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Guest Editorial Bats: Magnificent and Mysterious

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Guest Editorial Bats: Magnificent and Mysterious Guest Editorial Bats: Magnificent and Mysterious ,WLVLQGHHGDQKRQRXUWREHJUDQWHGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WR Research Unit (also known as Trinibats) on an evening of ZULWHLQWKH/LYLQJ:RUOG-RXUQDORQDWRSLF,KROGGHDU mist netting at the Asa Wright Nature Centre in the Arima ,QWKLVJXHVWHGLWRULDO,KLJKOLJKWWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIEDWVLQ Valley on October 12 th , 2018. The bats cooperated fully RXUHFRV\VWHPVUHÀHFWRQWKHGLYHUVLW\RIEDWVLQ7ULQLGDG WKLVHYHQLQJZLWKEDWVRIVSHFLHVEHLQJFDSWXUHG and Tobago, highlight some of the research taking place in and safely released back into the night. This was the largest Trinidad and Tobago, and advocate for continued research catch rate for the entire 2018 Trinibats expedition, and we into these marvellous creatures. were able to highlight a wide array of feeding guilds to :KHQHYHU , DP JLYHQ WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR SUHVHQW RQ the Honourable Minister. Bats comprise over 20% of the WKHLPSRUWDQFHRIEDWV,VWDUWE\DVNLQJWKHDXGLHQFHZKDW ZRUOG¶VPDPPDOLDQIDXQDDQGORFDOO\,Q7ULQLGDG they believe to be the importance of birds. Depending on and Tobago there are roughly 70 species of bat, and this list WKHDXGLHQFH,PD\JHWDIHZSHRSOHDQVZHULQJWKDWWKHLU is likely to grow given the fact that molecular techniques plumage or songs are appealing. With some prompting, used to differentiate species have not been conducted on ¿QDOO\ PHPEHUV RI WKH DXGLHQFH VSHDN RI SROOLQDWLRQ most of the species present. Using such techniques, the seed dispersal, and insect control. Bats are the night shift only endemic species of mammal in Trinidad and Tobago for these services. One study on the pollination services was recently found in Tobago, Sir David Attenborough’s of new world phyllostomid bats found that they pollinate Myotis, Myotis attenboroughi . The rich diversity we are WKH ÀRZHUV RI VSHFLHV RI SODQWV RI JHQHUD DQG fortunate to have in Trinidad and Tobago can be discussed 44 families. Another study found that neotropical bats LQVHYHUDOZD\V,QWHUPVRI)DPLO\GLYHUVLW\WKHUHDUHQLQH GLVSHUVHWKHIUXLWVRIDWOHDVWVSHFLHVRISODQWVRI families of bat, with the Phyllostomidae dominating with JHQHUD DQG IDPLOLHV 7KHLU UROH LQ PDLQWDLQLQJ RXU ¿YHVXEIDPLOLHVDQGRIWKHURXJKO\VSHFLHV(DFKRI forest ecosystems is profound, and is well demonstrated these families have their own unique characteristics. The by the cover photo where a Common Tent-making Bat, Emballonuridae, for example, are characterised by having Uroderma bilobatum is dispersing a Ficus fruit. With glandular sacs on their wings, used to mark their territories respect to fruit dispersal, bats are cited as essential for and attract mates. The Thyropteridae, consisting of one recolonisation in forest clearings since many of the species, Spix’s Disk-winged bat, Thyroptera tricolor is seeds they disperse are adapted for growth in disturbed adapted to roost in the rolled up leaves of heliconia and areas. These early successional plants include those of EDQDQDXVLQJVXFWLRQFXSVRQLWVKHHOVDQGWKXPEV,QWHUPV the Jumbie Candle, Piper sp. and Bois Canot, Cecropia of size, the smallest bat in Trinidad is the Riparian Myotis, peltata . Bats are especially good at helping to repair Myotis riparius, with a forearm between 32-38mm, while fragmented forests since they are described as mobile the largest is the Spectral Bat, Vampyrum spectrum , with a foragers, traversing these open areas and dispersing seeds IRUHDUPEHWZHHQPP into forest patches. Without insectivorous bats, the food Perhaps the best way to illustrate our bat diversity, resources we as humans depend upon would likely be however, is by feeding guild. The Spectral Bat is the PRUHH[SHQVLYH,WKDVEHHQHVWLPDWHGIRUH[DPSOHWKDW largest bat in the New World, and the largest carnivorous the value of bats to agriculture in the continental United bat in the world, feeding on birds and small mammals. 6WDWHVLVELOOLRQ\HDUZLWKUHVSHFWWRLQVHFWFRQWURO There are several gleaning animalivores, such as the Little WKHUHE\ UHGXFLQJ WKH QHHG IRU SHVWLFLGH DSSOLFDWLRQV ,Q Big-eared Bat, Micronycteris megalotis. 7KHVH FDQ ¿QG Thailand, a single species of bat has been found to prevent and consume insects perched on a leaf in the dark within WKHORVVRIDERXWWRQQHVRIULFHSHU\HDU7KHEHQH¿WV forested habitats, no easy task. Nectar feeding bats, such of bats in the control of insect populations may also extend as Geoffrey’s Hairy-legged Bat, Anoura geoffroyi , have to their consumption of mosquitoes and other vectors of VSHFWDFXODU DFUREDWLF GLVSOD\V KRYHULQJ DW ÀRZHUV IRU disease, which means they have a critical role to play in short periods while they stick out their long tongues to human health as well. consume the nectar therein. Large generalist fruit bats ,QOLJKWRIWKHPDQ\HFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHVSURYLGHGE\ like the Great Fruit-eating Bat, Artibeus lituratus , can be bats, the Minister of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries, seen dispersing a wide array of fruit, including Figs, Hog Senator the Honourable Clarence Rambarrat, has Plum, and Sapodilla. There are also several species of high recognised the importance of these creatures, going so far DQGIDVWÀ\LQJLQVHFWLYRURXVEDWVVXFKDVWKH*KRVWIDFHG as to join the Trinidad and Tobago Bat Conservation and Bat, Mormoops megalophylla WKDWÀ\DERYHWKHFDQRS\ iii IHHGLQJRQPRWKVEHHWOHVDQGÀLHV7KHUHLVRQHVSHFLHV animalivores having higher abundance in primary forests. RIEDWZKLFKVSHFLDOLVHVRQ¿VKWKH*UHDWHU)LVKLQJ%DW Throughout the world, bats continue to perform Noctilio leporinus , extending its long feet with large sharp their tasks under cover of darkness. They perform many FODZVWRJDII¿VKDWWKHZDWHU¶VVXUIDFH)LQDOO\LQ7ULQLGDG ecosystem services which we take for granted, have we possess two of the three species of vampire bat, the spectacular adaptations to perform these tasks, and Common Vampire Bat, Desmodus rotundus , which feeds continue to be important subjects of research. More on mammalian blood, and the White-winged Vampire Bat, recently, research on their behavioural and feeding ecology Diaemus youngi , which feeds on avian blood. FRQWLQXHVZLWKWKH8QLYHUVLW\RIWKH:HVW,QGLHV 8:, The diversity of bats we see in Trinidad and Tobago LQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWK7ULQLEDWV5HVHDUFKRQWKHHI¿FDF\RI makes this a fertile ground for research. The William Beebe batbox use in Trinidad is ongoing, where the use of bat Tropical Research Centre at Simla in the Arima Valley was ER[HVLQDWWUDFWLQJEDWVDQGDOOHYLDWLQJEDWKXPDQFRQÀLFW XVHGE\'U'RQDOG*ULI¿QLQWKHVWRFRQGXFWVRPHRI is the focus. Bat boxes have been installed at the Asa his seminal work on echolocation in bats, helping uncover Wright Nature Centre, along with bat acoustic recorders, WKHIHHGLQJHFRORJ\RIWKH*UHDWHU)LVKLQJ%DW,WZDV'U in keeping with the pioneering work carried out in Trinidad *ULI¿Q ZKR FRLQHG WKH WHUP ³HFKRORFDWLRQ´ LQ WR on echolocation. A comprehensive treatise of the bats of describe the method used by microbats navigate and forage Trinidad and Tobago has also been published by Geoffrey in the dark. The reproductive ecology of bats has also Gomes and Fiona Reid, an essential companion to novices been the subject of very interesting and ongoing research. and experts alike. Trinibats continues in our efforts to Seba’s Short-tailed Fruit Bat, Carollia perspicillata, has educate the public of the importance of bats, encouraging been used as a model organism to help understand some research and conservation. Beyond the research carried out of the serious problems found in human pregnancy. They E\WKH8:,7ULQLEDWVDQGRWKHUHQWLWLHVLQPRUHUHFHQW are ideally suited to this task since they usually carry a times we are pleased to see the removal of most bat species single embryo in a simplex uterus, similar to that seen from the vermin list in the Conservation of Wildlife Act. LQ KXPDQV ,Q XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH UHSURGXFWLYH HFRORJ\ Support from the Government of Trinidad and Tobago RI WKLV VSHFLHV VFLHQWLVWV VXFK DV 'U -RKQ 5DVZHLOHU ,9 and the Minister of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries in have helped us understand some of the processes which the protection of roosting habitat for bats is also vital. lead to implantation of human embryos. Some of the One such location which houses a massive population of pioneering work on paralytic rabies was carried out in EDWVLVWKHROG:RUOG:DU,,EXQNHULQ&XPXWRFDOOHGWKH Trinidad, where the link between bats and this form of ³,FHKRXVH´:HGRKRSHWKDWVWUXFWXUHVVXFKDVWKHVHZLOO WKH GLVHDVH ZDV PDGH LQ GXULQJ D PXOWLVSHFLHV be protected in perpetuity for these bats. Bats deserve our rabies epidemic which killed 73 people, and thousands UHVSHFWDQGSURWHFWLRQ,KRSHWKDW,¶YHKLJKOLJKWHGWKHLU of livestock. Today, research continues on mimicking the importance, and the need for their continued protection. anticoagulant properties of enzymes in the saliva of the Common Vampire Bat. Though the Vampire Bat has a sordid history in Trinidad, it is hoped that in harnessing the Luke Rostant, PhD VSHFLDOSURSHUWLHVIRXQGLQWKHLUVDOLYDKXPDQVPD\EHQH¿W Department of Life Sciences, from novel drugs for stroke victims. The community of 7KH8QLYHUVLW\RIWKH:HVW,QGLHV EDWV ZH ¿QG LQ WKH IRUHVWV RI 7ULQLGDG KDYH WKHPVHOYHV St. Augustine, Trinidad been shown to be indicators of forest health, with gleaning [email protected] iv.
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