Wilberforce successfully introduced into the 1813 Charter of the East

India Company a clause permitting missionaries t,o function under the auspices of their particular societies in India (53 George III, c155, sec xxxiii), Wilberforce,s

argument is vorth strating for it represents the tbrusi behind the Evangelical movemen[,

,,,íf the prineiples and morals of or_rr East India felloq¡- subjects vere indeed so admir¿ble [as professed by the orientalistsl, íf they r¡ere even better than our oú,o, it vould be a fact that would belie the experience of all other times and countries, lVhen vas t6ere ever yet a nation on vhich the light of Christianity nover shone, which vas not found in a state of the grossest moral darkness, debascd by principles and lractices and tnfltrners the most fl*gitious *nd cruel,,,A¡d cnn it then be maintained, that ihese must not have produced a proportionate degradation of lheir moral-chanctnt? .{nd is it in a British House of Commons, above all other places, vhere such ¿ doctrine as this is maintained?,.,in truth, ve find the morals and manners of the natives of India just.such fl-c we night-the have been led to erpect from a. knovfedg.e of dark and degratfurg superstitio's, *s politicat u¡ell fls of the - hondagd undei vhich they have so long boved dovn,.,common humanity, prompt ^should us to exert alt legitinaæ methods for producing the discontinuañce of them,,.(quoted irMarshal tS7-E ),

Hilberforce ï¡as not only supported in his argumeni by the general attitudes of the British population but also by a resolution of the Committee of the

Protesüant Society for the Protection of Religious Liberty on March 2, tEl3, The resolutio¡ read:

That ¿ts rner, ris Britons, and as Christia¡s, this j4 Comnittee continue ùo regard vith anguish and vith horror, the..+oral depression and religious ignorance of very millions of imnorüal beings, vho pãopte the plains of India, subjec[ t0 Brirish pover, ïnai ¿heir hearts are pained at the fearful pãnances, licentious rites,. .fegale degradation, humãn sacrifices, and horrible infaoticide, vhich there prevail: noã t¡æ, convi?ced by hisbory, observation aÃd experience, [hal christianity vourd afford inestinable benäfits, trJ their diffusion is practicabre, {¡ise and imperalive,"¿ they cannot bu[ preserve eninently to desire its speedy and unive¡sal proÎulgalion throughout the regiôns of t¡e East.,,That motives, urgent and iecitable, mrist therefoie induce this committee stiil t,o deplore and condemu evsry obstacle vhich has been in-terposed to prevent the disper.sion of gloon qo lastlng and so profoind, by the irraditing beams of Christian truth (quotsd ii Marshal lS5-6),

Thus, the East India Company Charter of lStS included a clause which alloved mission¿ries officially into India in order to provide both useful knovledge and religious improvement ()3 Geo III, cl)), sec xrxiii), In addition, the Charter provided for a Bishop and three archdeacons to be established in the three Presidency toc¡ns of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay, Their salaries vere to be paid out of ûares upon the indigenous oeooles of India; j000 pounds for the Bishop pounds and 2000 for each archdeacon (6ibbs 5l), In short, the Hindus and Muslims were ûilred to pay tremendousty high salaries to the Christian church establishment.

The Âneliean Church Begins

The first Bishop of calcutt¿ vas Thonas Fanshav Middleton, a High churchman (Neill 2?71,t¡ho vas appointed on June B, lst4 (Gibbs )7), Middlet¡n arrived in Calcutta in Decomber, lgl4 (Gibbs )7). His greaüest achievement is considered to be the establishment of Bishop's College in Calcutta (Neill ZZ7). Bishop's College was estrablished t¡o traio nen for ministry in the Anglican 3J cburch as vell as school teachers.

Reginald Hefier replaced Middleton as Bishop of calcutt¿ on May 3, lgzS iGibbs 82), Heber was born .4pril Zl,l7ïg, After attending Brasenose College at Oxford University (Laird 1{), hç travcllsd with John Thoraton, aophvw qf thc promilent Evangelical, member of the Clapham Sect and friend of Wilberforce,

Henry Thor¡ton, The tl¡o travelled on an unconyentional Grand Tour, due

primarily t',0 the Napoleonic Wars, üo Sveden, Poland, Russia and Norway bets¡een lE05 and 1S07, Heber's travol journals during this period express a romantic

attitude tovards the beauty of the landscape and a deep concern for the social

conditions of the peasants. These feelings and concerns vould later become

imporùant aspects of his missionary vork in India, 0n his return t,o England in 1807, Heber replaced his father as Rector of Hodnet in Shropshire (Gibbs El), Heber's interest in India vas furthered q¡hon he married.A,melia Shipley, niece of ihe vife of Sir William Jones, an 0rientalist and founder of the Royal Asiatic

Society in 1E09 (Gibbs 6l), Yhen Heber vas appointed prebendary of St, Asaph,s

Cathedral in 1817, his theological convictions, a mixture of Evaagelical and Orientalist influences, toot ¿ middle ground betveen the right-viog Evangelical movement and the High Churchnen of the Anglican church (Laird lE). G,D, Bsarce con[ends, hovever, that Heber "wils [norel closely connected vith the Evangelical wing of the Anglican church" (E:), vhile George Snith describes him as "broadly evangelical" (55), The Evangelicals continued üo stress the authority of personal religious experience based on the Scriptures vhile the Hieh

Churchmen enphasÞed "apostolic succession, the episcopal order, and the need for stric[ observance of the discipline, liturgy aod sacraments of the Church of (Laird England" l8). The High Churchmen also believed in the importance of the indivisibility of the Church and Sùate. 36 Regìnald Heber wrote poetry and composed many hymns during his years as prebendary of sù. Asaph, His hymns include ÍIoIy, âoty, âoty, ronl tod ,4tøight!t' Bri$:htest aad best pf tha Soas af tùe Moraiag:, God that ñtadest ^Fann a.ad Heatryd and the missionary hymn, Gtyeal*adb r"y Mouatatbs. He vas a frequent contributor t,o the 0uartedl¡ Review and vrote alarge text on the life of

Jeremy Taylor, a seventgenth centr.rry,{ngriean divine {Laird z0),

0n Decembør 2, lE??, Heber r¡ûs approached by an old friend, charles

Yatkio Filli¿ms Vynn, President of ¿he Board of Control for India, about a possible appointment as Bishop of Calcutùa (Laird 24; Gibbs 82). IIeber accepted wyno's offer on January lz, tszï, at the age of for[y (Gibbs gz; Laird z4), The Letters Patsa¿, daæd May ?, lE?3, appointed Heber to the post of Bishop of calcutta

vhich at that time included all the t€rritories vithin the limits of the East India Company Charter, Nev South Wales and its dependenees of Australia and New Zea.lnnd (Gihhs s2), IIç ç'as conseçrated Bishop of calcuttn on June l, lgz3, at Lambeth Palace (Laird Chapel, Londoo 26; Gibbs S3), He vas enthroned in St, John's Cathedral, Cafcutta, on 0ctober 10, lg23,

Reginald Heber, ths second Bishop of Calcutta, spent his first sir months in India organizing the Bishop's office in Calcutta, Through the Indian Bishops Act of l8?3, he vas 6iven a house in Calcutta n¡d a travelling allos¡ance (4 Geo iv, c7l ), Ia addition, the Bishop vas given the pover to ordain Indians for service in ({ the church Geo iv, c7l), One of Heber's first acts c¡as to confirn Daniel fürrie as Archdeacon (Gibbs of Calcutta E3; Laird 27), He then licensed all CMS missions (Gibbs vith Anglican orders 63) and continued the vork begun by Middteton on

Bishop's College in Calcutta (Gibbs E3), Under the Indian Bishops and Courts ,{ct, he ordained a Tamil from Sri La¡ka, Christian David, as deacon on Ascension Day and as a priest vith Anglican orders on Trinity sunday, ls24 (Gibbs E3). 37 Heber began using his travelling allovance in June, 1g24, Along with Daniel Corrie, he visit€d nor[hern India including Atlaha.bad, Lucknov, Delhi aod

Âgra, In addition, they travelled to Bombay from where they sailed !o Sri Lanka, returning to calcutt¿ by sea ia August, lg2j. During his fift¿En month journey, Heber consecral€d churchss, delivered sermons and convert,sd natives t¡

Christianity. He visited both the East India Company's terriùories as vell as many princely stat¿s iocluding the cour[ of ¿he Mahamia of Baroda (Heber 364). His journals, vritten during the fifteen month period to his vife, record his love for the Indian landscape as vell as for its people.

0n November 30, 1E25, Heber ordained as deacons a Muslim, Abdul Masih; a

Eurasian, william Bowley, a¡d a German Lutheran missionary of the cMS,

Theophilus Reiehart, (tibbs s7). 0n December Zl,lEZ', the three nen becane priests in the Anglican church (Gibbs g7),

Bishop Heber believed that British rule vould prove "a benefi[ for India" (Heber quoted in Laird ZZ), Hovever, he vas often critical of rhe distribution of reverlues feeling that the British vere sr.rilty of not providing proper public c¡orks for the benefits of the natives (Heber l7l-Ð. In addition, he vas critical of the exclusion of upper-cttse India¡s from civil service and milit¿ry positions (Heber 371-Ð, I[ does not appear, hor¡ever, tha[ Heber had any reservations a'bout the anount of his salary such as those voiced by his predecessor, Bishop Middleton, vho felt he vas unable to live on such a nodest vage (Gibbs 5E), Bishop Heber's affections for the natives of India did not, hovever, include their religions. Instpad, he reflected the Evangelical attitude tova¡ds

Christianization on the sub-continent. Heber felt thaf ühe amia.ble qualities of the na[ives had arisen despite their religion stating:

All thaf is bad abouù them appears ûo arise either from the defective motives vhicf their religion supplies, oi ã8 the vicked actions which it rçcçrds of thçir gods, or encourages in their ovn pra_ctice (Ilsber, d tharge fulìwrcd to tâe tlergy of tåe Dtbceæ of talcuüa t8_g-).

Still, Heber recognized the goodness in tåe natives encornpr6sing an

interest in every aspect of Indian life from the local peasant t,o the titular Mughal

Emperor, In aoother charge to the clergy in calcutta, Heber comment€d:

I have found arace of gentle and tnmperate habits, vith a natural t¿lent aod acuÞless beyond the ordinary level of mankind, aod with a thirst for general knovledge, vhich the re¡owned and inqüisitive Athenians ¡ould surpassed or ôqualled (Heber, þ"rdly lave Å Cûarge hliuercd to the ttbrgy of ¿he Dlbceæ of falcuîla,May ZT , lSZ4).

Âlthough tolerant of Indiao r¡ays, excepting their religion, Heber,s Evangelical tendeocies made him ultimaüely hope to convert alt of the natives of India to Christianity, In fact, he vent so far as to suggest that the Baptists of Serampore should unite with the Anglican church in India for this purpose, If this oecurred, Heber believed "the harvest of the heathen vorld vould long be reaped, and the vork of the Lord vould advance amorrg them vith a clarity of which we noq¡ have no experience " (Heber quot,ed in Marshman zg3,). His int€rest in having the tvo movements united for the advancement of Christian beliefs did not happen, basically because of the theological divisions in the tvo ecumenical approaches (Neitl 22s),

The Bishop continued to preach, travelling throughout India, He left Calcutta for Madras on January 30, lEZ6. His intention vas to settle questions which had arisen in the southern missions (Gibbs 8s), The problems of the caste in the church began vhen certain boys, attending the Veprey church, vere as¡arded a special seat each s¡eek tear the pulpit for their interpretation of the 3e previous (Gibbs veeks' sergro ES). The division rp¿rs betveen the pariahs, "trnt'nucha.bles", atrd members of the congregation belonging to the Sudra ça*cte,

The Sudras caused nore discord vithin the Church over [he communioo service, Fearing coot¿mination, they [the Sudras] refuscd æ drink fron the comnunion

challice folloving a Pariah (Gibbs Es), Bishop Heber vas unable to recommend

any solutions t¡o the problems v¡hich ha.d arisen betveen the Pariahs and the Sudras due to the events of April 3rd. Ileber arrived in Madras on March 9,

travelling to Tanjore on March 25 where he delivered his Easter sermon. 0n Mareh 31, Heber teft Tanjore for Trichinopoly vhere he held a confirmation service on Monday, April 3 (Gihbs S9-90), Heber's love for the natives of Indi*, fuelled by his Evangelical zeal fot their conversion, vas the impetus behind his travels and his devotion to the vor& of the church. while in Trichinopoly, he delivered sermoûs and offered confirnation services vhich lasted in excess of seveû (Gibbs g9-90), hours in severe heat "The gentle Bishop, vho preferred to dress in vhite trousers and a vhite hat in public" (4, Heber 29s) died later that day, .{Ithough his presence in India vas to etrcomprms only two years and six months, his influence r¡rm such that "he left a deep impression on the mind of India [more so] thao any other ma¡, vith the possible exception of Francis (Kaye xavier" 266), c,v, Le Bas continues the praise for Heber adding: The singlegesq of his heart, the simplicity of his f,aoners, the heave_nly sveetness of his teóper, the passiona-te devotion of all his faculties to the voik of an evangelist, seemed to hend tovards him the hearts of all the people, as the heart of one man, They vho vere, at first, surpised at the unos[ent¡atious práinness of his demeanour s¡e.re sootr impressed by his vast resources and genuine dignity of his nind (352_3), 4o The Heher Monument

Bishop Heber r¡as memorialized in a number of monuments executed by Sir (17s1-1s41), Franeis Chantrey One is located io St, Paul's Cathedral, London (fig, 48), and another in Calcutt¿. The deeply carved monumeût in pure white marble to Heber Madras (fig, in Cathedral 3:) vas exeçuüed by Chantrey in 1S30, Chantrey memorializes Heber's Evangelical tendencies ûovard the conversion of

the natives in India, The Bishop, depicted in heavy cleric robes, kaeels on a cushion blessing an Indian couple. The couple, rrith their heads boved, kneel before Herber' Än open Bible rests on a stand. The depiction, like Chantroy's

other Bishops, is n¿turalistic and reflects the influence of the Elgin Marbles (British Museum, Londo¡) on the artist's style (Liscombe 34). There has been ¡o attempt at classical allegory, The moaument is, in fact, a larger versioa of the sceûe of the Bishop blessing an Indian couple executed on the back of the inscription tablet for Chantrey's Heber statue in St, paul,s Cathedral, London,

The stance of the Bishop relates directly to the free st"aoding sculpture by chantrey in st, Paul's cathedral, London (fig, ag). Hovever, the figures in the Madras memorial are ertremoly out of proportion. The Bishop, as a symbof of the rlhurch, towers over thç natives making them appear to be quíte smnJl In fact, the Bible is ahnost as large as the natives, Ch*ntrey has symboli¿ed the attitudes of the eady nineteenth century Evaogelical movement and the pover of the Church in this depiction, The intent of the message, therefore, is relaùed to the

Evangelical desire to convert aII the nalives of India üo the Christian religion; that they should prostrate themselves before the British church.

chaotrey's monument ùo Bishop Heber is the most direct of all the sculptures in Ma.dras addressing the attitude of eady nineteenth ceatury Britain tovards India. The mo¡ument nol only shovs the natives prostrating themselves 41 bofore the Church but. shovs the British attitude tovards Indian females in the depiction of the Indian female as bare-breast,ed. In facù, Sir Thomas Munro,

Governor of Madras from 1E?0-7, in his defence of native womeo, wen[ ùo great lengths to point out this çxûreme prejudice to ths British authorities (Krishnasvami 22û. The figure by Chantrey, displaying British ninet¡enth century morality, is ertremely prejudicial ønd like the depiction of the tovering Bishop, is more related ùo Evangelical philosophy and the imperial aspirations of

the British than ùo the life of Bishop Heber,

Wit'h the death of Bishop Heber, the charge of ths Diocese of Calcutra belonged ùo Archdeacon Daniel Corrie uotil a nes¡ Bishop could be sent from

England, Daniel Corrie was born in 1777, the son of the Reverend John Corrie,

Vicar of Ûsbournby in Liacolnshire, Having decided eady tro enter the ninistry, Corrie enrolled in Trinity College, Canbridge, vhere he came uoder the direct. influence of Chades Sineon i¡ l7ct9 (Gibbs 3j), Simeon r¡as otre of the main supporters of Evangelicalism in England sending his young clergy ûo be "princes in all lands" (Neill 226), Corrie vas ordaioed deacon i¡ lE02 becoming intimate friends vith Henry Martyn the same year (Gibbs 35), Corrie vas ordained a priest in the Evangelical .Anglican church movement in lgû4, Corrie, along vith Martyn, arrived in Calcutt'¿ as chaplains for the East India Conpany in ls06 (Neill 226; Gibbs 3]). In calcutta, corrie stayed r¡ith Reverend David Brov¡. In

December, 1806, Corrie vas appointed chaplain at Chunar and parson t0 (Gibbs Behrampure 35), In addition to his dr¡ties as chaplain to the British troops,

Cçrriç wfls fltr active missionary in the Evan$elical movement, .At Chunar, in l8l0, Corrie laid the foundations for St, Mary's Sikraul, the oldest Aaglican church in

Uttar Pradesh vhich is still in use in the 1980's (Gibbs 67). Corrie acùed as chaplain also at Ägra vhere he established the .Agra Mission as vell as the 4? nission al Meerul. After a brief illness during vhich [ime Comie returned to England, he vas recalled t¡ Calcutta as presidency chaplain (Gibbs 6E). While in Calcutl¿, he served as secretary to the CMS and later as president of the Church

Missionary Association. In lBZ3., os notsd a.bovç, Daoiel Corric was ma,.de

Archdeacon of Calcu$+ by Bishop Hçber, When Ma-dras and Bomhay vere made

separale sees under the Charter Ac[ of 1833, Corrie was appointed, by Bishop

Daniel Filson, as the first Bishop of Madras in November, 1834 (Gibbs 107), Corrie

vas installed as Bishop of Madras on October 28, l83t, io Madras Cathedrat, M. Gibbs has stat,ed that the installation tnok place in St, George's Cathedral fl33),

She is in error, for St, George's Cathedral is the Catholic cathedral in Madras; Corrie s/as ar Anglican. In Madras, Corrie \r'ris responsible for esta,blishing the Madras Granmar School vhich opened on July 1, 1836 (Report of Eishop toptbb

Otammar Srhoot 1E36), The objectives of the school r*¡ere t¡o provide a sound education based on religious principles, Tuition vas 4 rupees per month for the first son and 3 rupees tuition per month for each subsequent male child enrolled,

Female children did not attend. Bishop Corrie died in Ma.dras oo February J, ls?iT,

0n his death, a public subscriptioû \¡a.:¡ raised by the residonts of Madras (Madras Presidency Cathedral Church Records), 12,0û0 rupees vas se[ aside from the subscriptioa for a scholarship fund io Corrie's name for students h attend (Report Madras Grammar School of BÈhop tarr¡b b ütaaaar Scúoal ls6z ), In addition to the scholarships, a monument q'as eomnissioned to he erected in Corrie's memory in Madras Cathedral.

The Corrie Statue

The larger-than-life statue stressing the importance of Comie as the first Bishop of Madras vas execuþd by Briùish sculptor, Henry Feekes flE07-77) (fig, 29), vho received ùhe comnission in tS37 andcompleted the vork in lE4Z.In her 43 book, , M. Gibbs has erroneously crediûed

the work to Sir Francis Chantrey, the sculptor vith vhom Feekes apprenticed

i138), Like the full sta¡ding figures of chantrey's mçmorials, weeks has presented Coffie as a solitary nodera figure dresscd io the cosventional clothes of an Anglican cleric, The drapery is loose fitting and has deeply cut folds. Corrie stands witb his reeL apafi; his left leg extends tovards the viewer bending

slightly. His right leg bears the veight of the statue. Corrie's left arm is draped

over the back of the shoulders of the native vho looks intently int,o Corrie's eyes.

The Bishop holds an open Bible, vhich faces the na[ive, in his left hand. The

native has been depicted in a contemporary vay; he appears barefoot vith a loin

cloth draped diagonally from his vaist, Like his tutor, Chantrey, Weekes has executed the menorial üo Comie vithout allegorical symbolism. The stat¡e, appeariog nore majostic due to its high elevalion above the viever, depicts the

Bishop as a gentlo man c¡ho helped fouod the Evangelical movement io India, The

Gospel vhich Corrie holds ou[ to the India youth vas of funda¡nental import;ance

tn Evangelical philosophy and Corrie's viev of thristian education vhich he fostered in the schools he founded,

Daniel Corrie's replacement as Archdeacon of Calcutt¿ in 1834 vas another

Evangelical, Thomas Dealtry, Deartry vas born üo a poor family in Knottingley, Yorkshire, in 1796, He vas possibly related to Villiam Dealtry, the Evangelical (Gibbs Rector of Clapham 118), Dealtry received no formal educatior as a youth, He tregan earoing money as a tuüor entering st, catherine Hall, cambridge, in tEzJ, He received his LL,B, degree in lszl-ï, Dealtry vas ordained in the Anglican church in l82E vhere he worked as curate in St, peter,s Church,

Cambridge, Dealtry met Chades Simeon, the fervent. Evangelical, vhile at cambridge, It vas at Friday evening prayer meetings at sineon's house that 44 Dealtry met Thomas Thomason vho had recently returned from India, Under [he influence of Simeon and Thomason, Dealtry accept,ed a posting as chaplain t,o the Old Church in Calcuùta in 1629, In lE3), he replaced Daniel Corrie, the newly appointed Bishop of Ma.dras, as Archdeacon of Calcutta (Gibbs llS). Dealtry, the st,aunch Evangelical, baptised nore than five hundred converts in a single (Gibbs ceremorly in 1839 1261, ln 1848, Dealtry returned to England vhere he vas given a position at st. John's church, Bedford Rov, London. In the foltowing year, Dealtry vas co¡secrated as the third Bishop of Madras being inst¿lled in Madras cathedraf on February z, 1950, Deattry assumed the post of Bishop of

Madras at a time when the Church vas firmly est¿blished in India, He stated in his Priøar¡, charge .fulivercd þ rhe crergy of the .drchdeacoar¡, of Maúzs in 1850 that "hov little rea.sor there has been for any.,,misgiviogs. Let the present st¿te of our church ia India, compared vith what it vas vhen you took charge of it, emphatically bear witness,,." (ii), Like his predecessors, Brçvo, Martyn,

ThomasBn and Cçrrie, Dealtry combined his chaplaincy duÈies u,ith an avid int¿rest. in missions. He vas, vhile in Calcutùa, the secr etflry to the cMS, contributing large amounts from his salary to various mission fuods. Dealtry vas satisfied with the amouot of governmen[ support and the enhancement of Christianity in south India, In addition, he vas pleased vith the numbers of native Indiansentering the clergy, 0n 0ctobør24,1E50, io an address t¡ seven ,,,..c¡ith candidates he had ordained as Anglican priests, Doaltry said, these candidates too the erperiment is to be made to v¡hich the hopes of the friends of the Church are anxiously directed:vn, hov far oative pastors may be entrusted c¡ith the flocks already gathered in the fold..," (vi). It appears fron Dealtry,s statement, that regardless of his pleasure at, ordaining the Indian ¡atives, he still had questions regarding their abitity üo sprea.d the word of God, Thonas Deallry 4J continued ùo minister the gospel ùo British officers and troops and to carry on his

missionary s'ork converting the natives of south India to the Christian faith, Thç

third Bishop of Madras, who is memorialþed in a lnoûument in Madras Cathedral

(fig, {0), died in Madras on March {, 1861. The Dealtry Monu¡rent

The monument erected in memory of the Reverend Dealtry (fig, 3l ), lhird

Bishop of Madras, vas executed by Joseph Durhan flSl4-77, and commissioned by Dealtry's frieods in India, The memorial is a deeply carved, nulti-figured relief

tablet construc ed of pure vhite marble. The Reverend Doaltry, r¡hose effigy has

received a naturalistic treatmen[, is the central figure of the group, Dressed in cleric robes, he has his righù hand raised in the act of blessing, Two lodian males, also dressed in cleric robes, kneel before Dealtry, the symbol of the Bri[ish church in India. One of the natives is holding ar open Bible, one of the

cornerst,ones of the Evangelical faith, on which Dealtry places his left hand. The moment of the native ordination is vitnessed by three Europeans, As such it poiots to the Evangelical beliçf of the coaversion of Indians and ultimately, hy

the time of Dealtry's minist-ry, their active place as priests in the A,nglican

church, Like other Evangelicals, Dealtry vanted t,o eradicate idol vorship and

other heat-hen beliefs, maiolaining that the natives vould be be¿ær off under the

rule of the British church and vould overcome their pas[ beliefs and enter int,o

the house of God (iii),

The mass movement ûo native conversion io south India reached aee¡ith in the mid-aineteenth century, In the Telugu speakÍng area, norrh of t{adras, a million çonverts entered the Protestant religion in thirty years (Neitt 2lS), It vas assuned, that regardless of the numbers of the cotrverts, the foreign missionary,

Iike Dealtry, s'ould have his position as patriarch of the Church secured, 46 However, the mass movene¡ts lowards Christianity in the nineteenth centlry vould mean tha[ changes would be needed vithin the structure of the church in order üo accommoda[e the new converts,

The Church Esta.blished

The Church and its missions, like British rule, vas firmty est¿blished in

India during Dealtry's reign as the third Bishop of Madras. Queen Victoria,s proclamatiotr, itr 1S)S, v¡hile recognizing equality and ûoleration of ¿ll native religions, stressed that the official religion of the govertrment of India vas

Christíanity, The Queen st*ted:

Firmly relyiog.outselves on the truth of Christianity, and aeknowledging vith gratitude the solace óf religion, We disclaim alike the right and desire to impose Our convictions otr atry of Our subjects, We declare it to be Our royal vill and please that áone be in anywise favoured, trone molesüed or disquieted by reasoa of their religious faith or observances, but that all shall alike enjoy the equal and inpartial protection of the lav,,.(quoûed in Neitl 274),

The Queen's proclamation, vhile attæmpting to restore the confidence in religious freedoms of the Hindus and Muslims, also gave the same freedoms and rights to the Christian minority, AII people, u¡hatever their religious conviction, were to be free from prejudice and discrimination (Neitt 274), Further, the religious policy of the ûer¡ government of India, that of the British Crova as opposed t'o the East India Company, provided for the state est¿blishment of chaplains for British residents while maintaining a "freedom of Christiao missions on a yolu¡tary basis" (Gibbs 205), changes in goyerrimert policy and the implenentation of ner¡ techoologies ha.d an affect on the Christian church and its missionaries, The introduc[ion of a national systen of education, by the British provided grants in 47 support of Christian colleges (Gibbs 206). The introduction of the postal systen

and the railvays mean[ that visits by miæionaries and correspondence between

the clorgy c'ould be easçd, ",,,thers came about the railvay chaplaia and the railvay parish rri¿h its church, pa.rsonegç, school..." (tibbs z0g), Morc British came ùo India vhich kept Èhe chaplains busy vith their "English-speaking,,

congregations and left [hem little time for missionary vork (Gibbs z0g).

Problems continued vith the rise in numbers of India Christians. 0¡e vas the issue of mixed marriages which vas addressed in the first Indiao Christian Marriage Â,ctof 1864. The actalloved for narriages, reserving the chaplain's full

nuptial blessing by an ordained minister, until both parties vere baptÞed. The Act also addressed the issue of divorce, Permission to re-marry vas given if the

former spouse was deceased. This parù of the Act vas referred to as the pauline (Gibbs privilege 213). In 1866, the Á,ct for the Marriages of Converts vas passed. While Hindus v¡ere included in [he lav, Muslims were not because of their lav vhich dissolved any marriage if one of the parùners reverted to another religion (Gibbs Zla), The passing of these lavs reinforced the place of the India Christian community vithin the pluralism of Indian society. The Christian church gre\¡, but not to the extent ùhat Chades Grant or William Wilberforce vould perhaps have liked' B' Griffiths has attributed the small percentage of Indian Christian co¡versions to the fact. that Christianity rvas preseßted tio the oatives of India as a (Parekkattil vesÙern cult¡re 1E8). The problem began vhen Christianity vas associated with being part of a European political system vhich desired to keep natives in subiec[ioo, It continued vhea [he converts adopted vesternized lifestyles, language and attitude, The converts beca.me aliens i¡ their homeland,

Joseph Cardinal Parekkattil stressed thaÈ it was "the false impression that tn be Christianised meanl üo be 'Festernised' that prevented more natives from 48 mûyertitrg to Christianity (Parekkattit ISS), 49 CHAPTTR FIVE

CONCLUSION

while commemorative monuments caû, in a simple vay, be vieved as part

of a cust,on vhereby a person vas glorified in sto¡e for his accomplishments and contributions to society, [hey are, in fact, more thao that. Donald Reynolds in his book,

stresses [hat, in addition to reviving antique forms, the sculptors working in the nineteenth century felt an ethical need to impose in their work "man's spiritual needs, his most. refined feelings.,.in addition to his ideas of moral and intellectual beauly" (291.

All of the memorials to the clergy serving in India are erected in the churches, They vere intended as tributes to the services of these men in India in

the spread of Evaogelical philosophy, They act as reminders üo other members of

the congregation of the grovth of the Church and the spreading of the Gospel and

as John Butler points out they join all the faithful, the past and present, ùogether "comnu¡.ion (40), in the of saints" The monuments carry the message, as in the work by Chantrey of Bishop Heber (fig, 35), that British religion vas believed superior to that of the natives. Alt of the natives appear small beside the majestic monuments to the European clergy, In this regard, they are a st¿temeat of the assumed por¡er of the Church vhich sav the conversion of natives, not only as a religious ideal but as a rnears to creating a subservient class of followers, The Church has used the Gospel t¡ further its beliefs in British superiority ¿ad its right to the just rule of India, 50 In the monumects, executed for Madras, the sculpt,ors have interpreted the dominant values of British society in the late eighÞenth and eaily nineteenth

century; namely that of Evangelical philosophy and the just rule of India by a western society. These monuments, execuþd by artists that had ¡ever been to India, vhen analyzed caû be said t0 represont the intangible values of contemporary eighteenth and nineteenth century British society. The effigies, paying s¡hile tribute to individual achievemeût, are perceptible sùaüements about

Britain and her values. Bishop Heber represents the patriarchal pover of the Anglican Church and not meroly ths nan. His image, that of the Church, tûr¡ers over the natives and is representative of the Evangelical belief thal Britons \¡ere govern meant üo not only in adminis[ration but also in religious natters in India, Ârmed vith the Gospel, the EvangelicaJs believed their religioo t,o be the only true vay ùo God's salvation as well as t-he means t,o moral self-improvement, The natives vho prostrated themselves before the Engtish church were not considered equal t,o the British, They vould, as Cha¡es Grant hoped, come into the church believing in the Gospel to be loyar serva¡ts of Britain. India was believed to be a society in need of radical change. In part-icular, the Evangelicals sav India as a fer[ile ground for the introduction of a vestern religion. The monuments comnissioned for India reflect these values of late eighteenth and eady aineüee¡th ceotury Eagland in the stance of the individuals, the events depicùed and the epitaphs for the sculptures, The monuments celebraùe ar| aL the service of philosopbical beliefs. The British, exalting their Evangelical heroes, recognized themselves and their ideals in the works of sculptrre, The ¡atives, io turn, could reflect oo British accomplishneots for the vorks can be seeû as propaganda espousing British religious ideals as vell as the just rule of India by avesÞrn society, 5l Sculptures Present ia Madras

More British works of sculpture exist in Madras than previously reported,

Rupert Guinness eites thirty-tvo *¡orks executed for Madras in his book, Dictisanr.v sf Britich Ssulgtorc, Thçrq æro, in faet, fifty-o¡r.s ç¡isting workc in Madras of this period These iaclude four publie mosuments, Three of them are in

their original location, the brosee equestrian statue dedicated ûo Sir Thomas

Munro on the Island, the bronee equestrian süatue to Colonel Neill on Mount Roa.d

near the Cathedral and the broaze memorial to Queen Vict,oria (fig. 66) on the

Madras vaterfront, The marble statue t¡o Lord Cornvallis (fig, 60-t) is nov housed in the Fort Museum, There are tventy-five sculptures in Madras Cathedral of this

period, nineteen in St, Mary's in the Fort, one sculpture in St. Thomas Garrison

Church, one bust in St. ,{ndrev's Kirk and one bust on the second floor of the Fort

Museun of this period. With the exception of the Cornvallis sùatue, all vorks

appear to be in original condition shoving no signs of cracking or repairs. The

Cornwallis statue appears to have been repaired several times, no doubt due to its

numerous moves between lS00 and 1948.

Commenton All the Madras Monuments

Many of the monuments, executed for Madras, Iike those designed for

England, ate variaLiotrs or other designs executod by the artist, or in some cases, by another artist, which \rere popular. Notable examples are the monuments ûo Frederick christian swart $îg, zÐ and Jane Amelia Russell (fig, 20-l) by John Bacon, Jr,, vhich arevarialìons of his Samuel WhiihraadMemorthl(Cardington, Bedsi tfig, a9i' Edvard Richardson adopted design elemests from John Flaxnan's .4gaes ùvmwell Meøorialin his small marble ta,blet dedicated to Catherine Lushingt,on (fie,3g),

The quality of the vorkmanship varies dramatically betveen the artists ,2 and vithin vçrks executçd by the samç artis[, Many of Èhç sculptors employed

assistants in their workshops. In some insüances, these assistants vould complete

the final sculpture folloving the artists' original model, There is a drarnatic difference in the quality of vorkmanship io monuments by John Eacon, Jr,, (fig, Keble Moauøeat 5-5¡, Swa¡b frfoauøeat (fig. 22-3), and (fig. ZZ-D, Lhe

taaa ÅøakhRnæII f,{eøorìalønd the monumen[ to Davies and Nattes (fig, 3] signed by bolh Bacon aod his partner, Samuel Manning, The latt¿r is clumsily

executed, Iacking both skill in carving and i¡ the overall design of the vork. The

flavs of the vork cannot. be attributed to Bacon, for by the time the vork to Davies

and Nattes vas executed, Bacon vas only a "silent" partner of the firm, Bacon and

Manning, John Flaxmao's lnemorials t,o Josia.h Webbe $ie.Zal and Barry Close (fig, 1) are exquisitely carved shoving Flaxman's.nasüery of both te chnique aod

design, Flaxman's nemorial to lohansis Mousley (fig, aa) is, hovever, both lacking in detail and fine carving, The inconsiston[y in Flaxman's vork has been attributed to his inability to transpose his initial naquotte int,o tho final sculpture causing difficultiss in the overall design, Thonas Banks' relief carving o¡ the pedestal of the monunent to Lord Cor¡rvallis $ig. a7) shovs the artists'ability with fine carving and det¿il. The statue of Cornvallis, in comparison, is poo¿y executed in both detail and surface handling of [he naterial. other notruments display inconsisteotvorkmanship vithia the same memorial. one example is the monument to Joseph Moorhouse by Chades Pear[ (fig. 1l-3). The carving of the maia motif, Briüannia riding her lioo crowning the portrait bust of Moorhouse, is poody designed vhile the carviog betveen the central moùif aod the inscription tablet, along with other sculptural details such as the lion pav brackets, display both attention to deùail and fi¡e executioa. Chades Harriott. Smith's memorial t0

Charles Harwood Hígginson $ig, 36-n shovs not only the sculptor,s masûery of )3 technique but also his accomplished use of allegorical symbolism. The tvo free- staoding sculpturos by Henry Feeks in Madras Cathedral, rhe Ðaarct torcìe SMae$ig' 29) and the Stephea lushiagtoa Sta¿ae$iø, {0), are the finest overall examples of ¿bree-dimensional marble sculpture in Ma.dras. A number of the

nonuments are sinply inscription üablets vith a draped urn, the symbol of death, as tha ooly sculptural det¿il,

Future Sources of Sùudv

The monuments not only serve as examples of British philosophicat

thought in the eighûeenth and nineteenth century but can be used to study British art of the period in loco, The c¡orks themselves erhihit the numerous

stylistic ranges executed by artists working in Britain, This stylistic range could be utilized by local students of vestero art history to document the development of

the neo-classical style, from that originally based on Roman copies to those vorks that display the influence of true Greek ar[ present in Brit¿in ia the form of the

üSia MaúleslBritish Museum, London ),

For students of colonial history, the men and vomen to vhom the sculptures are dedicated share a common history betveen India and Britain, The epitaphs serre as historical records vhere information is scarce or non-exisûent, Future research should focus on documenting all the vorks in India executed by British sculptors, Due ùo the number of errors made by vriùers on Indian üopics vho have trever travelled to India, this research should be carried on in India, Numerous examples exist in Calcutt¿ and Bombay, mary of c¡hich have been moved from their original sites, as vell as in smaller centres like

Tanjore and 0otacamund, This information should be made available, not only to the Indian sonertrment for preservation consideration but also to the British,

India contains a vast amount of undocumented vorks by some of the finest British 14 sculptrors rts vell as beautifully executed works by many lesser known artists. JJ APPENDIXA

A HISTORY OF MADRAS FROM IJZ?TO ISST

The Carnatic, a section of southeastorn India on the Bay of Bengal, ruled by

the Hindu dynasty of Vijayanagar, began to be populated along the Coromaadel

Coast by European trading n¿tions u¡hen the Portuguse esøblished a site at San

Thome in 1J22. The United East India Conpany of the Ne[hedands landed æ Masulipatam in 1605. Their secood factory vas at petapoli vith their third being

established a[ Pulicat, The Portuguese destroyed the unarmed fort of the Dutch at

Pulicat on June 9, l6t? (Muthiah 12). It was rebuil[ as aû armed fortress by

Vemmer van Berchem in t6l3 ¿nd rras called Geldria (Mu[hiah tZ), Geldria

became [he centre of Dutch pover on the Coromandel Coast. vi[h van Berchem as

its Governor. The English landed at Masulipaüan, under the comma¡d of Captain

Hippon, of the tlobe, in sepÞnber, 16ll. After tvo yea.rs, Hippon received a

grant. from the Navah of Golconda in 1613, to establish a for[ified factory at (Muthiah Masulipatam 14). Under a joint protection agroement, betven the Dutch and British governmeûts, the East India Company set up ao agericy at Pulicat in 1619, The Danes settled atTranquebar in 1620 vith the English setting up anottrer factory at Durgarayapatam lArmagonl in r6zs, The French vere the last

European po\¡er t¡ estâblish ø facjæry on the Coromandel Coast aù Pondicherry in 1674. All of Èhe countries vere attr¿cted t,o this coasüal arca because of trade advantrages. The region vas popular for iæ chinte naÞrial, a painted cotton cloth utilieing vegetable dyes whose colours becane more vibrant n'ith vashing, The cloth, produced only at the time in India, vas in great demand in Europe and England. In addition, the coromandel coast afforded good positioning for :6 Conpany ships sailing further East,

0n Áugust 22, 1639, Francis Day, Chief .A,dministrator for the East India Company atDutgarcyapøtam [Armagonl, landed ata site behreeo the villages of Madraspatam and Chennapatamin the Eogtish ship, TáeEag:Ie(Muthiah g). Itvas here that Day leased the present site of Fort st, George from the Naik of Poooamallee, Darm¿la Á,yappa, The "firman", 0r agreement, signed by Dry rea.d: ,.,vhereas Mr, Francis Day, Captain of the English at Armagon, upon great hopás b/reason of our pionises offten made unto him hath repaired to our port at Madraspatam and had personall õonference vitå us in behalfe gl thr Company of that nation, concerning their tradinq in our territories and friendly commerce vith our subjcts, ve out of our spetiall rove ând favor to the English,. doe- grant unto- the said Capt¿in, oi vhosoever that Company by vertue of thið firman, pover to direct and order the building of a fort and castle in or about Madraspatam, as they sharl thinke most convenient: the charges, vhereof, until fully and vholly.finished, to be defiayed to us, but then ú G; repaied vhen the said English shalr first make their enterance . þ. take possession thereof.,,(quoted in Ramasnrami ZI),

The leasing of the land, in order to establish a fortified facgrlry, vas in respotrse to fümpaoy troubles vith both the Golcondas and the Dutch at the site of

their first facùory on the coromandel coast, Masulipatam, The nev site ¿t Madraspatam was about lkm in length and Z km in vidth, Iocated betveeo the mouth of the cooum River nnd the Buckiagham canal (R*maswami I; Muthiah l), Its uain disadvantage r¡as the sites lack of a natural harbour,

Ândrec¡ cogan, Agent for the East India company, arrived vith Day at the proposed fort site on February 20, t640, along vith several q¡riûers and twenty- five European soldiers (Lav¡ford 2; Muthiah 9; Ramaswami 4Ð. The fortified enclosure, named Fort St, George in remembrance of the patron saiot on vhose t7 day it \yas coosecraþd, April 23,164t, cost 9250 pagodas (Muthiah 9), While the firnan appears t,o read that the initial cost of building the fortified onclosure would be borne by the Naik, in fac[, mosl of the funds contributed came directly from Francis Day. Day had had difficulties in raising monies from the Engtish hoadquarters at Sural and in obtaining official permission aod support to build the fort at Ma.draspatam from the Directors of the East India Company in London

(Muthiah 9; Ramaswami 40-3). The Company, however, under Agent Cogan, officially moved t,o Fort. St, George oo September 24, 1641, fron Masulipatam.

Under further cooditions of the firnao granted to Èhem, tbe Company was [o receive half of the customs and reverrues from the port vhile enjoying the benefit of not paying any cusüoms on their goods landing by sea, Any goods camied over land, through the terri ories of the Naik, vould be subject to half the customs duties paid by other merchants. The English vsre also given the right to mint coins (Ramasq¡ami Zü, Io exchange, the Naik asked for horses and an annual use of Company ships so that he might bring "hat¡ks, pamots, apes and suchlike baubles" to his kingdom, Lastly, the Naik asked for shelter in the fort if he was attacked (Laq¡ford 20),

By the autumn of 1641, there q¡ere approxinately three to four hundred families of veavers, from c'hom the English purchased chint¿, settled in the area outside the Fort knovn as "Black Tor¡r" (Muthiah 17), "Vhit€ To'vn", the area inside the Fort, ha.d approximately seventy houses occupied by thirty-five

European soldiers and a number of natives who vere employed as Company peoûs ilavford 2{; Muthiah l7), The military officers of the Fort lived beneath the walls while the merehants and civilian population lived vithin the factory

(Davies 24), Within sirty years, Fort St. George had grovo inüo a major city vith a population of 3110,00û (Ilavies 2{), The flfraügemeat of the areflrç, known as "White 58 "Black T0wo" and T0\¡o", vas 0û a planned grid-iron pattern of streets; this was

the first erample of English town planning in India (Davies 24),

shah Jehan, [he Mughal Enperor of northern India, directing the campaigns of Mir Jumla, eliminated the power of ¿he Vijtyanagars. Hindu rule in

South Indiavas replaced by the Mughal elnperor, Aurangzib (1658-1707), in 1688,

At that time, native power in the Carnatic vas divided betveen the Mughals and

Mahrathas' The Mughal Carnatic, ç¡hich had previously been a province of [he Golkonda, included the British settlenent at Madras, The Company began, at this

time, to pay ao annual rent. to the Mughals of one lakh of rupees, 6000 pagodas for the security of their trade in the region of Madras (Wheeler 94). The Mahratha Carnatic iocluded the French seùtlement, at Pondicherry. It, vas felt by the

British, aù the time, that their naval por/er vould be able t¡ avert any attacks by

ùhe Mughals, At [his time, the Directors of the East India company began to

apprcciaÌn the Fort that had beon esûablished by Day and Cogan (Wheeler S9). A "balance of power" kept an uneasy FeflcB betveen the Mughals, who vere at var vith the Mahrathas, and [he British at Madras for seventy years (Wheeler gE),

In 1690, the British were able to establish anoüher fort, A local noble, Raja Rama, sold them a semi-ruined edifice near Cuddalore, sixteen miles south of Pondicherry (Lavford 63). The nev forl vas named Fort st, David.

The Mughals and Mahrathas continued t,o volley for power in the Carnatic,

Is December,1692, the Mughals, defeated by the Mahrathas, fled ùo Madras asking

for protection from Elihu Yale, Governor of Ma.dras. The British offered them proteetion and supplied their leader, Zulfikar Khan, vith gunpovder and other mifitary services in erchange for ar additional firman for the Company (Vheeler

99). Zulfikar Khan defeatsd the Mahrathas at Tanjore in 1697 and vent on !o capture Jinji, the renovned fortress of the Carnatic, in 169E, Khan nos¡ demanded 5e additional rent from [he British toüalling 10,000 pagodas, or 4000 pounds ste¡ing, in exchange for their trading monopoly al Ma.dras, which the British paid {Wheeler 102).

The Mughal Emperor, Auracgeib, diçd in 1707, The¡c çnsucd much rivalry

betv¡een Mughal claimants to the throae; from 1707 to 1720, eight successors to

Aurangzib reigned, vith only one dying of nalural causes (Lavford jl). Madras

vas ultimately included in the Mughal province of Arcol, an areøfron the Kistna River southvard üo the Kileroon, bounded on ühe nor[h by the Nizam of Hydenbad's territory, on the vest, by the terri ory of Mysore, oo the south by the

Hindu kingdom of Trichinopoly and Tanjore and on the east by the Bay of Bengal, vhich vas ruled by the Nawab of Arcot, The Nav¡ab of Arcotvas, hovever, under

direct. cootrol of the Nþam of Hyderabad, Chin Kulich Khan (Wheeter 135).

Friction broke out be[veen the Nieam and the son of the Navab of Arcot, Subdar Äli who, had succeeded his father in 1740 (Majumdar 9E3), Subdar Ali,u¡ithout consulting the Nizam, had offered the Mahrathas tvo million pounds ste¡ing in exchange for the kingdom of rrichinopory, Ári vas murdered at vellore; struggles for pover continued amongst the Mughal lea.ders under the NÞam of Hyderabad

The main European rival to British trade along the Coromandel Coast vas the French, Bctween 1720 and 1740, French trade vas valued at E80,000 pounds, or half that of the East India company (spear T7l. v arc in Europe, namely the war of Austriaa Succession (17{0-4S) and the Seven Years Far (1756-63), placed Brit¿in and France in opposite alliances and increased the problems betveen the tvo trading nations i¡ India, In l7{1, Joseph Francois Dupleix vas Governor of Pondicherry vhen a British naval fleet consisting of three ships and a frigate armed c¡ith [wenùy guns, commanded by commodore Barnet, captured several 60 French ships, Intent upon establishing a French empire in the Carnatic, French

troops began ùo threaten Fort st, David in January, 1746 (Lawford 70), They vithdrew when Barnet's ships vere sighted off the coast, Again in l746,aFrench fleet, of nine ships carrying 2000 French and 1000 African soldiers, under the command of Francois Mahe La Bourdonnais, Governor of Mauri[is, appeared off (Lawford the Madras coast 70), The French, under previous orders by the Navab

not to attack Madras, did so in August of L746, Le Bourdonnais landed his ships and began putting his men and equipment ashore near St. Thomas Mount vhile other

soldiers marched north to Madras from Pondicherry (Lavford 7l), 0n September

10, t746, Fort St, George, with its 150 European inhabit¿nts and j00-500 peoris, surrendered to theFrench (Lac¡fordTI), The treatyread; Fort st. George and the tovrn of Madras vith all their dependencies shall today, l0 September, at tl¡o o,clock in the afternoon be put ñ the ha¡ds of La Bourdonnais,,.all the garrlson and in general all the English vho are in the fort shall remaln prisooers of r¡ar;,,,the gamison shalt be conducted ûo Fórt St. David prisoners of var; and if the tovn of Madras be resùored by ranson.the English shatt be free ûo take possessioa again of -their garrison to defend themselvès against the people of the country..,Made and drafted i-n tle French caÍlp, l0 September t746 (quoted in mvfor¿ 7J).

The French occupied Madras from 0ctober, 1746, to a,ugust, 174g, Fort st, rvas David made the seat of the British Presidency during this period, Madras vas restored to the English, s¡ith the French getting Cape Breton Island in North

American, under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapetle in l74g (Wbeeter 139),

The French, however, continued to be a rtreoaûce to the British in their attempts to ceptureFortSt, David during 174E,

The Nieam of Hyderabad died in 1748, The French and English began vying 6t to have influence, in the form of "puppet" rulers, in Hyderabad, Arcot and Trichinopoly,

In 1751, vhen Robert Clive arrived in Madros, as a captrain in the British army, the French controlled Hyderaba.d and Arcot with the English in command of

the ruler at Trichinopoly. The British at Fort St. George felt. that Trichinopoly vas

in danger of a French att¿ck, Clive mounted a campaign ûo capture the Navab of Ärcot with 200 European soldiers and 300 sepoys (Lavford lI5), Clive and his

arûy left Ma.dras on August 27, l7Jl, marchiag through the monsoon and

thunderstorms to reach Arcot (Lavford 115-6), Ten miles from .Arcot, Clive

received nevs that the gamison had been abandoned by the military; the

residents believed that the British vere beine ted by the devil himsetf to have come through such storms (Lavford 116). The citizens of Årcot, numberiog

100,000, c¡elcomed Clive. Clive hetd.{rcot for more than fifty days resistiog every assault by the ereüy. The M¿hrathas reached Clive's defense in November (Wheefer 145; Lavford 120), By the end of December, l7)1, the British vere in control of Trichinopoly and Arcot,

In March, 17J2, Lhe French once agaio began attacking British-held Triehinopoly, They vere driven back in defeat by Stringer Laurence on June 3, 1712,

Peace vas established vith the French in 1714, It lasted untif the amival of

Comte Lally de Tollesdal in March, 17j8, vho beseiged Madras on December 14, l75E' Lally and his troops left in defeat in February, t7J9, 0n January tT,1760,

Lally and the French captured Wandeu'ash, The British, under Eyre Coote, took the French at Wandevash on January 28,1760. By February ó, Coote had captured not only Wandevash but also Chittapet and Arcot (Lavford 265), In eady March,

Coote began his systematic attack on the French; his goal vas pondicherry, He 62 captured Valdavur, l l miles north of Pondicherry, then Tiruvadi, 25 miles southeast. He then captured Cuddalore. Lally sought assistance from Hydçr Ali

vho sent reinforcements to Pondicherry oû June 4 (Lavford 270). 0n January 16, 1761, neaúy a-year after the seige on the French had begun, Cootp took possession

of Pondicherry demanding unconditional surrender from its 3000 inhabitan[s,

The British held Pondicherry until 1765 (La¡¡ford 275), Latly was returned üo France where he vas imprisoned in the Bastille for faiting his King and his

Company. He vas oxecuted in May, 1766 (Lavford2Tj),

French por¡er in India vas almost. elininated. They still had influence at

the cour[ of the Nieam of Hyderabad vho, along vith the Mahratha Confederacy, attaeked Madras in 17S0, They vere defeated by British and native troops under

the command of Governor-Generaf and Commander-in-Chief, Warren Hastings,

The French c¡ould enter in0o future alliances vith Hyder Âli and later his son, Tipu Sultan. ln 1792, Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, Cornvallis,

defeaùed Tipu Sultan in the First Mysore War dividing his kingdom and taking tvo of his eldest sons in ransom. British fears against the French mounted vith the Egyptian campaigns of Napoleon, Wellesley again defeated Tipu, after three

hattles in tu¡o months, vith Tipu being kitled at Seringapatam in 1799, The British, under Yellesley, entered iiln ø subsidiary alliance vith the Nieam of

Hyderabad thus bringing about an end o any French influence in South India, By lE15, the Brítish vere in control of all of South India, The government at Madras vas run by Sir Thomas Munro frcm 1820-27, During this period,

educational institutions $¡ere est¿blished and a nev land settlement scheme, the ryot wari system, vas developed, Madras'importance fË aû. imperial city, established

in the 17th century, vould be overshadoved by Calcutta by the middle of the 19th century. 63 APPENDIX B

CIIURCH HISTORIES

St. Mary's in the Fort,

St, Mary's in Fort St, George, Madras, South India (fig, 50-2), is the oldest place of worship still ext¿nt that vas built by English settlers in India (Morris l)9;

Warren and Badow 9). Streynsham Master, Governor of Fort St. George, 1677- 1681, is credited viüh being instrumental in obtaining the funds necessary for

building the Church. The ground breaking ceremonies took place on Easær

Monday, April l, 167E, st, Mary's vas officially consecrated on LaÅy Day,October

28, 16E0;hence the name, St. Mary's (Warren and Badov l4).

The architect of the Church is believed to be William Dixo¡, Mast¿r Gunner

at Fort St, George (Momis l j9; Warren and Badov lg). The design of the church

has some unique properties, St. Mary's mezmures 80 feet long and 50 feet vide; it

t,ook t-wo yea.rs ùo build, The Church consists of a nave and [c¡o aisles; lhe nave extends about tvelve feet further east than the aisles forming the sanctuary, West of the nave is the t,over and spire. The outsido valls of the aisles are four

feet thick; the inner valls, vhich separate the nave from the aisles, are three feet

thick, Three semi-circular masses of brick, tcro feet [hick, vere built over the

¡ave and aisles. They forned a bonb-proof roof of solid masonary, No vood vas

used except- for the doors and vindovs. The floor is black and vhite marble, Thirty-eight people contributed t,o building st, Mary's in the Fort vhich cos[ a total of E0) pagodas [400 pounds sterlingl (warren and Barlov l)). The

major contribut,ors s'ere: Streynsham Master, 100 pagodas; Joseph Hymner, g0 pagodas; Edward llery, 80 pagodas; John Bridger, 60 pagodas, william Tearsay, 60 pagodas and Elihu Yale,35 pagodas (Warren and Badov 15), 64 until the end of the eighteenth century, st, Mary's in [he Fort was the only

church in India t,o be built vithout East India tompany assisüance (Warren and Badov 19). S¿, Mary's in the Fort is now a national monument mainüained by the

Archaæological Survey Office, Government of India. ås a member of ¿he Church of South India, St, Mary's still holds services each Sunday and cootinues missionary work in villages close to Madras. Madras Cathedral

Madras Cathedral (fis,53-+) vas built folloving the charter reneval of the

East India Company in 1813. The nev charter alloved for a Bishop to be appoinüed to Calcutta and three archbishops for the Presidency ûovns, The cathedral "vas regarded rts a trecessity, for a great many 'garden houses' had sprung up in and about the Mount Road, in the area that vas called the 'Choultry Plain' (Badoc¡ l0l), The Directors of the East India Company, feeling the necessity of British residenls to attend Sunday services, built the Cathedral, vhich cost more thao tvo lakhs of rupees, from the profits of the state lottery funds, in order that there vould be no excuse ûo keep the residents away from services (Badocr 101),

Ma.dras cathedral, like many other churches erected in the Empire, was modelled afûer James Gibbs' St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London, Captain Ja.mes caldvell (1770-1s63) vas responsible for adapting Gibbs' plans for the nev cathedral, He was assist,ed by Thomas Fiott de Havilland U77J-1866) of the Madras

Engineers. de Havilland q¡as in charge of the construction of the C¿thedral,

Madras Cathedral mermures one hundred feet vide and ooe hundred and (conversations eighty feet long vith the csl teneral secretary, Madras, July, 1988)' The Cathedral has a long nave with three bays, a simple chancel is at the east end' the portico is pedimented vith long pilastered sides acconpanied by galleries and side aisles. The apse is plain. The süeeple, measurin g l3g feethigh, 65 precise is a copy fron Gibbs' Book of Archi¿ecture (conversations vith the CSI General Secretary, Madras, JuIy, lgss), The vest front has a large projecting portico vith a double row of Ionic columns. The exterior of the cathedral is faced with polishçd whítc chunam, Ths Church was çon¡sçrntsd on Ja.nuary 16, 1816, The church bec¿me a Cathedral some twenty years later vhen Daniel Cogie, Archdeacoo of Calcuttas¡asconsecratedasthefirstBishopof Ma.dras(Badov l0l),

The floor of the Cathedral, like St, Mary's in ¿he Fort, is black and vhite polished narble, A double tov of eight Doric pillars supporù the roof, The seats are construcùed of rattan and teak vith the vindoq¡s being louvered.

Ma-dras Cathedral is situated in a large landscape compound adjacent ùo the

United States Consulate on Mouot Road. Like St. Mary's in the Fort, Ma.dras

Cathedral is nov part of the Church of South India, Regular services are held on Sundays and [hroughout the veek. APPENDIXC

MONUI,TENTLISTING

ST. MÁRY,S CHTiRCH MÛNTIMENTS: DECEASED

cLOsE, sir Berry. unsigoed, Auributed to Flaxman [18131. coHwAY, Thooas Heory somerset. sigoed rernouth, sculptor, pimtico, London t1S37l.

DAYIES ilATTE. ailD s._ signed Bacon, Lo¡don on the left and s, Maoaing, F¿. on the right of the base [1BlB].

GERtrCKE, Rev. Christi¿n Eitlien. Unsigned. Attributed üo Flaxman ns03l. E0B^åRT. Lord Vere Eenry. Signed Noble IlS75l, KEBIE, George Gilbers. signed J. Bacoo, Sculptor, London [lsll]. IESLIE, Rev. Richard. Unsigned. Executed by Flaxman as contained in his .Account Book, 1804,

lf,ccIIRDY, Edvard Archd¿lt. signed J, Morton, sculptor, London [ls4zl,

MGIIEILL, Malcolm. signed D.w, Richardson, sculpùor, London, 1g55.

MO0RE0USE, Jose¡rh. Signed C. peart, London fi7glj.

MIINR0, Sir Thomas. Á,ttributed ûo Ternouth IlSZTl,

PEPPER, [ercules fienry. signed G. ctarke, sculptor IlEz6], pREHDERtAsr, cctheri¡e Jr.ne. signed J.H, Foley, sculpûor, London tts391,

ROSS, Chades Robert. Signed John Bacon, Jr,, London tlSl6l,

RIINDAIL, John liltisn. signed R, valker of Barh t1s52l, RIISSELL, jane Ameli¿. Sigoed John Bacon, Jr., sculptor, London, lg0g. swÅRTz, Frederict Ghristi¿n. signed John Bacotr, F,, sculptor, Loodon, 1806,

VEBBE, Josiah. Signed Flaxman, Sculptor, lgll. gHlsrtEn, Godfrey Yebster. signed Richardson, scr, London tlg43l. 67 ST. MARY'S CHURCH MONUMENTS: SCULPIORS BAC0H, john Jr. George Gilber[Keble lSll Chades Robert Ross lEl6 Jane AmeliaRussell 1E06 Frederick ChrisÈian Svarte 1806

CLARKE, Goorge Hercules Heory Pepper 1826

FLAIHAH, John Sir Barry Close lE13 Rev, Christiao Villiam Gericke lE03 Rev, Richard Leslie lE04 Josiah Webbe 1E11

FOX.EY, John Heary Catherise Jane Prendergast 1E39

HA$I{IHG, S¿nuel Davies and Nattes lElE

HûRï0H, J. Edvard Archdall McCurdy lE42

IUOBLE, H¿tthsv Lord Vere Henry Hoba¡t lE7)

PE^ART, Chades Joseph Moorhouse l79l

RICHARDSOH. D.W. Malcolm McNeill lSlj

RICH^ARDS0I{, Edv*rd Godfrey Webster Whistler lE43 68 ïERHÛIITE, John Thomas llenry Somerset Convay 1837 Sir Thomas Munro 1827

WÅLKER, R. of Beth John William Rundall lEl2 MADRAS C.A,TI{EDRAL M0NUhrÍENTS : DECEASED

ANDERS0H, Dr. James. Signed Chantrey, R,A, Sct,, London, lEl9,

BROADFO0T, George. signed E.p, Richardson, sct,, London [1E5l ],

c^altEROH, Iiileville soæervitte. signedMilligan, London [ls331,

CEAtf,IER, .åane Åntoiastte Evolin¿. Signed Sibson, Sculptor, London ¡S371.

CORRIE, Bishop Daniel. Signed H,D. Weekes, London, 1842.

DEIf,IERRE, Ferdinsnd. Signed C,H. Snith, j porrl¿nd Rd,, London tlEZll.

DEALTÏY, Rev. Thones. Signed Durham, SCT,, London ttE6ll.

IlEItT, John. Signed Weekes, Londoo [1845].

DICK, Robert Eenry. Signed E,p. Richardsûn, Sct., London, lE)O,

FFREHCtr, ^li,ndrew. Signed Sievier, SCT, London [lSZ5].

G^åRRARD, Lt. col. Eiuicn and Lt. yifliem. sigoed Mallcotr and son, London, ffiBER, Bishop Reginatd. signed chantrey, R..A,., sct., London t1sz6l.

HIGGII{S0il, Ch¿rtes B¿rsood. Signed Smith, C.H,, 5 portland Road, London tt824l,

LAHE, Thomes Moore. signed J, Ternouth, sc, pimlico, London IIs44l,

LtsHtrHGT0H, cstherine Jane. signed Edvard Richardson, Melbury Terrace, London, 1863, 70 L{ISHIHGTûH, james SËephen. Sigoed H. Feekes, 1836,

åflAcI^EÅÌ{, Lt,. col. Thomas. signed rhomasDenman tls{01,

MA,CK, John. Signed Rennie, Sculptor, London tlS3Zl.

Mff,AGG^åRT, Willie¡n. Signed Bedford, SC, London [1S)0].

M0IISIEY, Ioh¿nnis. Signed J. Flaxmaa, R.A,,, London I1SZ3l,

PÀRRY, Thomas. Signed Baily, R,A,, Sculptor, London ÍtE?,41.

ROSS, John Msitlond. Sigoed Johnson, M,W,, Nev Roa.d, London. 7t MADRA,S CATHEDRAL MÛNUMENTS : SCULPTÛRS

BAILY, Edwerd Eodges Thomas Parry 1E24

BEDF0RD of London William McTaggart lB50

CHANTREY, Sir F¡¿acis LegaËt, Dr, Janes Anderson lE19 Bishop Reginald Heber 1826

ÐEHHAM, Thoma$ L[, Col, Thomas Maclean lE{0

ÞIIRHAåf,, Joseph Reverend Thomas Dealtry 1E6l

FtAXlf,AH, John Iohannis Mousley 1EZ3

Jo[H$ott, tt.w. John Maitland Ross

HALLCOTT AHD SOT Lt, Col, William and Lr, William Garrard

I{ILLIG^AI{, J. Neville Somerville Cameron lE33

REHHIE, J. John Mack lE3?

RICHÀRDS0H, Edy¿rd P. Major George Broadfoot l8)l Sir Robert- Henry Dick lB50 Catherine Lushington 1E63 72 SlBStH, Henry Anoe .Anboinette EvçlinaChamier 1837 73 MISCELLÄNEOUS MONUMENTS

S¿, Thomas Garrison Church Ì{OBLE, Colonel Joha. Signed Chantrey, R,A,, Londo n,,lgl7, St,.åndrev's Kirk WY[.IE, Dr. Jaøoes (bust]. Signed E,p, Richardson, lB)3,

Fort Museum. Second Floor IIIIKE 0F EELLIHGTOI{ (busrl. signed rurnerelli, peter, scr, London, 1814. (formerly in Governors Country Home ãtGundy.

åf,ARQIIIS eORHw^åtLIS. Executed þ Thomas Banks l?gl-gs, The Island SIR THOIdAS HIIHRO. Signed Chantrey, R,A,, Sct,, London, 1834,

Mount Road near Madras Cathedral c0LONEt tEItL. Bronee equestrian statue. Ârt^ist unknovn,

Waterf{g+t near the University of Madras Qlflft VICT0RI^å,,,Executed by Matthev Noble, 1E72. 74 APPENDIX D

EPITAPHS

St, Marv's in the Fort CL0SE, $ir Bcrry

THIS MONUMENT WÁ.S ERECTED BY THE HÛNÛURÅBLE EAST INDIA COMPÁNY IN TT{E IdEMORY OF MAJOR GENERAL SIR BARRY CLOSE, BART IN TESTIMONY OF TI{EIR GRATITUDE FOR HIS ARDEM ZEAL AND ENTIRE DEVOTION TO THEIR SERVICE EQUA.LLYMANIFESTED IN THE APPLITA,TION OF HIGH MILITARY A,TTAINMENTS AND OF PROFOUND POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE HIS CHAR^ATTER DERIVED ITS HIGHEST HONOURS FROM TTIAT UNION OF CONCILLIATION AND FIRMNESS WHICH_ AFTER CONTRIBIITED TO TERMINÁ,TE A SUCCTSSFÚi W,{R WAS EMINENTLY DISPLAYED IN IMUSINO TI{E UTUV¡NÀT{CE OT PEACE OVER A NUMEROUS NATIVE POPULATION wHo lvITH0U"t BEING SUBJECT T0 WRITTEN RULE FELT TM--P-ROTTCTING IMLUENCE OF BRITISH COUNSELS_-- IN THE MILD ADMINISTRATION OF AUTHbRITÍ_ VHICH BETRIENDED TI{E RAJAH

HE DEpARTED rHrSîHlTffiL rHE rsTH rsr3 Á,GED 5O YEÁRS

C0ilEAY, Thomes Henry Sonorset

THE SOLDIERS TRIEND

ADINÄM GENERAL OBIT ISTHMAY IS37 zuCTED BYTM ARMY AND BYTI{E PUBLIC 7J ÐÅYIES, Lt. Willi¿m and NA,TTES, Lt. John Witfism

IN RESPECT ÛF TI{E LIVES OF LIET]-ITNANT THOMAS DAVIES WHO FELL AT TI{E SEIGE OF MÄLI.^EGAON ON TI{E I8TH ÛF MAY l81e

L rErrrENA Nr rdl[o#ilr r  M NATTEs KILLED AT TI{E SETGE OF MALIJGAON THIS MONUAMIff WAS ERETTED BY TI{EIR FELLOW OFFICERS OT THE MADRAS ENGINETRS

GERICKE, Rev. Christi¿n Eilliem

SACRED TO THX MEMORY OF THE REV. CIIRISTIAN WILLIAM GERICKE ""#ffi 8i"+di'i'l"ffi üHitr' HE FUTTILLED HIS SACRED OFFICE WITH "ei+åTîffiPRIMITIVE SIMPLICITY AND PURITY BENEVÛLEIfT COMPANION OF TI{E VENERABI."E SWARTZ WITH WHOM M TOILED THROUGH LIFE WITH TEMPERATE ZEAL EVTRY ACCESSIBLE SOIL TI{E PROMOTION OF CHRISTIANITY AND WITH LO\ÆOF CHILDREN THIS MONUMEM IS ERECTED BY THE SOCIEIY rOR THE PROMOTION OF CHRISTIAN KNOWI.^EGE

KEBLE, Goorge Gilbsrt

GEORGE GILBERT KEBI.I DEPARTEDTHIS LIFE ON THE 25TH DÁ,Y OF AUGUST I81 I ÅGED YEARS A NUMBER OF APPRECIATIVE'6 FRIENDS H.A.VE CAUSED THIS MONUhIENTTÛ BEERECTED IN HIS ['ÍEM0RY

HCCIIRDY, Edward Årchdalt

LIET]"IENANTCOLONEL EDW^ARD ARCHDALL MCCIIRDY OF THE 27TH REGIMENT, N,I. 76 DIED ONTHE zSTH OFDECEMBER, 18{2 RUSSELL ^AT KONDAH HIS BRÛTHER OFFICERS HAVE CAUSED THIS TABLET TO BE EREfTED TO HIS MEMORY IN RECORD OF TIIEIR ATTECTION AND ESTEEM

MCMEILL, Malcolm

SACRED TO TI{E NIEMORY OF MALCOLMMCNEILL COLONEL OF TI{E M¡,DRAS LIGHT CALVARY WHO DIED ATRANGOON DECEMBER 81H 1S52 AGED 32 FROM THE ETTECTS OF A COUP DE SOLEIL SUSTAINED WHILST COMMANDING THE zND BRIGÁDE OF MADRÁS TROOPS ATTIIECAPTTJRE OFPEGU HIS.NUMEROUS FTIENDS AND BROTHER OFFICERS DESIROUS TO MARK TT{EIR RESPESI ANDESTEEM TON TUS GÅLLANIRY AND WORTH HAVE CAUSED THIS MÛNUMENTTO BEERECTED

M00RH0IISE, Joseph

BY ORDER OFTI{E COI.IRT OF DIRESTORS OF TI{E EAST INDIA COMPANY TO COMMEMORATE TIIE DISTINGUISI{ED SERVICES OFTI{ELATE J0SEPH M00RHousE,EsQ LIETITENANT COLONEL OTTHE COAST ARMY WHOWAS KILLEDATTHE Á.TTACK OF THE PETTAH GÁ.TE OT BANGA,LORE ON THESEVENTH DAY OF MARCH ANNÛDOMINI MDCTTCI

HIIHRO, Sir Tñonos

MAJOR GENERAL SIRTHOMÂS MUNRO BART AND K,C.B, GOVTRNOR OF MADRAS DrED AT PIJTIEC0NDÄH 0N Tr{E 6TH 0F JULY 1s27 ANDFAS INTMREDATGOOTÍ WHERE TI{E COIJRT OF DIRECTORS HAVE ERECTED A MONUMENT TO HIS MEMORY 77 HIS REMÁ,INS WERE ÅFTTRWARDS REMOVED T0 TI{E SEAT 0F GOVERNA'IENT AND HIS WIDOW HAS RAISEDTHIS STONE TO MARK THE SPOT WHERE THEY ÅRE DEPÛSITED

PEPPER, Eorculçs Eenry

TO LT COL HERCULES HEI{RY PEPPER 34TH L INFÁ.NTRY wHo DrED ATToRT S GE0RGE ztTH JULY tsz6 AîED 4?, DISTINGUISHED ON VARIOUS OCCASIONS BY A RARETUTNCY Or CHARATTIR AND ÄRDENT ZEAL AND DEVOTED GALLANTRY THESEQUA,LITIES HE PARTICULARLY DISPLA,YED, VHILST COMMANDING A BRIGÁ,DE OF THE MADRAS ÁRMY IN PEGU IN TI{E NRì¡TJT WAR Lr col coNTRålD3l$ r,*o**, CAPTÄJN CURSHAM 1" EUR REG CAPTAIN STEDMAN 34TH L INFÁ.NTRY LIEU ADAMS 3" L IMANTRY WHO, ANIMATED WITH THE SAìIE SPIRIT AND EMULÁ,TING THE EIÄMPLE OF THEIR INTREPID I.^EADER WERE KILLED AT SEToNG IN JÂNUARY 1s26 THISMONUTMNT IS RAISED BY SEVERAL OFTI{EIR FRIENDS IN THE COAST ARMY

PREHDERGAST, Catheriae Jane

SACRED TO TIIE MEMORY OF CATI{ERINE JANE WIFE OF GUY LUSHINGTON PRENDERGAST, ESQUIRE OF TM MADRAS CIVIL SERVICE AND DAUGIITER OF JAMES t?], ESQUIRE B0RN TI{E zsTH 0F JULY 1s0.{ DIED TI{E IOTH OF AUGUST 1939

R0SS, Ch¿des Robe¡t

THE SWEET REMEMBRANCE OF TI{E JUST SHÅLL FLOURISH

CHARI"ES ROBERT ROSS OF TI{E MÁ,DRAS CIVIL SERVICE DEPARTED THIS LIFE ON TT{E 16TH ÛF NOVEMBER 1316 AT THE EARLY.{GE OF THIRTY THREE YEARS I{EFILLED HIS STATION WITH DIGNITY AND HONOR YETHUMBLY HIMSELF TO H^AVE ÁLWAYS A VOID OF OTFENCT TOWARD GOD ÄND OTHERS CHARITABLE, BDNEVOLENT, FRANK AND GENEROUS ITIS BREAST GLOWD WITH UNIYIRSAL TRUTH I{E WAS .A DI]'TIFUL SON, AN A¡TTÛTTONATE BROTHER ÁND A SINCERE FRIEND AN IINSPEAKÁBI^E KINDNESS FLOWED FROM HIS I{EART REGULATED HIS ACTIONS AND INSPIRED RECIPROCAL GOOD WILL IN HIS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE AITAIRS IhITEGRITY WÁS HIS GUIDE AND WHrLE r{E DID JUSTICE T0 HIS EMPL0yERS I{E PRüTECTED AND SUPPORTED THE FELLOW CREATT]RES COMMITIEDTOHIS CHARGE TI{E NATIVES OF THE KI]RPAH COLLESTORATE WILL LONG CHTRISH HIS MEMORY AND MOURN HIS LOSS DESERVEDLY DISTINGUISHED BY HIS SUPERIORS IIE ADVANCED RAPIDLY ON TIIE ROAD TO SUCCESS IN THE MIDST OF IITÁLTH AND IN TI{E BLOOM OF LIFE IIE WAS CALLED TO A BETTER WORLD A CONS IST^AhM CI{R ISTIAN IT IS HUMBLYHOPED HE IS GONE TORECEIW HIS REWARD PROMISED BY TI{EREDITMER TO HIS FAITIIFUL SERVÂNTS THIS MONUNilENT IS ERECTEDBY A FRIEND WHOM TI{E REMEMBRANCE OF HIS VIRTUES WILL EVTR BÈ DEEN ÁIN SACRED RIIilDALL, John Eilliam

TOTHEMEMORYOF JOHN WILLIAMRUNDATL LIETITE¡IANT AND CÅPTAIN OF THE MADRAS ENOINEEIRS A.ND COMMANDER OF THE SAPPERS AND MINERS WHO DIED IN FOREIGN SERVICE AT PROIIE ON THE 12TH OF NOVEMBER I8)2 ÅGED {O YEÂRS THIS TABLET ISERECTED BY TI{E CORPS OFENGINEERS IN TESTIMONY OFTHEIR SORROW FOR THE LOSS OF A BROTHER OTTICER WHOSE MANY IXCELMNCES AS A MÁ.N, A SOLDIER, A.ND A CHRISTIAN ENDEARED HIM TO HIS FRIENDS AND COMMANDED THE ADMIRATION AND RESPECT 79 OF ALLWHO KNEW HIM

RIISSELtr, Jane Anelie

IN MEMCÍRY CfF JANE AMELIA, WIFE OF IITNRY RUSSELL ÁNDFEC0ND DAUGIITER 0F CASAMAJJoR J,H. - WHO VAS BORN AUGT]TT 3OTH 17S9 MARRIED OCTOBER zOTH IEOS AND DIED DECEMBER 29TH 1SOS

COULD I, DEAR SAINT, TOTHIS COLD STONE IMPART EACH DEEP IMPRQFISON ONTHY HUFBANDS MÄRT c0uLD I IN LANGUAGE T0 My SoRROW IIFT RECORD THIS LAFTFÁ,DTRIBI.NE TOTHY DTITT EVN STRÁ,NGERS TI{EN, WHO REÁ,D TITE FAITI{FUL LINE SHOULD P^A,T]FE INFOLEMN SILENCE ATTHEY SHRINE SHOULD MOURN WITH h[EMY LATEEFPOUFED BRIDE iffiHbi,l"Hfi il#ftrffi å'i8""ili8lpf SERENE IN VIRTUE, DIGNIFIED IN TRUTH FIRM 1VITHOTN ROFSREFS, GENTLE WITHOUT FEAR SEDATE THO CHEDRFUL, POLIFIED YgT FINCERE SO WTFE, YETFOFT, FOGAY, YElFOREFIGND SOFAIR IN PERFON ANDFO PIIRE IN MIND SHOULD HAVE CONTEMPLATE WITH ADMIRINGEYE A, MODEL HOW TO LIVE, ALAZ--ANDHOW TODIE

SW¡IRTZ, Rev. Frederick Christien

SACRED T0 THE IvtEMORy 0F THE REVEREND FREDERICK CI{RISTIAN SWARTZ WHOSE LIFE WAS A COMMITTED EFFORT TO CHRTST THIS EXAMPI."E OF HIS MASTER EMPLOYTD A,S A MISSIONARY FROM THE COVTRÑME¡M OF DENMÅRK_ ÅND IN TIIE CHARATTER TO TI{E SOCIETY IU TÑCi¡¡¡D FOR THE PROMOTION OF CI{RTSTIAN KNOYLEDGE DURING A PERIOD OF FIFTY YEARS "WEMÂBOUTDOINGGOOD" IN RESPECT TO HIMSELF AND FROM OTI{ERS VIEWS BUT EMBRACING EVTRY OPPORTUNITY OF PROMO T¡¡C BOTH THE TEMPORÅL AND ETERNAL WELFARE OF OTHERS IN HIM RELIGION APPEARED NOT WITH A GLOOMY A.IR OR WITH FORBIDDING MANNER BUT WITH GRACTTUL FÁ,CE AND PLACID DIGNITY AMONG THE MA,NY EVEMS OF HIS DISTINGUISHABLE LIFE WAS 80 THr ERECTI0N 0F TI{E CHURCH IN TANJoUR-NTVOTTD THE SA,VINGS FROM HIM WERE FOR MANY YTMS TO TI{E PIOUS WÛRK ÂND TI{E REMAINDER OF THE EXPENSE SUPPLIED BY INDIVIDUALS ATHISSOLICITATION TI{E CI{RISTIAN SEMINÂRIES ÂT MADRAS AND IN TANJORE WERE INDEBTEDTOHIM BELOVED AND HONOT]RED BY EUROPEANS HE WAS IF POSSIBI HELD IN STILL DEDPER ESTEEM BY TI{E NATIVES OFTHIS COUNTRY OT EVIRY CÁSTT AND SECT AND TTIEIR UNBOUNDED CONFIDENCE IN HIS IN¡TEONNY AND TRI]"TH WAS ON MÄNY OCCASIONS RENDERED HIGHLY BENEFICTALTO TIIE PIIBLIC SERVICE THE POOR AND TM INTIRED LOOKED UPTO HIM AS AN UMAILING TRIEND AND ADVOCATE TI{E GREAT ÂND POWERFUL CON-CURRED IN YIELDING HIM TI{E HIGI{EST HOMAGE EVTR PAID IN THIS QUARTTR Or THE CrOgE iO EUNOPTIU VIRTT]E TIIELATE HYDER ^ALI CAWN IN TI{E MIDST OF A BLOODY WAR WITH TI{E CARNÁTIC SENT ORDERS TO HIS OFFICERS TO PERMIT THE WNERABI"E SWARTZENTRY AND TO SHOW TTIM RESPE T AND KINDNESS "FOR HE IS A HOLY MÄN, ANDMEANS NO HARMTO MY GOVERNMENT" TITE LATE RAJAH OF TANJORE wHEN oN Hrs mtur_siio DESIRED TOENTRUST TO HIS PROTESTING CARE HIS ADOPTED SON, sERFoJrr THE PRINCE RAJAH WITH TM EININUISTRÅTION OF ALL ATFAIRS OF HIS COUNTRY ON A SPOT OF GROUND GRANTED TO HIM BY TI{E SANM PRINCE 2 MILES EAST 0TTANJoRE HD BUILT A HOUSE-FOR IIIS RESIDENCE AND MENT IT AN ORPHAN ASYLUM_ HERE TI{E LAST 2O YEARS OF HIS LIFE WTRE SPENT TU fUT EDUCATION AND REL IG IOUS INSTRUTTION Of CNITONTU PARTICULARLY THOSE OF INDIGENT PÂREI\ITS WHOM HE GRATEFULLY MAINTAINED AND INSTRUC]TD AND THERE, ON THE ISTH DA,Y OF FEBRUARY,IT}E_- SIIRROUNDED BY HIS IMANTFLOCK AND IN THE PRESENCE OF SEVERAL OF ¡TTS UISCOT.IiõLICE BRETHREN ENTREATING THEM TO CONTR I VE TO MAKE RELI GI ON TI{E FIRST ÁND IMPLoRING FITH ttt toSttJtt$o?ffiifffi BLEssTNG 0F rr{ErR LABouRS 8t WEBEE, Josiah

T0 THE IdEMORY 0F JoSTAH WEBBE FOR MANY YEARS CHIEF SECRTTARY Tb THT GOVERN¡dENT OF MADRAS å,ND AFTTRSÁRDS RESIDENT AT TI{E CÛURT ÛF SCINDIÁ, WTIERE ITE DIED ON TIIE gTIt OP NTVEMBER TSO,T KIND BY NÂTI]RE LOFTY ENERGETIC TO AN INDEPENDENCE ÁND PATRIOTISM NOT UNWORTHY THE BEST DÁ.YS OF GREECE AND ROAIE DESPISING TIIELITTT.E A,CTS OFPRIVATE INFLUENCE OR VULGAR POPULISTS ÂND ERECT IN CONSCIOUS II{TEGRITY HE RESTED HIs ciÂrus ro púglinromouns PRIVA,TE MERIT AN EtrIENSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF EASTRN LANGUÁ,GES FORWARDED HIM ROSE TO STATIONS OF HIGH TRUST WHzu HIS ÅMBITION WAS FIRED TOEXATTTI{E HONOURS AND INMRESTS OFHIS COUNTRY BTN IN THE MIDST OF A, CAREER THIS USEFUL AND DISTINGUISHED PREFERRING THE PUBTIC WILL TO PERSONAL SATETY HE FELL A MÁRTYR TO AN UNGENIAL CLIMATE IN THE PRIME OF LITE BELOVED WITHFTRVOR BY HIS FRIENDS PARTICULARLY LAhûENTED BY TM GOVIRNORS OF INDIA

Madras Cathedral Monuments

ANDDRSOH. Iemes

ANDERS0N _-_ -__JACOBUS SC0T0 BRITANNIUM, M.D, IN NIM OPIS PRIMÂRIUS PER ANNON 1 OPTIMEMERITUS PER ANNOS UV SOMMOS IN ARTE SUA HONORES OCCUPAVIT ET SUATISSIMA MORUM SIMPLICITÂTE ORNÂVIT iUCNUU SPMNENS BENEVOLUS SEMPTER ET INDEFTTSUS BENEFACIENDO NON ACCRIS MODO SED OPPRESS OMNIBUSQUEINFEiICIBUS CERTISSIMUM PERFUGIUM HIC MINUS PUBLICT I]TILITÄTIO AD ETIREMIUM VITÂT HALITUM STUDIOBUS OBRT VIE DIE AUGUSTI Á,D MDCCCIN AITATIS SUÄE I TXII SUMNI MTRETISSIMI VIRI MEMORIAM VENERATI ET NOBILE EMMPLUM POSTERIS COM}IENDÁRE Á,vEI\mES HÂNC IMÄGINEM COMMUNIBUS SUMPTIBUS POST]ERUNT OMNES MEDICI IN HIS REGIONIBUS MERENTES ANNOPÛSTEJUS OBITUMNI BR0ÅÞFOÛT, Melor. George

SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF MÁ'JOR GEORGE BROADTOM, C.B. 3+TH MADRAS LIGHT IMANTRY OF KIRKWALL IN THE ORKNEYS ANDOFLONDON HIS VALOUR, FORESIGHT, AND SCIENCE MAINLY CONTRIBTITED TO TI{E SUCCESS OF THE GLORIOUS DEFENSE OF JELL¡,LABAD AND IN THE ENSUING AFGHAN CAMPA,IGN HE WITH HIS BRÁ,VE CORPS OF MOUNTAIN SÂPPERS A,CQUIRED ENDURING RENOWN HIS DIPLOMÁ,TIC AND MILITÂRY SERVICES OFTI{E PROVINCES AT A MOST IMPORTANT CRISIS OF OUR INDIAN EMPIRE CALLED FORTH THEELOQIIENT ULOGY OF SIR H. HARDIGE THA,T I{E WAS AS BRAVE AS HE WAS ABLE AND SECOND TO NONE IN ALLTHE GREAT QUALITIES OF AN ACCOMPLISI{ED OFTICER I{E FELL Á,T THE BATTI.^E OF FEROZSHAHAR DECR 21ST 1845 IN HIS 39TH YEAR ACTINT AS AIDE-DE-CAMP A,T THE MOMENT OF CNO THE LAST OF THREE BROTHERS WHO DIED FOR THEIR COUhMRY ON THE BATTI^E FIELDS OF AS IA RAISED BY PUBLIC SUBSCRIPTION TI{ROUGHOUT THE ÞRESIDENcY OF MADRAS

C^å[trR0H, Heville Somerville

VIRO OPTIMO INTEGGERIMO PARENTIBUS, CONSANQUINEIS, AMICIS, SOCI IS DELICETISSIMO DE PATRIA BENE MERITO CANARAE PRIMUM DEINDE MADURAE IN HAD REGIONE ORIENTALI PRAEFITTO NEVILLE SOMTRVILLE CAMTRON MORTE I{EUI IMMÁ,TURA SI]RREPTO NON TIXOR SED DESPOUSATA VIRGO NON VIDUA,, TAMETSI VIDUATA NIMIS P.C, FI^ENS, FIDEUS, SPERANS VIXIT ANNOX XLI OBI IT MDCCCTTTI I I

CEAMIER, Atrne Eyeline

SA,CRED TO TIIE MEMORY OF AN¡¡E ANTOI NETTE EWL I NÅ THE BELOVED WIFE OF 83 HENRY CHAMIER, ESQUIRE THAT EVER ÁFTTRWARD HONOR FEMAI."E VIRTTIE AT TI{E GRÁ,VE BORN DECEMBER 1STH 1793 DEPÅRTED THIS LIFE AT MADRAS NOVEMBR 18TH 1337

DEALTRY, Rev. Thomes

SACRED TO THE NMMORY OF THE RIGITT REV THOMAS DEALTRY, D,D. LORD BISHOP OFTHIS DIOCESE WHO LABOTJRED FÁ,ITHFULLY IN THE STRVICE OF TI{E GOSPEL IN INDIA HT WAS APPOINTEDA CHAPLAIN INTI{E BENGALESTABLISHMEI{I IN THE YEAR 1S29 AND SUBSEQTJEIMLY HELD THE OFFICE OT ARCHDEACON OF CALCUTTA FOR 14 YEARS HE ENTERED INTO REST ON TT{E 8TH OF MARCH 1861 IN TI{E 66TH YEAR OF HIS AGE AND THETWEIFTHOF HIS EPISCOPÄTE THIS MONUfuTENT IS ERICTED BY FRIENDS IN INDIA IN WITNESS OFTHEIR ÁPPRECIATION WHICH HISEARNEST AND DEVOTED LIFE SPENT IN SPREADINGTI{E GOSPEL IN INDIA

DE MIERRE, Ferdioa.nd

SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF FTRDINAND DEMIERRE, ESQRE OF THE MADRAS CIVIL SERVICE WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE AT BOMBAY ON TI{E UI OF MÁRCH MCDDDNI AGED XXIV YEARS AND V MONTHS THIS MONUMENT IS TI{E PERSONÄ,L TRIBUTE OF Ä GRANDMOTHER AND A FEW OF HIS FRIENDS AND ASSOCIATES IN INDIA

DENT, John

SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF pR0vmtJ^?ü#ffiHWc0uNcrl crvrl sERvÂNT AND 0F rurs pREsrDENcy HE DIED AT CAICUTTA, ON THE ITTH OF .TANUARY 1S46 IN TI{E SOTH YEAR OF HIS ACE LA&TE}TTED IN HIS PUBLIC CAPÁCITY Ä.S ONE WHO IN THE COURSE OF 30 YEARS UNINTERRUPTED SERVICE HAD GAIhIED TI{E COMPLETE COM I DENCE AND RESPECT OF THOSE OFFICIA,LLY CONNEüTD WITH HIM TI{E DISTINGUISI{ED APPROBATION OFBOTHTHE HOME AND 84 INDIAN GOVERNMENTS IN PRIV.A,TE LIFE BY HIS AMIABLE AND GENEROUS DISPOSITION HIS OVERFLOWING KINDNESS, HIS UNTIRING ZEAL FOR TI{E GOOD OF ALL CLASSES AND HIS IIIGH INTEGRITY OF CHARATTER IIE WONTHE HDARTS OFALL WHOKNEW HIM

DICK. Sir Robert Eenry

SACRED TO THE UIEMORY OF MAJOR GEN SIR R0BERT HENRY DICK, K,C,B._K.C,H. OFTULLEYI\iIET, N,B, ONE OFTI{E HEROES OF TI{E PENINSUTA WAR WHÛ AFTER DISTINGUISHED STRVICES IN H,M. +EN¡U ROYAL

w'rc' RFg-rwNr HE BRfrlSËltil?ätunr'N Á,r QUÁ,TRE BRAS CLOSED A, LONG AND BRILLIAIVT MILIT¿NY C¡N¡TN ON TI{E MEMORÁ,BLEFIELD OF SÁ,BRAON

RA,'ED t* o*oHlÏToTlffiirtotii, rHE pu'Lrc OF THE PRESIDDNCY OF MADRA.S WHzu FOR SOME TIilIE I{E HELD THE CNMT UNTTARY COMMA,ND

FFREflCE, Andrew

SÁ,CRED TÛ THE MEMORY OF C.A.PTAIN ANDREW FFRENCH cApTÁJN JoHN SP0LTISW00D TROTTER CAPTAINTHOMAS HOWELL CAPTAIN JOHN RAND.{LL LIEUTTNANT PHILLIP COOKE JOHN C0CKRANE, ESQ,, M,D, O-F TI{E ISTH REGIMEI{T NA,TIVE II{FANTRY-Of THE SOLDIERS WERE KILLED ON TI{E IATH MARCH 1348 INTHE ATTACK OFTI{EFORTIFIED FIELD OF ASSAM THE SOLDIERS FELL VICTIM TO THE FTRVOR WITICUIU IAE+ ¡NN TE+I

THIS TABLET HA.S BEEN TRECTED BY THEIR TELLOW OFFICERS

EEBER, Bishop Reginotd

VIRI ADMODUM REVEROKT' ET IN CIIRISTO PÁ,ÏRIS QUI AB IPSA STATIM AD0LESCENTIA INGENII FAMA lruntetilr¿ils 85 CULTU OMNIGENAEQUE DOCTRINAE LAUDE ORNATISS IMUS SE SUAQUE DEO HUMILLIME CONSECRAVIT I N SANCTISS IMUM EPIS COPATUS ORDINEM ADS CR I PTUS ECCLESIÅE APUD INDOS ANGLICA,NAE IMÂNTIAM USQT'D AD VITAE JÁ.CTURAM ALUIT TQVIT SUSTENTAVIT ADMIRABILI INGENII CANDORE SUAVISSIMA MORUM SN¡P'fuITAT¡- DIVINAQUE ANIMI BEI\IEVOLENTIA ÁDEO OMNES sml oTvruxTnÀf ECCLESIA UNIVERSA PATREM ETHNICI PATRONUM CMISSTTTÚN,T DESIDERAE SUBITA MORTT PRAIREPTUS JUXTA URBEM TRICHINOPOLIM MORTAI"ES ENUVIAS DESPOSUITAPRILIS DIE III ÂNNO SALINIS MDCCCUU AETATIS XLIII ESPISCOPATUS III MADRASENSES NON SOLUM CI{RISTIANI SED ET ETHNICI PRINCIPES MAGNATES PAUPERES ÁD HOC MARMORÐNRUENDUM UNO CONSENSU ADFI]ERUNT

ff IGGtrHS0Il[, Gharles flarwood

SA,CRED TOTHEIì/trMORYOF CHARLES HARWOOD HIGGINSON ESQNT sENrûR JUDGE 0F Tr{E couRT0F AppEAL eño cmculr FOR THE SOU"THERN DIVISION OF THIS PRESIDENCY WHO DEPÁRTTD THIS LIFE AT TRICHINOPOLY THEXVIII DÄY OFJULY MDCCCUruAGED XL YEARS DRIVEN WITH A DETP SENSE OF DT]TY TO HIS CREATOR I{E LIVED INTI{ETRUE SPIRIT OF CI{RISTIANITY WITH MEEKNESS AND HUMILITY I{E WAS A DT]"TIFTII SON AN ATT.ACI{ED AND AITTffION,{TT HUSBAND A TRUE AI{D MERITORIOUS MASTTR, A WÄRM AND SINCERE FRIEND TI{ESE WERE HIS VIRTINS IN PRIVAIE LIFE IN THE ROLE OF HIS PUBLIC DUTIES I{E EVINCED A SOUND-JUDGMENT DILIGEM AND UNWEARIED .ATTEMION BIN MERCIFUL CONSIDER^ÀTION OF TI{E IUTNTfS ÃiVI UTI,frNTTS 0F THINGS WHICH IT WAS HIS DIIIY T0 JUDGE pIrRE AND uNcoRRUprlgI^E lNTncnfty

LÅHE, Thones Moore

THOMå,S MOORE LANE, ESQRE Á. IilEMBER OFTHE MÁ.DRÂS EST.A.BLISHÀdENT AND PRIVATE SECRETARY TO THE MÛST NOBLE TIIE MARQUIS OF TWEEDENDÅT^E, K.T. AND C,B. GOVERNOR OF FORT SAINT GEORGE 86 I{E WAS SUDDENLY CALT"EDTO HIS REST INTHEMIDST ÛF HIS HONORABLE L.{BÛURS ONTHE l4THOF SEPTTMBER IE4I AGED 47 YTARS TTIIS TABLET IS ERECTED AS Ä IMMORIAL OF ATTECTION AND RESPECT FOR A. BELOVED FRIEND WHO BEING DEAD YET SPEAKETH BOTH IN TI{EEXÁMPI."E OF HIS LITE AND TI{E BLESSED

m HAS r^mr 0F Tm ffiii#ätrrs FArrH AND rr'pE DESIRE I ÛN THIS SOIJMN OCC.{SIÛN TO NTCONO N¿Y HOPES OF A RESURRESTION THROUGH FAITH IN TIIE ATONING BLOOD 0F My DEAR REDEEMER BErNG JUST By ranu I new- PEACT EITH GOD BEFORE VHOM I SIT¡rr STITVN Ñ TOCNMÌM DAY NOT IN MY OWNRIGTTTEOUSNESSES WUIC¡I Mr NINETIAS SAND BUT IN TM PERFETT AND IMPIETEDRIGITTEOUSNESS 0F CHRTST JESUS My L0RD ÄND My couinls iliru Áwcson oF r¡v sour

LIISHIHGTOH, Ca&herine Jene

SACRED TO TM AIEMORY OF tffitrrNGr'N, RELrcr o¡ gqaEt8f iFff E'QRE OF THE MADRAS CIVIL SERVICT BoRN_1 Lgqloj_ry t7e) DrED Ar c.Alcurrtãe Juus raor TTIIS TABLET HÁ,S BEENTRECTED BY HER CHITUNTN AS Â TOKEN OF THEIR GRÅTTFUL ATTECTION TO A BELOVED MOTI#R

LIISEIHGTOIìI, Jenes Stephen

SACRED TO TI{E MEMORY OF JAMES STEpHEN LUSHINGT0N, ESQ OF TI{E BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE WHO DIED.SEÌTEMB-ER IZ ISSZ AT TIIE r¿NrV ÁCr OF 28 YEARS SECÛND SON TF TI{E RIGITT HONÛIIRABT¡ S.N. rüdITiÑMOÑ, i¡,Þ, ANNE EL{e+-qETrltLDEST rtil8r$k 0F GE'RGE, L'RD HARRT'-- DrsrrNcuIsHED 0N HIs FIRsr ARRIvAL lñ nvu¿ -- BU SUPERIOR TAI^ENTS AND ^ACQUIREA/EIfIS AND PASSING WITHR.{PID SUCCESS THÈOUCN TUS STUDIES IN TI{E COLI.^EGE OF FÛRT WILLIAM

INTELI:ECTUAI AND *O*OT*$O*TH WHICH IS RECORDED WITH ADMIRING FRIENDSHIP BY THE PIOUS ¿ÑO ACCOMPTiSMO HEBER 87 AND WHICH HIS SHORT BIIT BRILLAM CARETR IN THE PRESIDENCY DEVELOPED ÅND MATURED AS THE PRIVATE SECRETARY TO TI{E GOVERNOR HE ÂCOUIRED BY HIS IMPARTIAL COIJRTTSY TI{E ESTEEM OF EVERY BRANCII OT TIIE PUELIC SERVICE WHILE HIS MAIN VIRTUES ANDENDE.ÀRING OUALITIES SECIIRED TMAPPROBATION AND REALIæD TI{E HOPES ÛF HIS AFFEfTIONATE AND BzuAVED FATHER THIS MONUMENT IS ERECTED BYTM SOCIETY WHICH HE ADORNED AS .A JUST TRIBIITE TO HIS DEPARTED EXCELLENCE

MACLEAH, Thomes

SACRED TOTHE IûEMORY OF LT. COL.THOMAS MACLEAN OFTHEMADRAS ARMY LATE RESIDENT OF THE COURT OF TRAVANCORE WHOFELL AT C0rMBÁT0RE 0N TI{E 31 JULY rs41 IN THE 57TH YEAR OF HIS AG-E THIS TABIJT IS zuCTED BY HIS CHILDREN IN TOKEN OF T}ITIR LOVE TO THE MEMORY OF Á, MOST TENDER AND INFLUEMIAL FATHER AND OFTHE GRATITUDEFOR THETASK WITH WHICH FOR THEIR SAKE HE SACRAFICED HIS HEÂLTH AND Á,S IT ULTIMÁ.TELY PROVED HIS LÄST BY AN UNINTTRRUPTED SERVICE IN INDIA OF MORE THAN THIRTY SEVEN YEÅRS HIS REMAINS ARE INTTRRED AT OCTACUMUND IN TI{E SAME GRAVE WITH THOSE OF HIS BELOVED WIFE WHICH I{E LÛST AFTTR A HAPPY UNION OF THIRTY YEARS AND WHICH I{E MOURNED WITH A SORROW WHICHTIME ONLY KNOVS l¡lACK, John

SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF

S URGEON GENERÁ,I Ëil'iftÎãIüUffffi OF COUNCI L AT ^-fTHIS PRESIDENCY ''O I{E DIED CALCUTTA, ^4,T 0N TI{E 17TH 0F JÅNUARY ts{6 IN TIIE:OTH YEAR OF HIS Á,GE LA.MEhMED IN HIS PUBLIC CAPACITY AS ONE VHO IN THE COURSE OF 30 YEARS SERVICE 88 HAD GA, INED TIIE COMPLHE CONF I DENCE ÂND RESPEST OF THOSE OFFICIALLY CONNECTED W ITH HIM THE DISTTNGUISI{ED APPROBATION OFBOTHTI{E HOAdE AND

pR r N r v,.m L rFE ByI#rT til ti#iffi ili*rus D rs p's rr r 0N HIS OVERFLOWING KINDNESS, HIS UNTIRING ZEAL FORTI{E GOOD OF ALL CLASSES AND HIS HIGH IMTEGRITY OF CH.{RATTER I{E WONTHE HEARTS OF ALL WHO KNEW HIM

MCT^åGG^åRT, Witlien

SACRED T0THE I'IDMORY 0F WILLIAM MCTAGGART OFTHEFIRM OF MSTÁ,GGÂRT IN MADRAS WHO DIED AT SEA ON HIS RETURN FROM EGYPT TO M.A,DRAS MARCH 1' IS'Û IN HIS 37TH YEAR AND OFCHÁRLOTTE, HIS WIFE THIRD DAUGITTER OF THE LATT U¡ ILLIAM RAYNSFORD TAYLOR OF THE MADRAS CIVIL SERVICE WHO ALSO DIED AT SEA ON HER PASSÂGE HOME TO ENGLAND ÂPRIL 27TH 18'O IN HER 29TH YEAR

PARRY, Thomas

IN MEMORY OFT,HOMAS PARRY, ESQUIRE, WHO DIEDAT PORTO NOVO ON THE 14TH OF AUGUST 1824, AGED,6 1TARS IN HIM WERE HAPPILY UNITED THOSE QUALITÍES WHICH ELEVATE AND Á,DORN THE HUMAN CHARACTTR, WHETHER IN TI{EEXERCISE OF LIBERÅL AND ENLIGIITTNED PRINCIPLES OR IN TI{E PRATIICE OF TI{E SOCIAL VIRTUES TO VHICH HIS URBANITY AND ErÏENSIW ITTAiÑITMNTS GÁ,VE A GRACE AND AITRACTION BEYOND THE ORDINARY REACH OF [dEN DURING A RESIDENCE OF THIRTY SEVEIìI YEARS IN MADRAS HIS UNBLEMISHED REPUTATION HAD JT}STLY OBTAINED FOR HIM TI{E RESPECT, ESTTEM, AND VENERATION OF Á,LL CLASSES OFTHD COMMUNITY AND Á.LIKE ENDEÂRED TO TI{E NATIVE AND EUROPEAN INHABITÅNTS 89 HIS LOVE IS IRREPARABLY FELT, ÄND UNFEIGNEDLY DEPLORED HIS REMAINS ARE INTTRRED IN TI{E MISSIONARY CHURCH ¿T CUODETONE

Public Monuments

M^AROUIS CORHW^ALLIS

THIS STATTIE IS ERECTED BY A GENERAL VÛTE AT IHE JOINT EXPENSE OF THE PRINCTPAL INHÁ,BITANTS OF MADRAS AND OFTI{E CIVIL AND MILITARY SERVANTS OF THEEAST INDIA COMPANY BELONGING TO THE PRESIDENCY OF FORT ST, GEORGE AS Á, GRATTFULTESTIMONY OFTHE HIGH SENSE THEYEi{TERTAIN OFTHECONDUCT AND Ä,CTIONS OFTI{E MOST NOBLETHE MÂRQUIS CORNWALLIS DURING THETII¡IE HE I{ELDTI{E HIGH 0FFICES 0F GOVERNOR GENERAL AND COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF ALL THE FORCES IN MÁ,DRAS e0 APPENDIXE

SCULPTIIRE ILLUSTRATIONS 9t

Fig, I Barry Close Monumeo[, St. Mary's, Ma.dras -__!-;_,-:¡,._..r.__*{:_:aa:-::!rl:i:¡;::t:::_¿¡r:;il¡:__-::--:._--__._.._ __...._,_

92

Fig. 2 Convay Statste,St, Mary,s, Madras e3

dhʡrt

Fig. Davies e aod Nalt€s Monument, St. Mary,s, Madras 94

Fig. { Gericke Menorial, St, Mary's, Madras 9J

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t h H F; /

F r i'-i¡'<{û:r¡ - F-r ,-'***S-:g ,***i Éþ üril* .d*

Fig,) Detail of Keble Monunent, St, Mary,s, Madras 96

Fig.6 Detail of Keble Mooumen[, St. Mary,s, Madras 97

."f.* $."#¿¿ .c'J

Fig,7 Leslie Monumenü, St. Mary's, Madras 98

Fig. E McCurdy Monumeot, S[. Mary's, Madras 99

Fig,9 McNeill Monunent, S[. Mary's, Madras t0û

Fig. l0 Detail of McNeill Monument, St. Mary's, Madras 101

I 1

ï

I ,l

Fig. 1l Moorhouse Monunen[, St, Mary's, Madras r02

Fig, 12 Detail of Moorhouse Monument, S[. Mary,s Madras 103

Fig, 13 Detail of Moorhouse Monument, St. Mary,s, Madras 104

Fie, la Munro Monument, St. Mary,s, Madras 10t

FiS. 11 Pepper Sùatue, St, Mary's, Madras 106

Fig, 16 Prendergast.Monument, St, Mary's, Madras t07

Fig.17 Ross Monument, St, Mary,s, Madras 108

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d t: & j 4

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Fig, lE Det¿il of Ross Mo¡ument, St, Mary's, Madras 10e

Fig, 19 Rundall Monumenl, Sr. Mary's, Madras il0

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Fig,20 Russell Monument, St. Mary,s, Madras 111

t.l "#ï

Fig.2t Deøil of Russell Monument, Sr. Mary's, Madras n2

FiS.22 Svarte Monument, St. Mary's, Madras 113

FiS.23 Detail of Svarte Monument, St, Mary's, Madras ll4

Fig,2a Yebbe Monumenf, St. Mary's, Madras 11t

Fig,.2) Yhistler Mo¡unent, St. Mary's, Madras 116

rtu, 9- - ¡ nrr u6l! hurr.r , al¡lh ¡ qr ¡t^:a r¡ Nl ¡EES.tq'*n^ ¡tt¡ ælffi;;rt:t&E änE

Fig,.26 Anderson Monume¡t, Madras Carhedral, Madras fi7

FiS.27 De¿ail of Cameron Monument, Madras Cafhedral, Madras 118

Fig,2E Chamier Monument, Madras Cathedrat, Madras 119

FiS,29 Corrie Stat¡e, Madras Cathedral Madras 120

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FiS. 3O deMierre Monument, Ma.dras Cathedral Madras t2t

È--+ ii:ii*åæ

': : .,.:.: :..'. ä-jË=.G

Fig. ¡t Dealtry Monument, Madras Cathedral 122

F ig. 3Z Dent Monuneût, Madras Cathedral t23

¡J¡!È lo tDa rra{r[? t .: ¡rr(¡¡ 6¡D- ¡¡¡ l{rù¿fÎ llÊ*lr Ëåt'f,xl t¡r tl L¡?Qf_r _ ¡ l,

FiS.ll Dick Monument, Madras Carhedral t24

Fig, 3+ Ffrench Monument, Madras Cathedral tzJ

Fig. ¡¡ Heber Monument, Madras Ca[hedral 126

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. ¡ ..--t d HFnrrr li! - 4 w Ð

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Fig. 30 Higgiosoo Monument, Madras Carhedral t27

t t r I I r I I Ê t:r Ít t : I i { I f :

FiS.3l Detail of Higginson Monumenf, Madras CaLhedral 128

Fig. 3¡ Lane Monunenü, Madras Cathedral 129

FiS,3g C, Lushington Madras Catåedral 130

Fig,.f0 S, Lushingt,os SLatue, Madras Cathedral 131

Fig. al Mclean Monument, Madras Calhedral 132

lig.42 Mack Monument, Madras Ca¿hedral r33

f ig.43 McTaggart Monumenf, Madras Cathedral 134

Fie.44 Mousley Monument, Madras Caf,hedral r3J

Fig, {) Parry Monument Monument, Madras Cathedral 136

FiS, 46 Cornvallis Statue, Forü Museum, Madras \ ttL - .

Fig. a7 Detail of Pedeslal Base, cornvallis süatue, Forû Museum, Madras r3E

Fig,4E Heber Statue, Crypt, S[. paul,s, London l3e

Fig,49 Samuel Yhitbread Memorial, Cardington, Bedfordshire, IIK 140

Fig.5O St. Mary's Church, lEth cent¡ry, Takeo fron Barlov t4l

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Fig,tt St. Mary's Church, lgEE 142

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fi1.rZ Inþrior, St. Mary's Church, Madras t43

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FiS,)E Madras Cathedral, lgEE 144

Fie.t+ Interior, Madras Cathedral, lgEE FiS.5: Floorplan shoving Monunents, St. Mary's, Madras taken from Barlov's Á History of St, Mary's in the Fort #tr [þ farl s,þl

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FiS.t0 Floorplan shoving Monuments, Madras Cathedral 147

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Fig.J7 Map of rhe Ci[y of Madras 14s

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Interyievs:

David, Vçrger, [onr.ersations in Madra-s, India, JuIy, lgE8, tener¿l Secretary, tlSI, ín Madra*s, India, July, 19SS.

Sagreabama., Mrs, Rao, Conversations in Madras, India, July, tgEE,

Doeument-sr 151

53 Geo III, c115, see xxxiii

.{ rieç I V, e 71

Madras Cathedral Church Records, Madras, South India

Revenue inspector Reeords, Tanjore, South India