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Methods for Estimating Water Consumption for Thermoelectric Power Plants in the United States

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Methods for Estimating Water Consumption for Thermoelectric Power Plants in the United States USGS National Water Census and National Streamflow Information Program Methods for Estimating Water Consumption for Thermoelectric Power Plants in the United States Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5188 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Aerial photographs of thermoelectric power plants in the United States from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP), 2007. Refer to figures 2, 3, 5, and 6. Methods for Estimating Water Consumption for Thermoelectric Power Plants in the United States By Timothy H. Diehl, Melissa A. Harris, Jennifer C. Murphy, Susan S. Hutson, and David E. Ladd USGS National Water Census and National Streamflow Information Program Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5188 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2013 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Diehl, T.H., Harris, M.A., Murphy, J.C., Hutson, S.S., and Ladd, D.E., 2013, Methods for estimating water consumption for thermoelectric power plants in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5188, 78 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20135188. ISSN 2328-031X (print) ISSN 2328-0328 (online) ISBN 978-1-4113-3714-5 iii Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................1 Purpose and Scope ................................................................................................................................................2 A Heat Budget Approach to Thermoelectric Water Consumption ...........................................................................2 Data Compilation and Quality Assurance ....................................................................................................................4 Plant Master List .....................................................................................................................................................4 Generation Data ......................................................................................................................................................4 Cooling System Data ..............................................................................................................................................5 Power Plant Locations and Elevations ......................................................................................................5 Cooling-System Type Validation .................................................................................................................5 Environmental Data ......................................................................................................................................8 Data Sources .......................................................................................................................................9 Data Quality .......................................................................................................................................10 Methods of Determination for Environmental Input Variables ..................................................11 Uncertainty Analysis ........................................................................................................................13 Supplemental Methods ....................................................................................................................14 Computing Heat and Water Budgets ...........................................................................................................................14 Estimation of Condenser Duty by Generation Type .........................................................................................18 Combustion-Steam Generation ................................................................................................................18 Combined-Cycle Generation .....................................................................................................................21 Nuclear Generation ....................................................................................................................................21 Geothermal Generation .............................................................................................................................22 Estimating Thermoelectric Evaporation by Cooling-System Type ................................................................23 Estimating Evaporation from Cooling Towers ........................................................................................24 Estimating Forced Evaporation from Surface Water ...........................................................................25 Error Analysis and the Prediction of Maximum and Minimum Likely Consumption ..................................28 Other Types of Water Consumption .............................................................................................................................29 Solar-Thermal Generation ...................................................................................................................................29 Flue-Gas Desulfurization......................................................................................................................................29 Minor Water Consumption at Combined-Cycle Plants ...................................................................................29 Conclusions......................................................................................................................................................................29 Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................................................30 Selected References ......................................................................................................................................................30 Glossary ............................................................................................................................................................................35 Appendix 1: The 1,284 thermoelectric plants one megawatt nameplate capacity or greater with water-cooling systems in the United States, 2010 ..............................................................38 Appendix 2: Guide to data contained in the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA) 2010 Annual Electric Generator Data, Form-860, and the 2010 Power Plant Operations Report, Form EIA-923, used for the classification of thermoelectric plants and consumption estimation model input ............................................................72 Appendix 2. Table 1: Data used in the two-tiered classification system for thermoelectric plants and heat and water budget models to estimate water consumption from the 2010 Annual Electric Generator Data, EIA Form-860 and 2010 Power Plant Operations Report, Form EIA-923 ..................................................................................73 Appendix 2. Table 2: Prime mover types used to classify plants according to generation type ................................................................................................................................................75 Appendix 2. Table 3: Energy sources used to classify plants by generation type ...............................................76 Appendix 2. Table 4: Cooling-sytem types used to classify plants by cooling system technology ...........................................................................................................................................77 Appendix 3: Databases accessed for thermoelectric plant classification and modeling data ...................................................................................................................................................78 Appendix 4: Forced Evaporation from Water Surface (FEWS) spreadsheet ............................... available online in an Excel file at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5188/FEWS_version_3.104.xlsx iv Figures 1. Map showing geographic distribution of the 1,284 thermoelectric plants one megawatt nameplate capacity or greater with water-cooling systems in the United States, 2010 ....................................................................................................................6 2. Aerial photograph showing natural-draft cooling towers
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