TRAITS

DNA GENES

PROTEINS

160 161 2 4 1

3

162 Genetic engineering, DNA from two different species have been combined.

Artificial selection. The desired trait was obtained by controlling reproduction.

Artificial selection. Framers chose only cows that had the gene to produce high fat milk, AND ALLOWED THEM TO BREED. Natural selection. The long bill gave the hummingbird a survival advantage in its environment.

149 The selection of desired traits in corn has been good for society. As human populations grow, dependable food crops will be needed. The ability to grow corn in vast amounts will help to feed the population. If we use artificial selection or biotechnology to keep pests away and develop crops that use less water it will be better for the environment. 152 156 156 • Artificial selection requires humans to identify beneficial traits that occur as a variation in the population. • It requires HUMANS to control the reproduction through selective breeding. • Artificial selection requires the understanding that traits are passed from parents to offspring and that if both parents have the trait it is more likely that the trait will be passed on . 157 • An advanced knowledge of genes Is not required. page 157

Punnett squares can be used to determine the probability of possible combinations of genes in offspring that result from a cross between two parents.

Artificial selection of traits in corals to help them survive the rising ocean temperatures. Selective breeding of corals that thrive in warm temperatures could increase this beneficial trait in other coral populations. Page 168

Ethics applies to animal testing because animals are living beings. Value systems vary from one culture to another. Forms of research acceptable in one culture may be considered as offensive in another. Not all individuals value human life over animal lives. Page 169

Increased food supply. Possible negative effects on health.

Higher profits for farmers. More food for communities. Tension between those for GMO’s vs those against .

Less pollution from pesticide use. Possible negative effects on other species, such as birds that eat caterpillars. Page 169 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Page 170 What does it mean to “target an isolated area” in step 1?

To which step do the extracted cells in diagram relate?

What is happening to the lab culture Shown in the diagram?

Page 171 If there are too many genes involved, genetic modification will be very complicated, time consuming, and expensive. Gene therapy works best when only ONE gene is causing a disease.

Page 171 Genetic diseases involving only ONE gene are good candidates for gene therapy.

Page 172 Hemophilia: the disease must have a genetic cause, and be the result of only ONE defective gene. The effects are limited to the liver cells and liver cells are easily accessible by current technology.

Page 172 176 176 177

1. Isolate the desired gene. 2. Cut that DNA using enzymes. 3. Insert the DNA into a bacteria, using cut and paste enzymes. 4. Return the DNA to the bacterial cell, where it will make new proteins. 177

Some GMO’s have a positive impact on society, such as genetically modified crops that have higher yields, or that produce their own pest fighting chemicals. Other GMO’s can be used to treat diseases. A negative impact is the unknown long term effects of GMO’s on humans and the environment. • Direct gene delivery, a virus carries the inserted gene directly to a targeted site after it is injected into the organism. • Indirect gene delivery, the virus with the inserted gene is used to introduce the gene to cells extracted from the organism’s body. This happens in a petri dish in the lab OUTSIDE of the body. • The genetically modified cells are then returned to the body.

177 179 179 1. A dog breeder wanted to produce a small variety of cocker spaniel. He mated the smallest dogs from various litters for many generations. This is an example of 1. natural selection 2. mutation 3. selective breeding 4. asexual reproduction

2. A permanent change to the DNA sequence of a gene is known as: 1. cell division 2. an adaptation 3. respiration 4. a mutation 3. Scientists have cloned sheep but have not yet cloned a human because: 1. the technology to clone humans has not been developed 2. human reproduction is very different from that of other mammals 3. there are ethical problems involved in cloning humans 4. cloning humans would take too long

4. White short-horned cattle and Black Angus cattle have been crossed to produce offspring with better beef and rapid growth. This process of choosing organisms with the most desirable traits for mating is known as 1. cloning 2. selective breeding 3. biodiversity 4. genetic engineering 5. Breeders have developed a new variety of chicken with no feathers. Which method was most likely used to produce this variety? 1. genetic engineering 2. Hybridization 3. regeneration 4. binary fission

6. Which example shows a type of selective breeding called artificial selection? 1. random mating taking place in a population 2. a new species appearing on an isolated island 3. a gardener producing a hybrid by cross-pollinating specific plants 4. wind assisting the pollination of grass in a field 7. A common practice used by dog breeders to maintain a desired trait in dogs is:

1. selective breeding 2. vegetative propagation 3. regeneration 4. Sporulation 8. Identical twins were separated at birth and raised by different families. The best explanation for any differences between the twins in height, weight, and IQ scores is that the genes controlling these traits were 1. not inherited traits 2. recessive gene traits 3. dominant gene traits 4. environmentally influenced

9.“Dolly” is a sheep developed from an egg cell of her mother. The nucleus of this egg cell was replaced by a nucleus from a body cell of Dolly’s mother. Which is a result of this technique? 1. Dolly is no longer able to reproduce. 2. Dolly is genetically identical to her mother. 3. Dolly is able to have a longer lifespan. 4. Dolly is unable to mate. 10. Which statement describes genetic engineering? 1. It changes the genes contained in hereditary material. 2. It provides energy for cell division. 3. It is necessary for the normal formation of sex cells. 4. It reduces variation in organisms that reproduce asexually Sequencing: Place the statements below in the correct order by placing a number (from 1 to 5) On the lines provided. The statements are NOT in the correct sequence. Suppose you wanted a variety of cow that produced a lot of milk. How would you accomplish doing this? 1 choose or select the cows in your herd that produce the most milk

3 select the offspring that produce the most milk

5 keep repeating the process of selection and breeding until you achieve your goal. 4 let only these offspring reproduce

2 let only these cows reproduce