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Analysis of the Chinese Porcelain Associated with the “Beeswax Wreck,” Nehalem, Oregon ______

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Analysis of the Chinese Porcelain Associated with the “Beeswax Wreck,” Nehalem, Oregon ______ ANALYSIS OF THE CHINESE PORCELAIN ASSOCIATED WITH THE “BEESWAX WRECK,” NEHALEM, OREGON ___________________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty Central Washington University ___________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Resource Management ___________________________________________ by Jessica Lally November 2008 CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Graduate Studies ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many who deserve thanks for their involvement and contribution to my research: My graduate committee, Steve Hackenberger, Pat Lubinski and Scott Williams who provided guidance and support; Penglin Wang; Jane Allen; Lise Zimmerman; and the Tillamook County Pioneer Museum. I would like to express a special thank you to John Dubé, who generously welcomed me into his home, sharing information and ideas; Mary Jo Anderson for her hospitality; and Steven Dowell for his contributions to the collection. Thank you to my family, and especially my editor. I could not have done this without you. iii ABSTRACT ANALYSIS OF THE CHINESE PORCELAIN ASSOCIATED WITH THE “BEESWAX WRECK,” NEHALEM, OREGON by Jessica Lally November 2008 Over the centuries, small sherds of Chinese porcelain have been discovered on Oregon’s northern coast at Manzanita and Netarts, in the vicinity of an offshore shipwreck known as the “Beeswax Wreck,” and are thought to be associated with it. Many of these sherds have been collected by beachcombers, while others have been found within archaeological sites. The focus of this study was to catalogue and analyze a previously undocumented private collection of 1,189 sherds, as well as a small collection located at the Tillamook County Pioneer Museum that was found in the same geographic area and believed to have the same origin. The research conducted in this thesis contributed to the overall understanding of how the collections are related, suggested a visually interpreted date range of manufacture for the porcelain between 1650 and 1700, and provided a mean ceramic date of 1686. These dates are consistent with the Santo Christo de Burgos, lost in 1693, which has been suggested to be a likely identity of the Beeswax Wreck. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................... III ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................. IV LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................... V CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1 PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE .................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................... 6 HISTORY OF TRADE AND CHINESE PORCELAIN.................................................... 6 PORCELAIN ...................................................................................................................... 7 PORCELAIN ATTRIBUTES............................................................................................. 8 THE MING DYNASTY (1368-1644)................................................................................ 8 KRAAK PORCELAIN ........................................................................................................ 9 TRANSITIONAL PERIOD (1620-1683)......................................................................... 11 THE QING DYNASTY (1644-1912)............................................................................... 13 LATE-QING DYNASTY................................................................................................. 15 MARKS ............................................................................................................................ 15 EXPORT PORCELAIN ..................................................................................................... 16 JAPANESE PORCELAIN................................................................................................ 17 THE “BEESWAX WRECK” ........................................................................................... 17 PAST RESEARCH CONDUCTED ON THE NETARTS AND NEHALEM CHINESE PORCELAIN .................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER III STUDY SAMPLE AND METHODS ................................................................. 23 STUDY SAMPLE ............................................................................................................ 23 METHODS ....................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER IV RESULTS............................................................................................................ 27 IDENTIFICATION OF ATTRIBUTES AND PORCELAIN TYPES............................. 27 SHERD TYPE .................................................................................................................. 30 COBALT........................................................................................................................... 33 GLAZE ............................................................................................................................. 34 VESSEL FORM AND TYPE........................................................................................... 37 MARKS ............................................................................................................................ 42 DECORATION ATTRIBUTES ....................................................................................... 43 IDENTIFICATION OF MOTIF ATTRIBUTES ............................................................. 47 FLORAL........................................................................................................................... 47 PRUNUS PLANT MOTIFS ............................................................................................. 47 iv BAMBOO AND BROAD LOCUST................................................................................ 50 PEACH, PEONY, AND CAMELLIA FLOWERS .......................................................... 51 LAKE TAI ROCK ............................................................................................................ 53 BANANA LEAVES, CATTAILS AND TREES............................................................. 53 FLORAL SCROLL........................................................................................................... 53 SCROLL ........................................................................................................................... 58 LANDSCAPES................................................................................................................. 58 AUSPICIOUS SYMBOLS, THE EIGHT HAPPY OMENS, AND THE EIGHT PRECIOUS OBJECTS ..................................................................................................... 59 PANELED MOTIFS......................................................................................................... 61 FIGURES.......................................................................................................................... 65 OTHER MOTIF ATTRIBUTES OF NOTE..................................................................... 68 BORDER MOTIFS AND RIM DRESSING.................................................................... 70 THE TILLAMOOK COUNTY PIONEER MUSEUM COLLECTION.......................... 76 OTHER SHERDS............................................................................................................. 80 CHAPTER V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION .................................................................. 81 ANALYSIS AND DATE RANGE DETERMINATION................................................. 81 DISCUSSION................................................................................................................... 92 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................. 97 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 99 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................. 103 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Location of Manzanita, Nehalem Bay, Netarts Bay, and Tillamook Bay in relation to the state of Oregon.......................................................................................................... 1 Figure 2: Distribution of beeswax and archaeological sites associated with Netarts Sand Spit and Nehalem Bay, Oregon. Modified from Google Earth (2007)......................................... 3 Figure 3: Dubé Collection porcelain distribution compared to the location of recovered beeswax and archaeological sites. Modified from Google Earth (2007). ..................................... 4 Figure
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