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In Partial Fulfillment EVANGELICÂL PHILOSOPHY AS M,{NIFEST IN ISTH CENTURY BRITISH SCULPTURE COMMISS IONED FOR MÂDRAS, SOTJ'TH INDIÀ COMPLETE WITH LISTING AND EPITAPHS Å [hesis Presented ùo the Faculty of Graduate Studies University of Manitoba In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Mary Ann Steggles January 1990 Bibf iotfrèque na(ionale *g 5¡3ä.åT*..' du Canada Canadian Ti.:eses Service Service des thèses c¿nadiennes Ot(awa. Car¡ala KtA ON4 The author has granted an irrevocable non- L'auteur a accordé une lirærrce irrér¡ocable et exdusive l¡cerrce alftrwing the Nat¡onal Lilxary non exclusive permettant å la B¡bfotheque of Canada to reproduce. loan. na- distribute or sell tirnale du Canada de coçlies of his/her thesls reproduire. prêter. dis- by any means and in any üibuer vendre form or format; ou des copies de sa thèse de making this thesis available to in_ qtrclque terested persons. manière et sous quelque forme que ce pour scit mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à â d¡sposat¡on des personnes intéressées. The auttror retains ownership of the copyright L'auteur in his/her conserve la propriété du droit d auteur thesis. Neither the thesis norsubstan_ qui prot{le sa thêse. Nila thèse ni des eKtraits tial extracts from it may be printe¿ or otherwíse substantiels de celleci ne doivent reproduced wittrout hiVher permission. être im¡imés ou autrement reproduits sans son autorisatirrn- ISBÌ{ ø-315-63354-9 Canadä EVANGELICAL PHILOSOPHY AS MANIFEST IN 18TH CENTURY BRITISH SCULPTURE COMMISSIONED FOR MADRAS, SOUTH INDIA COMPLETE T4TITII LISTING AND EPITAPHS BY MARY ANN STEGGLES A tlresis subnrined to thc Facurty of craduate studies of tl¡e university of Manitoba in partiar furfïrment of the requirenrerts of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS o 1990 Permission has been granred to the LIBRARy oF THE UNIVER- s¡TY MANTTOBA oF to rend or seil copies of trris rhesis. ro the NaTIONAL LIBRARY oF CANADA ro ¡nicrofirm ttris thesis and to lend or æil copies oi the firm, and uN¡vERs¡Ty MICROFILMS to publisir an absracr of rhis thesis. The author rcserves other pubrication rights, and neither trrc thesis nor extensive extracts from ir may be pnntec or other- wise reproduced without the author's written permission. ilElltrlÅTrll TOT}TEMEMI]FT iIF MAT-IDE BRTJESCH DANIEL JUNE 20, 18S6-N0VEMBER 26, 1e7S WHÛ IN TI{E 63RD 1TAR OF I{ER LIFE TÚOK CHARGE OF A YOIJNG CHILD }IER MEMORY SIISTAINS ME FROM A LOVING GRÁ,NDDAUGITTER @ tee0 Mary Ann Steggles ALL RIGHTS RESER\¡ED vi. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I vish to express my sitrceres[ gratitude bD Dr, Klaus Klos[ermaier, Distinguished Professor, Head of the DepartmenÈ of Religion and Á,sian Studies at the university of Manit¡ba, winnipeg, for serving as my thesis advisor, His pa[ience, iotellectual stimulation, untiring zeal for learning and devotion to this student vas mos[ appreciated, His example will remain vith me, Appreciation is extended ùo Dr. John Gahan, Vice-Provost of University Crillege and Professor in the Department of Classical Studies, TJniversity of Mani[oba and to Dr. Ed Moulbon, Head of the Departmen[ of History, University of Manitoba for agreeing to serve 0n my thesis eommit[ee, Their warm reception of my w*rk, cçmnents +nd guidance vere of 6reat assist;ance, I wish to thank the Shastri-Indo Canadian Institute, talgary, Â,lberta and Nev Delhi, India for granting me their research fellowship vhich enabled me to document the works of sculpture in Madras, South India. Withou¿ their financial assistance, Èhis thesis would not have been possible. Special appreciatioa is extended to Mrs, Kay de la Ronde, Executive Director of the Shastri Institute in talgary and Mr. Malik, Director of the Shastri Institute in Nev Delhi, for lheir assis[ance, Additional appreciation is extended to the Indian ,{rchaeological Survey Office in Nev Delhi and Madras for serving as my spotrsor q¡hile I vas in India, . Deepest gratitude is extended to verger David, st, Mary's in the Fort, for allowing me to photograpb the monuneats ia the Church aod for the warm welcome extended to me by the congregations of St, Mary's in the Fort, Madras l-lathedral and 5È, Thoma*q {iarrison Church, Special thanks go to Mrs, Sathyeatrama Rao, Cr¡rator of the Fort Museum, Madras, for her assistance with rese¿rch on the vli sculFtures, The following people were helpful in gathering information on the eommissions for the mott¡menls: Mrs Betty Muirdeo, Yale Centre for British studies, Yale university, Nev Haven, Connecticut; Mr, Duncan Robinson, Director, Yale Centre for British Studies, Yale University, Nev Haven, Connecticut; Mrs, Valenlile, Li.brarian, Royal ^åcademy .årchi'¡es, Lcndun, England and the st¿ff at the British Museum, the Victoria and Albert Mr¡seum and the India Office Library, London, I ç¡ould like to express ny appreciation to three professors vhose friendship and encouragement meant so much to me during my undergraduate as vell as my graduate sttldíes: Professor Chades Scott, tbrmer Director of the School of Årt and Professor of Ceramics at the University of Manitoba, for the lively talks sn ceramic art history and the oppor[unity to assist him in several research and curatorial projects; Professor Dennis Sexsmith of the A,rt History Area, School of Art, University of Manitoba, vhose approach to aú historical invesligation enabled me to viev art in an entirely different light; and Professor M. Molitor, formedy of the Department of Classical Studies, University of Manitoba, for his f'riendship, support and advice, I wish a.lso t+ neËtowlcdge the deht of gratitude I owe my son, tristofre Martin, vho accompanied me to India and assisted in the research, Thanks are also extended to Harvey Klaussen vho also assisted in the research in India, Special gratitude is extended to my family vho alloved me the time to complete the manuscript sacrificing part of their lives so that I mieht be able to fulfill mine. To my husband, Don; my children, Cristofre, .laise and William; my parents, Clyde and Ivís Duncan and my parents-in-lav, Robert and Viola Steggles- vil -thank you. I hope lhat this research vill prove vorthy of your conlinuing suppor[, I q¡ould like also to thank r)r, Alison Yarrington . HeaÅof the Department of the History of Art, Leicesler University, Leicester, England, who has agreed to serve as my Ph,D, tut,or so that I may complete the documentation of ¿he vorks by Bri[ish sculptors in India, vilt TABLEOFCONTENTS Page tist, of Figures lx Chapter 1. Introduction I 2, Sculpture and the Rise of British Nationalism 6 3, Evangelical Philosophy and the JustRule of I¡dia 16 4, Christianl¿aüon in India 19 5, Conclusion 49 Appendixes Â, A History of Madras fromll,?Z¡Ã LSZT 55 B, Church Histories 63 C, Monument Listing 66 D, Epit¿phs 74 E, Sculpture Illustrations 90 Works Cited 148 tx FIGI]RES Figure Page 1, Barry Close Monument e1 Ê, Conway Statue ez 3, Davics and Nattes Monument s? 4, tçriclie Mqnumenl 94 5, Dçt+il çf Iiçblç Monument _15 6. Detail of Keble Monument 96 7 Leslie Monr¡meot q7 8, McCurdy Monument 96 L McNçill Monument 99 1iJ, Det¿il of McNeill Sfunt¡menL I tttt 11, Moorhuuse Monument 1û1 1å, Det¿il of Moorhouse Monument 1ûU 13, Det¿it of Moorhouse Monument 1û3 1{, Munro Monumenl l(J4 15, Pepper Stalue 1û5 16, Prçndergast Moaumenl 1fJ6 17, Russ Monument 1(t7 18, Det¿il of Ross Monumen[ 1û8 19, Rundall Monumen[ 10e 2û, Russell Monumenl 110 X 21, Detail of Russell Monument 111 ?2, Swart¿ Monument tn ã3, Det¿il oí Swartz hilsrumeni rrJI t.t 24, Webbe Monument 114 ä5, Hhistler Monument 115 26, Anderson Monument 116 27, Detail of Cameron Monument fi7 ?8, Chamiçr Mont¡ment lls ?9, tomiE Statue 11e 30, deMieme Monument i2û 31, Dealtry Monument 12i 32, DentMonument 127, 33, Dick Monumen[ t23 34, Ffrench Monumeat 124 31, Hebçr Monumen[ tzl 36, Higginson Monument 126 37, Detail of Higginson Monument tz7 38, L¿ne hÍonument 128 39. C, Lushington Monument lzs 4û, S, Lushington St¿tue 13û {1, Mclean Monument rJrlÐi 42. h{ack Monumen[ 132 43, McTaggar[Monumenl rJJ.la4 44, Mousley Monument 134 xi 45. Pamy Monument 1,3J {6. Cornwallis Statue I36 47, Dctail of Pedesùal Base, Cornwallis Statue rJl {8, Heber Sta[ue, Crypt, St. Paul's, London 138 49, Samuel Whitbread Memorial, Cardington, Beds, UK l3e lû, St, Mary's, 18th century l4t 51, St, Mary's, 1988 141 52, Interior, St, Mary:'s l42 53, ivl¿dras Calhedral, 198å 143 5{, Interior, Madras Calhedral L++ 55, Floorplan, St, Mary's t4J 56, Floorplan, Madras Cathedral 146 57, Map of Ma.dras 147 CHå.PTER ONE INTRODUTTION British seulpture executed for Madras, Sosth India, is work representative of scme cf the fÏnçst British artisLq a*s r¡ell as matry lesser knoc¡n artists. Executed betc¡een 1791 and 1872, these moouments exal¿ one of the dominant values of British society in the lat,e eighteenth and eaily oineteenth ceotury; namely that of the just rule of India by a vesÞrn civilized society based on Evangelical philosophy, Background The history of British sculpture commissioaed for India is symbolically linked c¡ith the rise of British imperialism, In the late eighteenth century, there vas a change in British perceptions of India (Davies 13), The aspirations of the East India Company, no longer a mere mercantile pover on the sub-continent, but a political pover in control of the Presidency tovns of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, became like other European colonial powers overtþ imperial (Davies 13; Morris 7-s), The British sculptures commissioned for Madras, vhich are the focus of this study, ratrge in date from 1791 to 1E72, They are manifest¿tions, in store, of the changing attitude of the British ûovards India, The earliest monuments executed for India ùestify to a transitioa in aspirations of the British, from a trading interest to that of a political pover, conquering territories and attempting to bring the ¡atives of India under the co¡trol of the civilieing Wes[, This aspect t:f British history it India is most evident in the torawallis Moaumeat(fis, a6-7i e¡ecuted by Thomas Banks (1793-l$t3) betveen 1793 and 179S, Subsequent monumenh focus on olher British heroes vho, through their self-sacrifice, helped achieve supremacy for the Brilish in ùhe Eas[.
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