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5 the Presence of History in Bosnia and Herzegovina

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5 the Presence of History in Bosnia and Herzegovina ISBN 951-581-090-6 (book) ISBN 951-581-091-4 (http://ethesis.helsinki.fi) © Pilvi Torsti Cover Design: Piia Aho Layout: Samuli Simojoki Published by Kustannus Oy Taifuuni (www.taifuuni.com) Printed by Yliopistopaino Helsinki 2003 Contents FOREWORD................................................................................................................. 9 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Task ........................................................................................................ 13 1.2 Relevance................................................................................................. 16 1.3 Structure.................................................................................................. 18 2 NEW OPENINGS IN HISTORY RESEARCH................................................................ 20 2.1 Conceptual Developments ....................................................................... 22 2.2 Public Presentations of History................................................................ 27 2.3 Textbook Research .................................................................................. 30 2.4 Reception Research.................................................................................. 34 2.5 This Study and New Openings in History Research................................. 36 3 THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL SCOPE..................................................... 39 3.1 Theoretical Choices ................................................................................. 39 3.1.1 Social and Historical Constructivism .................................................. 39 3.1.2 Social Representations ........................................................................ 41 3.2 Phenomena Related to the Presence of History ........................................ 45 3.2.1 History Culture ................................................................................. 47 3.2.2 Historical Consciousness..................................................................... 50 3.2.3 History Politics.................................................................................. 52 3.2.4 This Research and the Presence of History............................................ 53 3.3 Methodological Pluralism ........................................................................ 54 3.3.1 Combining two Approaches in Theory................................................. 55 3.3.2 Combining two Approaches in Practice ............................................... 57 3.4 Research Material .................................................................................... 60 3.4.1 Youth and History Survey Data.......................................................... 60 3.4.2 Choice of History Textbooks ............................................................... 68 3.4.3 Material on History and the Presence of History in Bosnian Society....... 69 3.4.4 The Choice of Concepts Nation, War and Peace .................................. 72 4 PAST AND PRESENT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA .............................................. 76 4.1 The Origins of Bosnia as a Historical and Geographical Entity................. 76 4.2 World Wars ............................................................................................. 78 4.2.1 WW1: Assassination of the Archduke and the Bosnian Misery ............... 78 4.2.2 WW2: Cruel and Complicated Local Wars.......................................... 80 4.3 The National Question ............................................................................ 89 4.3.1 The Emergence of Ethnic Groups and the Islamisation of Bosnia ........... 89 4.3.2 The National Question in the First Yugoslavia..................................... 91 4.3.3 Tito’s National Politics....................................................................... 93 4.3.4 The National Question at the End of Yugoslavia.................................. 97 4.4 Bosnia in 1990s........................................................................................ 98 4.4.1 The Death of Yugoslavia .................................................................... 98 4.4.2 Devastating War(s)............................................................................ 99 4.4.3 Bosnia at the Time of the Research .................................................... 105 4.5 Summary: Sensitive Historical Themes in the 1990s............................... 113 5 THE PRESENCE OF HISTORY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ............................... 115 5.1 History Culture in Bosnia ...................................................................... 117 5.1.1 The Destruction and Reconstruction of Physical Symbols..................... 117 5.1.2 The Division of National Symbols and Language............................... 123 5.1.3 History Culture and other Cultural Artefacts ..................................... 131 5.2 On Historical Consciousness in Bosnia .................................................. 140 5.3 On History Politics in Bosnia................................................................. 145 5.4 Division of History Teaching................................................................. 152 5.4.1 History Teaching and the Construction of Yugoslav Identity................ 152 5.4.2 National Division of Schooling 1991–2002 ...................................... 153 5.4.3 Textbook Review and Removal of Objectionable Material................... 157 6 PRESENTATIONS OF WAR, PEACE AND NATION IN HISTORY TEXTBOOKS ........... 159 6.1 Methods and Materials........................................................................... 159 6.1.1 Principles of Qualitative Content Analysis ......................................... 159 6.1.2 Introduction of the Textbooks Analysed.............................................. 162 6.1.3 Poor-quality Pictures and Maps ........................................................ 167 6.1.4 Objectionable Material and the Books Analysed ................................. 169 6.2 Wars as Central Determinants of History............................................... 170 6.2.1 Historija: Universal Suffering........................................................... 171 6.2.2 Povijest: Croatian Interpretation in Neutral Style .............................. 177 6.2.3 Istorija and Dodatak: Serb Heroism and Bloc Ideology ....................... 182 6.2.4 Conclusion: Different Representations of Wars ................................... 188 6.3 Peace as a Rare Condition of History ..................................................... 191 6.3.1 Historija: Questioning the UN ......................................................... 191 6.3.2 Povijest: Complicated Negotiations.................................................... 192 6.3.3 Istorija and Dodatak: Blocs versus Non-Alignment ............................ 193 6.3.4 Conclusion: Internationalism and Non-Alliance ................................ 195 6.4 The Presentation of Nation through “us” and “them”............................ 197 6.4.1 Historija: Concentration on Us......................................................... 198 6.4.2 Povijest: Centrality of Croat–Serb Rivalry ......................................... 211 6.4.3 Istorija: Heroism and Suffering for Yugoslavia................................... 225 6.4.4 Dodatak: Bosnian Serb Emphasis ..................................................... 236 6.4.5 Conclusion: Historical Stereotypes of ”us” and ”them”......................... 243 6.5 Officially Expressed Social Representations in Bosnian Context ............. 248 6.5.1 Nationally-Divided Representations.................................................. 248 6.5.2 Historical Continuity and Reoccurrence ............................................ 252 6.5.3 Anchoring the Present with the Help of the Past................................. 254 6.5.4 The Power of Textbook Representations............................................. 256 7 REPRESENTATIONS OF WAR, PEACE AND NATION IN THE YOUTH AND HISTORY SURVEY ................................................................................................................... 259 7.1 Method and Materials............................................................................ 259 7.1.1 Principles of the Bosnian Analysis ..................................................... 259 7.1.2 General Features of the Sample......................................................... 263 7.2 War ....................................................................................................... 264 7.2.1 Who is Fighting and Why? ............................................................... 264 7.2.2 Reasons and Justifications Related to War.......................................... 267 7.2.3 The Historical Significance of Wars .................................................. 271 7.2.4 The Significance of Wars in the Future ............................................. 276 7.2.5 The Role of Hitler............................................................................ 281 7.3 Peace ..................................................................................................... 282 7.3.1 What Secures the Peace?................................................................... 282 7.3.2 The Importance of Peace .................................................................. 291 7.4 Nation..................................................................................................
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