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Assessment of Tree Species Richness, Diversity, Population Structure and Natural Regeneration in Nongeni Forest Reserve in Morogoro Region, Tanzania

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Assessment of Tree Species Richness, Diversity, Population Structure and Natural Regeneration in Nongeni Forest Reserve in Morogoro Region, Tanzania Tanzania Journal of Science 45(3): 330-345, 2019 ISSN 0856-1761, e-ISSN 2507-7961 © College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, 2019 Assessment of Tree Species Richness, Diversity, Population Structure and Natural Regeneration in Nongeni Forest Reserve in Morogoro Region, Tanzania David Sylvester Kacholi Department of Biological Sciences, Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE), P. O. Box 2329 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This study examined tree species richness, diversity, population structure and regeneration in Nongeni forest reserve, Morogoro, Tanzania. The study deployed plot sampling technique whereby a total of 20 plots of 0.05 ha each were randomly established in the forest. All species and individuals encountered in each plot were counted, identified and DBH measured. A total of 751 individuals/ha representing 24 species belonging to 11 families were recorded. Family Fabaceae was dominant with 9 species. The Shannon-Wiener, Margalef, Simpson‟s and Pielou J index were calculated as 2.667, 3.474, 10.58 and 0.839, respectively. The Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (52.18) was the dominant species in terms of species importance value index (IVI) followed by Antidesma venosum (27.40) and Stereospermum kunthianum (21.16). The forest mean basal area was 10.80 m2/ha whereby D. condylocarpon (2.26 m2/ha) had highest value followed by Julbernardia globiflora (1.36 m2/ha). Of the observed species, 12.5% exhibited good regeneration, 45.8% poor regeneration, 29.2% new regeneration and 12.5% displayed fair/hampered regeneration pattern. Also, 29.1% of the species displayed both poor regeneration pattern and low IVI. The study concludes that the forest was rich in tree species and had good regeneration. However, conservation attention and proper management strategies for the species that exhibited poor regeneration and low IVI is imperative. Keywords: Diversity, Forest health, Importance value index, Regeneration, Species richness Introduction resulted in the hasty loss of the forests (Mani Tropical forests are biodiversity rich and Parthasarathy 2006). Worldwide, tropical communities on the earth because they harbor forests are declining at disquieting rates, substantial amount of global life forms whereby 1 - 4% of their area is reduced (Phillips and Gentry 1993, Myers et al. 2000, annually (Laurance 1999). The disappearance Baraloto et al. 2013). The forests offer of forest areas is well connected to increased numerous products such as food, medicines, anthropogenic pressures that have led to energy and timber (Phillips and Gentry 1993, agricultural expansion, firewood/charcoal Huang et al. 2003) and they provide demand increase, overgrazing and illegal ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, timber logging due to increased human soil formation, soil erosion prevention, water population living nearby the forests (Anitha et supply, soil formation, habitats for plants and al. 2010, FAO 2010). The loss of forest area animals, species conservation and climate endangers not only livelihood of people who regulation (Armenteras et al. 2009, Kumar et depend on the forests for socio-cultural, al. 2011). However, overexploitation of the ecological and economic services, but also it forest resources is among the major affects the forest composition, structure and environmental and economic evils that have regeneration of trees as well as existing 330 http://journals.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/tjs www.ajol.info/index.php/tjs/ Tanz. J. Sci. Vol. 45(3), 2019 biodiversity (Blasco et al. 2000, Kacholi in great threat of deforestation and extinction, 2013). respectively. According to the Tanzania National The forest ecosystem composition and Carbon Monitoring Centre report of 2018, the functions are determined by plants, especially country annual forest loss is estimated to be tree components, which are fundamental 469,420 ha, which is 20.7% increase from the components than any other living component state of the environment report of 2014. This of the system (Richards 1996, Ssegawa and loss is growing at an alarming rate and is Nkuutu 2006). Forest tree species must be highly influenced by four drivers, which are regularly monitored and managed for energy demand, poverty, population growth directing successional processes towards and unsustainable farming practices. It is upholding species and habitats varieties reported that a good number of the rural and (Turner 1987, Attua and Pabi 2013). Forest urban inhabitants cannot afford to pay for tree diversity is a useful tool in plant ecology other sources of energy such as electricity and and forestry for comparing the compositions gas due to their low purchasing power, hence, (Mani and Parthasarathy 2006, Magurran depend solely on firewood and charcoal for 2004). The tree species diversity is influenced their domestic purposes (URT 2018). The by the distribution and abundance of species economic activities of the majority of the rural (Debnath et al. 2012) while species richness is people are directly linked to deforestation and influenced by a range of biotic and abiotic forest degradation (Kacholi 2013) while factors (Huston 1994). For instance, factors growth of human population close to forest like topography, climate, soil and areas exerts more pressure to the forest geographical settings of a place influence resources due to increased demands for more species diversity of forest ecosystems (Ram et land for agricultural activities. Due to poverty, al. 2004). The species diversity is an essential the locals engage in unsustainable farming characteristic of any forest ecosystem practices, like uncontrolled burning and forest (Tchouto et al. 2006) and the index provides clearance and shifting cultivation, which all information on the stability and sustainability together contribute to deforestation and of the forest communities (Sakar and Devi degradation of forests (FBD 2000). 2014). Information obtained from studies on As part of the forest management forest species richness and diversity is a very strategies, the government of Tanzania important component in management in terms through the National Forest Policy has of economic value, regeneration potential and transferred power over the forest resources for biodiversity conservation value (Wyatt- back to community level whereby citizens are Smith 1987, Kacholi et al. 2015). Natural involved in forest conservation and regeneration is expressed by the number of management (URT 2018). This strategy of individuals present in each of the defined involving local communities and other diameter size classes (Zegeye et al. 2006) stakeholders in forest management is referred where an effective regeneration is indicated to Participatory Forest Management (PFM). by the existence of the abundant number of The PFM is part and parcel of the rural young trees in a population while the reverse development strategies with an intention of indicates poor regeneration (Pokhriyal et al. improving rural livelihoods and reducing 2010). Therefore, natural regeneration in any poverty, while at the same time protecting the forest is an essential element for forest forest resources and stimulating equitable ecosystem dynamics, and protection and distribution of benefits (FBD 2000). maintenance of biological diversity (Tesfaye Irrespective of the PFM, protection of forests et al. 2010, Rahman et al. 2011). in some parts of the country faces challenges The Nongeni forest reserve is one of the that put the forests and associated biodiversity forests in the region that are known to be rich 331 Kacholi - Assessment of tree species richness, diversity … in Nongeni Forest Reserve in biodiversity, including flora and fauna Lukuyu and Mkangazi pass through the forest. (Myers et al. 2000). Like many other tropical Water from these streamlets/rivers is mainly forests, the Nongeni forest reserve is facing used for irrigation and domestic purposes by anthropogenic pressures due to its proximity the villagers. Trees of timber values, such as to the Morogoro urban and Dar es Salaam city Khaya anthotheca, Pterocarpus angolensis, whose people depend on forest products for Albizia gummifera and Brachystegia species timber, firewood and charcoal. Also, apart are present in the forest. In terms of from the mentioned uses, the locals from the anthropogenic impacts, the forest is highly surrounding villages depend on the forest for disturbed by human activities like grazing, pit traditional medicines, hunting, grazing and sawing, hunting (traps), charcoaling, wildfire, beekeeping. Forest encroachment has been beekeeping, medicinal activities and observed due to increased demand for encroachment for cultivation. agricultural land by the population living The climate of the region is tropical sub- nearby the forest. Thus, with all these burdens humid with bimodal rainfall regime. The to the forest, this study aimed to analyze the mean annual rainfall in the region is 740 mm status of the forest in-terms of species with the mean monthly minimum and richness, diversity, stand structure and maximum of 440 and 1094 mm of rainfall, regeneration patterns of tree species in the respectively. The mean annual temperature is forest. The findings presented in this work are 25.1 °C with the mean monthly minimum and absolutely adding records on the health status maximum temperature of 19.7 °C and 30.6 of Nongeni forest reserve in particular, but °C, respectively (Figure 2). also in the region and Tanzania in general. Data collection
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