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L'esclusiva Primavera Marocchina Genesi E Percorso Del Movimento 20 Febbraio in Marocco

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L'esclusiva Primavera Marocchina Genesi E Percorso Del Movimento 20 Febbraio in Marocco Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Lingue e istituzioni economiche e giuridiche dell’Asia e dell’Africa mediterranea Tesi di Laurea L'esclusiva primavera marocchina Genesi e percorso del Movimento 20 Febbraio in Marocco Relatore Ch. Prof. Barbara De Poli Laureando Rachida Razzouk Matricola 824240 Anno Accademico 2013 / 2014 Indice Indice ................................................................................................................................................ 2 4 ................................................................................................................................................... مقدمة Introduzione ..................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Il contesto storico del Marocco – Dall’indipendenza all’era Mohammed VI ........................... 8 1.1 Il protettorato francese - I partiti politici marocchini e le problematiche di democratizzazione ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.2 L’esilio del sultano Mohammed ........................................................................................ 9 1.3 L’indipendenza ................................................................................................................ 10 1.4 Hassan II e gli anni di piombo ......................................................................................... 12 1.5 L’affare Ben Barka .......................................................................................................... 15 1.6 La rivolta studentesca del 1965 e la Costituzione del 1970 ............................................. 17 1.7 I colpi di stato .................................................................................................................. 18 1.8 La Costituzione del 1972 e l’apertura verso l’opposizione ............................................. 21 1.9 La marcia verde, la crisi economica degli anni ’80 e le nuove configurazioni del campo partigiano ................................................................................................................................... 21 1.10 Il Movimento Amazigh ................................................................................................ 25 1.11 Riforme costituzionali del 1992 e 1996, i diritti umani, l’alternanza hassaniana e il patto politico .............................................................................................................................. 26 1.12 Mohammed VI: il re “modernizzatore” ....................................................................... 29 1.13 L’eredità di Mohammed VI – Gli attentati di Casablanca del 2003 ............................ 32 2. Il contesto socio-politico e le premesse all’azione del Movimento 20 febbraio (M20F) ....... 36 2.1. Il quadro socio-politico del nuovo movimento del 2011 ................................................... 36 2.2 I protagonisti della primavera marocchina ...................................................................... 38 2.3 Analisi socio-economica delle origini del malcontento................................................... 41 2.4 Il contesto socio-economico in cui si collocano i giovani del Movimento 20 febbraio e la mancanza di un senso critico popolare ...................................................................................... 45 2.5 Metodica delle dinamiche di protesta - Le manifestazioni precorritrici (Sidi Ifni, Sefrou e molte altre) .............................................................................................................................. 47 3. L’identità digitale di un Movimento ....................................................................................... 53 3.1 Una nuova sfera pubblica comunicativa .......................................................................... 53 3.2 Maroc 2.0 - Net-activisme - genesi della rete sociale in Marocco – il ruolo della nuova comunicazione nella contestazione – Cyber-dissidenza e ciber-attivismo ................................ 56 3.3 Rivolte, rivoluzioni, proteste ............................................................................................... 60 4. Il Movimento del 20 febbraio – genesi e sviluppo .................................................................. 62 4.1 La genesi di un movimento.............................................................................................. 62 4.2 La campagna promozionale del Movimento 20 febbraio – Una ventina di volti per il cambiamento – “Premier appel” di Oussama e “Je suis Marocain et je me joins à la contestation” .............................................................................................................................. 70 4.3 Il comunicato stampa con le rivendicazioni ed il video di Marrakech ............................ 74 4.4 La precaria situazione dei chômeurs................................................................................ 77 4.5 Le reazioni della politica – chi aderisce, chi no............................................................... 79 4.6 La manipolazione del Makhzen ....................................................................................... 82 4.7 Dal virtuale al reale - La prima conferenza stampa a Rabat – Le rivendicazioni e il nuovo video explicative - “Qui nous sommes et ce que nous voulons” .................................... 85 4.8 Il distacco di Antid e l’affermazione del Movimento 20 febbraio .................................. 90 4.10 La manifestazione del 20 febbraio 2011 ...................................................................... 93 4.11 Formazione del CNAM20 ed i coordinamenti locali (tansikiyyat) ............................ 101 5. Le reazioni politiche e la svolta istituzionale: il discorso del re del 9 marzo 2011, il piano di riforme costituzionali ............................................................................................................... 104 5.1 Le prime mosse istituzionali: Istituzione del CES e del CNDH e primi arresti ............ 104 2 5.3 Le visioni politiche della marcia del 20 febbraio 2011 ................................................. 106 5.4 Il discorso del re del 9 marzo ......................................................................................... 110 5.5 Il piano istituzionale per le riforme costituzionali ......................................................... 115 5.6 Le consultazioni con le parti sociali e politiche – La presentazione dei Memorandum per la riforma della costituzione ..................................................................................................... 117 6. La piazza contro il tavolo istituzionale: la protesta continua – Lo shock dell’attentato di Marrakech – Il referendum e la nuova Costituzione – La sorpresa delle elezione legislative ..... 122 6.1 La grande manifestazione del 20 marzo ........................................................................ 122 6.2 Aprile 2011: la breve primavera marocchina ................................................................ 131 6.3 L’attentato di Marrakech cambia tutto .......................................................................... 133 6.4 Il discorso del re del 17 giugno per la presentazione del piano di riforme costituzionali – la “rivoluzione del re” e le manifestazioni pro-regime ............................................................ 139 6.5 La nuova Costituzione ................................................................................................... 145 7. Il declino del Movimento 20 febbraio e la svolta delle elezioni legislative ...................... 150 7.1 La primavera lascia presto il posto ad una cupa estate .................................................. 150 7.2 Le elezioni del 25 novembre 2011 per désamorcer il rischio di un contagio della “primavera araba” .................................................................................................................... 152 7.3 La progressiva dissoluzione della coalizione di sostegno al M20F ............................... 155 7.4 Slogan, loghi e simboli del Movimento 20 febbraio ..................................................... 158 8. La monarchia marocchina e l’eccezione marocchina ........................................................ 164 8.1 La “rivoluzione” monarchica marocchina e la dissonanza politica ............................... 164 8.2 L’eccezione marocchina – Il Marocco ai margini delle rivoluzioni arabe? .................. 167 9. Conclusioni ............................................................................................................................. 171 Bibliografia .................................................................................................................................. 177 Sitografia ...................................................................................................................................... 182 Risorse principali sulla storia e la genesi del M20F ................................................................ 182 Siti di riferimento del M20F .................................................................................................... 183 I video ufficiali del M20F ........................................................................................................ 184 Siti e pagine di Associazione per i diritti umani in Marocco e organizzazioni politiche
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