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The Context of Small-Scale Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Mrica: a Case Study of Malawi

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The Context of Small-Scale Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Mrica: a Case Study of Malawi The Context of Small-Scale Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Mrica: A Case Study of Malawi ~. ,;1(::'....- II~~! i~ I"~ rJ \t iP International Center for Living Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Technische Aquatic Resources Management Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), GmbH --- The Context of Small-Scale Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems in Africa: A Case Study of Mala6i The ontext of Small-Scale Integrated &culture-~acuture Systems in Africa: A Case Study of Malaai ~TIONALCENTER FOR LMNG AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MANILA, PHILIPPINES DEUTSCHE GESELLSCHAFT F- TECHNISCHE ZUSAMMENARBEIT (GTZ), GmbH ESCHBORN, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY The context of small-scale integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems in Africa: a case study of Mala% Published by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MC P.O. Box 1501, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines and Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Postfach 5180, D-6236 Eschborn 1bei Fra.nkfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany Printed in Manila, Philippines. ICLARM and GTZ. 1991. The context of small-scale integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems in Africa: a case study of Malaii. ICLARM Stud. Rev. 18,302 p. ISSN 0115-4389 ISBN 971-1022-65-6 Cover: Zomba District, Southern Region, MalaGi: dry season maintenance activities; clearing and reshaping the pond. Photo by K. Ruddle. ICLARM Contribution No. 576 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................xxi ABSTRACT .................................................. xxii ASPECTS OF SMALL-SCAL$ INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE-AQUACULTURE SYSTEMSINMALAWI ....................................... INTRODUCTION Aquaculture in Context ...................................... The Context of National Development Levels ......................... The Context of Alternative Sources of Protein ........................ The Physical and Biological Environmental Context ..................... The Socioeconomic Environmental Context .......................... The Context of Integrated Systems .............................. About This Study .......................................... CHAPTER 1: PLANNING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE IN AFRICA Introduction ............................................. The Resource Systems Concept and Framework ...................... The Logistics of Aquaculture Development .......................... Political Economy or Resource Allocation Strategies ................... National Development Goals and Priorities ................... The Development and Status of Aquaculture ................... Technical and Manpower Development and Financial Assistance ....... National Infrastructure ............................... Protective Legislation ................................ Relationships with Other Economic Sectors ................... Biological and Physical Factors ............................... Environmental .................................... Climate ................................... Temperatures ........................... Rainfall. sunshine and evaporation ............... Humidity and wind ........................ Hydrology and limnology ......................... Water resources .......................... Water quality ........................... Geomorphology ............................... Soils ..................................... Vegetation .................................. Fish Biology ..................................... Resources for aquaculture ......................... Other aspects ................................ Environment Condition ............................... Public health hazards ........................... Natural hazards .............................. Sociocultural Factors .................................... Farm Household Level ............................... Community Level .................................. Land Tenure. Access to Resources and Property Rights ............. Fish Consumption Rates and Consumer Preferences .............. Local Marketing Structures ............................ Actual Resource System ................................... Agriculture ...................................... Processing ...................................... Distribution ..................................... Consumption ..................................... Supplementary Inputs .................................... Socioeconomic .................................... Labor Supply ................................ Technology ................................. Capital ................................... Extension Support ............................. Biological and Physical ............................... Selection Processes ...................................... Species ........................................ Biological criteria .............................. Biotechnological criteria .......................... Bioeconomic criteria ............................ Pathological criteria ............................ Marketing criteria ............................. Site .......................................... Physical and biological criteria ...................... Thermal viability ......................... Slope ................................ Soils ................................ Hydrological conditions ...................... Natural hazards .......................... Demographic criteria ........................... Basal stibsistence criteria ......................... SystemType ..................................... CHAPTER 2: THE STATUS OF AQUACULTURE AND FISH PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN AFRICA Introdaiction ............................................. 39 The Traditional Background of Aquaculture in Africa .................. 39 Colonial and Early Postcolonial Times ........................... 40 Aquaculture and Fish Production Systems in Africa .................... 40 Traditional African Systems of Aquaculture ......................... 43 The Damming of Natural Depressions ........................... 46 Drain-in Ponds ........................................ 46 Howash ........................................ 46 Whedos ........................................ 49 Fish Aggregation Devices .................................. 52 Refuge Traps or Brush Parks ........................... TheAcadja ...................................... Barachois ........................................... Shellfish Stocking ...................................... Modern Aquaculture Systems in Africa ............................ Extensive Systems ...................................... Dam Stocking .................................... Rice-Fish Systems .................................. Extensive Pond Systems .............................. Semi-Intensive Systems ................................... Pond Culture ...................................., Intensive Systems ...................................... Intensive Pond Culture ............................... Cage and Pen Culture ............................... Tanks and Raceway Culture ............................ The Present Status of Aquuaculture in Africa ........................ The Present Status of Aquaculture in the SADCC Subregion . .............. Angola ............................................. Botswana ........................................... Lesotho ............................................ Malaibi ............................................ Mozambique ......................................... Swaziland ........................................... Tanzania ........................................... Zambia ............................................ Zimbabwe ........................................... CHAPTER 3: MALAWI, THE NATIONAL SE'ITING Introduction ............................................. The Demographic Condition ................................... The Geographical Distribution of Population ....................... The Biophysical Environment .................................. Physiographic Zonation ................................... Climate and Climatic Zones ................................. Precipitation ..................................... Air Temperatures .................................. Evapotranspiration ................................. Sunshine. Relative Humidity and Winds ..................... Climatic Zonation of MalaGi ............................ Hydrography and Drainage Patterns ........................... Soils ................................................ The National Economic Profile ................................. National Development Policies and Strategies ....................... Economic Performance Since Independence ........................ Wages. Incomes and Prices ................................. Background to the Development of Agriculture in Mala% ................ Agricultural Development Policy and Strategies ...................... Farmers' Clubs and Agricultural Credit .......................... The Agricultural Situation .................................... Crop Production ....................................... The Estate Sector ...................................... Livestock ........................................... Irrigation ........................................... vii Agricultural Marketing ................................... 123 Constraints on Agricultural Production .......................... 124 The Food and Nutrition Situation ............................... 130 Conclusion .............................................. 131 Introduction ............................................. The Fisheries Areas and Productivity ............................
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