TECHNICAL NOTE 1

Calculating the human development indices

Th e diagrams here summarize how the fi ve human development indices used in the Human Development Report are constructed, highlighting both their similarities and their diff erences. Th e text on the following pages provides a detailed explanation.

HDI DIMENSION A long and A decent standard healthy life Knowledge of living INDICATOR Adult rate Gross enrolment ratio GDP per capita at birth (GER) (PPP US$) Adult literacy index GER index

DIMENSION Life expectancy index index GDP index INDEX

Human development index (HDI)

HPI-1 DIMENSION A long and healthy life Knowledge A decent standard of living INDICATOR Probability at birth Adult illiteracy rate Percentage of Percentage of children of not surviving not using an improved under weight-for-age to age 40 water source

Deprivation in a decent standard of living

Human poverty index for developing countries (HPI-1)

HPI-2 DIMENSION A long and A decent standard Social healthy life Knowledge of living exclusion INDICATOR Probability at birth Percentage of adults Percentage of people Long-term of not surviving lacking functional living below the unemployment rate to age 60 literacy skills poverty line

Human poverty index for selected OECD countries (HPI-2)

GDI DIMENSION A long and A decent standard healthy life Knowledge of living INDICATOR Female life Male life Female Male Female Male expectancy expectancy adult literacy Female adult literacy Male estimated estimated at birth at birth rate GER rate GER earned earned income income

DIMENSION Female Male Female Male Female Male INDEX life expectancy life expectancy education education income income index index index index index index

EQUALLY Equally distributed Equally distributed Equally distributed DISTRIBUTED life expectancy education index income index INDEX index

Gender-related development index (GDI)

GEM DIMENSION Political participation Economic participation Power over and decision-making and decision-making economic resources INDICATOR Female and male shares Female and male shares Female and male shares Female and male of parliamentary seats of positions as legislators, of professional and estimated earned senior officials and managers technical positions income

EQUALLY EDEP for EDEP for EDEP for DISTRIBUTED parliamentary economic participation income EQUIVALENT representation PERCENTAGE (EDEP) Gender empowerment measure (GEM)

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 355 90 Goalpost 85 years 1.00 80 71.4 .800 70 0.773

60 .600

50 .400

40 .200 30 Goalpost 25 years 0 20 Life Life expectancy expectancy index (years)

100 1.00 90 87.4 68.7 0.812 80 .800 70 60 .600 50 40 .400 30 Goalpost for .200 maximum 1.00 20 value 10 .900 0 0 .800 Adult Gross Index .700 literacy enrolment Education value rate ratio index Indicator .600 value (%) (%) .500 .400 .300 .200 100,000 .100 Goalpost for Goalpost 1.00 minimum 0 US$40,000 value Dimension .800 Indicator index 10,000 8,407 0.740 .600

1,000 .400

.200

Goalpost US$100 0 GDP GDP per capita index (PPP US$) Log scale

Dimension indices 4. Calculating the HDI HDI Once the dimension indices have been calculated, 1.00 1.00 Goalposts for calculating the HDI determining the HDI is straightforward. It is a 0.812 Maximum Minimum simple average of the three dimension indices. .800 0.775 .800 Indicator value value 0.773 0.740 Life expectancy at birth (years) 85 25 .600 .600 HDI = 1/3 (life expectancy index) + 1/3 (education index) Adult literacy rate (%)* 100 0 + 1/3 (GDP index) .400 .400 Combined gross enrolment ratio (%) 100 0 = 1/3 (0.773) + 1/3 (0.812) + 1/3 (0.740) = 0.775 GDP per capita (PPP US$) 40,000 100 .200 .200 * The goalpost for calculating adult literacy implies the 0 0 maximum literacy rate is 100%. In practice, the HDI is Life Education GDP calculated using an upper bound of 99%. expectancy

356 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 357 Calculating the GDI continues on next page

358 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 Calculating the GDI (continued)

Second, the female and male income indices are combined to create the equally distributed income index :

FEMALE MALE Population share: 0.504 Population share: 0.496 Income index: 0.681 Income index: 0.877

Equally distributed income index = {[0.504 (0.681–1)] + [0.496 (0.877–1)]}–1 = 0.766

4. Calculating the GDI CalculatingtheGDIisstraightforward.Itissimplytheunweightedaverageofthethree component indices—the equally distributed life expectancy index, the equally distributed education index and the equally distributed income index.

GDI = 1/3 (life expectancy index) + 1/3 (education index) + 1/3 (income index) = 1/3 (0.380) + 1/3 (0.773) + 1/3 (0.766) = 0.639

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 359 360 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 Selected readings Bardhan, Kalpana, and Stephan Klasen, 1999. “UNDP’s Gender-Related Indices. A Critical Review.” World Anand, Sudhir, and Amartya Sen. 1994. “Human Development Development 27 (6): 985–1010 (GDI, GEM) Index: Methodology and Measurement”. Occasional Paper 12, United Nations Development Programme, 1995. Human United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1995. New York: Oxford University Press, Development Report Office, New York. (HDI) Technical notes 1 and 2 and chapter 3. (GDI, GEM) ——, 1995, “Gender Inequality in Human Development Theories ——, 1997, Human Development Report 1997. New York: and Measurement.” Occasional Paper 19, United Nations Oxford University Press. Technical note 1 and chapter 1. Development Programme, Human Development Report Office, (HPI-1, HPI-2) New York. (GDI, GEM) ——, 1999, Human Development Report 1999. New York: ——, 1997, “Concepts of Human Development and Poverty: Oxford University Press. Technical note (HDI, GDI) A Multi-dimensional Perspective.” In United Nations Klasen, Stephan. 2006. "UNDP's Gender-related Measures: Development Programme, Human Development Report Some Conceptual Problems and Possible Solutions." Journal 1997 Papers : Poverty and Human Development New York. of Human Development Alternative Economics in Action, 7 (2): (HPI-1, HPI-2) 243 - 274.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 361 TECHNICAL NOTE 2 Measuring the short and long-term effects of climate-related disasters

Human development is about expanding free- design is representative at national, urban and doms and capabilities. Yet, as explained in chap- rural levels. ter 2, this process can be derailed by climate-re- Although their primary focus is on women lated disasters. Besides their immediate costs in aged 15–49, DHS also collect information on terms of lives lost and livelihoods disrupted, cli- demographic indicators for all members of the mate-related shocks carry substantial intrinsic household. For children under fi ve years of age, costs that are likely to follow people throughout these surveys also collect such monitoring and their lives, locking them into low human devel- impact evaluation variables as and nutri- opment traps. Climate change promises to raise tion indicators. these stakes for billions of vulnerable people. To capture the extent of the threat to International disasters database EM-DAT human development that is embedded in cli- Th e EM-DAT is an international disasters da- mate-related shocks, the short and long-term tabase that presents core data on the occur- eff ects of being born in a disaster-aff ected area rence of disasters worldwide from 1900 to the were measured. More specifi cally, some critical present. Disasters in EM-DAT are defi ned as: determinants of human development outcomes “a situation or event which overwhelms local were examined for children under fi ve years of capacity, necessitating a request to the national age and adult women between the ages of 15 or international level for external assistance, or and 30, and those who were aff ected by a di- is recognized as such by a multilateral agency saster were compared with those who were not. or at least by two sources, such as national, re- gional or international assistance groups and Data the media”. For a disaster to be recorded in the database, it has to meet one or more of the fol- Data for the research were derived from Demo- lowing criteria: graphic and Health Surveys (DHS) and the in- • 10 or more people are killed; ternational disasters database EM-DAT main- • 100 people or more are reported aff ected; tained by the University of Louvain. • A state of emergency is declared; • An international call for assistance is Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) issued. Th e DHS are household and community sur- A key feature of this database is that it re- veys administered by Macro International and cords both the date of occurrence of a disas- partly fi nanced by the Agency ter—relatively recent ones—its location, and for International Development (USAID). the extent of its severity through the number Th ese surveys collect information on a wide of people aff ected, the number of casualties and range of socio-economic variables at indi- the fi nancial damage.1 vidual, household and community levels, and are usually conducted every fi ve years to allow Country selection criteria comparisons over time. DHS generally con- For the purposes of this study, only countries sist of a sample of 5,000–30,000 households where over 1,000,000 people were reported af- but are not longitudinal in design. Th e survey fected by a disaster were selected. For children

362 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 under the age of fi ve countries that had a DHS • Subjects born during a disaster in an area with a geographic positioning system (GPS) that was not aff ected (born during, not af- module two to three years following a disas- fected—group 2, not aff ected). ter were selected. Th e selection of countries Using these diff erent groups, the following with GPS modules was necessary, especially model was estimated: for countries where some administrative dis- n φˆ = —1 Σ [(ya– ya)– (yna– yna)] y tricts were more aff ected than others. For adult N i2 i1 i2 i2 where i is the outcome i=1 th 2 women selection was limited to major disasters in question for the i person. that had occurred during the 1970s and 1980s; At each step, a set of control variables were with the requirement that the disaster in ques- used to identify the eff ects of specifi c character- tion occurred at least 15 years prior to the fi rst istics on children’s nutritional outcomes. Th ese DHS. See table for country coverage and sam- included individual variables (the sex of the ple characteristics. child, birth intervals and such maternal char- acteristics as mother’s age and education) and Methodology community-level variables (e.g., urban/rural location). A regression analysis was then con- Th is approach borrows from impact evaluation ducted to isolate the specifi c risks associated techniques widely used in the social sciences. with being aff ected by a disaster. For children under the age of fi ve, the outcome For adults, if it is assumed that disasters are indicators used were: stunting (low height for a deterministic process, then virtually every in- age), wasting (low weight for height) and mal- dicator including household socio-economic nourishment (low weight for age). For adult characteristics is determined by early expo- women 15–30, the outcome indicator was edu- sure to a disaster, and is therefore endogenous. cational outcome. In the absence of longitudinal As a result, only variables that can reasonably data, a set of synthetic before and aft er cohorts be assumed exogenous, such as religion, were were constructed and their outcomes compared included. using logit regressions with a diff erence-in-dif- Most of the results are shown and discussed ference approach, controlling for individual, in chapter 2 and in Fuentes and Seck 2007. household and community characteristics. To construct the cohorts, children and Notes adult women in DHS were identifi ed and their birth dates tracked. Th e subject’s birth date and 1 Guha-Sapir et al. 2004 2 Cameron and Trivedi 2005 birth location were then crosschecked against the occurrence of a natural disaster as indi- cated in EM-DAT. Th e following groups were identifi ed: Table Country coverage and sample characteristics • Subjects born before a disaster in an area that was subsequently aff ected (born before, Country Year of survey Sample size Stunted (%) Malnourished (%) Wasted (%) aff ected—group 1, aff ected). Children • Subjects born before a disaster in an area 2005 9,861 43.4 37.8 11.1 that was not subsequently aff ected (born be- 2003 5,949 32.5 20.2 6.7 fore, not aff ected—group 1, not aff ected). 1992 6,899 38.2 38.9 14.5 Sample No education At least primary At least secondary • Subjects born during a disaster in an area Adults Year of survey that was aff ected (born during, aff ected— size (%) education (%) education (%) group 2, aff ected). 1998 90,303 35.3 50.5 33.6

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 363 Defi nitions of statistical terms

Antimalarial measures, fevers treated with anti- Carbon intensity of growth also known as the carbon malarial drugs Th e percentage of children under age intensity of the economy, refers to the amount of car- fi ve who were ill with fever in the two weeks before the bon dioxide generated by every dollar of growth in the

survey and received antimalarial drugs. world economy. It is the ratio of emitted CO2to GDP (in PPP terms). Antimalarial measures, use of insecticide treated bednets Th e percentage of children under age fi ve Cellular subscribers Subscribers to an automatic pub- sleeping under insecticide trreated bednets. lic mobile telephone service that provides access to the public switched telephone network using cellular tech- Armed forces, total Strategic, land, naval, air, com- nology. Systems can be analogue or digital. mand, administrative and support forces. Also includ- ed are paramilitary forces such as the gendarmerie, Children reaching grade 5 Th e percentage of children customs service and border guard, if these are trained starting primary school who eventually attain grade 5. in military tactics. Th e estimates are based on the reconstructed cohort student fl ow method, which uses data on enrolment Arms transfers, conventional Refers to the volun- and repeaters for two consecutive school years in order tary transfer by the supplier (and thus excludes cap- to estimate the survival rates to successive grades of tured weapons and weapons obtained through defec- primary school. tors) of weapons with a military purpose destined for the armed forces, paramilitary forces or intelligence Children under age fi ve with diarrhoea receiving agencies of another country. Th ese include major con- oral rehydration and continued feeding Th e percent- ventional weapons or systems in six categories: ships, age of children (aged 0–4) with diarrhoea in the two aircraft , missiles, artillery, armoured vehicles and guid- weeks preceding the survey who received either oral ance and radar systems (excluded are trucks, services, rehydration therapy (oral rehydration solutions or rec- ammunition, small arms, support items, components ommended homemade fl uids) or increased fl uids and and component technology and towed or naval artillery continued feeding. under 100-millimetre calibre). Condom use at last high-risk sex Th e percentage of Births attended by skilled health personnel Th e per- men and women who have had sex with a nonmarital, centage of deliveries attended by personnel (including noncohabiting partner in the last 12 months and who doctors, nurses and midwives) trained to give the nec- say they used a condom the last time they did so. essary care, supervision and advice to women during pregnancy, labour and the post-partum period; to con- Consumer price index, average annual change in duct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns. Refl ects changes in the cost to the average consumer Traditional birth attendants, trained or not, are not of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be included in this category. fi xed or may change at specifi ed intervals.

Birthweight, infants with low Th e percentage of Contraceptive prevalence rate Th e percentage of infants with a birthweight of less than 2,500 grams. women of reproductive age (15–49 years) who are using, or whose partners are using, any form of contra- Carbon dioxide emissions Anthropogenic (human ception, whether modern or traditional. originated) carbon dioxide emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels, gas fl aring and the produc- Contributing family worker Defi ned according to the tion of cement. Emissions are calculated from data on 1993 International Classifi cation by Status in Employ- the consumption of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels; gas ment (ICSE) as a person who works without pay in an fl aring; and the production of cement. Carbon dioxide economic enterprise operated by a related person living can also be emitted by forest biomass through depletion in the same household. of forest areas. Debt service, total Th e sum of principal repayments Carbon intensity of energy refers to the amount and interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods or

of carbon dioxide (CO2) generated for every unit services on long-term debt (having a maturity of more of energy used. It is the ratio of emitted CO2 to than one year), interest paid on short-term debt and energy use. repayments to the International Monetary Fund.

364 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 Earned income (PPP US$), estimated Derived on that is more advanced than upper secondary or post- the basis of the ratio of the female nonagricultural secondary education. Th e fi rst stage of tertiary educa- to the male nonagricultural wage, the female tion (ISCED 5) is composed both of programmes of and male shares of the economically active popula- a theoretical nature (ISCED 5A) intended to provide tion, total female and male population and GDP access to advanced research programmes and pro- per capita (in terms in US fessions with high skill requirements as well as pro- dollars; see PPP). For details of this estimation, see grammes of a more practical, technical or occupation- Technical note 1. ally specifi c nature (ISCED 5B). eTh second stage of tertiary education (ISCED 6) comprises programmes Earned income, ratio of estimated female to male devoted to advanced study and original research, lead- Th e ratio of estimated female earned income to esti- ing to the award of an advanced research qualifi cation mated male earned income. See Earned income (PPP such as a doctorate. US$), estimated. Energy supply, primary refers to the supply of energy Education expenditure, current public Spending on extracted or captured directly from natural resources goods and services that are consumed within the cur- such as crude oil, hard coal, natural gas, or are produced rent year and that would need to be renewed the follow- from primary commodities. Primary energy commodi- ing year, including such expenditures as staff salaries ties may also be divided into fuels of fossil origin and and benefi ts, contracted or purchased services, books renewable energy commodities. See fossil fuels and and teaching materials, welfare services, furniture and renewable energy. equipment, minor repairs, fuel, insurance, rents, tel- ecommunications and travel. Electricity consumption per capita Refers to gross production in per capita terms and includes consump- Education expenditure, public Includes both capi- tion by station auxiliaries and any losses in transform- tal expenditures (spending on construction, renova- ers that are considered integral parts of the station. tion, major repairs and purchases of heavy equipment Also included is total electric energy produced by or vehicles) and current expenditures. See Education pumping installations without deduction of electric expenditure, current public. energy absorbed by pumping.

Education index One of the three indices on which Electricity, people without access refers to the lack the is built. It is based on of access to electricity at the household level; that is the the adult literacy rate and the combined gross enrol- number of people who do not have electricity in their ment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools. home. Access to electricity is comprised of electricity See Literacy rate, adult, and enrolment ratio, gross com- sold commercially, both on-grid and off -grid. It also bined, for primary, secondary and tertiary schools. For includes self-generated electricity in those countries details on how the index is calculated, see Technical where access to electricity has been assessed through note 1. surveys by national administrations. Th is data does not capture unauthorised connections. Education levels Categorized as pre-primary, prima- ry, secondary, post-secondary and tertiary in accord- Electrifi cation rates indicate the number of peo- ance with the International Standard Classifi cation of ple with electricity access as a percentage of the total Education (ISCED). Pre- (ISCED population. level 0) is the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young chil- Employment by economic activity Employment in dren to a school-type environment and to provide a industry, agriculture or services as defi ned according bridge between home and school. Primary education to the International Standard Industrial Classifi cation (ISCED level 1) provides a sound basic education (ISIC) system (revisions 2 and 3). Industry refers to in reading, writing and mathematics along with an mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction elementary understanding of other subjects such as and public utilities (gas, water and electricity). Agricul- history, geography, natural and social science, art, ture refers to activities in agriculture, hunting, forestry music and religion. Secondary education (ISCED lev- and fi shing. Services refer to wholesale and retail trade; els 2 and 3) is generally designed to continue the basic restaurants and hotels; transport, storage and commu- programmes of the primary level but the instruction nications; fi nance, insurance, real estate and business is typically more subject-focused, requiring more spe- services; and community, social and personal services. cialized teachers for each subject area. Post-secondary (non-tertiary) education (ISCED level 4) includes pro- Energy use, GDP per unit of Th e ratio of GDP (in grammes which lie between upper secondary (ISCED 2000 PPP US$) to commercial energy use, measured 3) and tertiary education (ISCED 5 and 6) in an inter- in kilograms of oil equivalent. Th is indicator provides national context though typically are clearly within a measure of energy effi ciency by showing comparable one or other level in the national context in diff erent and consistent estimates of real GDP across countries countries. ISCED 4 programmes are usually not sig- relative to physical inputs (units of energy use). See nifi cantly more advanced than ISCED 3 programmes GDP () and PPP (purchasing but they serve to broaden the knowledge of students power parity). Diff erences in this ratio over time and who have already completed an upper secondary pro- across countries partly refl ect structural changes in the gramme. Tertiary education (ISCED levels 5 and 6) economy, changes in energy effi ciency of particular sec- refers to programmes with an educational content tors, and diff erences in fuel mixes.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 365 Enrolment ratio, gross Th e total number of pupils or Fossil fuels are fuels taken from natural resources students enrolled in a given level of education, regard- which were formed from biomass in the geological past. less of age, expressed as a percentage of the population Th e main fossil fuels are coal, oil and natural gas. By in the theoretical age group for the same level of educa- extension, the term fossil is also applied to any second- tion. For the tertiary level, the population used is the ary fuel manufactured from a fossil fuel. Fossil Fuels fi ve-year age group following on from the secondary belong to the primary energy commodities group. school leaving age. Gross enrolment ratios in excess of 100% indicate that there are pupils or students outside GDP (gross domestic product) Th e sum of value add- the theoretical age group who are enrolled in that level ed by all resident producers in the economy plus any of education. See Education levels. product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valua- tion of output. It is calculated without making deduc- Enrolment ratio, gross combined, for primary, sec- tions for depreciation of fabricated capital assets or for ondary and tertiary schools Th e number of students depletion and degradation of natural resources. Value enrolled in primary, secondary and tertiary levels of added is the net output of an industry aft er adding up education, regardless of age, as a percentage of the all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. population of theoretical school age for the three lev- els. See Education levels and Enrolment ratio, gross. GDP (US$) Gross domestic product converted to US dollars using the average offi cial exchange rate reported Enrolment rate, net Th e number of pupils of the theo- by the International Monetary Fund. An alternative retical school-age group for a given level of education conversion factor is applied if the offi cial exchange rate level who are enrolled in that level, expressed as a per- is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin centage of the total population in that age group. See from the rate eff ectively applied to transactions in for- Education levels. eign currencies and traded products. See GDP (gross domestic product). Exports, high-technology Exports of products with a high intensity of research and development. Th ey GDP index One of the three indices on which the include high-technology products such as those used human development index is built. It is based on gross in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientifi c domestic product per capita (in purchasing power par- instruments and electrical machinery. ity terms in US dollars; see PPP). For details on how the index is calculated, see Technical note 1. Exports, manufactured Defi ned according to the Standard International Trade Classifi cation to include GDP per capita (PPP US$) Gross domestic prod- exports of chemicals, basic manufactures, machinery uct (in purchasing power parity terms in US dollars) and transport equipment and other miscellaneous divided by midyear population. See GDP (gross domes- manufactured goods. tic product), PPP (purchasing power parity) and Popula- tion, total. Exports of goods and services Th e value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the GDP per capita (US$) Gross domestic product in US world. Included is the value of merchandise, freight, dollar terms divided by midyear population. See GDP insurance, transport, travel, royalties, licence fees and (US$) and Population, total. other services, such as communication, construction, fi nancial, information, business, personal and gov- GDP per capita annual growth rate Least squares ernment services. Excluded are labour and property annual growth rate, calculated from constant price income and transfer payments. GDP per capita in local currency units.

Exports, primary Defi ned according to the Standard Gender empowerment measure (GEM) A composite International Trade Classifi cation to include exports index measuring gender inequality in three basic dimen- of food, agricultural raw materials, fuels and ores sions of empowerment—economic participation and and metals. decision-making, political participation, and decision- making and power over economic resources. For details Fertility rate, total Th e number of children that would on how the index is calculated, see Technical note 1. be born to each woman if she were to live to the end of her child-bearing years and bear children at each age Gender-related development index (GDI) A compos- in accordance with prevailing age-specifi c fertility rates ite index measuring average achievement in the three in a given year/period, for a given country, territory or basic dimensions captured in the human development geographical area. index—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living—adjusted to account for inequalities Foreign direct investment, net infl ows of Net infl ows between men and women. For details on how the index of investment to acquire a lasting management interest is calculated, see Technical note 1. (10% or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operat- ing in an economy other than that of the investor. It Gini index Measures the extent to which the distribu- is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, tion of income (or consumption) among individuals or other long-term capital and short-term capital. households within a country deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of percentages of total income received against the cumu- trees, whether productive or not. lative number of recipients, starting with the poorest

366 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 individual or household. Th e Gini index measures the also capturing social exclusion. For details on how the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of index is calculated, see Technical note 1. absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maxi- mum area under the line. A value of 0 represents absolute Homicide, intentional Death deliberately infl icted on equality, a value of 100 absolute inequality. a person by another person, including infanticide.

GNI () Th e sum of value added Illiteracy rate, adult Calculated as 100 minus the by all resident producers in the economy plus any prod- adult literacy rate. See Literacy rate, adult. uct taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compen- Immunization, one-year-olds fully immunized sation of employees and property income) from abroad. against measles or tuberculosis One-year-olds inject- Value added is the net output of an industry aft er add- ed with an antigen or a serum containing specifi c anti- ing up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. bodies against measles or tuberculosis. Data are in current US dollars converted using the World Bank Atlas method. Imports of goods and services Th e value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$) Th e world. Included is the value of merchandise, freight, sum of public and private expenditure (in purchas- insurance, transport, travel, royalties, licence fees and ing power parity terms in US dollars), divided by the other services, such as communication, construction, mid-year population. Health expenditure includes the fi nancial, information, business, personal and gov- provision of health services (preventive and curative), ernment services. Excluded are labour and property activities, nutrition activities and income and transfer payments. emergency aid designated for health, but excludes the provision of water and sanitation. See Health expendi- Income poverty line, population below Th e percentage ture, private; Health expenditure, public; Population, of the population living below the specifi ed poverty line: total; and PPP (purchasing power parity). • US$1 a day—at 1985 international prices (equiv- Health expenditure, private Direct household (out of alent to US$1.08 at 1993 international prices), pocket) spending, private insurance, spending by non- adjusted for purchasing power parity. profi t institutions serving households and direct service payments by private corporations. Together with public • US$2 a day—at 1985 international prices health expenditure, it makes up total health expendi- (equivalent to US$2.15 at 1993 international ture. See Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$) and prices), adjusted for purchasing power parity. Health expenditure, public. • US$4 a day—at 1990 international prices, Health expenditure, public Current and capital adjusted for purchasing power parity. spending from government (central and local) budg- ets, external borrowings and grants (including dona- • US$11 a day (per person for a family of three)— tions from international agencies and nongovern- at 1994 international prices, adjusted for pur- mental organizations) and social (or compulsory) chasing power parity. health insurance funds. Together with private health expenditure, it makes up total health expenditure. See • National poverty line—the poverty line deemed Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$) and Health appropriate for a country by its authorities. Nation- expenditure, private. al estimates are based on population-weighted sub- group estimates from household surveys. HIV prevalence Th e percentage of people aged 15–49 years who are infected with HIV. • 50% of income—50% of the median adjusted disposable household income. See PPP Human development index (HDI) A composite index (purchasing power parity). measuring average achievement in three basic dimen- sions of human development—a long and healthy life, Income or consumption, shares of Th e shares of knowledge and a decent standard of living. For details income or consumption accruing to subgroups of on how the index is calculated, see Technical note 1. population indicated by deciles or quintiles, based on national household surveys covering various years. Human poverty index for developing countries Consumption surveys produce results showing lower (HPI-1) A composite index measuring deprivations levels of inequality between poor and rich than do in the three basic dimensions captured in the human income surveys, as poor people generally consume a development index—a long and healthy life, knowledge greater share of their income. Because data come from and a decent standard of living. For details on how the surveys covering diff erent years and using diff erent index is calculated, see Technical note 1. methodologies, comparisons between countries must be made with caution. Human poverty index for selected high-income OECD countries (HPI-2) A composite index measur- Infant mortality rate See Mortality rate, infant. ing deprivations in the three basic dimensions captured in the human development index—a long and healthy Informal sector The informal sector, as defined by life, knowledge and a decent standard of living—and the International Expert Group on Informal Sector

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 367 Statistics (the Delhi Group) includes private unincor- Literacy rate, adult Th e proportion of the adult porated enterprises (excluding quasi-corporations), population aged 15 years and older which is literate, which produce at least some of their goods and serv- expressed as a percentage of the corresponding popula- ices for sale or barter, have less than five paid employ- tion, total or for a given sex, in a given country, territo- ees, are not registered, and are engaged in nonagricul- ry, or geographic area, at a specifi c point in time, usually tural activities (including professional or technical mid-year. For statistical purposes, a person is literate activities). Paid domestic employees are excluded who can, with understanding, both read and write a from this category. short simple statement on his/her everyday life.

Informal sector, employment in, as a percentage of Literacy rate, youth Th e percentage of people aged nonagricultural employment Refers to the ratio of 15–24 years who can, with understanding, both read total employment in the informal sector to total employ- and write a short, simple statement related to their eve- ment in all nonagricultural sectors. See Informal sector. ryday life, see Literacy rate, adult.

Internally displaced people People or groups of people Literacy skills, functional, people lacking Th e share who have been forced or obliged to fl ee or to leave their of the population aged 16–65 years scoring at level 1 on homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a the prose literacy scale of the International Adult Literacy result of or to avoid the eff ects of armed confl ict, situa- Survey. Most tasks at this level require the reader to locate tions of generalized violence, violations of human rights a piece of information in the text that is identical to or or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not synonymous with the information given in the directive. crossed an internationally recognized state border. Market activities See Time use, market activities. Internet users People with access to the world- wide network. Medium-variant projection Population projections by the United Nations Population Division assuming Labour force All people employed (including people medium-fertility path, normal mortality and normal above a specifi ed age who, during the reference period, international migration. Each assumption implies were in paid employment, at work, self-employed or projected trends in fertility, mortality and net migra- with a job but not at work) and unemployed (including tion levels, depending on the specifi c demographic people above a specifi ed age who, during the reference characteristics and relevant policies of each country or period, were without work, currently available for work group of countries. In addition, for the countries high- and actively seeking work). ly aff ected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the impact of HIV/AIDS is included in the projection. Th e United Labour force participation rate A measure of the Nations Population Division also publishes low-and proportion of a country’s working-age population that high-variant projections. For more information, see engages actively in the labour market, either by work- http://esa.un.org/unpp/assumptions.html. ing or actively looking for work. It is calculated by expressing the number of persons in the labour force as Military expenditure All expenditures of the defence a percentage of the working-age population. Th e work- ministry and other ministries on recruiting and train- ing-age population is the population above 15 years of ing military personnel as well as on construction and age (as used in this Report). See Labour force. purchase of military supplies and equipment. Mili- tary assistance is included in the expenditures of the Labour force participation rate, female Th e number donor country. of women in the labour force expressed as a percentage of the female working-age population. See Labour force Mortality rate, infant The probability of dying participation rate and Labour force. between birth and exactly one year of age, expressed per 1,000 live births. Legislators, senior offi cials and managers, female Women’s share of positions defi ned according to the Mortality rate, under-fi ve Th e probability of dying International Standard Classifi cation of Occupations between birth and exactly fi ve years of age, expressed (ISCO-88) to include legislators, senior government per 1,000 live births. offi cials, traditional chiefs and heads of villages, sen- ior offi cials of special-interest organizations, corporate Mortality ratio, maternal Th e quotient between the managers, directors and chief executives, production number of maternal deaths in a given year and the and operations department managers and other depart- number of live births in that same year, expressed per ment and general managers. 100,000 live births, for a given country, territory, or geographic area. Maternal death is defi ned as the death Life expectancy at birth Th e number of years a new- of a woman while pregnant or within the 42 days aft er born infant would live if prevailing patterns of age-spe- termination of that pregnancy, regardless of the length cifi c mortality rates at the time of birth were to stay the and site of the pregnancy, due to any cause related to or same throughout the child’s life. aggravated by the pregnancy itself or its care, but not due to accidental or incidental causes. Life expectancy index One of the three indices on which the human development index is built. For details Mortality ratio, maternal adjusted Maternal mor- on how the index is calculated, see Technical note 1. tality ratio adjusted to account for well-documented

368 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 problems of under reporting and misclassifi cation of tion and create a legal situation in which the patented maternal deaths, as well as estimates for countries with invention can normally be exploited (made, used, sold, no data. See Mortality ratio, maternal. imported) only by or with the authorization of the pat- entee. Th e protection of inventions is generally limited Mortality ratio, maternal reported Maternal mortal- to 20 years from the fi ling date of the application for ity ratio as reported by national authorities. See Mortal- the grant of a patent. ity ratio, maternal. Physicians Includes graduates of a faculty or school of Nonmarket activities See Time use, nonmarket medicine who are working in any medical fi eld (includ- activities. ing teaching, research and practice).

Offi cial aid Grants or loans that meet the same stand- rate, annual Refers to the average ards as for offi cial development assistance (ODA) annual exponential growth rate for the period indicat- except that recipient countries do not qualify as recipi- ed. See Population, total. ents of ODA. Th ese countries are identifi ed in part II of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) list Population, total Refers to the de facto popula- of recipient countries, which includes more advanced tion in a country, area or region as of 1 July of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the countries year indicated. of the former Soviet Union and certain advanced devel- oping countries and territories. See Offi cial development Population, urban Refers to the de facto population assistance (ODA), net. living in areas classifi ed as urban according to the cri- teria used by each area or country. Data refer to 1 July Offi cial development assistance (ODA), net Disburse- of the year indicated. See Population, total. ments of loans made on concessional terms (net of repay- ments of principal) and grants by offi cial agencies of the PPP (purchasing power parity) A rate of exchange members of the Development Assistance Committee that accounts for price diff erences across countries, (DAC), by multilateral institutions and by non-DAC allowing international comparisons of real output and countries to promote and welfare incomes. At the PPP US$ rate (as used in this Report), in countries and territories in part I of the DAC list of PPP US$1 has the same purchasing power in the domes- aid recipients. It includes loans with a grant element of at tic economy as US$1 has in the United States. least 25% (calculated at a discount rate of 10%). Private fl ows, other A category combining non-debt- Offi cial development assistance (ODA), per capita creating portfolio equity investment fl ows (the sum of of donor country Offi cial development assistance country funds, depository receipts and direct purchas- granted by a specifi c country divided by the country’s es of shares by foreign investors), portfolio debt fl ows total population. See Offi cial development assistance (bond issues purchased by foreign investors) and bank (ODA), net and population, total. and trade-related lending (commercial bank lending and other commercial credits). Offi cial development assistance (ODA) to basic social services ODA directed to basic social services, which Probability at birth of not surviving to a specifi ed include basic education (primary education, early child- age Calculated as 100 minus the probability (expressed hood education and basic life skills for youth and adults), as a percentage) of surviving to a specifi ed age for a basic health (including basic health care, basic health infra- given cohort. See Probability at birth of surviving to a structure, basic nutrition, infectious disease control, health specifi ed age. education and health personnel development) and popu- lation policies and programmes and reproductive health Probability at birth of surviving to a specifi ed age (population policy and administrative management; repro- Th e probability of a newborn infant surviving to a spec- ductive health care; family planning; control of sexually ifi ed age if subject to prevailing patterns of age-specifi c transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS; and personnel mortality rates, expressed as a percentage. development for population and reproductive health). Aid to water supply and sanitation is included only if it has a Professional and technical workers, female Women’s poverty focus. share of positions defi ned according to the Internation- al Standard Classifi cation of Occupations (ISCO-88) Offi cial development assistance (ODA) to least to include physical, mathematical and engineering sci- developed countries See Offi cial development assist- ence professionals (and associate professionals), life sci- ance (ODA), net and country classifi cations for least ence and health professionals (and associate profession- developed countries. als), teaching professionals (and associate professionals) and other professionals and associate professionals. Official development assistance (ODA), untied Bilateral ODA for which the associated goods and serv- Refugees People who have fl ed their country because of ices may be fully and freely procured in substantially all a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of their countries and that is given by one country to another. race, religion, nationality, political opinion or member- ship in a particular social group and who cannot or do Patents granted to residents Refer to documents not want to return. Country of asylum is the country in issued by a government offi ce that describe an inven- which a refugee has fi led a claim of asylum but has not

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 369 yet received a decision or is otherwise registered as an Time use, market activities Time spent on activi- asylum seeker. Country of origin refers to the claimant’s ties such as employment in establishments, primary nationality or country of citizenship. production not in establishments, services for income and other production of goods not in establishments Renewable energy Energy derived from natural proc- as defi ned according to the 1993 revised UN System of esses that are constantly replenished. Among the forms . See Time use, nonmarket activities of renewable energy are deriving directly or indirectly and Time use, work time, total. from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Renewable energy includes energy generated from Time use, nonmarket activities Time spent on activi- solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydropower and ocean ties such as household maintenance (cleaning, laundry resources and some waste. Renewable energy commodi- and meal preparation and cleanup), management and ties belong to the primary energy commodities group. shopping for own household; care for children, the sick, the elderly and the disabled in own household; and Research and development (R&D) expenditures community services, as defi ned according to the 1993 Current and capital expenditures (including overhead) revised UN System of National Accounts. See Time on creative, systematic activity intended to increase use, market activities and Time use, work time, total. the stock of knowledge. Included are fundamental and applied research and experimental development work Time use, work time, total Time spent on market and leading to new devices, products or processes. nonmarket activities as defi ned according to the 1993 revised UN System of National Accounts. See Time use, Researchers in R&D People trained to work in any market activities and Time use, nonmarket activities. fi eld of science who are engaged in professional research and development activity. Most such jobs require the Treaties, ratifi cation of Aft er signing a treaty, a country completion of tertiary education. must ratify it, oft en with the approval of its legislature. Such process implies not only an expression of interest as Royalties and licence fees, receipts of Receipts by indicated by the signature, but also the transformation of residents from nonresidents for the authorized use of the treaty’s principles and obligations into national law. intangible, nonproduced, nonfi nancial assets and pro- prietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, Tuberculosis cases, prevalence Th e total number franchises and industrial processes) and for the use, of tuberculosis cases reported to the World Health through licensing agreements, of produced originals of Organization. A tuberculosis case is defi ned as a patient prototypes (such as fi lms and manuscripts). Data are in whom tuberculosis has been bacteriologically con- based on the balance of payments. fi rmed or diagnosed by a clinician.

Sanitation facilities, improved, population using Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS Th e percent- Th e percentage of the population with access to ade- age of estimated new infectious tuberculosis cases quate excreta disposal facilities, such as a connection cured under DOTS, the internationally recommended to a sewer or septic tank system, a pour-fl ush latrine, a tuberculosis control strategy. simple pit latrine or a ventilated improved pit latrine. An excreta disposal system is considered adequate Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS The if it is private or shared (but not public) and if it can percentage of estimated new infectious tuberculosis eff ectively prevent human, animal and insect contact cases detected (diagnosed in a given period) under with excreta. DOTS, the internationally recommended tuberculosis control strategy. Science, maths and engineering, tertiary students in Th e share of tertiary students enrolled in natural sci- Under-five mortality rate See Mortality rate, ences; engineering; mathematics and computer sciences; under-fi ve. architecture and town planning; transport and commu- nications; trade, craft and industrial programmes; and Under height for age, children under age five agriculture, forestry and fi sheries. See Education levels. Includes moderate stunting (defined as between two and three standard deviations below the medi- Seats in parliament held by women Refers to seats an height-for-age of the reference population), and held by women in a lower or single house or an upper severe stunting (defi ned as more than three standard house or senate, where relevant. deviations below the median height-for-age of the reference population). Smoking, prevalence among adults of Th e percent- age of men and women who smoke cigarettes. Under weight for age, children under age fi ve Includes moderate underweight (defi ned as between two and Telephone mainlines Telephone lines connecting a three standard deviations below the median weight-for- customer’s equipment to the public switched telephone age of the reference population), and severe underweight network. (defi ned as more than three standard deviations below the median weight-for-age of the reference population). Terms of trade Th e ratio of the export price index to the import price index measured relative to a base Undernourished people People whose food intake year. A value of more than 100 means that the price of is chronically insuffi cient to meet their minimum exports has risen relative to the price of imports. energy requirements.

370 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 Unemployment Refers to all people above a specifi ed and unprotected wells and springs. See Water source, age who are not in paid employment or self-employed, improved, population using. but are available for work and have taken specifi c steps to seek paid employment or self-employment. Water source, improved, population using Th e share of the population with reasonable access to any of the Unemployment, long-term Unemployment lasting following types of water supply for drinking: household 12 months or longer. See Unemployment. connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs and rainwater collection. Unemployment rate Th e unemployed divided by the Reasonable access is defi ned as the availability of at least labour force (those employed plus the unemployed). See 20 litres a person per day from a source within one kilo- Unemployment and Labour force. metre of the user’s dwelling.

Unemployment rate, youth Refers to the unemploy- Women in government at ministerial level ment rate between the ages of 15 or 16 and 24, depend- Includes deputy prime ministers and ministers. ing on the national defi nition. See Unemployment and Prime ministers were included when they held Unemployment rate. ministerial portfolios. Vice-presidents and heads of ministerial-level departments or agencies were also Water source, improved, population not using included when exercising a ministerial function in Calculated as 100 minus the percentage of the popu- the government structure. lation using an improved water source. Unimproved sources include vendors, bottled water, tanker trucks Work time, total See Time use, work time, total.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 371 Statistical references

Amnesty International. 2007. “Facts and Statistics on the Death ———. 2007a. International Labour Standards (ILOEX) Database. Penalty.” [http://www.amnesty.org/]. Accessed June 2007. [http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/]. Accessed July 2007. Cameron, A. Colin and Pravin K. Trivedi. 2005. Microeconometrics: ———. 2007b. LABORSTA Database. Geneva. [http://laborsta.ilo.org]. Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press. Accessed June 2007. CDIAC (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center). 2007. ILO (International Labour Organization) Bureau of Statistics. 2007. Correspondence on carbon dioxide emissions. July. Oak Ridge. Correspondence on informal sector data. June. Geneva. Charmes, Jacques and Uma Rani. 2007. “An overview of size and IPU (Inter-Parliamentary Union). 2007a. Correspondence on women in contribution of informal sector in the total economy: A comparison government at the ministerial level. June. Geneva. across countries”. Paris. l’Institut de Recherche ———. 2007b. Correspondence on year women received the right to pour le Développement. vote and to stand for election and year fi rst woman was elected or FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2006. Global Forest appointed to parliament. June. Geneva. Resources Assessment 2005. Rome. FAO. ———. 2007c. Parline Database. [www.ipu.org]. Accessed June 2007. ———. 2007a. FAOSTAT Database. [http://faostat.fao.org/]. Accessed LIS (Luxembourg Income Studies). 2007. “Relative Poverty Rates May 2007. for the Total Population, Children and the Elderly.” . ———. 2007b. “Forest Resources Assessment”. Correspondence on [http://www.lisproject.org/]. Accessed May 2007. carbon stocks in forests; extract from database. August. Rome. Macro International. 2007a. Correspondence on household data. May Fuentes, Ricardo and Papa Seck. 2007.“The short- and long-term 2007. Calverton, MD. human development effects of climate-related shocks: some ———. 2007b. Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) reports. empirical evidence.” Calverton, MD. [http://www.measuredhs.com/]. Accessed June Guha-Sapir, Debarati, David Hargitt, Philippe Hoyois. 2004. Thirty 2007. years of Natural Disasters 1974–2003: the numbers. Presses OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). universitaires de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve. Brussels, . 2007. OECD Main Economic Indicators. Paris. [http://www.oecd. Harvey, Andrew S. 2001. “National Time Use Data on Market and org/statsportal]. Accessed July 2007. Non-Market Work by Both Women and Men.” Background paper OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) for UNDP, Human Development Report 2001. United Nations and Statistics . 2000. Literacy in the Information age. Final Development Programme, Human Development Report Offi ce, Report on the International Adult Literacy Survey. OECD Publishing. New York. Paris. Heston, Alan, Robert Summers, and Bettina Aten. 2001. ———. 2005. Learning a Living by Earning Skills: First Results of the Correspondence on data from the Penn World Table Version 6.0. Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey. OECD Publishing. Paris. University of Pennsylvania, Center for International Comparisons OECD-DAC (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and of Production, Income and Prices. [http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/]. Development, Development Assistance Committee). 2007a. March. Philadelphia. OECD Journal on Development: Development Co-operation Report ———. 2006. “Penn World Table Version 6.2.” University of 2006. OECD Publishing. Paris. Pennsylvania, Center for International Comparisons of Production, ———. 2007b. Correspondence on offi cial development assistance Income and Prices, Philadelphia. [http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/]. disbursed. May. Paris. Accessed June 2007. Ruoen, Ren, and Chen Kai. 1995. “’s GDP in U.S. Dollars Based ICPS (International Centre for Prison Studies). 2007. World Prison on Purchasing Power Parity.” Policy Research Working Paper 1415. Population List. Seventh Edition. King’s College London. London. World Bank, Washington, D.C. IDMC (Internally Displaced Monitoring Centre). 2007. “Global SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute). 2007a. Statistics.” [http://www.internal-displacement.org/]. Accessed Correspondence on arms transfers. March. Stockholm. April 2007. ———. 2007b. Correspondence on military expenditures. March. IEA (International Energy Agency). 2002. World Energy Outlook 2002. Stockholm. Paris. IEA Publication Service. ———. 2007c. SIPRI Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmaments and ———. 2006. World Energy Outlook 2006. Paris. IEA Publication International Security. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. Service. Smeeding, Timothy M. 1997. “Financial Poverty in Developed Countries: ———. 2007. Energy Balances for OECD and non-OECD countries The Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study.” Background Vol 2007, release 01 Database. Paris. IEA Energy Statistics and paper for UNDP, Human Development Report 1997. United Nations Balances. Accessed August 2007. Development Programme, Human Development Report Offi ce, IISS (International Institute for Strategic Studies). 2007. Military New York. Balance 2006–2007. London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group. Smeeding, Timothy M., Lee Rainwater, and Gary Burtless. 2000. ILO (International Labour Organization). 2005. Key Indicators of the “United States Poverty in a Cross-National Context.” In Sheldon Labour Market. Fourth Edition. Geneva. CD-ROM. Geneva. [www. H. Danziger and Robert H. Haveman, eds., Understanding Poverty. ilo.org/kilm/]. Accessed July 2006. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; and Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

372 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 Statec. 2006. Correspondence on gross enrolment ratio for ———. 2007. Social Inclusion in BiH. National Human Development Luxembourg. May. Luxembourg. Report for . Sarajevo. Time use. 2007. Correspondence with time use professionals: Debbie UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural Budlender (Community Agency for Social Enquiry) for Organization). 1997. “International Standard Classifi cation of based on “A Survey of Time Use”; Jacques Charmes (Institut Education 1997.” Paris. [http://www.uis.unesco.org/TEMPLATE/ de recherche pour le développement ) for , , pdf/isced/ISCED_A.pdf]. Accessed August 2007. , and based on country specifi c UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural time use surveys 1998–2002; Choi Yoon Ji (Rural Development Organization) Institute for Statistics. 1999. Statistical yearbook. Administration of the Republic of Korea) for Rural Republic of Korea; Montreal. Jamie Spinney (St. Mary’s University), Marcel Bechard (Statistics ———. 2003. Correspondence on adult and youth literacy rates. Canada) and Isabelle Marchand (Statistics Canada) for Canada March. Montreal. based on “Canadian Time Use Survey 2005”; Marcela Eternod and ———. 2006. Correspondence on students in science, engineering, Elsa Contreras (INEGI) for based on “Encuesta Nacional manufacturing and construction. April. Montreal. sobre Uso del Tiempo 2002”; Elsa Fontainha (ISEG - Technical ———. 2007a. Correspondence on adult and youth literacy rates. University of Lisbon) for based on “INE, Inquérito à May. Montreal. Ocupação do Tempo, 1999”; Rachel Krantz-Kent (Bureau of Labor ———. 2007b. Correspondence on education expenditure data. Statistics) for the United Sates based on “American Time Use April. Montreal. Survey 2005”; Fran McGinnity (Economic and Social Research ———. 2007c. Correspondence on gross and net enrolment ratios, Institute) for Ireland based on “Irish National Time Use Survey children reaching grade 5 and tertiary education. April. Montreal. 2005”; Iiris Niemi (Statistics ) for Belgium, Finland, , UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees). 2007. , , , , , , , , Correspondence on refugees by country of asylum and country of , , , based on Harmonized origin. May. Geneva. European Time Use Surveys 1998–2004; Andries van den Broek UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2004. State of the World’s (Social and Culture Planning Offi ce of The ) for the Children 2005. New York. Netherlands based on “Trends in Time”; Jayoung Yoon (University ———. 2005. State of the World’s Children 2006. New York. of Massachusetts) for Republic of Korea based on “Korean Time Use ———. 2006. State of the World’s Children 2007. New York. Survey 2004.” ———. 2007a. Correspondence on maternal mortality. New York. UN (United Nations). 2002. Correspondence on time use surveys. August 2007. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Statistics Division. ———. 2007b. Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) reports. New February. New York. York. [http://www.childinfo.org]. Accessed June 2007. ———. 2006a. Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. UNODC (United Nations Offi ce on Drugs and Crime). 2007. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. New Correspondence on “The Ninth United Nations Survey on Crime York. [http://mdgs.un.org]. Accessed May 2007. Trends and the Operations of the Criminal Justice Systems”.May ———. 2006b. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision. Vienna. Database. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population WHO (World Health Organization). 2007a. Core Health Indicators Division. New York. 2007 Database. Geneva. [http://www.who.int/whosis/database/]. ———. 2007a. Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary- Accessed July 2007. General. New York. [http://untreaty.un.org]. Accessed June 2007. ———. 2007b. Global Tuberculosis Control: WHO Report 2007. ———. 2007b. Correspondence on electricity consumption. Geneva.[http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2007/ Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. en/index.html]. Accessed July 2007. March. New York. WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization). 2007. “Patents ———. 2007c. Correspondence on the Millennium Development Goals Granted by Offi ce (1985–2005).” Geneva. [http://wipo.int/ipstats/ Indicators. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics en/statistics/]. Accessed May 2007. Division. July. New York. World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators 2006. CD-ROM. ———. 2007d. The 2004 Energy Statistics Yearbook. Department of Washington, D.C. Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. New York. ———. 2007a. Povcalnet. Washington, D.C.. [http://iresearch. ———. 2007e. Prospects 1950–2050: The 2006 worldbank.org/]. Accessed May 2007. Revision. Database. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ———. 2007b. World Development Indicators 2007. CD-ROM. Population Division. New York. Accessed July 2007. Washington, D.C. UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS). 2006. Correspondence on HIV prevalence. May 2006. Geneva. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2006. The Path out of Poverty. National Human Development Report for Timor- Leste. Dili.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 373 Classifi cation of countries

Countries in the human development aggregates High human development Medium human development Low human development (HDI 0.800 and above) (HDI 0.500–0.799) (HDI below 0.500) Poland Portugal Benin Nicaragua Russian Federation Occupied Palestinian Bahamas Territories Congo (Democratic Republic Papua New of the) Côte d’Ivoire Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Slovenia Ethiopia Spain China Guinea Darussalam Sweden Saint Vincent and the Guinea-Bissau Grenadines Canada Congo Sao Tome and Principe Niger United Kingdom South Africa United States Uruguay (70 countries or areas) Swaziland (United Republic of) Estonia Syrian Arab Republic Finland (22 countries or areas) France Gambia Germany Timor-Leste , China (SAR) Hungary Ireland Italy India Korea (Republic of) (Islamic Republic of) (Bolivarian Republic of) Latvia Viet Nam Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Lithuania Kenya Luxembourg (85 countries or areas) Macedonia (TFYR) Lao People’s Democratic Republic Mauritius Mexico Madagascar Netherlands Norway

Note: The following UN member countries are not included in the human development aggregates because the HDI cannot be computed for them: , , , , Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of), , , , Micronesia (Federated States of ), , , Nauru, , San Marino, , Somalia and Tuvalu.

374 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 Countries in the income aggregates High income Middle income Low income (GNI per capita of US$10,726 or more in 2005) (GNI per capita of US$876–US$10,725 in 2005) (GNI per capita of US$875 or less in 2005) Andorra United Arab Emirates Albania Arab Jamahiriya Afghanistan Uganda Antigua and Barbuda United Kingdom Algeria Lithuania Bangladesh Uzbekistan Aruba United States American Samoa Macedonia (TFYR) Benin Viet Nam Australia United States Virgin Islands Angola Malaysia Bhutan Yemen Austria (55 countries or areas) Argentina Maldives Burkina Faso Zambia Bahamas Armenia Marshall Islands Burundi Zimbabwe Bahrain Azerbaijan Mauritius Cambodia (54 countries or areas) Belgium Barbados Mexico Central African Republic Bermuda Belarus Micronesia (Federated Chad Brunei Darussalam Belize States of) Comoros Canada Bolivia Moldova Congo (Democratic Republic Cayman Islands Bosnia and Herzegovina Montenegro of the) Cyprus Botswana Morocco Côte d’Ivoire Denmark Brazil Namibia Eritrea Faeroe Islands Bulgaria Nicaragua Ethiopia Finland Cameroon Northern Mariana Islands Gambia France Cape Verde Occupied Palestinian Ghana French Polynesia Chile Territories Guinea Germany China Oman Guinea-Bissau Greece Colombia Palau Haiti Greenland Congo Panama India Guam Costa Rica Paraguay Kenya Hong Kong, China (SAR) Croatia Peru Korea (Democratic People’s Iceland Cuba Philippines Republic of) Ireland Czech Republic Poland Kyrgyzstan Isle of Man Djibouti Romania Lao People’s Democratic Israel Dominica Russian Federation Republic Italy Dominican Republic Saint Kitts and Nevis Liberia Japan Ecuador Saint Lucia Madagascar Korea (Republic of) Egypt Saint Vincent and the Malawi Kuwait El Salvador Grenadines Mali Liechtenstein Equatorial Guinea Samoa Mauritania Luxembourg Estonia Serbia Mongolia Macao, China (SAR) Fiji Seychelles Mozambique Malta Gabon Slovakia Myanmar Monaco Georgia South Africa Nepal Netherlands Grenada Sri Lanka Niger Netherlands Antilles Guatemala Suriname Nigeria New Caledonia Guyana Swaziland Pakistan New Zealand Honduras Syrian Arab Republic Norway Hungary Thailand Rwanda Portugal Indonesia Tonga Sao Tome and Principe Puerto Rico Iran (Islamic Republic of) Tunisia Senegal Qatar Iraq Turkey Sierra Leone San Marino Jamaica Turkmenistan Solomon Islands Saudi Arabia Jordan Ukraine Somalia Singapore Kazakhstan Uruguay Sudan Slovenia Kiribati Vanuatu Tajikistan Spain Latvia Venezuela (Bolivarian Tanzania (United Republic of) Sweden Lebanon Republic of) Timor-Leste Switzerland Lesotho (97 countries or areas) Togo

Note: Income aggregates use World Bank classifi cation (effective 1 July 2006) based on gross national income (GNI) per capita. They include the following countries or areas that are not UN member states and therefore not included in the HDI tables: high income - Aruba, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Faeroe Islands, French Polynesia, Greenland, Guam, Isle of Man, Macao, China (SAR), Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands; middle income - American Samoa. These countries or areas are included in the aggregates by income level. UN member countries Nauru and Tuvalu are not included because of lack of data.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 375 Countries in the major world aggregates

Developing countries Central and Eastern Afghanistan Guyana Paraguay Benin Europe and the Iceland Algeria Haiti Peru Bhutan Commonwealth Ireland Angola Honduras Philippines Burkina Faso of Independent Italy Antigua and Barbuda Hong Kong, China (SAR) Qatar Burundi States (CIS) Japan Argentina India Rwanda Cambodia Albania Korea (Republic of) Bahamas Indonesia Saint Kitts and Nevis Cape Verde Armenia Luxembourg Bahrain Iran (Islamic Republic of) Saint Lucia Central African Republic Azerbaijan Mexico Bangladesh Iraq Saint Vincent and the Chad Belarus Netherlands Barbados Jamaica Grenadines Comoros Bosnia and Herzegovina New Zealand Belize Jordan Samoa Congo (Democratic Republic Bulgaria Norway Benin Kenya Sao Tome and Principe of the) Croatia Poland Bhutan Kiribati Saudi Arabia Djibouti Czech Republic Portugal Bolivia Korea (Democratic People’s Senegal Equatorial Guinea Estonia Slovakia Botswana Republic of) Seychelles Eritrea Georgia Spain Brazil Korea (Republic of) Sierra Leone Ethiopia Hungary Sweden Brunei Darussalam Kuwait Singapore Gambia Kazakhstan Switzerland Burkina Faso Lao People’s Democratic Solomon Islands Guinea Kyrgyzstan Turkey Burundi Republic Somalia Guinea-Bissau Latvia United Kingdom Cambodia Lebanon South Africa Haiti Lithuania United States Cameroon Lesotho Sri Lanka Kiribati Macedonia (TFYR) (30 countries or areas) Cape Verde Liberia Sudan Lao People’s Democratic Moldova Central African Republic Libya Suriname Republic Montenegro High-income OECD Chad Madagascar Swaziland Lesotho Poland countries Chile Malawi Syrian Arab Republic Liberia Romania Australia China Malaysia Tanzania (United Republic of) Madagascar Russian Federation Austria Colombia Maldives Thailand Malawi Serbia Belgium Comoros Mali Timor-Leste Maldives Slovakia Canada Congo Marshall Islands Togo Mali Slovenia Denmark Congo (Dem. Rep. of the) Mauritania Tonga Mauritania Tajikistan Finland Costa Rica Mauritius Trinidad and Tobago Mozambique Turkmenistan France Côte d’Ivoire Mexico Tunisia Myanmar Ukraine Germany Cuba Micronesia (Federated Turkey Nepal Uzbekistan Greece Cyprus States of) Tuvalu Niger (28 countries or areas) Iceland Djibouti Mongolia Uganda Rwanda Ireland Dominica Morocco United Arab Emirates Samoa Organisation for Italy Dominican Republic Mozambique Uruguay Sao Tome and Principe Economic Japan Ecuador Myanmar Vanuatu Senegal Co-operation Korea (Republic of) Egypt Namibia Venezuela (Bolivarian Sierra Leone and Development Luxembourg El Salvador Nauru Republic of) Solomon Islands (OECD) Netherlands Equatorial Guinea Nepal Viet Nam Somalia Australia New Zealand Eritrea Nicaragua Yemen Sudan Austria Norway Ethiopia Niger Zambia Tanzania (United Republic of) Belgium Portugal Fiji Nigeria Zimbabwe Timor-Leste Canada Spain Gabon Occupied Palestinian (137 countries or areas) Togo Czech Republic Sweden Gambia Territories Tuvalu Denmark Switzerland Ghana Oman Least developed Uganda Finland United Kingdom Grenada Pakistan countriesa Vanuatu France United States Guatemala Palau Afghanistan Yemen Germany (24 countries or areas) Guinea Panama Angola Zambia Greece Guinea-Bissau Papua New Guinea Bangladesh (50 countries or areas) Hungary

a UN classifi cation based on UN-OHRLLS 2007.

376 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 Developing countries in the regional aggregates

Arab States East Asia and South Asia Latin America Southern Europe Sub-Saharan Africa Algeria the Pacifi c Afghanistan and Caribbean Cyprus Angola Bahrain Brunei Darussalam Bangladesh Antigua and Barbuda Turkey Benin Djibouti Cambodia Bhutan Argentina (2 countries or areas) Botswana Egypt China India Bahamas Burkina Faso Iraq Fiji Iran (Islamic Republic of) Barbados Burundi Jordan Hong Kong, China (SAR) Maldives Belize Cameroon Kuwait Indonesia Nepal Bolivia Cape Verde Lebanon Kiribati Pakistan Brazil Central African Republic Libya Korea (Democratic People’s Sri Lanka Chile Chad Morocco Republic of) (9 countries or areas) Colombia Comoros Occupied Palestinian Korea (Republic of) Costa Rica Congo Territories Lao People’s Democratic Cuba Congo (Democratic Republic Oman Republic Dominica of the) Qatar Malaysia Dominican Republic Côte d’Ivoire Saudi Arabia Marshall Islands Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Somalia Micronesia (Federated El Salvador Eritrea Sudan States of) Grenada Ethiopia Syrian Arab Republic Mongolia Guatemala Gabon Tunisia Myanmar Guyana Gambia United Arab Emirates Nauru Haiti Ghana Yemen Palau Honduras Guinea (20 countries or areas) Papua New Guinea Jamaica Guinea-Bissau Philippines Mexico Kenya Samoa Nicaragua Lesotho Singapore Panama Liberia Solomon Islands Paraguay Madagascar Thailand Peru Malawi Timor-Leste Saint Kitts and Nevis Mali Tonga Saint Lucia Mauritania Tuvalu Saint Vincent and the Mauritius Vanuatu Grenadines Mozambique Viet Nam Suriname Namibia (28 countries or areas) Trinidad and Tobago Niger Uruguay Nigeria Venezuela (Bolivarian Rwanda Republic of) Sao Tome and Principe (33 countries or areas) Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania (United Republic of) Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe (45 countries or areas)

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 377 Index to indicators

Indicator table Indicator Indicator table Indicator

A 3, 7 under weight for age (wasted) Armed forces 9 use of insecticide-treated bed nets (malaria prevention) 26 index 6 with diarrhoea, receiving oral rehydration and 26 total continued feeding Arms transfers, conventional Condom use rate, at last high-risk sex exports 9 men 26 share 9 women 26 total 14 Consumer price index, average annual change in 26 imports, total 6 Contraceptive prevalence rate Contributing family workers B 31 men 6 Births, % attended by skilled health personnel 31 women 8 poorest 20% Conventions, treaties and international instruments 8 richest 20% 25 environmental treaties, status of major international 7 Birthweight, % of infants with low 34 human rights instruments, status of major international 35 labour rights conventions, status of fundamental C Carbon dioxide emissions D 24 average annual change 27 Death penalty, year of abolition 24 from forest biomass Debt service, total 24 per capita 18 as % of exports of goods and services and net income 24 per unit of energy use from abroad 24 per unit of GDP 18, 19 as % of GDP 24 share of world total Diarrhoea 24 total 6 treatment, children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration Carbon stocks in forests and continued feeding 24 total 13 Cellular subscribers E Children Economic activity rate 9 fevers, treated with antimalarial drugs 31 female (malaria treatment) 31 as % of male rate 8, 10 mortality rate, infant 31 index 1a, 8, 10 mortality rate, under-fi ve Education expenditure, public one-year olds fully immunized, total 11, 19 as % of GDP 6 against measles 11 as % of total government expenditure 6 against tuberculosis Education expenditure, current public (% share on) 8 poorest 20% 11 pre-primary and primary 8 richest 20% 11 secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary 12 reaching grade 5 11 tertiary 7, 8 under height for age (stunted) 1 Education index

378 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 Indicator table Indicator Indicator table Indicator

33 Elected or appointed to parliament, year fi rst woman Enrolment rate, net 33 Election, year women received right to stand for 1a, 12 primary, total Electricity consumption per capita 30 female 22 kilowatt-hours 30 ratio of female rate to male rate 22 % change 12 secondary, total 22 Electricity, population without 25 Environmental treaties, status of major international 22 Electrifi cation rate Expenditure on Emancipation of women 18, 19 debt service 33 women in government at ministerial level 11, 19 education 33 year fi rst woman elected or appointed to parliament 6, 19 health 33 year women received right to stand for election 19 military 33 year women received right to vote 13 research and development (R&D) 21 Employment, thousands Exports by economic activity 26 conventional arms transfers 21 agriculture, % of total 16 goods and services, as % of GDP 31 men 16 high technology, as % of manufactured exports 31 women 16 manufactured, as % of merchandise exports 21 industry, % of total 16 primary, as % of merchandise exports 31 men 31 women F 21 services, % of total Family workers, contributing 31 men 31 men 31 women 31 women 21 in informal sector, as % of non-agricultural employment 1a, 5 Fertility rate, total 21 female Foreign direct investment, net infl ows of 21 male 18 as % of GDP 21 total Forest area Energy supply, primary 22 average annual change 23 biomass and waste 22 % of total land area 23 coal 22 total 23 hydropower and other renewables 22 total change 23 natural gas Forests 23 nuclear 24 carbon dioxide emissions from 23 oil 24 carbon stocks in 23 total 22 Energy use, GDP per unit of Enrolment ratio, gross G 1,1a combined primary, secondary and tertiary education, total 1 GDP index 28 female GDP per capita 28 male 14 annual growth rate primary 14 in US$ 30 female 1, 1a in PPP US$ 30 ratio of female rate to male rate 14 in 2005 PPP US$ secondary 14 highest value in period 1975–2005 30 female 14 year of highest value 30 ratio of female rate to male rate GDP, total tertiary 14 in US$ billions 30 female 14 in PPP US$ billions 30 ratio of female rate to male rate 22 per unit of energy use

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 379 Indicator table Indicator Indicator table Indicator

Gender empowerment measure (GEM) 29 ratio of female to male 29 rank Income inequality measures 29 value 15 Gini index Gender-related development index (GDI) 15 income ratio, richest 10% to poorest 10% 28 HDI rank minus GDI rank 15 income ratio, richest 20% to poorest 20% 28 rank Income or expenditure, share of 28 value 15 poorest 10% 15 Gini index 15 poorest 20% Goods and services 15 richest 10% 16 exports of, as % of GDP 15 richest 20% 16 imports of, as % of GDP 10 Infant mortality rate, total 8 poorest 20% H 8 richest 20% Health expenditure 26 Internally displaced persons 6 per capita International instruments, conventions and treaties 6 private, as a % of GDP 25 environmental treaties, status of major international 6, 19 public, as a % of GDP 34 human rights instruments, status of major international 1a, 9 HIV prevalence rate 35 labour rights conventions, status of fundamental 27 Homicides, intentional 13 Internet users Human development index (HDI) 1 GDP per capita rank minus HDI rank L 1 rank 35 Labour rights conventions, status of fundamental 2 trends in Legislators, senior offi cials and managers 1 value 29 female Human poverty index (HPI-1) 1, 1a, 10 Life expectancy at birth, total 3 HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank 28 female 3 rank 28 male 3 value 1 Life expectancy index Human poverty index (HPI-2) Literacy rate, adult 4 HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank 28, 30 female 4 rank 28 male 4 value 30 ratio of female rate to male rate 34 Human rights instruments, status of major international 1, 1a, 12 total Literacy rate, youth I 30 female Illiteracy rate, adult 30 ratio of female rate to male rate 3 total 12 total Immunized, one year olds fully 4 Literacy skills, % population lacking functional 6 against measles 6 against tuberculosis M 8 poorest 20% Malaria 8 richest 20% 9 prevention, children under age fi ve using insecticide–treated Imports bed nets 26 conventional arms transfers 9 treatment, children under age fi ve with fever treated with 16 goods and services as % of GDP antimalarial drugs Income, estimated earned Maternal mortality ratio 28 female 10 adjusted 28 male 10 reported

380 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 Indicator table Indicator Indicator table Indicator

Measles 7 using improved sanitation 6 one-year olds fully immunized against 1a, 7 using an improved water source 19 Military expenditure, as a % of GDP 3 not using an improved water source 33 Ministerial level, women in government at 22 without electricity Mortality rates Poverty, income 8, 10 infant 3 population living below US$1 a day 10 maternal 3 population living below US$2 a day 1a, 8, 10 under-fi ve 4 population living below US$4 a day 4 population living below US$11 a day O 4 population living below 50% of Offi cial development assistance (ODA) disbursed, net 3 population living below national poverty line 17 as % of GNI Primary energy supply 17 per capita of donor country 23 biomass and waste 17 to basic social services, % of total allocable by sector 23 coal 17 to least developed countries, % of total 23 hydropower and other renewables 17 total 23 natural gas 17 untied bilateral, % of total 23 nuclear Offi cial development assistance (ODA) received 23 oil (net disbursements) 23 total 18 as % of GDP Prison population 18 per capita 27 % female 18 total 27 per 100,000 population 27 total P Private fl ows (of capital), other Parliament 18 as % of GDP 33 year fi rst woman elected or appointed to parliament Professional and technical workers 33 year women received right to stand for election 29 female to parliament 29 Parliamentary seats held by women R 33 lower or single house Refugees 33 upper house or senate 26 by country of asylum 13 Patents, granted to residents 26 by country of origin 6 Physicians Research and development (R&D) Population 13 expenditure 5 aged 65 and above 13 researchers 5 annual growth rate 13 Royalties and licence fees, receipts of 4 % lacking functional literacy skills 3 living below US$1 a day S 3 living below US$2 a day 7 Sanitation, population using improved 4 living below US$4 a day 29 Seats in parliament held by women 4 living below US$11 a day 33 lower or single house 4 living below 50% of median income 33 upper house or senate 3 living below national poverty line Smoking, adult prevalence of 27 in prisons 9 men 1a, 5 total 9 women 5 under age 15 Survival 1a, 7 % undernourished 12 children reaching grade 5 5 urban 3 probability at birth of not surviving to age 40

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 381 Indicator table Indicator Indicator table Indicator

4 probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 8 richest 20% probability at birth of surviving to age 65 1a, 7 Undernourished population, % 10 female 3, 7 Under weight for age, % of children under age fi ve 10 male 20, 21 Unemployed people Unemployment, long-term T 20 % of unemployed men Telephones 20 % of unemployed women 13 cellular subscribers Unemployment, rate 13 mainlines adult Tertiary students 20 average annual 12 % in science, engineering, manufacturing and construction 20, 21 female rate as % of male rate Time spent on 20, 21 total non-market activities, care of children long-term 32 men 4 total 32 women youth non-market activities, cooking and cleaning 20 female rate as % of male rate 32 men 20 total 32 women other activities, free time V 32 men 33 Vote, year women received right to 32 women other activities, personal care W 32 men Water source, improved 32 women 1a, 7 % population using work, total 3 % population not using 32 men Women’s economic and political participation 32 women 29 female legislators, senior offi cials and managers work, market activities only 29 female professional and technical workers 32 men, % of total work 29 seats in parliament held by women 32 women, % of total work 33 lower or single house 16 Trade, terms of 33 upper house or senate Treaties, conventions and international instruments 33 women in government at ministerial level 25 environmental treaties, status of major international 33 year fi rst woman elected or appointed to parliament 34 human rights instruments, status of major international 33 year woman received right to stand for election 35 labour rights conventions, status of fundamental 33 year woman received right to vote Tuberculosis Work time cases total 9 cured under DOTS 32 men 9 detected under DOTS 32 women 9 prevalence rate market activities only 6 one-year olds fully immunized against 32 men, % of total work 32 women, % of total work U 1a, 10 Under-fi ve mortality rate, total 8 poorest 20% 8 richest 20% 7 Under height for age, % of children under age fi ve 8 poorest 20%

382 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 Index to Millennium Development Goal indicators in the HDR indicator tables

Goals and targets from the Millennium Declaration* Indicators for monitoring progress Indicator tables

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Target 1: 1. Proportion of population below one dollar (PPP) a day 3 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is 2. Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty] less than one dollar a day 3. Share of poorest quintile in national consumption 15

Target 2: 4. Prevalence of underweight children under-fi ve years of age 3, 7 a a Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer 5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption 1a , 7 from hunger

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Target 3: 6. Net enrolment ratio in primary education 1a, 12 Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able 7. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 12 to complete a full course of primary schooling 8. Literacy rate of 15–24 year-olds 12

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Target 4: 9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education 30 b Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 10. Ratio of literate women to men, 15–24 years old 30 2005, and in all levels of education not later than 2015 11. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector 31 c 12. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament 29, 33 d

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Target 5: 13. Under-fi ve mortality rate 1a, 10 Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-fi ve mortality rate 14. Infant mortality rate 10 15. Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles 6

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Target 6: 16. Maternal mortality ratio 10 Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal 17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 6 mortality ratio

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Target 7: 18. HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15–24 years 1a e, 9 e Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS 19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate 19a. Condom use at last high-risk sex 9 19b. Proportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS 19c. Contraceptive prevalence rate 6 20. Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10–14 years

Target 8: 21. Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and 22. Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria prevention and 9 f other major diseases treatment measures 23. Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis 9 g 24. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment 9 short course (DOTS)

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Target 9: 25. Proportion of land area covered by forest 22 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and 26. Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources 27. Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per US$1 GDP (PPP) 22 h 28. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons) 24 i 29. Proportion of population using solid fuels

Target 10: 30. Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban 1a, 7 , 3 j Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe and rural drinking water and basic sanitation 31. Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, urban and rural 7

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 383 Index to Millennium Development Goal indicators in the HDR indicator tables (continued)

Goals and targets from the Millennium Declaration* Indicators for monitoring progress Indicator tables

Target 11: By 2020, to have achieved a signifi cant improvement in the lives 32. Proportion of households with access to secure tenure. of at least 100 million slum dwellers

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

Target 12: Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States. and fi nancial system. Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction—both nationally and internationally Offi cial development assistance (ODA)

Target 13: 33. Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as percentage of OECD/DAC 17 k Address the special needs of the least developed countries donors’ gross national income Includes: tariff and quota free access for the least developed countries’ 34. Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social 17 exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for heavily indebted poor services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation) countries (HIPC) and cancellation of offi cial bilateral debt; and more 35. Proportion of bilateral offi cial development assistance of OECD/DAC donors that is untied 17 generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction

Target 14: 36. ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their gross national 18 l Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small incomes island developing States (through the Programme of Action for the 37. ODA received in small island developing States as a proportion of their gross national 18 l Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome incomes of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly) Market access Target 15: 38. Proportion of total imports (by value and excluding arms) from develop- Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries ing countries and least developed countries, admitted free of duty through national and international measures in order to make debt 39. Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and sustainable in the long term clothing from developing countries 40. Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their gross domestic product 41. Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity Debt sustainability 42. Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative) 43. Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative 44. Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services 18 Target 16: 45. Unemployment rate of young people aged 15–24 years, each sex and total In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth.

Target 17: 46. Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries

Target 18: 47. Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 people 13 m In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefi ts of new 48a. Personal computers in use per 100 people technologies, especially information and communications 48b. Internet users per 100 people 13 m

* The Millennium Development Goals and targets come from the Millennium Declaration, signed by 189 countries, including 147 heads of State and Government, in September 2000 (http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ ares552e.htm). The goals and targets are interrelated and should be seen as a whole. They represent a partnership between the developed countries and the developing countries “to create an environment – at the national and global levels alike – which is conducive to development and the elimination of poverty”. a Tables 1a and 7 present this indicator as undernourished people as a percentage of total population. b Table presents female (net or gross) enrolment ratio as a percentage of male ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education levels separately. c Table includes data on female employment by economic activity. d Table 33 presents a breakdown of the percentage of lower and upper house seats held by women. e Tables 1a and 9 present HIV prevalence among people ages 15–49. f Table includes data on children under fi ve using insecticide-treated bed nets, and children under fi ve with fever treated with antimalarial drugs. g Table presents tuberculosis prevalence rates. Data on death rates are not included. h Table shows data as GDP per unit of energy use in 2000 PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent. i Table shows data on carbon dioxide emissions per capita. Data on consumption of ozone depleting CFCs are not included. j Tables 1a and 7 present this indicator as the percentage of people with access to an improved drinking water source, and Table 3 includes data on people without access to an improved drinking water source. k Table includes data on offi cial development assistance (ODA) to least developed countries as a percentage of total ODA. l Table includes data on received ODA by all recipient countries as percentage of GDP. m Data on telephone mainlines, cellular subscribers and internet users expressed in ‘per 1,000 people’.

384 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008