Word Pictures in the New Testament - Acts
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Word Pictures in the New Testament - Acts Author(s): Robertson, A. T. (1863-1934) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library Description: A. T. Robertson was a renowned Greek New Testament scholar. His work on the Greek language is still consulted today. Word Pictures in the New Testament is his insightful treatment of that book. In the Greek New Testament, there are a variety of meaningful pictorial nuances implicit in the Greek constructions. These nuances are often lost in trans- lation. Word Pictures in the New Testament explains them. Robertson examines Greek constructions from many different Testament passages. He provides background to many of the Greek words and their connotations in the original Greek, thereby shedding new light on the meaning of passages. Many readers have gained a new, richer understanding of the New Testament by studying Word Pictures in the New Testament. And although no technical knowledge is required to study this work, familiarity with the Greek language makes this work much easier to digest. Consequently, it is ideal for pastors, theologians, and students of the New Testament. Tim Perrine CCEL Staff Writer Subjects: The Bible New Testament Works about the New Testament i Contents Title Page 1 Chapter 1 2 Chapter 2 12 Chapter 3 25 Chapter 4 30 Chapter 5 36 Chapter 6 44 Chapter 7 48 Chapter 8 61 Chapter 9 69 Chapter 10 81 Chapter 11 92 Chapter 12 100 Chapter 13 109 Chapter 14 125 Chapter 15 135 Chapter 16 149 Chapter 17 163 Chapter 18 180 Chapter 19 190 Chapter 20 205 Chapter 21 219 Chapter 22 235 Chapter 23 243 Chapter 24 252 Chapter 25 261 ii Chapter 26 271 Chapter 27 280 Chapter 28 293 Indexes 301 Index of Scripture References 302 Index of Scripture Commentary 313 iii This PDF file is from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library, www.ccel.org. The mission of the CCEL is to make classic Christian books available to the world. • This book is available in PDF, HTML, ePub, Kindle, and other formats. See http://www.ccel.org/ccel/robertson_at/wp_acts.html. • Discuss this book online at http://www.ccel.org/node/3746. The CCEL makes CDs of classic Christian literature available around the world through the Web and through CDs. We have distributed thousands of such CDs free in developing countries. If you are in a developing country and would like to receive a free CD, please send a request by email to [email protected]. The Christian Classics Ethereal Library is a self supporting non-profit organization at Calvin College. If you wish to give of your time or money to support the CCEL, please visit http://www.ccel.org/give. This PDF file is copyrighted by the Christian Classics Ethereal Library. It may be freely copied for non-commercial purposes as long as it is not modified. All other rights are re- served. Written permission is required for commercial use. iv Title Page Title Page Word Pictures in the New Testament Acts A.T. Robertson 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 1 1:1 The Title is simply Acts [Praxeis] in Aleph, Origen, Tertullian, Didymus, Hilary, Eusebius, Epiphanius. The Acts of the Apostles [Praxeis apostolōn] is the reading of B D (Aleph in subscription) Athanasius, Origen, Tertullian, Cyprian, Eusebius, Cyril of Jerusalem, Theodoret, Hilary. The Acts of the Holy Apostles [Praxeis tōn hagiōn apostolōn] is read by A2 E G H A K Chrysostom. It is possible that the book was given no title at all by Luke, for it is plain that usage varied greatly even in the same writers. The long title as found in the Textus Receptus (Authorized Version) is undoubtedly wrong with the adjective “Holy.” The reading of B D, “The Acts of the Apostles,” may be accepted as probably correct. The former treatise [ton men prōton]. Literally, the first treatise. The use of the super- lative is common enough and by no means implies, though it allows, a third volume. This use of [prōtos] where only two are compared is seen between the Baptist and Jesus (Joh 1:15), John and Peter (Joh 20:4). The idiom is common in the papyri (Robertson, Grammar, pp. 662, 669). The use of [men solitarium] here, as Hackett notes, is common in Acts. It is by no means true that [men] requires a following [de] by contrast. The word is merely a weakened form of [mēn] = surely, indeed. The reference is to the “first treatise” and merely emphasizes that. The use of [logos] (word) for treatise or historical narrative is common in ancient Greek as in Herodotus 6 and 9. Plato (Phaedo, p. 61 B) makes a contrast between [muthos] and [logos]. I made [epoiēsamēn]. Aorist middle indicative, the middle being the usual construction for mental acts with [poieō]. O Theophilus [O Theophile]. The interjection [O] here as is common, though not in Lu 1:3. But the adjective [kratiste] (most excellent) is wanting here. See remarks on Theophilus on Lu 1:3. Hackett thinks that he lived at Rome because of the way Acts ends. He was a man of rank. He may have defrayed the expense of publishing both Luke and Acts. Perhaps by this time Luke may have reached a less ceremo- nious acquaintance with Theophilus. Which Jesus began [hōn ērxato Iēsous]. The relative is attracted from the accusative [ha] to the genitive [hōn] because of the antecedent [pantōn] (all). The language of Luke here is not merely pleonastic as Winer held. Jesus “began” “both to do and to teach” [poiein te kai didaskein]. Note present infinitives, linear action, still going on, and the use of [te—kai] binds together the life and teachings of Jesus, as if to say that Jesus is still carrying on from heaven the work and teaching of the disciples which he started while on earth before his ascension. The record which Luke now records is really the Acts of Jesus as much as the Acts of the Apostles. Dr. A. T. Pierson called it “The Acts of the Holy Spirit,” and that is true also. The Acts, according to Luke, is a continuation of the doings and teachings of Jesus. “The following writings appear intended to give us, and do, in fact, profess to give us, that which Jesus continued to do and teach after the day in which he was taken up” (Bernard, Progress of Doctrine in the N.T.). 2 Chapter 1 1:2 Until the day in which [achri hēs hēmeras]. Incorporation of the antecedent into the relative clause and the change of case [hēi] (locative) to [hēs] (genitive). Was received up [anelēmpthē]. First aorist passive indicative of [analambanō]. Common verb to lift any- thing up (Ac 10:16) or person as Paul (Ac 20:13). Several times of the Ascension of Jesus to heaven (Mr 16:19; Ac 1:2, 11, 22; 1Ti 3:16) with or without “into heaven” [eis ton ouranon]. This same verb is used of Elijah’s translation to heaven in the LXX (2Ki 2:11). The same idea, though not this word, is in Lu 24:51. See Lu 9:51 for [analēmpsis] of the Ascension. Had given commandment [enteilamenos]. First aorist middle participle of [entellō] (from [en] and [tellō], to accomplish), usually in the middle, old verb, to enjoin. This special commandment refers directly to what we call the commission given the apostles before Christ ascended on high (Joh 20:21-23; Mt 28:16-20; Mr 16:15-18; 1Co 15:6; Lu 24:44-49). He had given commands to them when they were first chosen and when they were sent out on the tour of Galilee, but the immediate reference is as above. Through the Holy Spirit [dia pneumatos hagiou]. In his human life Jesus was under the guidance of the Holy Spirit. This applies to the choice of the apostles (Lu 6:13) and to these special commands before the Ascension. Whom he had chosen [hous exelexato]. Aorist middle indicative, not past perfect. The same verb [eklexamenos] was used by Luke in describing the choice of the twelve by Jesus (Lu 6:13). But the aorist does not stand “for” our English pluperfect as Hackett says. That is explaining Greek by English. The Western text here adds: “And ordered to proclaim the gospel.” 1:3 To whom also [hois kai]. He chose them and then also manifested himself to these very same men that they might have personal witness to give. Shewed himself alive [parestēsen heauton zōnta]. To the disciples the first Sunday evening (Mr 16:14; Lu 24:36-43; Joh 20:19-25), the second Sunday evening (Joh 20:26-29), at the Sea of Tiberias (Joh 21:1-23), on the mountain in Galilee (Mt 28:16-20; Mr 16:15-18; 1Co 15:6), to the disciples in Jerusalem and Olivet (Lu 24:44-53; Mr 16-19f.; Ac 1:1-11). Luke uses this verb [paristēmi] 13 times in the Acts both transitively and intransitively. It is rendered by various English words (present, furnish, provide, assist, commend). The early disciples including Paul never doubted the fact of the Resurrection, once they were convinced by personal experience. At first some doubted like Thomas (Mr 16:14; Lu 24:41; Joh 20:24f.; Mt 28:17). But after that they never wavered in their testimony to their own experience with the Risen Christ, “whereof we are witnesses” Peter said (Ac 3:15). They doubted at first, that we may believe, but at last they risked life itself in defence of this firm faith.