A COLLABORATIVE PROJECT BY FUTURE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

lead, and move the national conversation on WELCOME public safety forward. KAROL V. MASON Our work did not stop with the six public PRESIDENT OF JOHN JAY conversations we hosted during this series and does not stop with the issuance of today’s COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL report. Quite the contrary; we see today’s report JUSTICE as a starting point of a years—or even decades-long—project. The work must now John Jay is in a unique position to continue in communities across the country. chart the future of the country’s course on public safety. We are a majority-minority C.J. DAVIS institution and reflect the diversity of voices of IMMEDIATE PAST minority communities that need to be heard. PRESIDENT OF THE At John Jay, we educate the future leaders for NATIONAL justice, safety, and peace—whether they go on ORGANIZATION OF to run advocacy campaigns, wear a uniform, conduct research to evaluate policy or uncover BLACK LAW bias, or all of these. ENFORCEMENT Through the hard work of bringing together EXECUTIVES diverse voices, and through the conclusions At this moment in our nation’s history, as we and roadmap we present in this report, we hope continue to witness tragic encounters between to break the binary mindset that characterizes police and the communities we serve, we must so much of the national conversation on public ask ourselves what has happened to cause safety: “us vs. them;” “law and order vs. Black such division and chaos in our profession, law Lives Matter.” enforcement—a profession that should As we say later in this report, ultimately, we all represent the best of who we are expected to want the same thing: to live in communities in be: guardians of nobility, integrity, and honor. which everybody has an opportunity to thrive While most police oficers serve with dignity and be successful. We started this project, in and honor, we know that building trust and large part, to unearth and highlight our charting a clear path towards re-imagining considerable areas of agreement around this public safety—and the role of policing within point. that—will be a daunting task. As the first woman and first person of color to Undoubtedly, the need for change is clear. And lead John Jay, I personally feel the weight of where we go from here begins with each and the current national reckoning with race. I am every one of us joining together as we discuss honored that we could partner with NOBLE to policy recommendations and how we rebuild develop this important series and excited to trust in marginalized communities who are release this culminating report to help disproportionately impacted by law communities map out the future of public enforcement. safety. Given the current climate, we at John Jay welcome the opportunity to be bold, to December 2020

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Society has efectively criminalized EXECUTIVE 6 mental illness, homelessness, and substance abuse, in part by assigning SUMMARY police as the public agents most often John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the responding to incidents of substance National Organization of Black Law abuse and psychiatric episodes. Enforcement Executives partnered together on Trauma, specifically in poor the “Future of Public Safety” series, which 7 communities and communities of color, resulted in this report. In the series, we brought caused by negative interactions with together 38 individuals representing a diverse police, food insecurity, unavailability of range of voices for “dialogue across quality housing, and interpersonal diferences.” Through everyone’s points of violence is prevalent across the healthy disagreement, we identified nine core country. It becomes a fundamental points of consensus that guided our work and aspect of how people approach their are the framework for the roadmap we provide interactions with law enforcement. Law communities: enforcement, political leaders, Everybody wants the same thing: to be community leaders, health 1 safe. That looks and feels like what professionals, educators, and others predominantly white and suburban must work together to address various communities enjoy every single day. forms of trauma across the country and look to address their root causes. 2 Beyond the police, other institutions and public servants must play a role in Society must address how police delivering public safety services. 8 departments think about and address issues of race, racial animus, and Healthy communities are safer 3 implicit bias. Neither police leadership, communities. Public resources must be nor community members, should have invested in the areas that are most any tolerance for law enforcement likely to create healthy communities. oficers with a history of or tie to racism Community voices—particularly those and injustice. 4 of young people—need to be included Police departments and oficers must and respected in the process of 9 view themselves as, and act as, defining public safety. Members of the guardians of the community, not community should be given space to be warriors against crime. real partners in public safety. Grounded in these points of consensus, we laid Less wealthy, and most often Black, out a roadmap for the public to follow in crafting indigenous, people of color (BIPOC) 5 a more just future of public safety. Our roadmap neighborhoods, are often over-policed begins by identifying a series of data points when it comes to investigating communities should gather about public safety presumed criminal activity and under- and social services. We then recommend a resourced when it comes to addressing series of steps that, grounded in those data, and preventing emergency situations. communities should follow with the goal of

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fostering: more public/private partnership; more services, public administration, research, and collaboration between the public, government, policy. and others; better transparency in government; John Jay is home to faculty and research and smarter law enforcement priorities that best centers at the forefront of researching and keep communities safe in the most cost- advancing criminal and social justice reform. efective and racially just manner. The College is renowned for bringing together leading scholars and practitioners to address the most intractable social justice issues facing INTRODUCTION our communities. As a top-flight research institution with a long-standing commitment to “Our goal is to lead our country to a practice, particularly in policing, John Jay is place where communities of color and uniquely positioned to help integrate research, police trust each other, and partner with application, and practice to reimagine the future each other in building communities of public safety. where everyone feels safe and has the Since 1976, The National Organization of Black opportunity to thrive.” Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE) has John Jay President Karol V. Mason served as the conscience of law enforcement. JOHN JAY COLLEGE OF NOBLE’s founders recognized that Black law enforcement executives could have a CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND significantly more efective impact upon the NOBLE criminal justice system through a unified voice. Founded in 1964, John Jay College of Criminal The organization started by raising relevant Justice—a senior college of The City University questions about topics such as fairness in the of New York, the largest urban university in the administration of justice, police-community world—continues its legacy of preparing the relations, the hiring and promotion of Black next generation of law enforcement leaders, police oficers, and the unique problems faced and has evolved into the preeminent by the Black police executive. international leader in educating for justice in its Today, NOBLE’s mission is to serve equity in many dimensions. the administration of justice and in the As a Hispanic-serving institution and Minority- provision of public service to all communities. serving institution with over 15,000 Its goal is to be recognized as a highly undergraduate and graduate students, John competent public service organization at the Jay is recognized for educating a diverse forefront of providing solutions to law student body to become fierce advocates for enforcement issues and concerns, as well as to justice. The College is ranked as a top ten the ever-changing needs of our communities. institution for promoting student social mobility. NOBLE today has nearly 60 chapters and Nearly half of its graduates pursue careers in represents over 3,000 members worldwide, public service, working in government, including chief executive oficers and nonprofit organizations, and in every segment command-level law enforcement oficials from of the criminal justice system, including law federal, state, county, and municipal law enforcement, the legal profession, social

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enforcement agencies, as well as criminal ● Defining Public Safety, on September justice practitioners. 15, 2020 THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC ● Public Safety Beyond the Police Station, SAFETY SERIES on September 17, 2020 In coming together, John Jay and NOBLE ● Public Health and Welfare, on sought not just to observe and diagnose what September 22, 2020 ails policing and public safety, but to chart a ● Investing in Safer Communities, on positive path forward for safe communities. September 24, 2020

We set out to create a roadmap for ● Recruiting, Skills, and Training, on governments, community members, law October 1, 2020 enforcement, businesses, philanthropic Throughout the series, we grounded our work institutions, activists, and engaged members of in a number of fundamental questions: the public to embrace, as we work to create a new age of public safety that is equitable for all. ● What does a safe community look like? What is the meaning of “public safety” A critical component of the series was what we in the 21st Century? called “dialogue across diferences.” We brought together 38 individuals representing a ● What is the role of police, other diverse range of voices, including community community members, and public activists Brittany Packnett Cunningham and servants in creating safe communities? Erica Ford; major police chiefs Danielle Outlaw ● What is the role of police, other from Philadelphia and Medaria Arradondo from community members, and public Minneapolis; Mayors Jenny Durkan from servants in responding to specific Seattle and Keisha Lance Bottoms from community challenges such as youth Atlanta; public health experts Leana Wen and violence, addiction, and homelessness? Nadine Gracia; foundation leaders Wes Moore from the Robin Hood Foundation and Candice ● What investments are needed in order Jones from the Public Welfare Foundation; and to build safe and thriving communities? others.1 The series brought together voices ● Who should we be recruiting to serve as calling for the abolition of police forces, police oficers in this new paradigm? members of police unions, government What skills/personality traits/values veterans and business executives, for tough should they have? discussions around sensitive topics. We knew everyone wouldn’t agree on every issue. But ● How do we equip law enforcement for that was the point. this newly defined role? We held a Kickof Session on September 10, Through the wisdom and diferences of our 2020, during which we explored the broad guests, we identified several points of themes of the series. We then held five consensus around what the future of public sessions, covering the following subjects: safety ought to look like. We then tested those findings out in a series of small, of-the-record

1 The full list of contributors is included in Appendix 2.

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focus groups held with youth and community how Black and Brown communities are policed activists, line oficers, police union did not begin with the death of George Floyd in representatives, and police chiefs drawn from Minneapolis on May 25, 2020. NOBLE’s membership. Drawing on these The history of policing and race in the United findings, we have created a roadmap for the States have been intertwined for generations. public to follow in local eforts to make The first publicly funded and supported police communities across the country safer, more force in the United States was formed in the equitable, and more just. 1830s in Boston. By the 1890s, every major city Above all else, we cannot stress enough that in the United States had a police force.2 During the future of public safety cannot be solely the Reconstruction and the Jim Crow periods,3 within the domain of law enforcement. Many law enforcement served at least in part to critical stakeholders have important roles to ensure that laws and policies could be used to play: including elected and appointed oficials, control the lives and movement of Black city managers, the business and philanthropic people. Before Emancipation, the economics communities, educators, public health that drove the creation of police forces were professionals, and other community members. largely focused on the preservation of the This report is for all of them. slavery system.4 Some of the primary entities enforcing the law—though not police forces HISTORICAL CONTEXT themselves—were “slave patrols” tasked with “This is a 300-year-long conversation chasing down runaways and preventing slave that some of us are just now revolts.5 joining.” In the early 1900s, police departments began to Pastor Mike McBride, The Way stress the importance of sociology, social work, Christian Center psychology, and management in their work.6 It is impossible to look to the future This was around the time that oficers began to of public safety without thinking police the neighborhoods they lived in on foot.7 about the past and present of policing. The notion of “professionalized,” or vocational [CLICK TO PLAY] It is most important for all who read police departments as we think of them today is this report to know that concerns about a relatively new one, emerging in the early-to-

2 https://www.npr.org/2020/06/13/876628302/the-history-of-policing-and-race-in-the-u-s-are-deeply-intertwined 3 Ibid. 4 These attempts to preserve slavery weren’t limited to the South; scholars have identified that slave catchers and police oficers aggressively used the mandate in the Constitution’s Fugitive Slave Clause to target the Black population in northern states, including New York. See https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/27/books/review-kidnapping-club-jonathan-daniel- wells.html?referringSource=articleShare 5 https://time.com/4779112/police-history-origins/ 6 See https://www.britannica.com/topic/police/The-development-of-police-in-Canada, describing the work of the professional policing reform movement, led by August Vollmer in Berkeley, California. 7 https://www.insider.com/history-of-police-in-the-us-photos-2020-6

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mid-twentieth century.8 Scholars have found including inequitable policing practices, that the move toward professionalism was trauma’s role in fueling violence, and other problematic in some ways for race relations: it culturally-embedded forms of racial promoted the creation of police departments discrimination—still plague us today and still that were “inward-looking” and “isolated from are at the heart of contemporary studies of the the public.”9 As a result, tactics to control crime issue, like 2015’s Final Report of the ended up exacerbating tensions between police President’s Task Force on 21st Century and the communities they served—particularly Policing.12 as police departments became more As contributor to Session One Pastor Mike “militarized” during the “war on crime” in McBride stated, “even in our lifetime, we have roughly the mid-1960s. had federal reports in every decade that have By the time of the civil rights movement of the spoken to what needs to happen. At some point 1960s, Black people began to question and we are being willfully obtuse to suggest that we challenge the manner in which their do not know this. The report recommendations neighborhoods were being policed. As protests don’t change, the politicians seem to change, about race, policing, and civil rights broke out the victims don’t change, and our inability to do across the South, police often met them with what the reports outline can't seem to get violent tactics, such as tear gas, high-pressure traction.” water hoses, and attack dogs.10 Our report is by no means the first to probe some of the thorny questions around race and policing in America. After riots in 1967 that killed 43 in Detroit and 26 in Newark, President Johnson constituted the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, or the Kerner Commission, to study the root causes of the violence.11 While many Americans blamed rioting on agitators and Black men, the Kerner Commission debunked that notion, finding that it was white racism, and not Black anger, that was at the heart of turmoil in American cities. More than fifty years later, surprisingly little has changed. Many among the constellation of issues the Kerner Commission identified—

8 https://plsonline.eku.edu/sites/plsonline.eku.edu/files/the-history-of-policing-in-us.pdf 9 Ibid. 10 https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/birmingham-erupted-chaos-1963-battle-civil-rights-exploded-south- article-1.1071793 11 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/1968-kerner-commission-got-it-right-nobody-listened-180968318/ #:~:text=President%20Lyndon%20Johnson%20constituted%20the,casualties%20in%2023%20other%20cities.%20( 12 https://cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/taskforce/taskforce_finalreport.pdf

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2 Beyond the police, other institutions KEY POINTS OF and public servants must play a role in CONSENSUS AND delivering public safety services. Healthy communities are safer ROADMAP 3 communities. Public resources must be Over the course of six public conversations and invested in the areas that are most four private focus groups, we found remarkable likely to create healthy communities. consensus around principles that should guide Community voices—particularly those the future of public safety. 4 of young people—need to be included Most fundamentally, while police play a critical and respected in the process of role in public safety, the future of public safety defining public safety. Members of the is not, and cannot only be thought of, as merely community should be given space to be the future of policing. We must think of and real partners in public safety. approach public safety in a holistic manner, in Less wealthy, and most often Black, which a number of stakeholders and public 5 indigenous, people of color (BIPOC) servants—including police—are at the table neighborhoods, are often over-policed and playing critical roles. when it comes to investigating Second, the future of public safety depends on presumed criminal activity and under- not just how laws are enforced, but what we resourced when it comes to addressing ask of police oficers, how oficers see and preventing emergency situations. themselves, and what access community Society has efectively criminalized members have to basic necessities like quality 6 mental illness, homelessness, and housing, well-paying jobs, and educational substance abuse, in part by assigning opportunity. It also includes how responsive police as the public agents most often leaders are to communities, whose voices are responding to incidents of substance heard in discussions about public safety, and abuse and psychiatric episodes. the role of bias across all areas of life. All of these factors—and many others—work 7 Trauma, specifically in poor together to compound inequality across communities and communities of color, generations, and any solution to keeping caused by negative interactions with communities truly safe requires addressing all police, food insecurity, unavailability of of them together. quality housing, and interpersonal violence is prevalent across the Over the course of the series, we found that country. It becomes a fundamental nine points of consensus repeatedly emerged aspect of how people approach their in some form or another from a wide variety of interactions with law enforcement. Law participants: enforcement, political leaders, Everybody wants the same thing: to be community leaders, health 1 safe. That looks and feels like what professionals, educators, and others predominantly white and suburban must work together to address various communities enjoy every single day. forms of trauma across the country and look to address their root causes.

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8 Society must address how police EVERYBODY WANTS THE departments think about and address SAME THING: TO BE issues of race, racial animus, and implicit bias. Neither police leadership, SAFE. THAT LOOKS AND nor community members, should have FEELS LIKE WHAT any tolerance for law enforcement 1 PREDOMINANTLY WHITE AND oficers with a history or tie to racism SUBURBAN COMMUNITIES and injustice. ENJOY EVERY SINGLE DAY. 9 Police departments and oficers must view themselves as, and act as, What people really want, guardians of the community, not regardless of where warriors against crime. they live, who they love, or what they These nine points of consensus provide us with look like, is to let the basis for the recommendations we make to chart a course on a new future for public safety. their kids play in the We hope that the recommendations in this front yard or in the report, taken together, serve as a long-term park across the street [CLICK TO PLAY] guide for communities—stretching far beyond and be able to go on any one, two- or four-year election cycle—as with the business of their life, without they work to become safer and more racially having concern or worry about not only just. being a victim of crime, but also of being a victim of some kind of a disparate treatment. Unless we get to a place where everyone, regardless of where they live, has that feeling of security, we don't really have public safety. Sean Smoot, Director, Police Benevolent and Protective Association of Illinois

Perhaps no theme was more consistently raised among the diverse voices in the series than the idea that everybody in America— regardless of economics, geography, and demographic factors—wants the same uncontroversial thing: to be safe. In all, we found that “safety” can be quite easy to define. Virtually every contributor who was asked about what safety is gave some variation of the themes above. Or, put more directly in the words of Daryl Atkinson at one point in the series, “what does public safety look like? It’s not rocket science, right? It’s what

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predominantly white communities get every Additionally, a number of participants also day.” But while the general concept of “safety” found that autonomy, self-determination, and can be easy to define, achieving it can be wellbeing all are core to the notion of what challenging. defines safety. These concepts include individuals having a sense of freedom and For instance, it is easy to fall into the trap of space to be able to conduct their own afairs. incorrectly conflating the terms “public safety” Likewise, a number of participants stressed that and “policing.” While police can, and should, public safety and personal wellbeing are play a role in keeping communities safe, public interconnected. As Johns Hopkins University safety cannot be achieved simply by putting Assistant Professor Dr. Cassandra Crifasi more law enforcement oficers in every noted, “[y]ou cannot have healthy communities community. This truth is compounded by that aren't safe, and you can't have safe widespread mistrust of law enforcement in communities that aren't healthy.” many communities across America, particularly communities of color. In the end, there was broad consensus in the series that reimagining public safety will require At its most basic, the ability to be free from a fundamental rethinking of race, power, violence is central to everyone’s sense of policing, resources, and community. It will safety. Notably, this extends to being free from require a reframing of how we think about violence from both other members of the public public safety and in some places, significant and the government. In addition, law structural change. This includes a vast enforcement professionals must be mindful that philosophical reimagining of community no community in which members of the public investments. Beyond election cycles, all levels fear violence from law enforcement is a safe of government must also recognize that one. We must all work together to build investing in education, nutrition, public health, relationships of trust between law enforcement quality housing, and reentry services are and the public, and addressing how to respond themselves investments in public safety. As to, and prevent, violence at the hands of the Phillipe Cunningham, city councilperson for government will be a part of that. Minneapolis’s Ward 4 and a participant at But series participants also identified other key Session Five, said, “You can't just change up components that contribute to community the walls and put some new paint on it when members being, and feeling, safe. First, while the foundation itself is broken.” geographic communities across the country are diferent and have diferent needs, a population can only be, or feel, safe, when the public’s basic needs are met. Several participants cited well-funded schools, available quality housing, living wages, access to healthy food, access to outdoor space, and culturally responsive social services as prerequisites to a community’s feeling safe. Every safe community, wherever it is, will have these things.

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our Kickof Session, “We can no longer be the savior for all our communities.” Much of this BEYOND THE POLICE, sentiment flowed from one core insight: any OTHER INSTITUTIONS number of other public or private entities are AND PUBLIC SERVANTS better suited to take on some of the functions MUST PLAY A ROLE IN now regularly performed by police. 2 Reneé Hall, Chief of the Dallas Police DELIVERING PUBLIC SAFETY SERVICES. Department, summed up that law enforcement has three core competencies: responding to “We have not been successful at calls to service; addressing crime, both stopping heart attacks by getting proactively and reactively; and bringing more ambulances out there. individuals who commit crime to justice. We've dealt with heart attacks However, as she noted in Session Two, by creating cholesterol and “[police] have been tasked with everything from blood pressure medications. mental illness, to homelessness, to animal Likewise, we’ve created control.” To this end, she noted, there is a misalignment in many cities and towns between opportunities for safer [CLICK TO PLAY] their expectations about public safety and how communities, for people to walk law enforcement is currently designed. and to interact in positive ways. And it's the same thing. They know that the Flowing from this, members of the public must solution to violence isn't by bringing recognize that public safety is not simply the domain of police; it is a community more police in; it's by preventing responsibility, and requires investment, buy-in, violence in the first place. And asking: and participation from a number of what are the root causes of violence?” stakeholders. It will never be achieved by a Dr. Marc Zimmerman, Director of the Prevention single person or a single group, and will require Research Center of Michigan and Director of the collaboration among political leaders, activists, Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of organizations, law enforcement, and Michigan community members. According to data collected by the Vera Institute Throughout the series, law enforcement of Justice, more than 80 percent of all arrests oficials, activists, and community members nationwide are for low-level, nonviolent alike identified substantially the same tasks that ofenses, and the cost of policing, nationally, is they believe police should no longer be $115 billion per year.13 Many participants— performing. Generally, those tasks included including law enforcement personnel and responding to nonviolent or noncriminal mental community activists alike—expressed that this health issues, homelessness, addiction, transit is an ineficient way to consume public system incidents, and school incidents. resources and agreed with a general principle: Moreover, public safety is not increased when police alone cannot, and should not, be the arrest and incarceration is the primary, if not the sole providers of public safety. As stated by only, tactic in law enforcement’s toolbox. Minneapolis Police Chief Medaria Arradondo in

13 https://www.vera.org/publications/what-policing-costs-in-americas-biggest-cities/

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Along these lines, a common theme across public safety is an obvious question: what participants was that, in addition to shifting about resources? In a world of limited some functions from police departments to resources, dificult decisions need to be made other municipal and community organizations about how to most efectively spend public and entities, communities need to ensure funds. greater collaboration between law enforcement One point was stated quite explicitly by a and the many other sectors of the community number of our participants from across that can have a role to play in keeping the disciplines, including Mayor Jenny Durkan; public safe. This includes partnerships between Prof. David Kennedy; District Attorney Eric law enforcement and mental health providers, Gonzalez; Chief Reneé Hall; and Dr. Thomas the public health community, the business LaVeist: deciding how to allocate resources community, philanthropists, and clergy. with an eye toward a new model of public safety is fundamentally a political question, and will require significant political will. It will require HEALTHY elected oficials, working in tandem with the COMMUNITIES ARE communities they serve, to identify the core SAFER COMMUNITIES. systemic issues that lie at the heart of crime PUBLIC RESOURCES and violence in their communities, in order to 3 address how to most efectively invest public MUST BE INVESTED IN THE funds. AREAS THAT ARE MOST A number of guests provided data to point out LIKELY TO CREATE HEALTHY disparities in their communities as to how COMMUNITIES. public funds are invested today. For instance, “We need to invest in public safety former Baltimore Health Commissioner Dr. Leana Wen and Dr. Thomas LaVeist noted that outcomes that do not find their in a recent year, Baltimore spent more on police origins or their success in the overtime than its entire public health budget size of a police department or (which includes mental health services, animal the presence of a police control, disease prevention, substance abuse department, but in the health, and addiction services, maternal health and the vitality, the wealth of childcare, community-based violence communities that are both prevention, restaurant inspections, and more). [CLICK TO PLAY] relational and resource-rich. That Director of the African American Roundtable at has to be the future of public safety.” Wisconsin Voices Markasa Tucker noted that Pastor Mike McBride, The Way Christian Center the Milwaukee Police Department represents nearly half of the city’s budget.14 John Jay Flowing naturally from the recommendation that Professor David Kennedy noted that while the police not be the sole parties responsible for New York Police Department’s budget is

14 See https://www.fox6now.com/news/defund-police-100-weigh-in-on-milwaukees-672m-proposed-budget

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approximately $11 billion dollars, the city Commissioner Danielle Outlaw, while noting in spends a tiny fraction of that—less than $35 the Kickof Session how important shifting million—on gun violence prevention police duties to social service providers will be programs.15 As Dr. Wen noted, presenting such in the long run, noted that the majority of police information is not necessarily a comment on budgets today are dedicated to personnel how much the cities ought to have been costs. As she explained, untailored cuts to spending on police departments, but a budgets, while well-intentioned, could result in statement as to where else spending could also immediate layofs. These could in turn hurt go to enhance public safety. “If we don’t treat diversity eforts in police departments and, [homelessness and addiction],” she noted, ultimately, harm public safety. “then there's going to be much more of a need Along these lines, some of our participants for policing.” argued that the process of rethinking police Broadly speaking, participants agreed that stafing should be a deliberate one. Baltimore localities should gather, assess, and make Police Commissioner Michael Harrison used public specific data on how police budgets are this analogy in Session Four: “if we were crafted, how police spend their resources, and building a stadium, we wouldn’t tear down the how oficers spend their time. At the heart of old one before building the new one. We would this process is trying to first increase public continue to use the old stadium while the new understanding of how public funds are being one was being built. By not taking that spent on law enforcement. This understanding approach, we could create a gap that might of law enforcement activity can then be mapped sometimes create more harm than good.” against the public’s goals for community safety. At a minimum, localities should explore the cost From that analysis, communities can rethink of their policing budgets both in terms of total police budgets and shift investment over time investments as well as in relative terms— to other community-based programs aimed at percentages of their total expenditures—in combating poverty, improving education, and reassessing where resources can be most investing in community-based programs. efectively used to carry out smart public safety However, contributors difered as to how to get goals.16 there. Some took the view that localities should reshape their budgets and priorities immediately; some expressed a view that the process of rethinking budgets should be more gradual. For instance, Philadelphia Police

15 See https://cbcny.org/research/seven-facts-about-nypd-budget; https://criminaljustice.cityofnewyork.us/press-release/ mayors-ofice-to-prevent-gun-violence-set-to-expand-launch-major-peacekeeping-programs/; https:// www.businessinsider.com/the-real-cost-of-police-nypd-actually-10-billion-year-2020-8 16 Many major cities have started this process, working with the public and considering proposals to rethink how best to allocate public funds. See, e.g., https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Berkeley-proposal-calls-for-eliminating- police-15375325.php (Berkeley); https://11thdistrict.com/news/council-tackles-problem-of-police-stopping-motorists-for- driving-while-black/ (Los Angeles); https://patch.com/new-jersey/newarknj/newark-will-take-12m-police-reinvest-social- services (Newark); https://www.chalkbeat.org/2020/6/19/21297248/toronto-canada-ended-school-police-program-example-for- united-states-school-districts (Toronto); https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2017/justice-involved-supportive- housing.page (New York).

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COMMUNITY VOICES— conversations about policing may feel to some PARTICULARLY THOSE in law enforcement like ceding ground, that’s actually a positive step. “Part of the solution for OF YOUNG PEOPLE— police and for prosecutors is to innovate, and to NEED TO BE INCLUDED listen to our communities about what we need,” 4 he said. “We may have to take a step back and AND RESPECTED IN THE PROCESS OF DEFINING be diminished in the process somewhat. So for me, innovation in this area looks like sharing PUBLIC SAFETY. MEMBERS OF the ability and the power to decide what THE COMMUNITY SHOULD BE happens to cases with community members.” GIVEN SPACE TO BE REAL In comments given on a panel held by the PARTNERS IN PUBLIC SAFETY. Obama Foundation during their Reimagine “You can’t keep asking people to Policing Series, one of our contributors, Merisa Heu Weller, Director of Criminal Justice Reform come to the table and be at Microsoft, stated that “reform is hyper-local.” listened to, if their experience Public safety cannot be rethought in has been that you have never communities without regard for their own actually listened.” uniqueness. This will involve not only bringing Brittany Packnett Cunningham, community members to the table, but gathering Advocate and Activist and focusing on data, demography and trends. [CLICK TO PLAY] A theme running through the What may work in one community will not discussions in the series was that members of necessarily work in another. the community—particularly young people— Through the series, we heard from need to have a seat at the table in discussions representatives of a number of organizations about what will make communities safer. As doing impactful work that involved soliciting the many expressed, law enforcement entities are voices of, and working with, members of the not the only ones with a stake in public safety, community and young people in helping to and shouldn’t be the only ones involved in shape the course of public safety. They conversations about it. More importantly, all included: African American Roundtable communities are diferent—with diferent (Wisconsin Voices); My Brother’s Keeper populations and needs. Teasing out what those Alliance; Californians for Safety and Justice; diferences are—and what each community’s Community Justice Action Fund; Forward unique public safety needs are—will require Justice; JustLeadershipUSA; Life Camp; hearing from those closest and best equipped Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center; to speak about them. In the process, members National Institute for Criminal Justice Reform; of communities—across generations and National Network for Safe Communities; Public classes—should engage with decision makers Welfare Foundation; and The Way Christian and ensure that those decision makers are Center. answering the community’s questions, not simply vice versa. District Attorney Eric Gonzalez in Session Two noted that while bringing other voices into

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LESS WEALTHY, AND that go back to the founding of the nation. MOST OFTEN BLACK, However, remnants of the past continue to haunt America’s approach to policing INDIGENOUS, PEOPLE communities of color and touch every aspect of OF COLOR (BIPOC) the criminal justice system. For instance, 5 according to the Pew Research Center, more NEIGHBORHOODS, ARE OFTEN OVER-POLICED WHEN IT than eight in ten Black adults say that Blacks are treated less fairly than whites by police.17 COMES TO INVESTIGATING Black adults are about five times as likely as PRESUMED CRIMINAL whites to say they’ve been unfairly stopped by ACTIVITY AND UNDER- police because of their race or ethnicity.18 RESOURCED WHEN IT COMES Moreover, bias by decision makers at all stages TO ADDRESSING AND of the justice process disadvantages Black PREVENTING EMERGENCY people. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, studies have found that Blacks are SITUATIONS. more likely to be stopped by the police, "If you're thirsty and somebody detained pretrial, charged with more serious gives you a dirty cup of water crimes, and sentenced more harshly than white 19 and it's all you have to drink, people. According to the Pew Research you're going to drink it.” Center, the imprisonment rate for Black Americans at the end of 2018 (1,501 per Candice Jones, CEO, Public Welfare Foundation 100,000) was nearly five times the rate among [CLICK TO PLAY] whites (268 per 100,000).20 In addition, “People talk about a school to according to researchers at Harvard’s T.H. prison pipeline. There isn’t a Chan School of Public Health, Black people are school to prison pipeline. more than three times as likely as white people There’s a poverty-to-prison to be killed during an encounter with police.21 pipeline. Because not all Ironically, while these imbalances exist, many schools have a pipeline to communities of color are, in a way, prison.” simultaneously over-policed and under-

[CLICK TO PLAY] Wes Moore, CEO, Robin Hood resourced; over-policed when it comes to Foundation surveillance and social control but under- resourced when it comes to emergency As we have noted through this report, the services.22 One of our contributors, Prof. David intersection of race and policing has origins Kennedy, has made this point in the past:

17 https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/03/10-things-we-know-about-race-and-policing-in-the-u-s/ 18 Ibid. 19 https://www.vera.org/downloads/publications/for-the-record-unjust-burden-racial-disparities.pdf 20 https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/05/06/share-of-black-white-hispanic-americans-in-prison-2018-vs-2006/ 21 https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/blacks-whites-police-deaths-disparity/ 22 https://now.tufts.edu/articles/how-racial-segregation-and-policing-intersect-america

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“Being over-policed for the small stuf, and DeAnna Hoskins provided a powerful anecdote under-policed for the important stuf, alienates in our Kickof Session, regarding how disparate the community, undercuts cooperation and treatment of communities perpetuates the cycle fuels private violence, which itself often then of violence: “In the Black community, when drives even more intrusive policing, more there's a homicide or a victim of a violent crime, alienation, lower clearance rates, and still more our kids get a memorial on his closest street violence. The cops write of the community sign with teddy bears and a t-shirt and they go even more; the community writes of the cops to school. But a kid can commit suicide in a even more.”23 [white] community that Monday morning, and that school has grief counselors to say that Living in poor communities exposes people to it’s not a normal behavior. So we have risk factors for both potentially committing normalized violence in certain communities.” crimes and being arrested, and a history of structural racism and inequality of opportunity In short, we have failed if we do not consider means that Black people are more likely to be race’s role in how communities are policed. In living in conditions of concentrated poverty.24 our roadmap later in this report, we identify a This point was made in the course of our number of areas of data that localities and series; as Daryl Atkinson noted in Session police departments should collect and make Four, generations of racist housing policy have public that will help communities address had a direct impact on how people are inequalities in how BIPOC communities are segregated, and on the resources directed to policed. Collecting this information might at their communities. times be challenging, as often the communities who most need to hold their government In addition, a number of participants noted how accountable have the most challenging time the same problems are often spoken about or gathering public data. thought about diferently regarding white and BIPOC communities. For instance, as moderator James Cadogan noted in Session Three, the diferent ways in which the crack epidemic of the 1980s and the opioid epidemic of the 2010s have been spoken about (one as a crime issue, one as a public health issue), ties into how Black and Brown communities are policed. According to Dr. Cassandra Crifasi, a similar dynamic also exists regarding public health; as she noted in Session Three, “for too long, problems that have impacted white communities have been thought of as social problems or public health problems, but when those very same problems impact communities of color, we take a policing approach.”

23 https://www.vox.com/2015/4/14/8411733/black-community-policing-crime 24 https://www.vera.org/downloads/publications/for-the-record-unjust-burden-racial-disparities.pdf

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SOCIETY HAS minimum, all police oficers would be well EFFECTIVELY served with better preparation in de-escalation practices, and in recognizing mental health CRIMINALIZED MENTAL issues, when confronting mentally ill 6 ILLNESS, individuals. HOMELESSNESS, AND As in other areas that came up through the SUBSTANCE ABUSE, IN PART series, participants tied the issue back to BY ASSIGNING POLICE AS THE resources, and how they have been allocated PUBLIC AGENTS MOST OFTEN historically. Multiple participants talked through the history of the community mental health RESPONDING TO INCIDENTS system in the United States—namely that over OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND the last several decades, communities PSYCHIATRIC EPISODES. nationwide have gradually dismantled, and shifted funding away from, public mental health “You don't bring a knife to a systems. For instance, as noted by Chief Louis gunfight. Well, you don't bring a Dekmar, in the 1960s, the country had about gun to a mental health crisis.” 600,000 inpatient beds for a population of about Dr. Marc Zimmerman, Director of the 150,000,000. Today, there are fewer than Prevention Research Center of Michigan 60,000 beds for a country of over and Director of the Youth Violence 330,000,000.26 As a result, the only public Prevention Center, University of Michigan agencies available to respond to mental health [CLICK TO PLAY] “Whenever there's an automatic crises 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, are police presence, it criminalizes increasingly police agencies. At least one whatever that matter is.” participant, Dr. Cassandra Crifasi, noted that Philadelphia Police Commissioner over time social stigma around mental health Danielle Outlaw has driven the public’s approach to criminalizing it, rather than efectively managing A number of guests expressed the it. concern that police oficers spend a Law enforcement has stepped up to fill the [CLICK TO PLAY] disproportionate amount of their time, energy, and resources responding to vacuum out of necessity, if not out of intentional matters related to homelessness, mental planning and design. Participants were in illness, and substance abuse, and are not agreement about the need for better necessarily the best parties for doing so. For partnerships between law enforcement and instance, roughly one in four people fatally shot those who provide services around mental by police are struggling with some mental health, homelessness, and addiction. Some health issue.25 Participants noted that, at a such partnerships are already being put in

25 See https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/fatal-shootings-by-police-remain-relatively-unchanged-after-two-years/ 2016/12/30/fc807596-c3ca-11e6-9578-0054287507db_story.html?utm_term=.de3c7d356a92; https:// www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/ 26 https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2016/08/02/amid-shortage-of-psychiatric-beds- mentally-ill-face-long-waits-for-treatment; https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/key-issues/bed-shortages; https:// www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/evidence-and-research/learn-more-about/3696

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place around the country and should be TOGETHER TO ADDRESS expanded. For instance, Brittany Packnett VARIOUS FORMS OF TRAUMA Cunningham pointed to Denver’s Support Team Assistance Response program, which sends a ACROSS THE COUNTRY AND mental health professional and paramedic to LOOK TO ADDRESS THEIR some 911 calls instead of police. Since the ROOT CAUSES. program was launched on June 1 of this year, the Denver program has replaced police in “Hurt people hurt hundreds of matters that didn’t threaten public people.” safety, providing better support to individuals Minneapolis Police Chief Medaria Arradondo and families confronting mental health crises while freeing police up to respond to other calls Participants broadly that represent a more efective use of police agreed that trauma is [CLICK TO PLAY] resources.27 prevalent across the country and is a fundamental aspect of how people approach their negative interactions TRAUMA, SPECIFICALLY with law enforcement—particularly in BIPOC IN POOR COMMUNITIES communities. The violence that flows from trauma is contagious and cyclical. As a result, AND COMMUNITIES OF any long-term solutions for reducing violence COLOR, CAUSED BY and making the public safer must necessarily 7 address the root causes of trauma. NEGATIVE INTERACTIONS WITH POLICE, FOOD Guests from across disciplines pointed to any INSECURITY, UNAVAILABILITY number of forms of trauma that can compound OF QUALITY HOUSING, AND and lead to further stress in people. In our Kickof Session, Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE IS Bottoms eloquently described her own PREVALENT ACROSS THE experience seeing her father’s arrest and how COUNTRY. IT BECOMES A that shaped her long-term views of law FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT OF enforcement. Others shared similar experiences, noting the profound impact being HOW PEOPLE APPROACH arrested, or seeing a loved one get arrested, THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH can have on an individual. LAW ENFORCEMENT. LAW Dr. Howard Spivak noted that traumatic ENFORCEMENT, POLITICAL physical violence can lead to the perpetuation LEADERS, COMMUNITY of more violence and public safety threats LEADERS, HEALTH across generations. As he noted in Session Three, women who have been survivors of PROFESSIONALS, EDUCATORS domestic partner violence are more likely to AND OTHERS MUST WORK face an increased risk of mental illness (which,

27 https://www.denverpost.com/2020/09/06/denver-star-program-mental-health-police/

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as we discussed above, thereby can make SOCIETY MUST interactions with the criminal justice system far ADDRESS HOW POLICE more likely). DEPARTMENTS THINK Likewise, particularly in underserved ABOUT AND ADDRESS communities, many children confront significant 8 trauma daily. As Dr. Nadine Gracia noted in ISSUES OF RACE, RACIAL Session Three, sixty percent of adults have had ANIMUS, AND IMPLICIT BIAS. at least one “adverse childhood experience”28— NEITHER POLICE LEADERSHIP, including violence, abuse, and neglect. Such NOR COMMUNITY MEMBERS, trauma can lead to struggles with finances, jobs, and depression throughout life (some of SHOULD HAVE ANY the very challenges at the heart of this report). TOLERANCE FOR LAW In addition, a number of guests pointed to ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS society’s failure to provide many people with WITH A HISTORY OF OR TIE TO basic human needs—quality housing, RACISM AND INJUSTICE. education, income, healthcare—as itself representing a form of trauma. Dr. Cassandra “It's culturally disingenuous to suggest Crifasi and Erica Ford separately noted that the that racism and bias and discrimination failure to meet individuals’ basic needs can are issues in every fabric compound toxic stress, and often drive of society, except for individuals to act out violently. law enforcement.” Matthew Horace, CSO, Mayo Clinic

In the midst of a national

conversation and reckoning [CLICK TO PLAY] on race, we must acknowledge the realities of systemic bias in law enforcement—as in every other sector of society. Law enforcement must contend specifically with issues around race. In Session One, Matthew Horace favorably referenced 2016 comments by Terrence M. Cunningham, former president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police, apologizing “for the actions of the past and the role that our profession has

28 https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html? CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fviolenceprevention%2Facestudy%2Ffastfact.html

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played in society’s historical mistreatment of POLICE DEPARTMENTS communities of color.”29 AND OFFICERS MUST A number of guests were forthright in VIEW THEMSELVES AS, recommending concrete steps that are AND ACT AS, necessary to address racism in police 9 departments. Many mentioned the importance GUARDIANS OF THE of implementing, or increasing, the amount of COMMUNITY, NOT WARRIORS implicit bias and cultural competency training AGAINST CRIME. for all oficers. “Let's stop the war rhetoric. We don't Others also spoke to the importance of need a war on drugs; we don’t need a implementing zero-tolerance policies within law war on poverty. I know I'll probably get enforcement agencies for any individual found all kinds of hate mail from my friends on to have ties to white supremacist or other hate the police side, but there is no war on groups. police, and there never has been. The majority of people support the police, but don't always agree with how the police are used or how the police act.” Ron DeLord, police & fire labor relations consultant and attorney at law

[CLICK TO PLAY] Law enforcement organizations must look inward and address the reality that they often regard themselves as warriors or combatants, rather than guardians, of the communities they serve. This framing afects how communities are policed, and how oficers are educated and outfitted. The majority of police academies, for example, are modeled after military-style boot camps.30 Proponents of this approach argue that there are significant similarities between police oficers and members of the military: they must carry out orders; they must run toward, rather than away from, gunfire; and must maintain

29 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/true-crime/wp/2016/10/17/head-of-u-s-police-chiefs-apologizes-for-historic- mistreatment-of-minorities/ 30 https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/06/police-academies-paramilitary/612859/

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composure in the face of threats.31 Though oficers who responded indeed felt more veterans comprise just six percent of the aggressive in military gear, and knew that it population, they represent 19 percent of the frightened the public. workforce in law enforcement.32 Moreover, Others made the point that changing the police oficials commonly refer to themselves mindset within policing away from the notion as “troops,” and for years have availed that oficers are combatants in an ongoing war themselves of federal authorities such as the may serve to de-escalate tensions with the Defense Department’s 1033 Program,33 which community, thereby making oficers safer. over the years has provided billions of dollars of surplus military equipment—including armored cars and trucks and grenade launchers—to law enforcement agencies. It is often small towns and counties across the country that have used the program to receive surplus mine-resistant vehicles.34 In addition to this, while violent crime has been on a steady decline since the 1980s, the use of SWAT teams has increased approximately 1400 percent.35 This increase comes despite findings that militarized policing both is inefective at reducing crime and may harm public perception of law enforcement.36 In one exchange from Session One, Arthur Rizer of the R Street Institute—a former police oficer and military policeman himself— highlighted his work around police mentalities37 and police cultures. He conducted a survey of oficers asking for their reactions to being dressed like military personnel; whether doing so made them more aggressive; and whether their doing so afected perspectives in the community. His findings were clear that the

31 Ibid. 32 https://jacobinmag.com/2020/06/military-police-veterans-ptsd-recruitment 33 https://www.dla.mil/DispositionServices/Ofers/Reutilization/LawEnforcement/ProgramFAQs.aspx 34 https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamandrzejewski/2017/08/31/tracking-military-weaponry-and-war-machines-flowing-to- americas-local-police-departments/?sh=6cc008812b63 35 See https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/10/17/facts-about-crime-in-the-u-s/; https://cjmasters.eku.edu/sites/ cjmasters.eku.edu/files/21stmilitarization.pdf 36 See https://www.pnas.org/content/115/37/9181 37 See https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/7/7/21293259/police-racism-violence-ideology-george-floyd

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○ Services and programs that are ROADMAP responsible for afordable housing, jobs programs, mental Our nine points of consensus over the course health, and youth development, of this series informed a roadmap that as a percentage of the general communities can follow to create a more just fund. How does that figure future for public safety. To get to where we want compare to spending in other to go, all sectors of the community—including comparable communities? the public, private, and nonprofit sectors, and members of the general public—must conceive ○ Departments that are of a multidisciplinary approach to public safety. responsible for afordable This approach will not just reduce crime, but housing, jobs programs, mental prevent it. health, and youth development, as a percentage of the total DATA COLLECTION budget. How does that figure Smart, racially equitable public safety solutions compare to spending in other must be grounded in data. We have identified a comparable communities? number of areas that should serve as the basis ● Governments at the federal, state, and for profound changes to communities’ local level should break down, and approaches to public safety. make public, information related to An important point: government is only as good police department funding, including:38 as the extent to which it listens to, and engages ○ The amount the locality with, the public it serves. It is critical through allocates to the police and this entire process—of collecting data, corrections departments as a analyzing it, and translating those findings into percentage of its general fund. action—that the infrastructure of government be conducive to collaborating with partners and ○ The amount the locality community members. allocates to the police and corrections departments as a ● To this end, governments at the federal, percentage of its total budget. state, and local level should all gather, track, and publish in an accessible ○ The amount of the locality’s format budget data concerning restricted funds that go toward community investments that fall outside law enforcement (i.e., funds that traditional policing or public safety are earmarked for law budgets, including the amounts enforcement and not allocated to: discretionary) as a percent of all restricted funds.

38 See, e.g., http://reformtransform.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/policetoolkit_investments-public-safety_rev2c-12.pdf

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○ In the last 10 years, the amount ○ The number of calls made to that general fund allocations to 911 each year, disaggregated, police and corrections wherever possible, by race, departments increased or gender, and ethnicity of both the decreased, relative to the caller and the subject of the call. overall growth of the general ○ The number or percentage of fund. 911 emergency calls related to ○ In the last 10 years, the amount those areas identified in this that total budget allocations to report as prone to over-policing police and corrections and inefective use of police departments increased or resources, including decreased, relative to the homelessness, mental health, overall growth of the total substance use, the transit budget. system, and school safety. ○ The total police department ○ The races and genders of all budget, including fines and fees parties in police stops; police collected by the police searches; and uses of force in department and state aid, those encounters.39 special revenue funds, and ○ The number of arrests made capital funds. each year, disaggregated by ○ The manner in which the police race, gender, and ethnicity of department breaks down its both the arresting oficers and budget, among non-equipment the individuals involved and/or expenses, equipment, arrested. contractual services, ○ The percentage of arrests for professional services (salaries, crimes involving some form of wages, benefits, and overtime), violence, disaggregated, and capital projects. wherever possible, by race, ● Governments at the federal, state, and gender, and ethnicity of oficers local level should break down, and involved and individuals make public, information related to the involved and/or arrested. public’s calls to 911 for service as well ○ The locations to which police as police department activities and are most frequently dispatched, operations, including: especially noting how frequently they are dispatched to homeless shelters or substance abuse treatment facilities.

39 Though not consistent nationwide, some jurisdictions already make these data public. See, e.g., https:// opendatapolicing.com/

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○ The locations in and around a All of the above data should be collected, particular jurisdiction in which analyzed, and interpreted frequently enough violent incidents are that they can shed light on areas that require concentrated. course correction, or can be adjusted if necessary. ○ The percentage of the time oficers have their body ACTIONS cameras activated, Based on the above data, local governments, disaggregated by races, police, communities, activists, the public health genders, and ethnicity of both community, businesses, and philanthropic oficers involved and individuals partners should come together to discuss goals stopped or apprehended. and agree on actions that will make ○ A breakdown, by percentage, of communities safer. Some of these actions will how police spend their time on fall squarely under one entity or sector; others areas of work including, but not will require collaboration across multiple. Each limited to: responding to community is diferent, and each will require noncriminal calls; trafic stops; diferent work to reach a place of public safety other crime; property crime; for all. proactive investigation; medical Most importantly, as we have said elsewhere in calls; and violent crime. this report, none of these steps can be taken ○ Frequency and nature of police overnight. This work will require a dramatic shift oficer engagement with in how communities think of what safety is and individuals with some how it can be achieved. This will not be bound diagnosable form of mental to any one electoral cycle. It is long-term work, illness (anonymized), to the requiring creativity and collaboration over years extent such data can be and decades, not just weeks and months. identified. To Improve Transparency ● Governments at the federal, state, and ● Members of the public should request local level should break down, and and attend meetings with elected and make public, information related to the public safety oficials to share their makeup of their police departments, priorities on what will keep communities including: safer. ○ The percentage of oficers who live, or were raised, in the jurisdictions they are serving. ○ The race and gender of: applicants, recruits at the academy; sworn oficers; and oficers holding each rank.

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● Members of the public should call on To Ensure That Government Social their governments to hold public Services Are Most Efectively meetings (if they are not already being Marshaled To Keep the Public Safe held) on any of the matters contained in this report, including public social ● Local governments should examine service budgets, city budgets, police stafing models at homeless shelters budgets, police training, race and and other providers of services for the policing, the role of trauma in homeless to ensure that all employ full- communities, and community-police time comprehensive behavioral and relationships. clinical healthcare services staf. ● Members of the public should insist that ● Local governments should establish community members have a role in the mobile crisis units, tasked with process of crafting public safety providing face-to-face assistance by budgets (including both budgets for trained clinical and counseling police departments and social service personnel, to help navigate the situation departments). They should follow the and assess whether individuals require model of the Participatory Budgeting clinical care, mental health care, shelter, Project, which empowers people to or other services. Models include decide together how to spend public Mobile Crisis Outreach Teams used in money. Dallas or Seattle’s Health One program. ● Members of the public should then request that data regarding public ● Local governments should ensure budgets (as detailed above) be open, funding that allows access to mental accessible, and understandable to the health services in schools, particularly public. for youth who have experienced some form of trauma or adverse incidents. ● Along these lines, all members of the public—including the general public and ● Localities should embed both social the public and private sectors—should workers and, if appropriate, emergency support and partner with organizations medical technicians on teams that are that have expertise in ensuring that sent to execute search warrants at local data are made public, like The homes. Sunlight Foundation. ● Communities should scale and replicate ● Businesses and philanthropic entities programs like New York City’s Crisis should use their power to help push Management System and Safe Streets governments to communicate and Baltimore, which rely on “credible coordinate with communities and messengers”—members of the engage them in the decision-making community who have had previous process. encounters with the criminal justice system—to help detect, identify, and defuse violent encounters before they happen.

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To Better Involve the Public in the ● All members of the public—including Budgeting Process the general public and public and private partners, should support, and ● All members of the public should partner with, educational institutions support existing community-based and other organizations focused on advocacy groups leading studies of youth development to expand police department spending (or form opportunity and reduce youth new ones) with an eye toward not interactions with law enforcement. simply cutting police budgets, but using data to identify areas in which ● Businesses, philanthropic entities, and resources can be responsibly the public sector should invest in reallocated and responsibilities shifted organizations that take a data-driven away from police to others in a position approach to public safety that focuses to help improve public safety. Some on the root causes of violence as groups doing interesting work in this identified in this report, such as space are the Austin Justice Coalition joblessness, lack of access to quality and the Detroit Justice Center. housing, and education. This is not limited to national organizations; it ● Communities should establish advisory extends to local grassroots boards—drawing from diverse sectors organizations, like several of the and involving community members, organizations that were featured in this including youth—to form a participatory series, as listed in Appendix 1 of this process for crafting budget report. recommendations. ● Businesses, philanthropic partners, and To Bring Parties Together for the public sector should invest in Partnerships To Improve Public partnerships between mental health Safety professionals, hospitals, and first responders. ● Local governments and their partners should invest in long-term public health ● Businesses, philanthropic partners and interventions and partnerships to the public sector should invest in address violence. Successful models modern, evidence-based programs for this approach that others may geared at the reduction of crime and replicate are John Jay’s National recidivism, with an emphasis on Network for Safe Communities, along procedural justice and fairness in with Advance Peace, READI Chicago, outcomes.40 and Roca.

40 For instance, as Merisa Heu-Weller noted in Session Four, Microsoft partnered with Washington’s Criminal Justice Training Center to invest $400,000 to pilot a new police curriculum “designed to build a culture of modern, evidence-based approaches to the reduction of crime and recidivism, with an emphasis on procedural justice and fairness in outcomes through the interruption of implicit bias and the restoration of community trust." https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2017/07/28/next- generation-washington-an-update/

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To Ensure That Police Departments ● With input from the public, evaluate and Reflect the Communities They Serve fundamentally shift the purpose of police education toward preparing Police departments should: oficers to serve as guardians of the ● Based on data by race and gender of community, rather than combatants in a recruits at the academy; total police “war” such as a “war on crime” or a personnel; and total police personnel “war on drugs.” holding each rank, implement practices ● Expand police education to include to improve hiring of demographics issues such as implicit bias, the use of (women and BIPOC) who are force, and instruction on de-escalation traditionally underrepresented in the and dealing efectively with a range of police department. social issues, including mental illness, ● Based on data on percentages of homelessness, and addiction. oficers residing or raised in the Governments should: jurisdiction, implement active hiring eforts to recruit members of the ● Establish standards, or at least model community to serve, especially among standards, for the hiring and training of demographics (women and BIPOC) who police oficers around core topics, are traditionally underrepresented in the especially cultural competency and police department. building strong positive relationships with the communities they serve. ● Implement zero-tolerance policies for any oficers or recruits found to have To Ensure That Police Oficers’ been associated with white supremacist Education Continues Through Their or other hate groups. Careers To Ensure That Police Are Trained in Police departments should: a Manner That Promotes a New ● Solicit and integrate community Vision for Public Safety feedback into how they identify and Police departments should: measure key performance indicators for oficer promotion. ● Form public/private commissions that include community members to ● Require ongoing training in topics examine the length and content of including cultural competency, racial training given to oficers, with an eye equity, impacts of trauma, mental health toward comparing how local training issues, homelessness, and substance compares to that given in other abuse—for all oficers. comparable jurisdictions across the ● Test and evaluate the impact of various country. training approaches on oficer ● Include members of the general public behaviors over time (for example, upon in designing the curriculum provided to entry, and after one, five, and 10 years police. on the force).

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● Make competency around diversity and inclusion a part of leadership development and competency-based appraisals in police agencies. To Ensure That Police Are Held Accountable, Where Necessary Governments should: ● Establish a national registry for police misconduct. ● Make police disciplinary records public, and repeal provisions in the law41 that bar members of the public from accessing them. ● Pass legislation or issue executive orders explicitly banning racial profiling.

41 https://www.vox.com/2020/6/16/21291595/new-york-section-50-a-police-misconduct

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This series and report would not have been possible without the generous support of The Estée Lauder Companies Charitable Foundation. We are also grateful to each of our speakers in the series, who generously shared their wisdom, their experiences, and diverse perspectives to help us move this work forward. Finally, we would like to thank Gregory Thomas, Past NOBLE National President; Dwayne Crawford, NOBLE Executive Director; and The Raben Group for their work on this project.

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Ford Foundation APPENDIX 1 Forward Justice RESOURCES International Association of Chiefs of Police Helpful Resources Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Beyond Policing: Investing in Ofices of Neighborhood Safety - CAP JustLeadershipUSA COPS Program 94’ Crime Bill Teach-in Life Camp Investments in Public Safety Beyond Policing - Microsoft Local Progress Minneapolis Minnesota City Council Open Data Policing National Institute for Criminal Justice Reform Police Youth Engagement - IACP National Institute of Justice Reform and Reinvention Collaborative - John National Network for Safe Communities Jay National Sherifs Association Reimagining Federal Grants for Public Safety and Criminal Justice Reform - CAP New York State Assembly Reimagining Policing Workshop Series - My Public Welfare Foundation Brother’s Keeper Alliance Responsible Business Initiative for Justice What Policing Costs - Vera Robin Hood Foundation Ronald G. DeLord PLLC Background on Organizations R Street Featured in the Future of Public The Black and the Blue Safety Series The Way Christian Center 21CPSolutions Trust for America’s Health Brittany Packnett Cunningham Tulane University School of Public Health and Brooklyn District Attorney’s Ofice Tropical Medicine Californians for Safety and Justice University of Michigan School of Public Health Camden County Police Department Wisconsin Voices - African American City of Atlanta Roundtable City of Baltimore Health Department City of Baltimore Police Department City of Dallas Police Department City of Minneapolis Police Department City of Philadelphia Police Department City of Seattle City of Tucson Police Department Community Justice Action Fund

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KICKOFF SESSION APPENDIX 2 Opening Remarks CONTRIBUTORS Karol V. Mason Moderator President, John Jay College James Cadogan of Criminal Justice VP of Criminal Justice, Over the course of her long career, John Jay Arnold Ventures College President Karol V. Mason has been a James leads the pretrial justice legal pioneer and an exceptional voice for portfolio, which focuses on bail reform, equality, fairness, and criminal justice reform. court diversion, prosecution, and jails. He She was a leader in the Obama Administration joined Arnold Ventures after serving as the on juvenile justice issues, bail reform and re- inaugural director of the Thurgood Marshall entry for individuals leaving prison, and in her Institute at the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, distinguished career at Alston & Bird LLP, she where he led a team of civil rights lawyers, was the first African- American woman elected researchers, policy experts, organizers, and as chair of the management committee at any archivists. major national firm. Previously, James served as Counselor to the As United States Assistant Attorney General Attorney General of the United States at the and head of the Department of Justice’s Ofice U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). There, he of Justice Programs, Mason oversaw an annual oversaw a broad criminal justice portfolio, budget of $4 billion to support an array of state including helping to design comprehensive and local criminal justice agencies, juvenile federal reentry reforms; serving as a lead justice programs, and services for crime stafer on an initiative to reduce the use of victims, and oversaw the National Institute of solitary confinement at the Federal Bureau of Justice and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisons; developing national community among a wide range of other eforts. She led policing initiatives; and supporting Access to the Department of Justice’s work to address the Justice programs. Earlier in his tenure at DOJ, issue of community trust in the justice system James also held positions as Senior Counselor through a variety of programs including the and Director of Policy & Planning in the Civil National Initiative for Building Community Trust Rights Division and as Counsel to the Assistant and Justice, a partnership with John Jay Attorney General in the Civil Division. College and other academic institutions across the country designed to address lack of trust in the criminal justice system. She led the Ofice of Justice Programs from June 2013 to January 2017 after being nominated by President Obama and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Previously, Mason served as Deputy Associate Attorney General from 2009 to 2012. Mason spent almost three decades at Alston & Bird, LLP, where she

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chaired the Public Finance Group. She was Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE), is also a member of the Board of Trustees of the appointed to the Board of Directors of the University of North Carolina from 2001 to 2009 International Association of Chiefs of Police and Vice Chair of that Board from 2007 to 2009. (IACP). She has also recently been appointed Mason received an A.B. in Mathematics from to Governor Roy Cooper’s NC Racial Equity the University of North Carolina, and a J.D. Criminal Justice Task Force. She is a member from the University of Michigan Law School. of the North Carolina Association of Chiefs of Police, appointed to Governor Roy Cooper’s Opening Remarks Criminal Justice Education and Training C.J. Davis Standards Commission, member of the Durham Immediate Past President, Rotary, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Inc., The NOBLE LINKS Inc., and other professional afiliations. Durham Police Chief Cerelyn “C.J.” Davis advocates for the advancement of other Davis has more than 32 years of women in her field, and has used her dedicated service in the law enforcement experience and leadership acumen to leverage profession. She began her career with the mentoring relationships for women in a variety Atlanta Police Department where she learned of career fields. She has a Bachelor of Arts the essential elements of community degree in Criminal Justice and a Master’s engagement and relationship building as a degree in Public Administration. young oficer. There, she rose through the Keisha Lance Bottoms ranks, ultimately serving in the role of Deputy Chief before retiring in June, 2016 to accept the Mayor of Atlanta position of Chief of Police for the City of Keisha Lance Bottoms is the 60th Durham. Chief Davis is a graduate of the 225th Mayor of Atlanta. Session of the National FBI Academy, A daughter of Atlanta, Mayor Bottoms is completed senior management training at the committed to realizing her vision of One Atlanta Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) in – an afordable, resilient and equitable Atlanta – Boston, Massachusetts; she is a graduate of which stands as a model city for both Leadership Atlanta, Leadership Triangle, and commerce and compassion. completed Mercer University’s Public Safety Leadership Institute. A lifelong public servant, Mayor Bottoms is the only Mayor in Atlanta’s history to have served in Chief Davis has experienced training all three branches of government, serving as a opportunities abroad at the Emergency judge and City Councilmember before being Preparedness College in York, England in 2005, sworn in as Mayor. and as a participant in an executive exchange session with the Israel National Police, in the Leading with a progressive agenda focused on cities of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and NeTanya in equity and afordable housing, Mayor Bottoms 2012. As a result of her mission, Davis serves as Chair of the Community developed a leadership curriculum designed to Development and Housing Committee and the groom bright and extremely prepared leaders Census Task Force for the United States for 21st Century Policing. She is the Immediate Conference of Mayors. Past President of the National Organization of

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Georgia Trend magazine named Mayor Ms. Hoskins leads from the perspective that Bottoms the 2020 Georgian of the Year. Among collective leadership, advocacy for justice with Mayor Bottoms’ notable accomplishments to reinvestment, and bold systems change are date include the establishment of the City’s first only possible when those who are most harmed fully-stafed Ofice of Equity, Diversity and are provided the tools and resources to Inclusion, the appointments of a LGBTQ Afairs demand change. Her own life experience has Coordinator and a Human Traficking Fellow, been this driving force, having been directly the citywide elimination of cash bail bond, the impacted by the system of incarceration and closure of the Atlanta City Detention Center to the war on drugs, and with her professional ICE detainees, and the rollout of the most far- experience, from working on grassroots reaching financial transparency platform in the campaigns to state and federal government. City’s history – Atlanta’s Open Checkbook. She is inspired to make the world more just with communities across the country, and for Under Mayor Bottoms’ leadership, the City of her three children – two that have experienced Atlanta led the historically successful staging of the criminal justice system. Super Bowl LIII, which included unprecedented community benefits – a $2.4 million renovation Ms. Hoskins has been a part of JLUSA’s of John F. Kennedy Park on Atlanta’s Westside, national alumni network since 2016, as a more than 20,000 trees planted throughout the Leading with Conviction Fellow. Prior to taking community and the seamless coordination of the helm at JLUSA, Ms. Hoskins was at the 40 federal, state and local public safety Department of Justice where she joined under agencies. the Obama Administration. There, she served as a Senior Policy Advisor (Corrections/ A product of Atlanta Public Schools, Mayor Reentry) providing national leadership on Bottoms graduated from Frederick Douglass criminal justice policy, training, and technical High School and received her undergraduate assistance and information on best and degree from Florida A&M University. She promising practices. She oversaw the Second earned her Juris Doctorate from Georgia State Chance Act portfolio and managed cooperative University College of Law. agreements between federal agencies – the DeAnna Hoskins Department of Labor’s Clean Slate Clearinghouse, supporting formerly President & CEO, incarcerated people with expunging their JustLeadershipUSA records; the National Reentry Resource Center; DeAnna Hoskins has been at the the National Inventory of Collateral helm of JLUSA as the President and Consequences and Convictions; the National CEO of JustLeadershipUSA (JLUSA) since Institute of Corrections Children of Incarcerated 2018. A nationally recognized leader and Parents initiative; and more. She also served as dynamic public speaker, Ms. Hoskins has been the Deputy Director of the Federal Interagency committed to the movement for racial and Reentry Council. social justice, working alongside those most Throughout her career she has been committed impacted by marginalization for over two to reducing stigma and harm in communities decades. impacted by mass criminalization. Prior to joining the DOJ, Ms. Hoskins was the founding

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Director of Reentry for Ohio’s Hamilton County Department’s narratives are accurately told, Board of County Commissioners where she and to benchmark against other organizations worked to reduce recidivism by addressing to ensure best practices in contemporary individual and family needs; increased policing here. Her overarching community countywide public safety for under-resourced safety goals are rooted in crime prevention and communities of color; reduced correctional reduction, organizational excellence and spending; and coordinated social services to community engagement and inclusion. serve populations at risk that were impacted by Commissioner Outlaw’s TEDx Talk—Humanity decades of generational disinvestment and In Authority—dispels the belief that the two deprived of first chances. She has worked in concepts are contrary in nature and explains local neighborhoods in Cincinnati and at the how the two concepts can, and should, co- Indiana Department of Corrections on exist. She has also presented on various topics improving conditions and treatment of including Race and Policing, Women in Law incarcerated people. Enforcement, De-escalation and Investigation Ms. Hoskins is originally from Cincinnati, Ohio of Use of Force, Building Community and holds a Master’s Degree in Criminal Justice Relationships after Controversy, and Video from the University of Cincinnati and a Recording in Policing and Early Intervention Bachelors of Social Work from the College of Systems. She has been asked to provide Mount St. Joseph. She is a Licensed Clinical technical assistance in areas of police Addictions Counselor, a certified Workforce accountability and risk management. Development Specialist trainer for formerly Prior to taking the helm as Philadelphia’s top incarcerated people, a Peer Recovery Coach, law enforcement oficer, Outlaw was the Chief and is trained as a Community Health of Portland, Oregon’s Bureau of Police. She Worker. was the first African American woman to hold Danielle M. Outlaw that post. Commissioner Outlaw began her law enforcement career in Oakland, California Philadelphia Police where she spent 20 years in service with the Commissioner Oakland Police Department. Philadelphia Police Commissioner, The Oakland, CA native has received numerous Danielle M. Outlaw, is an experienced and awards, including the Police Executive respected law enforcement leader. She stands Research Forum (PERF) Gary P. Hayes Award, at the helm of the nation’s 4th largest police the Cascadia Behavioral Healthcare Culture of department, which employs more than 6500 Caring Award for Community Relations and sworn oficers and 800 civilians who work to Civic Engagement, and has been honored as a help make Philadelphia a safer city. 2019 Marie Lamfrom Woman of Distinction by Commissioner Outlaw is the first African- the Girl Scouts of Oregon and Southwest American woman to lead the Philadelphia Washington. Police Department. Commissioner Outlaw earned a Bachelor of A believer in the power of connectivity and Arts in Sociology from the University of San continued learning, she meets people where Francisco and a Master of Business they are, engages critics and contributes Administration from Pepperdine University. She nationally and internationally to ensure the

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is also a graduate of the Police Executive a White House Fellow to Secretary of State Research Forum Senior Management Institute Condoleezza Rice. of Police, the Major Cities Chiefs’ Association Before becoming CEO at Robin Hood, Wes was Police Executive Leadership Institute and the the founder and CEO at BridgeEdU, an FBI National Executive Institute. innovative tech platform addressing the college Commissioner Outlaw is a member of the completion and job placement crisis. International Association of Chiefs of Police BridgeEdU reinvents freshman year for Human and Civil Rights Committee and is also underserved students. Wes remains chairman an active member of the National Organization of the board of directors at BridgeEDU. He has of Black Law Executives. She continues to also worked in finance as an investment banker demonstrate her civic advocacy through Alpha with Deutsche Bank in London and with Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated and The Citigroup in New York. Links, Incorporated. Wes’ proudest accomplishments are his Wes Moore two children with his wife Dawn. Author & CEO, Robin Hood Sean Smoot Foundation Director, Police Benevolent Wes Moore is the CEO of Robin Hood, and Protective Association of one of the largest anti-poverty forces in Illinois the nation. He is a bestselling author, a combat Sean Smoot provides consulting veteran, and a social entrepreneur. Wes’ first services to several state and local law book, “The Other Wes Moore,” a perennial New enforcement agencies as well as private York Times bestseller, captured the nation’s companies. He is a member of the Baltimore attention on the fine line between success and and Cleveland Police Departments consent failure in our communities and in ourselves. decree monitoring teams. He also serves as That story has been optioned by executive Director of the Police Benevolent & Protective producer Oprah Winfrey and HBO to be made Association of Illinois and the Police into a movie. He is also the author of the Benevolent Labor Committee. bestselling books “The Work,” “Discovering Wes Moore,” and “This Way Home.” Mr. Smoot holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Criminal Justice Sciences from Illinois State Wes grew up in Baltimore and the Bronx, where University and his Juris Doctor degree from the he was raised by a single mom. Despite Southern Illinois University School of Law, childhood challenges, he graduated Phi Theta where he served as the Business Editor of the Kappa from Valley Forge Military College in SIU Law Journal. Mr. Smoot was a Member of 1998 and Phi Beta Kappa from Johns Hopkins the Executive Session on Policing and Public University in 2001. He earned an MLitt in Safety at the Kennedy School of Government, International Relations from Oxford University Harvard University 2008-2014. He is very as a Rhodes Scholar in 2004. Wes then served honored to have served as a police and public as a captain and paratrooper with the U.S. safety policy advisor to the Obama-Biden Army’s 82nd Airborne, including a combat Presidential Transition Teams. He was deployment to Afghanistan. He later served as appointed by the President of the United States

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to the Task Force on 21st Century Policing on School. He has been repeatedly selected for December 18, 2014. inclusion in Super Lawyers & Rising Stars and has been recognized as one of the “Top A nationally recognized subject matter expert Employment & Labor Attorneys in Illinois” by regarding police related topics such as public the publishers of Chicago magazine. He was employment labor law, pension and benefits admitted to practice before the United States law, section 1983 civil rights litigation, and Supreme Court in June of 2011. police use of force; he has written several articles for police publications and newsletters Mr. Smoot and his family reside in the City of and speaks regularly at state, national, and Leland Grove, Illinois where he served as an international forums regarding community elected Alderman and the Police Commissioner policing, public safety, and public employee for twelve years. labor issues. He co-authored “Police Leadership Challenges in a Changing World” Erica Ford published in July, 2012, and authored a Founder, LIFE Camp, Inc. contribution to the Special Report titled “I co-founded LIFE Camp “Mending Justice: Sentinel Event Reviews” because the number of funerals I published in September 2014, both by the US was attending for young people Department of Justice, National Institute of made me think there HAD to be Justice. something else. There had to be another way. Mr. Smoot also serves as the Area 4 Vice- Gun violence is not a problem that is specific to President of the National Association of Police one neighborhood, city, or state. Gun violence Organizations (“NAPO”), a national law has permeated our national conscience. It is a enforcement advocacy group representing over disease that is spreading and needs to be 250,000 police oficers. He has served on the stopped. I believe it’s imperative that we Advisory Committee for the National Law attempt to understand people on both sides of Enforcement Oficers' Rights Center in the pistol. They both need our help, because Washington, D.C. since 1996. hurt people hurt people. This is the philosophy of LIFE Camp and this is why we have been He serves on the Advisory Committee at the able to stop so many potentially violent Chicago-Kent College of Law’s Public Sector situations.” – Erica Ford Labor Relations Law Program. On November 13, 2015, he was appointed to serve on the An internationally-recognized and widely- Illinois Commission on Police Professionalism. respected peacemaker, Erica Ford has been at On August 25, 2020 he was appointed to the the forefront of reducing youth and community Illinois Law Enforcement Training and violence in New York City and beyond for over Standards Board (ILETSB). He previously 30 years. served on ILETSB’s Use of Force Advisory Believing in the power of partnership, Erica has Committee, Police Pursuit Advisory Committee, championed personal and systemic Racial Profiling Advisory Committee, and the approaches to conflict resolution worldwide. Task Force on Police Integrity. Through LIFE Camp, Inc.’s groundbreaking Mr. Smoot holds several Certificates in Police programs, Erica has empowered thousands of Union Leadership from the Harvard Law individuals and families to break the cycle of violence and promote peace. Erica’s concept

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for increasing safety has been adopted and being appointed Chief by the mayor in 2017, he implemented by New York City resulting in a served in the following roles: School resource 10% reduction in violence citywide. oficer, Northside beat oficer, Commander of the Internal Afairs Unit, Deputy Chief and Through the years, Erica’s dedication to Assistant Chief. reducing violence among New Yorkers has garnered countless awards, accolades and SESSION ONE: DEFINING praise by notable public figures such as former PUBLIC SAFETY New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Oprah Winfrey and hip hop mogul Russell Matthew Horace Simmons. Her recognized leadership has Chief Security Oficer, Mayo brought extensive travel and teaching opportunities in prisons, community centers, Clinic high schools, college campuses and Matthew W. Horace is a CNN law conferences throughout the world. enforcement and security expert analyst, senior crisis manager and contributor to the Wall Erica Ford is widely respected as one of the Street Journal “Crisis OF The Week” column. most diligent and hardworking activists of her His commentary and experience are a generation. She is uncompromisingly dedicated dependable voice of CNN and Headline News to improving the lives of Black and Latino youth crisis and national law enforcement interest and the community-at-large. For more than 30 events and crisis. He has also been featured on years, this outstanding leader and broadcast news segments on MSNBC, ABC, internationally recognized peace activist has CBS, NBC, The BBC, CNN International and led the efort to combat violence and inspire local afiliate stations throughout The United youth in devastated communities. States and abroad. He is a twenty-eight-year Medaria Arradondo veteran of federal, state, and local law enforcement, ascending to the Senior Chief of Police, Minneapolis Executive Service (SES) rank in the United Appointed in 2017, Chief States Department of Justice managing local, Medaria Arradondo is the 53rd regional, national, and international Chief of the Minneapolis Police investigations. In this role, Matthew led and Department (MPD). The Chief is an active participated in some of the more notable member of several community boards and investigations of our lifetime to include terrorist national and international police associations. bombings, SWAT/tactical operations, As the MPD’s liaison with the National Initiative undercover operations, narcotic investigations, for Building Community Trust and Justice murder-for-hire schemes, RICO/Organized organization, he has led initiatives on Crime Investigations, shooting - use of force Procedural justice, Implicit bias, and investigations, firearm traficking investigations, Reconciliation training. Chief Arradondo's criminal hostage standof investigations, home career at the MPD includes the following invasion investigations and violent crime/ highlights: He joined the MPD in 1989 as a murder investigations. patrol oficer in the 4th Precinct. He worked his Matthew has worked in law enforcement in way up the ranks before being named the every state in the United States and many Inspector of the 1st Precinct in 2013. Before

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foreign countries and has trained thousands of chronicles his experience living inside of the law enforcement oficers throughout the United BLUE LINE, what it’s like to be “Black in Blue”, States and abroad in law enforcement and shares real life policing anecdotes while criminal justice topics. addressing systematic racism inside of the profession and his current role as a law An accomplished and energizing motivational enforcement analyst at CNN. Horace also takes speaker, trainer, lecturer, and leadership the reader inside the world of dangerous police consultant, Horace is an advisory board operations, including being shot. Matthew is a member for the New York-based Federal member of the Black Life Coaches Association. Enforcement Homeland Security Foundation (FEHSF), immediate past president of the 100 Horace has a B.A. in English from Delaware Black Men of New Jersey, former president of State University, a MA in Human Resources The National Organization of Black Law Training and Development from Seton Hall Enforcement Executives (NOBLE) NNJ, and a University and is a proud member of PHI BETA member of numerous other professional SIGMA Fraternity. organizations. In this work, he is also working with The Hetty Group, a community impact Chris Magnus consultancy. Chief of Police, Tucson In 2009, he founded The Horace Foundation Chief Chris Magnus started his Endowment for Criminal Justice Studies at public safety career in 1979 as a Delaware State University in memory of four dispatcher with the City of Lansing. university students who were slain in a Newark, He was also a paramedic in the mid- New Jersey, schoolyard. The goal of the Michigan area for close to a decade. During this foundation is to inspire and support students same time he realized he wanted to make the who are pursuing degrees in criminal justice or transition to becoming a police oficer. After related fields. attending the Lansing Community College Police Academy, he became a deputy sherif at He is an adjunct professor at Fairleigh the Livingston County Sherif’s Department. In Dickinson University and a published author. 1985, he became a police oficer with the Published in 2016, Horace coauthored the Lansing Police Department where he spent the Amazon.com bestseller THE C.A.L.L., an next 15 years of his law enforcement career. In anthology of short stories written by Black men 1999, Chief Magnus became the police chief in aimed to inspire Character, Accountability, Fargo, North Dakota, where he played a key Love, and Leadership in young men as they role in implementing the first two-state regional enter adulthood. dispatch system in the nation, a forensic In 2018, Horace released The Black and the children’s interview center, and a refugee Blue with Hachette Publishing, one of the liaison program for the area’s many new world’s largest publishing houses, for his first immigrants and refugees. solo book project. In his work he addresses a In 2006, Chris Magnus was selected as police condition he refers to as “Coptics, The Optics chief for Richmond, California—a highly of Policing in The Digital Age.” In his book, diverse, urban community of 115,000 residents Horace addresses the convergence of in the San Francisco Bay Area. He served as technology, policing and community unrest. He chief for 10 years. During that time he was

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significantly involved in strengthening ties Brittany Packnett between the community and its police force, Cunningham addressing historically high levels of crime, and implementing reforms within the police Leader at the Intersection department. Both violent and property crime of Culture and Justice decreased significantly during Magnus’ tenure Brittany Packnett is a social justice and community support for the Richmond activist, educator, and writer. Leading at the Police Department substantially improved. intersection of culture and justice, she has and Chris Magnus was appointed to be the police continues to build platforms to amplify, educate, chief for the City of Tucson, Arizona in January and activate everyday people to take of 2016. In this position, he is continuing his transformative action against every form of commitment to improve services for victims of injustice. domestic and sexual violence, addressing She is an NBC News and MSNBC contributor, community corrections issues, focusing on how former co-host of iHeart Radio’s Best Political police respond to people sufering with mental Podcast of 2019, Pod Save The People, and is illness, and supporting a myriad of youth currently readying her own media platform from programs and activities. which to host broader conversations on social In 2015, Magnus testified before the President’s change. She is the founder and principal of Task Force on 21st Century Policing on best Love & Power Works, a full-service social practice models of community policing. The impact and equity agency. Brittany’s Chief also serves as an expert witness for the forthcoming book, We Are Like Those Who U.S. Department of Justice, working closely Dream, is due to hit shelves in 2021. with both the Civil Rights Division and the Brittany is a former elementary teacher, COPS Ofice on policing issues in various cities education executive, and two-time Fellow at around the country. Harvard’s Institute of Politics. In the past, Chief Magnus has a Master’s degree in Labor Brittany held top roles at Teach For America, Relations and a Bachelor’s degree in Criminal was a Congressional policy advisor, and co- Justice from Michigan State University. He founded Campaign Zero, leveraging her attended the “Senior Executives in State & management, communications, policy and Local Government” program at the Harvard equity skillset on broad justice issues from Kennedy School. public education to criminal justice. Brittany was a member of President Obama’s 21st Century Policing Task Force and the Ferguson Commission, helping lead the country and her community through change during times of tumult. Brittany has graced the cover of Essence Magazine, been listed as one of Time’s 12 New Faces of Black Leadership, and has been honored by BET, Politico Magazine, Marie Claire, The Trayvon Martin Foundation and more. She serves on the Gucci Changemakers

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Council and the Sephora Equity Advisors degree in Education from the University of San Board. She and her husband live in Francisco, and a PhD in Education from UC Washington, DC. Berkeley. Her research lies at the intersection of literacy, digital technologies, and teacher Pastor Mike McBride development. She has taught English in The Way Christian Center Berkeley schools and appreciates getting to know and serve so many amazing students and Pastor Mike is a San Francisco families. native who loves all things California– The 49ers, Lakers and Giants. He Daryl V. Atkinson majored in Addiction Studies and Counseling at Bethany College before Co-Director, Forward Justice completing seminary at Duke University where Daryl is the Co-Director of Forward he earned a Master of Divinity. God led him Justice, a law, policy, and strategy back to the Bay Area where he planted The center dedicated to advancing racial, Way Christian Center in 2005. He immersed social, and economic justice in the U.S. South. himself in the local community: directing Black Prior to joining Forward Justice, Daryl was the Campus Ministries at Cal and heading student first Second Chance Fellow for U.S. support services at B-Tech continuation high Department of Justice (DOJ). While at DOJ, he school in Berkeley. In March 2012, he became was an advisor to the Second Chance portfolio the Director of the LIVE FREE Campaign with of the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), a the Faith In Action national network, a member of the Federal Interagency Reentry campaign led by hundreds of faith Council, and a conduit to the broader justice- congregations throughout the United States involved population. committed to addressing gun violence and Prior to serving at BJA, Daryl was the Senior mass incarceration of young people of color. He Staf Attorney at the Southern Coalition for has supported the implementation of Gun Social Justice (SCSJ) and before SCSJ, he violence reduction strategies in over a dozen served as a staf attorney at the North Carolina cities which have achieved 30-40% reductions Ofice of Indigent Defense Services (IDS). in gun related shootings and homicides. In 2014, Daryl was recognized by the White Regarded as a national faith leader, active in House as a “Reentry and Employment the Ferguson uprisings and many subsequent Champion of Change” for his extraordinary uprisings, he helps bridge, train, and support work to facilitate employment opportunities for millennials and religious institutions working on people with criminal records. He is a founding racial justice and Black liberation. member of the North Carolina Second Chance He currently serves as Lead Pastor at The Way Alliance and serves on the North Carolina and Director of the Live Free Campaign. Commission for Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Criminal Justice System. He is married to Cherise McBride and they have two beautiful daughters, Sarai, and Nylah. Daryl received a BA in Political Science from Lady Cherise is from the Central Valley Benedict College, Columbia, SC and a JD from (Fresno) and has a passion for teaching, the University of St. Thomas School of Law, learning, and all things crafty. She earned a Minneapolis, MN. degree in English from UC Berkeley, a Master’s

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Arthur Rizer Most Persuasive Speaker (2010); The National Security Implications of Immigration Director, Criminal Justice & Law (2013); and Jeferson’s Pen: The Art of Civil Liberties, R Street Persuasion (2016). He is a member of Arthur Rizer heads the Institute’s Columbia University Justice Lab’s Executive programs dealing with a variety of Session for the Future of Justice Policy and the issues related to crime, policing, Federalist Society’s Executive Committee of the intelligence and privacy. In this capacity, he Criminal Law Practice Group. produces original research, writes for the Arthur earned his bachelor’s degree in political popular press and educates policymakers on science from Pacific Lutheran University, a criminal justice and civil liberty issues. He is master of laws, with distinction, from also a visiting lecturer at the University of Georgetown University’s Law Center and his London, University College London in the juris doctor, magna cum laude, from Gonzaga Department of Security and Crime Science, an University School of Law. He is also a graduate adjunct professor of law at George Mason of the U.S. Marine Corps’ Command Staf University’s Antonin Scalia Law School. College. He is in the final stages of a doctorate Before joining R Street, Arthur was an at Oxford University that focuses on policing. associate professor of law at West Virginia He lives in Alexandria, Virginia with his wife, University’s College of Law and a visiting Jessi, and has two sons. professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center. He also served as a trial attorney with Ron DeLord the U.S. Justice Department, primarily as a Police & Fire Labor Relations federal prosecutor in the Criminal Division, where he targeted command-and-control drug Consultant and Attorney at cartel leaders and narco-terrorists. He also Law served as a prosecutor in the United States Ron DeLord was elected in 1977 to the Attorney’s Ofice for the Southern District of first of ten three-year terms as president of the California and in the civil division, working on Combined Law Enforcement Associations of immigration-related litigation, with the Federal Texas (CLEAT), representing 20,000 members. Programs Guantanamo Bay litigation team and He later served as executive director and at the Ofice of Immigration Litigation. special counsel to the executive director at CLEAT from 2008 to 2013. Prior to joining Early in his civilian career, Arthur worked as a CLEAT, DeLord served as a police oficer for patrol oficer in Washington state. He also the Beaumont (Texas) Police Department from spent almost 21 years in the U.S. Army and 1969 to 1971 and the Mesquite (Texas) Police was deployed to Fallujah, Iraq to train the Iraqi Department from 1971 to 1978. Special Forces Division. During his military career, he was awarded the Bronze Star, Purple DeLord attended the ten-week Harvard Heart, Meritorious Service and Iraq Campaign University Trade Union Program, in Cambridge medals. He retired as a lieutenant colonel from in 1992. He received a B.S. degree in the U.S. Army, WV National Guard. Government from Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas in 1971; an M.A. degree in Arthur is the author of three books: Lincoln’s Police Science and Administration from Sam Counsel: Lessons Learned from America’s

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Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas in During his career Gonzalez tried a full range of 1982; and a Doctor of Jurisprudence degree cases, including homicides. from the South Texas College of Law in Promoted by District Attorney Thompson in Houston in 1986. He has been a licensed Texas March of 2014, DA Gonzalez was instrumental attorney since 1987. in the ofice’s smooth transition during the DeLord is a guest faculty member at the change of administrations. Gonzalez Harvard Trade Union Program and the Police successfully guided the launch of several key Union Leadership Seminar sponsored by the initiatives, including the creation of the ofice’s Labor and Worklife Program at the Harvard Law nationally-recognized Conviction Review Unit School. He has also served as a lecturer for the and the ofice policy of declining to prosecute Police Labor-Management Executive the possession of marijuana, which he framed Leadership Programs sponsored by the School and implemented. of Labor and Industrial Relations and School of Since his appointment to lead the ofice, DA Criminal Justice at Michigan State University. Gonzalez has implemented his own trailblazing He conducts seminars and lectures throughout initiatives, including bail reform, a Young Adult the United States, Canada and Australia. Court, expansion of non-prosecution of SESSION TWO: PUBLIC marijuana possession, a pre-court diversion SAFETY BEYOND THE POLICE program for low-level drug ofenders and a policy to reduce unfair immigration STATION consequences in criminal cases. Eric Gonzalez Following his swearing in as District Attorney in Brooklyn District Attorney January, Gonzalez launched a ground-breaking initiative known as Justice 2020, to help him Eric Gonzalez made history in carry out his vision of keeping Brooklyn safe November 2017 when he became and strengthening trust in our justice system by the first Latino District Attorney ensuring fairness and equal justice for all. elected in New York State. He had been Justice 2020 consists of a 17-point action plan appointed Acting District Attorney by Governor – created by a committee of criminal justice Andrew Cuomo a year earlier following the reform experts, defense groups, service tragic death of his predecessor, the late Ken providers, law enforcement, formerly Thompson, for whom Gonzalez had served as incarcerated individuals, clergy and community Chief Assistant District Attorney. leaders – to make the Brooklyn District DA Gonzalez began his legal career in the Attorney’s ofice a national model of what a Brooklyn District Attorney’s Ofice upon his progressive prosecutor’s ofice can be. This graduation from law school in 1995 and spent blueprint will transform the work of Gonzalez’s several years as a junior and then senior ofice by shifting toward preventative and assistant in various bureaus within the ofice, accountability solutions with a track record of including the Sex Crimes and Special Victims success, and away from over-reliance on Bureau, Domestic Violence Bureau, Orange criminal convictions and incarceration. Zone Trial Bureau, and Green Zone Trial DA Gonzalez grew up in East New York and Bureau, where he was promoted to Chief. Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and attended John

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Dewey High School in Coney Island. He iWatchDallas App was relaunched. iWatch is a graduated from Cornell University in 1992 with tip application that allows users to download a Bachelor of Arts degree with a dual major in the app on any cell phone and submit government and history. In 1995, he received information, video or pictures to law his Juris Doctorate from the University of enforcement. Michigan Law School, where he was president Chief Hall, along with her leadership team, of the Latino Law Students Association. worked with city leaders to increase the starting He resides in Brooklyn, less than a mile from salary of oficers, restructured the civil service where he grew up, with his wife and three boys. exam and conducted on-site recruiting and testing in cities like New York and Chicago. Reneé Hall These eforts led to the Dallas Police Chief of Police, Dallas Department recently accepting the largest academy class in the history of the department. Chief Reneé Hall is a highly accomplished and experienced law With oficer wellness and development as a enforcement executive with more than priority, morale continues to improve through 20 years as a public servant. She was the implementation of health and wellness fairs appointed Chief of the Dallas Police and the opening of a new gym located at police Department in 2017, becoming the first woman headquarters. Chief Hall continues to look for to ever lead the organization. Prior to her innovative ways to inspire and motivate oficers appointment as Chief, Hall served as the to be their very best physically and mentally Deputy Chief of the Detroit Police Department. and spiritually. Chief Hall has made significant strides to Chief Hall prioritizes community engagement advance the nation's ninth largest police and outreach by regularly connecting with department. Her vision, aligned with oficers in the field, meeting with Dallas 21st Century Policing, focuses on the reduction community groups, professional leaders, and of crime, increasing recruitment and retention, local organizations. Chief Hall spearheaded the providing new opportunities for oficer career City of Dallas' restructuring of the Community development, modernizing the organization's Police Oversight Board, as well as the police efectiveness through enhanced technology, department's first Youth Summer Jobs and she is committed to improving and program, that allowed business leaders and nurturing community relationships. community stakeholders to capture at-risk youth through workforce development. Under Chief Hall's leadership, there was a 5.7 percent reduction in overall crime in 2017 and a Her educational accomplishments include 5.97 percent reduction in violent crime in 2018. completion of the FBI National Academy, Major The department implemented new technology Cities Chiefs Executive Leadership Institute with Dallas On-Line Reporting System (DORS) (PELI IV), two Masters of Science degrees in and Text to 911. One of her latest Security Administration and Intelligence accomplishments includes the department's Analysis, from the University of Detroit Mercy, launch of the Starlight program, a 6-month and a Bachelor of Science degree in Criminal proof of concept that allows oficers to use Justice from Grambling State University. state-of-the-art cameras and lighting to capture crime in real time. Additionally, the

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Chief Hall is a proud member of Delta Sigma assistance providers that achieved a 50% Theta Sorority, Incorporated, The International reduction in shootings and homicides in Women's Forum (IWF), Major Cities Chiefs Oakland. David was the main author of NICJR’s Association (MCCA), National Organization of report on Oakland’s Successful Gun Violence Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE), Reduction Strategy. International Association of Chiefs of Police Mr. Muhammad has been the federal court (IACP) and the Police Executive Research appointed monitor overseeing reforms in the Forum (PERF). Illinois juvenile justice system in the MH v. David Muhammad Monreal Consent Decree. Mr. Muhammad is also the federal monitor in the Morales Executive Director, National Settlement Agreement, which requires the Institute for Criminal Justice Illinois Parole Review Board and the Illinois Reform (NICJR) Department of Corrections to reform its parole David Muhammad is a leader in the system. David is also a member of the Antelope fields of criminal justice, violence prevention, Valley Monitoring Team which is charged with and youth development. Mr. Muhammad is the monitoring the Los Angeles Sherif's Executive Director of the National Institute for Department’s implementation of a federal Criminal Justice Reform (NICJR). Settlement Agreement. David Muhammad has worked to implement The former Chief Probation Oficer of the positive youth development into youth justice Alameda County (California) Probation systems around the country and was the Department, David was responsible for primary author of NICJR’s seminal report – A overseeing 20,000 people on probation, a staf Positive Youth Justice System. For three years, of 600, and a $90 million budget. In 2010, David David was extensively involved in developing a was named the Deputy Commissioner of the detailed reform plan for the Los Angeles County Department of Probation in New York City, the Probation Department, the largest probation second largest Probation Department in the department in the country. He also served as country, where he was responsible for the technical assistance provider for the Sierra overseeing 35,000 people on probation and a Health Foundation’s Positive Youth Justice staf of 900. Initiative, providing training and consulting to David served as the Chief of Committed several California probation departments. Services for Washington, DC’s, Department of NICJR is currently serving as a technical Youth Rehabilitation Services (DYRS). His assistance provider to the City and County of responsibilities at DYRS included 300 staf, a San Francisco, working to reform its juvenile $42 million annual budget, a juvenile institution, justice system and close its juvenile detention and 900 youth committed to his department’s center. care. Through NICJR, David provides leadership and In 2013, Mr. Muhammad was the first Executive technical assistance to the Ceasefire Gun Director of the Anti-Recidivism Coalition (ARC) Violence Reduction Strategy in the cities of in Los Angeles. ARC has grown to become one Oakland and Stockton, California; Portland, of the largest and most prominent service Oregon; and Indianapolis. David helped lead a partnership of organizations and technical

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providers and policy advocacy organizations for public health preparedness and previously the formerly incarcerated in California. served as Baltimore's Health Commissioner. A contributing columnist for The Washington While Executive Director of The Mentoring Post and author of the book When Doctors Center in Oakland, Ca., David was contracted Don't Listen, Dr. Wen is a frequent guest by the City of Richmond, CA to help design the commentator on the covid-19 crisis. Ofice of Neighborhood Safety, which has since been credited for bringing significant reductions Dr. Wen obtained her medical degree from in violence to the city. Washington University School of Medicine and studied health policy at the University As a graduate of Howard University’s School of of Oxford, where she was a Rhodes Scholar. Communications, David also has an extensive She completed her residency training at journalism career. David also completed a Brigham & Women's Hospital & Massachusetts course on “Systems Dynamics for Senior General Hospital. In 2019, she was named one Managers” at the MIT Sloan School of of Modern Healthcare's Top 50 Physician- Management in Cambridge, MA. In August of Executives and TIME magazine's 100 Most 2008, David completed a certificate program on Influential People. Juvenile Justice Multi-System Integration at the Georgetown Public Policy Institute. David M. Kennedy Dr. Leana Wen Director, National Network Former Baltimore Health for Safe Communities at Commissioner John Jay College of Criminal Dr. Leana Wen is Justice an emergency physician and visiting David M. Kennedy led the Boston Gun Project, professor of health policy and management whose “Operation Ceasefire” intervention was at the George Washington University’s Milken responsible for a 63 percent reduction in youth School of Public Health, where she is also a homicide victimization and has since been distinguished fellow at the Fitzhugh Mullan efectively implemented in numerous cities as Institute for Health Workforce Equity. She is an the Group Violence Intervention (GVI). His work expert in public health preparedness and in Boston won the Ford Foundation Innovations previously served as Baltimore's Health in Government award; two Herman Goldstein Commissioner. A contributing columnist for The International Awards for Problem-Oriented Washington Post and author of the book When Policing, and the International Association of Doctors Don't Listen, Dr. Wen is a frequent Chiefs of Police Webber Seavey Award. He guest commentator on the covid-19 crisis. developed the Drug Market Intervention (DMI) which also won an Innovations in Government Dr. Leana Wen is an emergency physician and Award. He helped design and field the Justice visiting professor of health policy and Department’s Strategic Approaches to management at the George Washington Community Safety Initiative, the Treasury University’s Milken School of Public Health, Department’s Youth Crime Gun Interdiction where she is also a distinguished fellow at the Initiative, and the Bureau of Justice Fitzhugh Mullan Institute for Health Workforce Assistance’s Drug Market Intervention Equity. She is an expert in Program.

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He co-founded the National Network for Safe Department of Education that included Communities, an alliance of more than 50 developing education strategies for correctional jurisdictions committed to strategies institutions and shepherding a plan to reinstate that combine the best of law enforcement and federal Pell grants for youth and adults in community-driven approaches to improve custody. public safety, minimize arrests and Earlier in her career, Candice served as a incarceration, enhance police legitimacy, and program oficer with the MacArthur Foundation, rebuild relationships between law enforcement where she managed a grant portfolio focused and distressed communities. on decreasing racial and ethnic disparities in He is the author of Deterrence and Crime the juvenile justice system and on improving Prevention: Reconsidering the Prospect of the quality of defense for indigent youth. Sanction, co-author of Beyond 911: A New Era She currently serves on the board of Cabrini for Policing, and a wide range of articles on Green Legal Aid, a Chicago-based civil legal gang violence, drug markets, domestic service organization. Candice received her J.D. violence, firearms traficking, deterrence theory, from New York University School of Law and and other public safety issues. His latest her B.A. from Washington University in St. book, Don’t Shoot, One Man, a Street Louis, Missouri. Fellowship, and the End of Violence in Inner- City America, was published by Bloomsbury in SESSION THREE: PUBLIC 2011. HEALTH AND WELFARE Candice C. Jones Dr. Nadine Gracia President and CEO, Public Executive Vice President Welfare Foundation and Chief Operating Candice joined the Public Welfare Oficer at Trust for Foundation in Washington, DC as its America’s Health President and CEO in 2017. Previously, J. Nadine Gracia, MD, MSCE is Executive Vice she served as Senior Advisor at Chicago President and Chief Operating Oficer at Trust CRED, an organization that focuses on gun for America’s Health. A nonprofit, nonpartisan, violence in Chicago. In that role, she worked on public health policy, research, and advocacy securing greater investments for violence organization in Washington, DC, Trust for intervention programs as an alternative to the America’s Health promotes optimal health for criminal justice system. Prior to her work with every person and community and makes the Chicago CRED, she served as Director of the prevention of illness and injury a national Illinois Department of Juvenile Justice, a priority. Dr. Gracia has extensive leadership cabinet level state agency where she and management experience in federal supervised operations, programming, budget government, professional associations, and matters, and communications. During her academia. Prior to joining Trust for America’s tenure, she pushed significant reforms that Health, Dr. Gracia served in the Obama reduced the number of youth in state custody. Administration as the Deputy Assistant She also served as a White House Fellow, Secretary for Minority Health and Director of managing a portfolio within the U.S. the Ofice of Minority Health at the U.S.

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Department of Health and Human Services. In Dr. Thomas A. LaVeist that capacity, she directed departmental policies and programs to end health disparities Dean and Weatherhead and advance health equity. She provided Presidential Chair in Health executive leadership on administration priorities Equity at Tulane University including the Afordable Care Act and My School of Public Health & Brother’s Keeper, an initiative to address Tropical Medicine persistent opportunity gaps facing boys and Thomas LaVeist, PhD. is Dean of the Tulane young men of color and to ensure all youth can School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. reach their full potential. Previously, she served In addition to being dean of the Tulane School as Chief Medical Oficer in the Ofice of the of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, he is Assistant Secretary for Health, where her also the Weatherhead Presidential Chair in portfolio included adolescent health, Health Equity. As Tulane’s Presidential Chair in emergency and disaster preparedness, Health Equity, he is the first individual to hold environmental health, global health, and the one of Tulane’s newly endowed presidential White House Council on Women and Girls. chairs, created to support exceptional, Prior to that role, she was appointed as a White internationally recognized scholars whose work House Fellow at HHS and worked in the Ofice transcends traditional academic disciplines. He of the First Lady on the development of joined Tulane University in 2019 from George the Let’s Move! initiative to solve childhood Washington University where he was chair of obesity. the Department of Health Policy and A first-generation Haitian-American, Dr. Gracia Management of the Milken Institute School of received a Bachelor of Arts in French with Public Health. Prior to that he spent 25 years at honors from Stanford University, a medical the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, degree from the University of Pittsburgh School where he was the William C. and Nancy F. of Medicine, and a Master of Science in Clinical Richards Professor in Health Policy and the Epidemiology from the University of director of the Hopkins Center for Health Pennsylvania. She completed her training as a Disparities Solutions. pediatrician at Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Dr. LaVeist is a leading researcher on the topic and later was a clinical instructor and research of health disparities and the social determinants fellow at The Children’s Hospital of of health. His focus areas include U.S. health Philadelphia, where she conducted research on and social policy, the role of race in health community risk factors for violence. Dr. Gracia research, social factors contributing to is active in many civic and professional mortality, longevity, and life expectancy, and the organizations. use of health services in the United States. Dr. LaVeist’s groundbreaking research shows that health disparities are caused by social and economic factors, not genes or merely lifestyle choices. He is also the executive producer of the docufilm series The Skin You’re In, a multimedia project that aims to inspire a movement to produce positive change to close

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the unjust health gap that plagues African Management from the Johns Hopkins Americans. Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr. LaVeist has testified before Congress on Dr. Marc Zimmerman health disparities, published more than 130 articles in scientific journals and was named to Director of the Prevention the prestigious National Academy of Medicine Research Center of of the National Academy of Sciences. Michigan and Director of A native of the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, the Youth Violence New York, Dr. LaVeist received his bachelor’s Prevention Center degree from the University of Maryland Eastern Marc A. Zimmerman, Ph.D. is the Marshall H. Shore, his doctorate in medical sociology from Becker Collegiate Professor (and former Chair) the University of Michigan and a postdoctoral in the Department of Health Behavior and fellowship in public health at the Michigan Health Education in the School of Public School of Public Health. Health, and a Professor of Psychology and the Dr. Cassandra Crifasi Combined Program in Education and Psychology all at the University of Michigan. He Assistant Professor in the received his Ph.D. in Psychology from Department of Health Policy University of Illinois. Dr. Zimmerman is the and Management at Johns Director of the Centers for Disease Control Hopkins Bloomberg School of funded Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center and Prevention Research Center. He led Public Health; Deputy Director for the development of Youth Empowerment the Center for Gun Policy and Research Solutions program and public health Dr. Cassandra Crifasi is an Assistant Professor applications of place-based change for of Health Policy and Management at the Johns community improvement. He is Co-Principal Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Investigator (PI) of the National Institute of She serves as Deputy Director of the Center for Child Health and Human Development funded Gun Policy and Research and is a core faculty initiative on Firearm Safety among Children and member in the Center for Injury Research and Adolescents (FACTS). He is also the Co- Policy. Dr. Crifasi’s research focuses broadly on Director of the Bureau of Justice Assistance public safety including injury epidemiology and funded National Center for School Safety prevention, gun violence and policy, attitudes (nc2s.org). Dr. Zimmerman is the Editor of and behaviors of gun owners, and underground Youth & Society and editor emeritus of Health gun markets. She has conducted several Education & Behavior. He has published over projects in partnership with Baltimore City 300 articles and book chapters, and co-edited evaluating the impact of public health, law two books on a wide variety of topics on enforcement, and place-based strategies to adolescent development including violence, reduce violence. Dr. Crifasi earned an MPH in mental health, substance abuse, evaluation Environmental and Occupational Health from methods, and empowerment. His research the Dornsife School of Public Health at Drexel focuses on adolescent health and resiliency University and a PhD in Health Policy and and the application of empowerment theory.

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Dr. Howard Spivak assuming the position of chief of police for the city of LaGrange, Georgia, in 1995. A graduate Former Principal Deputy of the FBI National Academy and FBI Law Director at National Institute Enforcement Executive Development Seminar, of Justice Chief Dekmar is a member of the National Howard Spivak recently stepped Organization of Black Law Enforcement down as the Principal Deputy Director of Executives, a board member for the Georgia the National Institute of Justice at the US International Law Enforcement Exchange, past Department of Justice. A world class expert in president and chair of the Commission on violence and violence prevention, Dr. Spivak Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies previously served as the Director of the Division (CALEA), and past president of the Georgia of Violence Prevention at the Centers for Association of Chiefs of Police. Disease Control and Prevention. He has held Additionally, he is a former Council Member for positions as Professor of Pediatrics and the Georgia Peace Oficer Standards and Community Health at Tufts University School of Training Council and a past member of the Medicine and Deputy Commissioner of the Georgia Board of Public Safety; he has also Massachusetts Department of Public Health. served as a Federal Monitor for the US He was an early pioneer in the recognition of Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division. He violence as a public health problem, co- is an adjunct professor for several colleges and founding the first public health youth violence institutions. Chief Dekmar is an international prevention program in the nation in the City of presenter for police leaders and elected Boston. He has published many articles on oficials on a range of topics involving youth violence and violence prevention and is leadership, ethics, law enforcement co-author of two books on youth violence, management, and liability issues and has "Murder Is No Accident" and "Sugar and Spice provided over 300 training programs to police and No Longer Nice." He is currently co-editing chiefs, elected oficials, and other law a book on the public health approach to firearm enforcement personnel in over 20 states and violence prevention which is scheduled for several countries. publication in early 2021. He holds a BS in Administration of Justice from SESSION FOUR: INVESTING IN the University of Wyoming and an MS in Public SAFER COMMUNITIES Administration from Georgia College and State University. Chief Dekmar has received the Louis Dekmar CALEA Egon Bittner Award, Georgia Immediate Past President, Governor's Award for Lifetime Achievement and International Association of Contribution to the Law Enforcement Profession, LaGrange College Servant- Chiefs of Police Leadership Award, Georgia Outstanding Police Louis Dekmar's 42-year law Chief of the Year, and the Police Valor Medal for enforcement career includes 10 years as Bravery. He is married to Carmen and they a Wyoming police oficer and investigator, and have two children, Chris and Cathy. 31 years serving in Georgia as a police oficer, detective, and division commander before

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Michael Harrison of the Senior Management Institute for Police, as well as Northwestern University's School of Baltimore Police Commissioner Police Staf and Command. He is a graduate of Michael S. Harrison was sworn in as the F.B.I’s National Executive Institute. the Baltimore Police Department’s He has considerable experience in navigating a 41st Commissioner on March 12, policing agency through the rigors of operating 2019. Before coming to Baltimore, under a federal consent decree, having led two Commissioner Harrison served the New large police departments under such oversight. Orleans Police Department for nearly three decades. He joined the NOPD in 1991 and A firm believer in civic duty, he honorably ascended steadily through the ranks. He served eight years with the Louisiana Air served in supervisory assignments as an National Guard. In 2010, Commissioner Assistant Commander and Commander of a Harrison was ordained as a minister at City of patrol District and the Specialized Love Church in New Orleans. Investigations Division of the Public Integrity Commissioner Harrison has been married to his Bureau. He was appointed to Superintendent in high school sweetheart since 1992, and they 2014 and led the Department for over four are the loving parents of two adult children. years. Commissioner Harrison and his wife have Commissioner Harrison has been instrumental made Baltimore home and have become proud in the development, implementation and residents. assessment of community policing programs that have led to demonstrably increased Daryl V. Atkinson partnership and collaboration. Moreover, he is Co-Director, Forward Justice skilled at moving progressive law enforcement Daryl is the Co-Director of bills forward through legislature and Forward Justice, a law, policy, and efectuating evidence-based crime fighting strategy center dedicated to strategies, many of which assisted in tangible advancing racial, social, and economic crime reductions. justice in the U.S. South. Prior to joining Commissioner Harrison was appointed to the Forward Justice, Daryl was the first Second Police Executive Research Forum Board of Chance Fellow for U.S. Department of Justice Directors in 2019, where he now serves as the (DOJ). While at DOJ, he was an advisor to the Vice President. He is a member of the Major Second Chance portfolio of the Bureau of City Chiefs Association and serves as the Justice Assistance (BJA), a member of the Eastern Region Representative. Additionally, Federal Interagency Reentry Council, and a he is a member of the International Association conduit to the broader justice-involved of Chiefs of Police, the National Organization of population. Black Law Enforcement Executives and the Prior to serving at BJA, Daryl was the Senior Law Enforcement Immigration Task Force. Staf Attorney at the Southern Coalition for He received a Bachelor’s degree in criminal Social Justice (SCSJ) and before SCSJ, he justice from the University of Phoenix and a served as a staf attorney at the North Carolina Masters of Criminal Justice from Loyola Ofice of Indigent Defense Services (IDS). University New Orleans. He is also a graduate

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In 2014, Daryl was recognized by the White serves as a Trustee for Bellevue College, the House as a “Reentry and Employment largest community college in the state of Champion of Change” for his extraordinary Washington. Merisa received a degree in work to facilitate employment opportunities for Political Science from Stanford University and people with criminal records. He is a founding her Juris Doctor from the University of member of the North Carolina Second Chance Washington Law School. Alliance and serves on the North Carolina Commission for Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Celia Ouellette the Criminal Justice System. Founder and Chief Daryl received a BA in Political Science from Executive, Responsible Benedict College, Columbia, SC and a JD from Business Initiative the University of St. Thomas School of Law, Celia Ouellette is the founder and CEO Minneapolis, MN. of the Responsible Business Initiative for Merisa Heu-Weller Justice (RBIJ), which works with companies to champion fairness, equality and efectiveness Chief of Staf & Director, across systems of punishment and Technology Corporate incarceration. Responsibility & Criminal Justice She has dedicated her career to representing Reform Initiative at Microsoft and fighting for those most disadvantaged by Corporation broken criminal justice systems. She is a dual Since 2013, Merisa Heu-Weller has called US-UK qualified lawyer who started her career Microsoft "home" first as an employment in the US working on criminal defense cases. attorney and now in the Technology and She then joined the UK human rights charity Corporate Responsibility (TCR) group in which Reprieve as a Staf Attorney for their death she wears two hats: Chief of Staf and Senior penalty team. Before forming RBIJ, she Director of the Criminal Justice Reform founded and directed The Powell Project, an initiative. TCR plays a vital role in realizing organization designed to empower and equip Microsoft’s mission by applying the power of trial teams with the knowledge and skills to advanced technology to address critical level the playing field in capital cases. societal issues—universal accessibility, Celia’s experience, deep commitment for environmental sustainability, rural broadband change and expert knowledge of justice connectivity, responsible AI, and criminal justice systems has led her to be a regular speaker at reform. Our work helps to transform major international conferences and events. institutions, communities, and lives around the She frequently advises foreign governments on world, while driving business value and US criminal justice policy and practice. She is addressing our responsibility to society. an established media commentator and Before Microsoft, Heu-Weller clerked at the contributor—publications include The Washington State Supreme Court for the Economist, the Financial Times, The Spectator Honorable Mary Fairhurst followed by an and TriplePundit. Celia was made a Meaningful employment litigation practice at Davis Wright Business Ambassador in March 2020, joining a Tremaine in Seattle. Outside of work, she global community of leaders working to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

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Tanya Coke Jenny Durkan Director, Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Mayor of Seattle Justice, Ford Foundation Jenny A. Durkan is the 56th Tanya Coke directs the Ford Mayor of Seattle and the first Foundation’s Gender, Racial, and woman to lead the City in nearly a Ethnic Justice team, focusing on century. issues of mass incarceration, She entered ofice on November 28, 2017, with immigration and reproductive justice. the challenge of making Seattle afordable and Previously, she served as a distinguished inclusive for all. She is focused on the housing lecturer at the John Jay College of Criminal afordability crisis, helping those experiencing Justice at the City University of New York, homelessness, providing free college tuition to teaching courses on public policy and working Seattle’s high school graduates, and pushing on school-to-prison pipeline issues. Prior to reforms and restoring trust in the police that, Tanya was a program director on criminal department – while also delivering on basic city justice for the Open Society Institute and a services. She also is committed to ensuring program manager for the US Human Rights Seattle continues to lead the innovative Fund. She also served as a senior consultant to economy and create new models for ensuring the Atlantic Philanthropies from 2010 to 2013, more security for workers. while running a strategic-planning consulting practice for social justice nonprofits and Prior to becoming Mayor, Durkan was a civic philanthropies. leader and nationally-recognized attorney. From 2009 to 2014, she served as the U.S. Attorney Tanya began her career at the NAACP Legal for the Western District of Washington, Defense and Educational Fund as a researcher becoming the first openly gay U.S. Attorney in on its capital punishment project. After our country’s history. attending law school, she practiced as a trial attorney in the Federal Defender Division of the As U.S. Attorney, Durkan was the chief federal Legal Aid Society, defending clients in drug, law enforcement oficer in Western Washington immigration, and other federal matters in New and coordinated various federal investigative York City. agencies. In addition, Durkan was a leader in recognizing the threat cyber criminals posed to She is a graduate of the New York University privacy, the economy and security. She served School of Law, where she was a Root Tilden for two years on the U.S. Attorney General's public interest scholar and editor in chief of the original Advisory Committee and chaired the law review, and she holds an undergraduate advisory Subcommittee on Cybercrime and degree from Yale College. Intellectual Property Enforcement throughout her term. Durkan testified before Congress on cyber issues for the Department of Justice and is known for her national role in fighting cybercrime, and for increasing the federal capabilities to meet cyber-based national security and terrorism threats. Durkan faced the reality of a terrorist threat when authorities

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discovered a plot to attack a military recruiting work includes rushing to Seattle-Tacoma ofice in Seattle. International Airport on the day President Trump’s illegal Muslim immigration ban went During her tenure, Durkan championed more into efect and working with families and other proactive enforcement eforts, leading “hot attorneys to successfully stop an efort to spot” initiatives in areas of persistent crime and deport several people. by targeting gun crimes. Durkan also formed a civil rights unit in the U.S. Attorney’s ofice that Her civic leadership, legal career and increased enforcement of civil rights laws, mentorship have been recognized and honored including housing and job discrimination with numerous awards, including the Seattle protections and the rights of returning Municipal League’s Warren G. Magnuson veterans. Working with civil rights groups and Memorial Award, Jaswant Singh Khalra Award community leaders, she launched a civil rights for Social Justice from the Sikh community, investigation of the Seattle Police Department’s Distinguished Alumni from the University of use of force and treatment of minority Washington School of Law, Passing the Torch communities. The investigation led to a Award from the Washington Women Lawyers, landmark consent decree that requires broad Leadership and Justice Award from Mother reforms and ongoing monitoring by the federal Attorneys Mentoring Association, and the court. Urban League of Metropolitan Seattle’s Spirit Award. As a civic leader and advocate, she chaired a statewide task force on consumer privacy, Durkan, one of eight children, was raised in which led to innovative protections for identity Seattle. She graduated from the University of theft. She served a three-year term on the Notre Dame, taught school and coached girls Washington State Bar Association Board of basketball in a Yupik fishing village in Alaska, Governors and for over twenty years served on and then earned her J.D. at the University of the Merit Selection Committee for the United Washington School of Law. She and her States District Court, helping select the partner, Dana, have two sons. candidates for appointment to seven vacancies in the federal judiciary. She was a founding board member of the Center for Women and Democracy and trained women running for ofice in Morocco. She was the first citizen observer on Seattle Police Department's Firearms Review Board and served on two blue-ribbon committees pushing for reforms at SPD. She helped establish drug and mental health courts in King County and create a specialized federal program to provide treatment alternatives to incarceration. Durkan was counsel in a range of significant cases, resulting in a number of government reforms, and was chair of the cyber-security practice for a global law firm. Her recent legal

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SESSION FIVE: RECRUITING, Michael is a third term Assembly Member in the SKILLS, AND TRAINING New York State Assembly representing the 79th District in The Bronx, New York. Blake has Phillipe Cunningham helped lead the eforts to create the first and Minneapolis City Council only statewide My Brother's Keeper education program in the country, now totaling more $56 Member, 4th Ward million in three years. Moreover, Blake helped Phillipe M. Cunningham (pronounced lead the charge to Raise The Age of criminal fil-LEAP) is the Minneapolis City responsibility so that 16 and 17 year olds are Council Member representing the 4th not tried as adults in criminal court, increase Ward in North Minneapolis. He is the first and funding for New York City public housing, currently only out trans man of color elected to continue to fund Diversity in Medicine medical ofice in the United States. Prior to being scholarships and had his signature piece of elected and unseating a 50-year family political legislation signed into law for Small, Minority dynasty in 2017, Council Member Cunningham and Women owned Business Enterprises with served former Mayor Betsy Hodges as her less than 300 employees who contract with Senior Policy Aide for education, racial equity, New York state get paid in 15 days instead of and LGBTQ+ rights. He also previously worked 30. with youth as a special education teacher and Blake is also a Vice Chair at Large of the youth worker for over 10 years. Democratic National Committee helping lead As a policy wonk and fierce community eforts in engaging with millennials, advocate, Council Member Cunningham’s goals communities of color, local elected candidates are to break intergenerational cycles of poverty and training. Blake has traveled to 31 states and violence and build community wealth with and to Japan since the DNC election in Northsiders already living in the community. His February 2017 ranging from candidate trainings writings have been published in The Guide for to mobilizing base communities across the White Women Who Teach Black Boys and country. Millennial Compact with America. Blake is a Five Year Term Member fellow of the Michael Blake Council on Foreign Relations and an Aspen Institute Rodel Fellow. Michael is a national New York Assemblyman, Honorary Co-Chair of the New Leaders Council, District 79 which has trained more than 7,000 millennials New York State Assembly Member in progressive policies and political organizing. Michael Alexander Blake was born He is a licensed minister in the United and raised in The Bronx, New York and Methodist Church and African Methodist is a son of Jamaican immigrants. His mother is Episcopal church. Michael is on the board for a retired 40 year manufacturer and his late iVOTE, served as a 2016 Resident fellow at the Father was an 1199SEIU maintenance Harvard University Institute of Politics and supervisor at St. Barnabas Hospital in The recently was an advisory board member for the Bronx. My Brother's Keeper Alliance. Michael is a proud alum of the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University. In early 2007,

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Michael joined then Sen. Barack Obama’s David is very active locally, nationally and campaign as the Iowa Deputy Political Director internationally in emerging issues surrounding and Constituency Outreach Director. In his 20- law enforcement. David is the current President month campaign tenure, Blake concluded as of the National Sherif’s Association. David has the Michigan Deputy State Director for the represented the National Sherif’s Association general election. After the election, Blake joined on numerous committee’s to include: the White House staf as the Associate Director ● White House Committee on Labor/ of Public Engagement and Deputy Associate Management relations Director of the Ofice of Intergovernmental Afairs coordinating outreach to the African ● White House committee to study Police American, Minority and Women Business Body Cameras Enterprises and state and county elected ● Law Enforcement Executive Exchange oficial communities. Blake left the White House programs with Israel in 2011, 2013 and to serve as the national deputy director of 2014 Operation Vote for President Obama’s 2012 re- election and helped expand the diverse ● National Sherif’s Association electorate that later re-elected the president, Committee on Global Afairs, Domestic leading to historic turnout among Violence and Training/Leadership. constituencies nationwide. David is married to his high school sweetheart David Mahoney Kathleen who works for WEAC Trust and they have two adult sons, Patrick and Sean. Sherif, Dane Count; President, National Sherif's Association Chief Scott Thomson David Mahoney is currently serving Former Police his fourth term as Dane County Commissioner, Camden Sherif. He was first elected in County November 2006 to become the 52nd Dane Chief J. Scott Thomson (ret.) County Sherif. began his law enforcement career in David has been a professional law enforcement 1992. His 27 years of service in policing were oficer for 41 years. Forty years of his law capped with the last 11 years (2008-2019) as enforcement career have been with the Dane the Chief of Police for the city and then county County Sherif’s Ofice and David has extensive of Camden, NJ. From 2015 to 2019, he was the experience in labor management having served elected President of the Police Executive twelve years as a local, state, and national Research Forum. labor executive oficer. Upon retirement from policing on September 1, David is recognized as a progressive law 2019, Chief Thomson (ret.) joined Holtec enforcement executive who has spent the past International as the Executive Director of eight years moving the sherif’s ofice from a Global Security and the Corporate Governance rules based organization to a values based Oficer. His responsibilities are inclusive of organization which emphasizes participatory international nuclear and corporate security as management by his staf. well as cybersecurity. Holtec International is a world leader in the nuclear and energy industry

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with operations and facilities in 20 countries, on the Harvard University Law Enforcement 5 continents, including an expanding fleet of Summit Executive Leadership Group. U.S. nuclear power plants. Chief Thomson (ret.) is the Past President of In May of 2013, Chief Thomson (ret.) created the Police Executive Research Forum. and implemented a new law enforcement organization, the Camden County Police Markasa Tucker Department, with the abolishment of the Director, African American Camden City Police Department. It was a first Roundtable, Milwaukee of its kind endeavor in modern American Markasa Tucker is a mother first policing. to Zoe Isabella and the Director of This new organization significantly reduced the African American Roundtable crime in one of the nation’s most challenged (AART), a project of Wisconsin Voices. AART cities by leveraging technology and changing is a coalition led by and serving the African- the organizational culture to an innovative American community in Milwaukee. AART guardianship ethos rooted in community exists to empower and organize communities to policing. Homicides have been decreased by transform policies so families can thrive and -72% and violent crime -39%. These reductions live at their greatest potential. In 2019 Tucker have been sustained with a trajectory that now helped co-found the LiberateMKE campaign annually continues to build upon half-century asking for investment into communities and an lows. equitable city budget. She has her bachelor of The transformation has resulted in Camden, arts degree in mass communications from which was perennially ranked as the “Nation’s Grambling State University and is the President Most Dangerous City”, to be a safer urban city. of the Grambling State University National This has facilitated the investment of $3.5 Alumni Association for Greater Milwaukee. billion in business development in Camden and Markasa has a background in community the city’s upward trajectory continues. In activism and media relations. October of 2019, the city and county of Camden named the Police Administration Building after Chief Thomson. Chief Thomson has provided testimony for the President’s Task Force Report on 21st Century Policing on using community policing to reduce crime. Chief Thomson sat on the Board of Advisors for the New York University School of Law’s Center on the Administration of Criminal Law, The American Law Institute’s Principles of the Law. He is the Co-Chair of The Policing Project at New York University Law School, an Executive Fellow for the Police Foundation in Washington, D.C., and a founding member of FUTURE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

Lenore Anderson President, Alliance for Safety and Justice (ASJ) Lenore is the co-founder and President of Alliance for Safety and Justice (ASJ), one of the largest justice and public safety reform advocacy organizations in the country, and founder of Californians for Safety and Justice. ASJ’s flagship program, Crime Survivors for Safety and Justice, is the nation’s largest network of crime survivors. Lenore also served as Campaign Chair and co-author of California’s Proposition 47, a 2014 ballot initiative passed by voters to reduce incarceration and reallocate prison spending to mental health and victim services. She also served on the leadership team for California’s successful Proposition 57 ballot initiative in 2016 to expand earned rehabilitation credits to people in prison, as well as Florida’s successful Amendment 4 ballot initiative to restore voting eligibility to people with prior convictions. Previously, Lenore served in various local government leadership capacities including as Chief of Policy and Chief of the Alternative Programs Division at the San Francisco District Attorney’s Ofice; Director of Public Safety for the Oakland Mayor; and, as Director of the San Francisco Mayor’s Ofice of Criminal Justice. Lenore also serves on the Advisory Board of the Institute for Innovations in Prosecution of John Jay College of Criminal Justice. She holds a J.D. from NYU School of Law and a B.A. from UC Berkeley

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