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Impacts of Ancient and Modern 2 159 ChroMe tanninG with ultrasound 160 references 17. Mantysalo, E., Marjoniemi, M., Kilpeläinen, M.; Ultrason. reSearCh oN materIalS approPrIate for reStoratIoN – Sonochem. 4, 141, 1997 1. Ernst, R. L., Gutmann, F.; JSLTC 34, 454, 1950 18. Sivakumar, V., Rao, P. G., Proceedings of the XXV ImPaCtS of ancieNt aNd moderN 2. Witke, F.; Ost. Leder. Ztg. 7, 165, 1952 IULTCS Congress, Chennai, 1999 anning eChniqueS oN eather haraCter 3. Simoncini, E.; Criscuolo, I.; CPMC 29, 82, 1953 19. Xie, J. P.,Ding, J. F., Mason, T. J., Attenburrow, G.E., t t l C by 4. Fridman, V. M., Zaider, A. L., Dolgopolov, V., Mikhailov, Proceedings of the XXV IULTCS Congress, Chennai, bErnharD trommer,* anDrEas sChulzE1 anD GabriElE hilsky2 A. M.; Legk. Promst. 14, 43, 1954 1999 5. Fridmann, V. M., Zaider, A. L., Dogopolov, V., Mikhailov, 20. Xie, J. P., Ding, J. F., Attenburrow, G.E., Mason, T. J.; Research Institute for Leather and Plastic Sheeting (FILK Freiberg) P. O. Box 1142, D-09581 Freiberg, Germany A. M.; Legk. Promst. 18, 13, 1958 JALCA 94, 146, 1999 1Saxon States Authority for the Care of Monuments, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen 6. Akseband, A. M., Grif, M. G., Nozhenko, A. N.; Kozh. 21. Xie, J. P., Ding, J. F., Attenburrow, G. E.; JALCA 95, 85, 2000 Schlossplatz 1D-01067 Dresden Obuvn. Promst. 3, 24, 1961 22. Sivakumar, V., Rao, P. G.; J. Clean. Prod. 9, 25, 2001 2Department of Conservation/Restoration 7. Timochin, N. A., Barinov, I. G., Kraminora, K. G.; Kozh. 23. Hauber, R., Germann, H.; World Leather 14, 49, 2001 Moritzburg, Germany Obuvn. Promst. 3, 15, 1961 24. Sivakumar, V., Rao, P. G.; Ultrason. Sonochem. 10, 85, 2003 Staatliche Schlösser, Burgen und Gärten SachsenSchloss 8. Karpman, M. J.; Kozh. Obuvn. Promst. 4, 34, 1962 25. Sivakumar, V., Rao, P. G.; JALCA 98, 230, 2003 Moritzburg und Fasanenschlösschen, 01468 Moritzburg 9. Herfeld, H.; Gerbereiniss. Pranis 30, 144, 1978 26. Sivakumar, V., Rao, P. G.; Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 1616, 10. Cujan, Z., Kolomaznik, K., Mladek, M.; Leder. Waren. 19, 2004 180, 1984 27. Sivakumar, V., Swaminathan, G., Rao, P. G.; JSLTC 88, AbstrAct resumen 11. Xie, J.P., Ding, J. F., Mason, T.J., Attenburrow, G. 249, 2004 E., Proceedings of the XXIII IULTCS Congress, 28. Sivakumar, V., Swaminathan, G., Rao, P. G.; JALCA 100, There now exist a large number of investigations on leather Cuantiosas investigaciones sobre la degradación del cuero y Friedrichshafen, 1995 187, 2005 decay and its effect on cultural heritage; however, appropriated sus efectos sobre la herencia cultural existen; sin embargo 12. ALPA SpA; World Leather 8, 54, 1995 29. Sivakumar, V., Gopi, K., Harikrishnan, M.V., and sustainable sources of restoration leather are missing. fuentes apropiadas y sostenibles de restauración hacen falta. 13. Xie, J.P., Ding, J. F., Mason, T.J., Attenburrow, G. E., Senthilkumar, M., Swaminathan, G., Rao, P. G.; JALCA Simple test methods and agreements regarding the quality Simples métodos de pruebas y consenso en asegurar la Proceedings of the ALCA Annual Meeting, Michigan, 101, 330, 2006 assurance of commercial restoration products are not available. calidad de productos comerciales restaurados no existe. 1996 30. Peng, B., Shi, B., Sun. D., Chen, Y., Shelly, D. C.; Ultrason. Many of the outstanding properties of ancient leather like Muchas de las sobresalientes propiedades del cuero antiguo tal 14. Xie, J. P., Ding, J. F., Attenburrow, G. E., Mason, T. J., Sonochem. 14, 305, 2007 long-term stability are attributed to the method of manufacture como la perduración de la estabilidad son atribuidas al tipo de Proceedings of the XXIV IULTCS Congress, London, 31. Morera, J. M., Bartolí, E., Bacardit, A., Ollé, L., Díaz, V., and the processing auxiliaries’ common for the period of fabricación y a los auxiliares existentes durante el período de 1997 Shendryk, A.; JALCA 103, 151, 2008 origin. The pure replication of the ancient techniques in detail su origen. La absoluta replicación en detalle de la técnica 15. Xie, J. P., Ding, J. F., Attenburrow, G. E., Mason, T. J.: 32. Morera, J. M., Bartolí, E., Ollé, L., Bacardit, A., del Río, J. is neither possible nor economically viable. Every step of antigua no es ni posible o económicamente factible. Cada World Leather 10, 57, 1997 F., Fabregat, G., Díaz, V.; JALCA 103, 158, 2008 tannage causes an anticipated step of collagen degradation. Is paso en el curtido causa un anticipable paso en la degradación 16. Xie, J. P., Ding, J. F., Attenburrow, G. E., Mason, T. J.; 33. Font, J., Análisis y ensayos en la industria del curtido, Ed. it possible to obtain a restoration leather of outstanding quality del colágeno. ¿Es posible acaso obtener un cuero restaurado JSLTC 81, 217, 1997 EUETII0-ESAI, Igualada, 2002 also under modern conditions? The Saxon States Authority for bajo condiciones modernas? La Autoridad de los Estados the Care of Monuments, the Research Institute for Leather and Sajones para el Cuidado de Monumentos, el Instituto de Plastic Sheeting (FILK Freiberg) and the Department of Investigaciones del Cuero y Coberturas de Plástico (FILK Conservation & Restoration of Moritzburg Castle co-operate Freiberg) y el Departamento de Conservación y Restauración in research on material appropriated for restoration of baroque del Castillo de Moritzburg han cooperado en la investigación leather wall hangings. The paper presents different de materiales apropiados para la restauración de colgaduras characteristics of ancient and modern tanning techniques, de cuero barrocas. La obra presenta diferentes características practical experiences, test methods and recommendations for técnicas de curtición del cuero tanto antiguas como modernas, the manufacturing of restoration leather. experiencias prácticas, métodos de prueba, y recomendaciones para la manufactura de cuero para restauración. This Technical Note was chosen by the editor because of its unique historical perspective on leather tanning. It was presented at the International Council of Museums conference at Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, May 13-18, 2007 *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript received December 8, 2009, accepted for publication January 19, 2010 JALCA, VOL. 105, 2010 JALCA, VOL. 105, 2010 161 teChnoloGy For restoration leathers teChnoloGy For restoration leathers 162 moritzburg cAstle gilt leAther wAll purposes, taking into account all application requirements as hAngings — A chAllenge for restorAtion well as aspects of quality management and environmental sound manufacture. The world-wide trading volume of hide, skin, leather and leather goods outperform significantly other consumer Moritzburg Castle named for Herzog Moritz of Saxony is an products like coffee, cotton or tobacco.8 Nevertheless leather impressive monument of Saxonian baroque. The dukes and appropriated for restoration is a niche market that is later kings of Saxony expanded the hunting lodge to a royal characterized by weak demand and extraordinary terms of palace and a summer residence. In the halls and rooms of delivery. A system of quality control does not exist. The Moritzburg Castle is preserved the world largest stock of 18th conservator has to trust in the quality of the conventional century gilt leather as part of its original interiors (figure 1). merchandise. In the last years different national and European From the 60 gilt leather rooms of this castle in 1733 the visitor projects were carried out to solve the problem of the will find today altogether two halls with huge paintings on availability of high quality conservation leather. In these gilded leather (figure 14) and 11 rooms with ornamental projects commercial leather have been exposed to artificial decorated gilt leather. A large number of additional panels and aging procedures and tested with analytical methods with fragments exist in non-public rooms and in the depots of the unsatisfying results. museum. According to the recent research the origin of the punched gilt leather seems to be Venice, and of the embossed In Moritzburg Castle and other baroque palaces there is a ones the Flemish region. steady demand for restoration leather for gilt* leather wall hangings. The gap between the demand and availability of The maintenance of this cultural heritage needs continuously reliable restoration material was the trigger of the pilot care. The leather substance shows a lot of serious damages Figure 2: Example of the conservation concept of Moritzburg Castle project “Development of long-term and emission stable like tears, holes, cuts, missing parts or damaged edges (figure leather for conservation and restoration of gilt leather wall 2) which have been caused in many cases by visitors. The hAndicrAft And industriAl hangings at Moritzburg castle” funded by the Deutsche conservation concept consists in repairing mechanical leAther mAnufActure today or do not exist anymore. In the former time the domestic Bundesstiftung Umwelt promoted by the Freistaat Sachsen. damages using vegetable tanned leather and the genuine goat was dismissed as the “poor man’s cow” for its ability The project duration was of 30 months and has been technique of silvering and gluing to guarantee isotropic Influence of raw material and provenience to cope with very different and often harsh environments; conducted in co-operation of: mechanical action of the hangings on changing climatic What are the main differences between the ancient handicraft which explain the comprehensive biodiversity of the ancient conditions. Therefore high quality leather for restoration is made leather and modern industrial products? What are the sources of raw material. The kind of the current agriculture • Moritzburg Castle, Department of Conservation requested. It should meet special demands regarding chemical influencing factors of leather quality and how the modern and livestock husbandry, population density, the • Saxon States Authority for the Care of Monuments parameters and long-term behavior, defined e. g. by the technology can be adapted in order to meet the demands for relationships between urban consumers and rural producers European Environment project, as well as concerning its restoration? of animal products etc.
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