FORM NO2N Application for Approval to IMPORT INTO CONTAINMENT

ER-AN-02N10/02

FORM NO2N

Application for approval to

IMPORT INTO CONTAINMENT ANY NEW ORGANISM THAT IS NOT GENETICALLY MODIFIED

under section 40 of the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996

Application Title: Importation of Lemur, Cotton-top Tamarin, Red Panda, Meerkat, Greater Flamingo, Tapir and antelopes into containment at Keystone Wildlife Conservancy for the purpose of conservation through advocacy, education and research. Applicant Organisation: Keystone Wildlife Conservancy

ERMA Office use only

Application Code: Formally received:____/____/____

ERMA NZ Contact: Initial Fee Paid: $

Application Status:

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

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IMPORTANT

1. An associated User Guide is available for this form. You should read the User Guide before completing this form. If you need further guidance in completing this form please contact ERMA New Zealand.

2. This application form covers importation into containment of any new organism that is not genetically modified, under section 40 of the Act. 3. If you are making an application to import into containment a genetically modified organism you should complete Form NO2G, instead of this form (Form NO2N).

4. This form, together with form NO2G, replaces all previous versions of Form 2. Older versions should not now be used. You should periodically check with ERMA New Zealand or on the ERMA New Zealand web site for new versions of this form.

5. You can talk to an Applications Advisor at ERMA New Zealand who can help you scope and prepare your application. We need all relevant information early on in the application process. Quality information up front will speed up the process and help reduce costs.

6. This application form may be used to seek approvals for importing more than one new (non-genetically modified) organism into containment where the organisms are of a similar nature.

7. Any extra material that does not fit in the application form must be clearly labelled, cross-referenced, and included as appendices to the application form. 8. Commercially sensitive information must be collated in a separate appendix. You need to justify why you consider the material commercially sensitive, and make sure it is clearly labelled as such.

9. Applicants must sign the form and enclose the correct application fee (plus GST). The initial application fee can be found in our published Schedule of Fees and Charges. Please check with ERMA New Zealand staff or the ERMA New Zealand website for the latest schedule of fees. We are unable to process applications that do not contain the correct initial application fee. 10. Unless otherwise indicated, all sections of this form must be completed for the application to be progressed.

11. Please provide an electronic version of the completed application form, as well as sending a signed hard copy. You can get more information by contacting us. One of our staff members will be able to help you.

ERMA New Zealand 20 Customhouse Quay PO Box 131 Wellington NEW ZEALAND Telephone: 64-4-916 2426 Facsimile: 64-4-914-0433 E-mail: [email protected] www.ermanz.govt.nz

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

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Section One – Applicant Details

1.1 Name and postal address in New Zealand of the organisation or individual making the application:

Name Keystone Wildlife Conservancy (KWC)

Postal Address Barr Road, RD4, Warkworth, New Zealand.

Physical Address Barr Road, RD4 Warkworth, New Zealand

Phone 0272740614 Fax N/A E-mail [email protected]

1.2 If application is made by an organisation, provide name and contact details of a key contact person at that organisation This person should have sufficient knowledge to respond to queries and have the authority to make decisions that relate to processing of the application.

Name Dr. Lorne Roberts

Position Consultant

Address 83 Tanekaha Rd; Titirangi, Auckland.

Phone 09 817 3002 0274 706 475 Fax 09 817 2655 E-mail [email protected]

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

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1.3 If the applicant is an organisation or individual situated overseas, provide name and contact details of the agent authorised to transact the applicant’s affairs in relation to the application This person should have sufficient knowledge to respond to queries and have the authority to make decisions that relate to processing of the application.

N/A

Section Two – Purpose of the Application This form is to be used for an application to import into containment any new organism that is not genetically modified. For an application to import into containment a genetically modified organism, use Form NO2G.

2.1 Give a short summary statement of the purpose of this application to be used on ERMA New Zealand’s public register. (Maximum of 255 characters). Briefly describe the organism(s) to be imported into containment, and the purpose(s) for which you wish to import the organism(s).

to import Lemur, Cotton- top Tamarin, Tapir, Red Panda, Greater Flamingo, Meerkat, and antelopes into containment for the purpose of conservation through advocacy, education and research.

2.2 Provide a short description of the background and aims of the project suitable for lay readers. Describe the purpose of the importation and rationale for the overall project these organisms are to be used in so that people not directly connected with the research can understand why these organisms are required.

The Keystone Trust is a privately owned organization in the Kaipara area 40 minutes North West of Auckland. It incorporates 1000 acres of rolling coastal terrain including pristine native bush, reclaimed/replanted bush, grasslands, wetlands, ex-farmland, maintained grasslands, pine/exotic woodland and coastal estuarine flats. The Keystone Trust was set up in 1997 and has objectives in both the art and natural history arenas. Deer have been farmed for a long time and other species have been added including various sheep/goat species, Highland and Brahman cattle, Asiatic Water Buffalo, Yak, ratites, Alpaca and a large range of birds, including resident, migratory, native and exotic species. Exotic species recently brought into containment include 3 male Giraffe (Application NOC06010) and 2 male Zebra (Application NOC07003).

An environment management programme is in place inclusive of pest control measures to ensure maintenance of native integrity. More recently, the huge efforts of native replanting (second only to DOC) and wetland development have provided extensive habitat for an enormous number of local and migratory, native and exotic birds. Such efforts over time will result in the slow re-introduction of the other native fauna and flora. 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

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The Keystone Trust formed the Keystone Wildlife Conservancy (KWC) as a specialized subsidiary division in October 2005 . The Conservancy has been established to manage all non-domestic species, inclusive of present stock, and any future acquisitions.

In December 2006, the KWC was approved as a containment facility under MAF Standard 154.03.04 and was approved by ERMA to import giraffe and zebra, into containment (Appendix 5). Two Rothschild giraffe were imported from Orana Park (Christchurch) in December 2007 followed by another male in 2008. Two male zebra were imported into containment in 2008 from Auckland Zoo. Zoo and Aquarium Association full institutional membership was obtained in 2009. . It is the intention of the KWC to now procure further exotic species to fulfil the remit of the Conservancy. The KWC recognizes that in doing so, they become a valuable resource for New Zealand and Australasian Zoo industry and therefore wish to further establish a working relationship that may benefit all parties.

KWC now intend to acquire Lemur (Ring-tailed and Black and White Ruffed), Red Panda, Cotton- top tamarin, antelopes (eg, Nyala, Impala, Kudu, Eland), Greater Flamingo, Meerkat and Tapir (Brazilian) into their containment facility. These animals will be held for the following purposes:

Conservation The Keystone Trust has been an ardent supporter of native conservation for some years having instigated an extensive replanting and reclamation programme and until recently employed an ex- DoC manager to oversee such projects on the property. It is envisaged that the KWC would play an important role in holding genetically viable/valuable exotic stock as well as becoming involved in native conservation projects. It is further planned that such projects will be documented and disseminated. It is also foreseen that invitation only formal tours, already in place for Art related visits, will extend to the animal collection and provide valuable funds for in-situ research of native species.

Education The Keystone Trust has a long standing connection with the Art Education Community and it is envisaged that the KWC would further the educational programmes related to conservation and husbandry of animal species. The KWC has already established a close link with a recognized tertiary educational provider and employs a qualified tertiary lecturer. Through these connections it is also hoped that zoo keeper education in New Zealand will be advanced through appropriate utilization of the KWC resources.

Research Whilst in its infancy, staff at all levels will be encouraged to write and publish both anecdotal and formal information/data through relevant publications. It is envisaged that appropriately qualified (Degree and PhD staff) would undertake more scrutinized research for publication. In addition, the close connection with tertiary education would provide a favourable resource for 3rd year degree research projects. Any formal research conducted by outside personnel/facilities would be conducted only once ethics approval has been given by a relevant ethics committee.

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

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Section Three – Information on the Organism(s) to be imported If the application is for importation of more than one organism, this section must be completed separately for each organism. If there are commercial reasons for not providing full information here, alternative approaches must be discussed with and agreed by ERMA New Zealand.

3.1 Give the unequivocal identification of the organism(s) to be imported These names will be on the public register and should clearly identify the organisms. Please provide details of the following:

3.1.1 Latin binomial, including full taxonomic authority:

Lemur catta (Linnaeus, 1758 )

Common name(s), if any: Ring-tailed Lemur

Type of organism (eg bacterium, virus, fungus, plant, animal, animal cell): Animal

Taxonomic class, order and family:

Class MAMMALIA Order PRIMATES Family LEMURIDAE Common Name/s Ring-tailed lemur Species Authority Linnaeus, 1758 IUCN, 2009 Strain(s) if relevant: N/A

Other information, including presence of any inseparable or associated organisms:

The animals to be imported are listed on the IUCN Red List (www.iucnredlist.org). There are nine categories in the IUCN Red List system: Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient, and Not Evaluated.

Ring tailed lemur are listed on the IUCN Red List as Near Threatened, population decreasing and are a CITES 1 species. The KWC aims to hold a mixed group of Ring tailed lemur sourced from other zoos around New Zealand as per the species coordinators recommendations. At present their are 5 zoos in New Zealand holding this species and breeding is limited on numbers of facilities which can take excess animals on. As such adding an additional facility to the regional programme will aid in conservation of the species within the Australasian region. 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

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3.1.2 Latin binomial, including full taxonomic authority: Varecia variegata variegata (Kerr, 1792)

Common name(s), if any: Black and White Ruffed Lemur

Type of organism (eg bacterium, virus, fungus, plant, animal, animal cell): Animal

Taxonomic class, order and family:

Class MAMMALIA Order PRIMATES Family LEMURIDAE Common Name/s Black and white ruffed lemur Ruffed lemur Species Authority Kerr, 1792 IUCN, 2009 Strain(s) if relevant:

N/A

Other information, including presence of any inseparable or associated organisms:

Black and white ruffed lemur are listed on the IUCN Red List as critically endangered with population decreasing (2008). This species is listed as CITES 1. Keystone will look to hold a mixed group of ruffed lemur sourced from other NZ zoos presently involved in the regional breeding programme. Four facilities in NZ presently hold this species and the addition of another facility will provide additional space for excess animals to support the Australasian breeding programme (ARAZPA- ZAA).

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

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3.1.3 Latin binomial, including full taxonomic authority: Saguinus Oedipus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Common name(s), if any: Cotton-top Tamarin

Type of organism (eg bacterium, virus, fungus, plant, animal, animal cell): Animal

Taxonomic class, order and family:

Class MAMMALIA Order PRIMATES Family CALLITRICHIDAE Common Name/s Cotton top tamarin Cotton headed tamarin Species Authority Linnaeus, 1758 IUCN, 2009 Strain(s) if relevant:

N/A

Other information, including presence of any inseparable or associated organisms:

This species is listed on the IUCN Red List as critically endangered (population decreasing) and is a CITES listed species. Tamarins are held throughout Australasia and managed in a regional CMP (ARAZPA).

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

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3.1.4 Latin binomial, including full taxonomic authority: Ailurus fulgens fulgens (F.G. Cuvier, 1825),

Common name(s), if any: Red Panda

Type of organism (eg bacterium, virus, fungus, plant, animal, animal cell): Animal

Taxonomic class, order and family:

Class MAMMALIA Order CARNIVORA Family AILURIDAE Common Name/s Red Panda Lesser Panda Red Cat-bear Tolai Hare Species Authority F.G. Cuvier, 1825 IUCN, 2009

Strain(s) if relevant:

N/A

Other information, including presence of any inseparable or associated organisms:

Red panda are listed on the IUCN Red List as vulnerable (population decreasing) 2008. this species is held in five New Zealand zoos and an additional facility would provide urgent space for single sex or mixed sex groups (The ASMP carnivore TAG has specifically asked for zoos to list their willingness to hold single sex groups in particular to free up space for breeding).

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

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3.1.5 Latin binomial, including full taxonomic authority: Suricata suricatta (Schreber, 1776)

Common name(s), if any: Meerkat

Type of organism (eg bacterium, virus, fungus, plant, animal, animal cell): Animal

Taxonomic class, order and family:

Class MAMMALIA Order CARNIVORA Family HERPESTIDAE Common Name/s Meerkat Slender-tailed Meerkat, Suricate Species Authority Schreber, 1776

IUCN, 2009 Strain(s) if relevant:

N/A

Other information, including presence of any inseparable or associated organisms:

Meerkats are listed on the IUCN Red List as least concern with the wild population stable. Meerkats are held in four New Zealand zoos and are managed under the ASMP carnivore TAG. Keystones addition to Meerkat holding will provide additional space to hold single sex or mixed sex groups in the region.

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

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3.1.6 Latin binomial, including full taxonomic authority:

Phoenicopterus ruber roeus (Pallas, 1811), Common name(s), if any: Greater Flamingo

Type of organism (eg bacterium, virus, fungus, plant, animal, animal cell): Animal

Taxonomic class, order and family:

Class AVES Order Phoenicopteriformes Family Phoenicopteridae Common Name/s Greater Flamingo Species Authority Pallas, 1811

IUCN, 2009 Strain(s) if relevant:

N/A

Other information, including presence of any inseparable or associated organisms:

Flamingo are listed on the IUCN Red List as least concern (population stable) (2009). At present flamingo are held in only one zoo within Australasia (Auckland) where it is hoped that they will breed in the near future. Keystone would look to acquire offspring from this zoo in the event of birds having to be relocated for additional space in the future

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

3.1.8 Latin binomial, including full taxonomic authority: Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) Common name(s), if any: Brazilian Tapir

Type of organism (eg bacterium, virus, fungus, plant, animal, animal cell): Animal

Taxonomic class, order and family:

Class MAMMALIA Order PERISSODACTYLA Family TAPIRIDAE Common Name/s Brazilian Tapir Lowland Tapir South American Tapir Species Authority (Linnaeus, 1758)

IUCN, 2009 Strain(s) if relevant:

N/A

Other information, including presence of any inseparable or associated organisms:

Tapir are listed on the IUCN Red List as vulnerable, population decreasing (2008). Brazilian tapirs are presently held in only one New Zealand zoo. It is envisaged that Keystone become part of the population management programme and acquire tapir to support conservation within the Australasian region

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

3.1.9 Latin binomial, including full taxonomic authority: Tragelaphus angasii (Angas, 1849) Refer to species list in Appendix 2

Common name(s), if any: > All species of Antelope Examples of Antelope species are listed in Appendix 2, with common names.

Type of organism (eg bacterium, virus, fungus, plant, animal, animal cell): Animal

Taxonomic class, order and family: Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae

Strain(s) if relevant:

N/A

Other information, A number of antelope are already held in containment in New Zealand zoos, including Blackbuck Antelope cervicapra and Sitatunga Tragelaphus spekii. For more detail, please refer to Appendix 1.

In more detail, we plan to import the following antelopes:

A)Latin binomial, including full taxonomic authority: Tragelaphus angasii (Angas, 1849) Class MAMMALIA Order CETARTIODACTYLA Family BOVIDAE Common Name/s Nyala Species Authority Angas, 1849

IUCN, 2009 Nyala are listed on the IUCN Red List as least concern although some population’s havce been seen to decline. Nyala are not currently held in New Zealand however Wellington Zoo, in conjunction with other New Zealand facilities inclusive of Keystone, has plans to import them along with other ungulate species in the near future. Keystone will be an integral part of this import process by housing animals in quarantine facilities on the property prior to their transmport to other facilities. Keystone will look to hold a mixed group of Nyala to support the breeding programme in new Zealand. 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

B) Latin binomial, including full taxonomic authority: Aepyceros melampus (Lichtenstein, 1812) Class MAMMALIA Order CETARTIODACTYLA Family BOVIDAE Common Name/s Impala Black faced impala Species Authority Lichtenstein, 1812

Infra-specific Taxa See Aepyceros melampus ssp. melampus Assessed: See Aepyceros melampus ssp. petersi

Impala are listed on the IUCN Red List as least concern, population stable (2008). Impala are not currently held in New Zealand however Wellington Zoo in collaboration with other zoos within New Zealand inclusive of Keystone, has plans to acquire them in the near future (refer Nyala information).

C) Latin binomial, including full taxonomic authority: Tragelaphus strepsiceros (Pallas, 1766)

Class MAMMALIA Order CETARTIODACTYLA Family BOVIDAE Common Name/s Greater kudu, woodland antelope Species Authority Pallas, 1766

IUCN, 2009 Greater kudu are listed on the IUCN Red List as least concern, population stable. Kudu are not currently held in New Zealand however wellington Zoo has plans to acquire them in the near future under HSNO approval NOC07010 (refer to Nyala information).

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

C)Latin binomial, including full taxonomic authority: Taurotragus oryx (Pallas, 1766)

Class MAMMALIA Order CETARTIODACTYLA Family BOVIDAE Common Name/s Eland Species Authority Pallas, 1766

IUCN, 2009 Eland are listed on the IUCN Red List as least concern, although the wild population has been reduced from over half its former range. Adult males are highly territorial around females and as such it will be beneficial for the Conservancy to provide another location for surplus animals to allow for future breeding of genetically important stock. Additionally, it is planned that Eland will be sourced overseas collaboratively by several New Zealand zoos to provide important new genetics for New Zealand’s breeding programme (refer to Nyala information).

References IUCN Red List retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from www.iucnredlist.org

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

3.2 Characteristics of the organism(s) to be imported Provide information on the biology, ecology and the main features or essential characteristics of each organism(s) to be imported. For example, note production of spores/seeds/pollen, conditions for growth and reproduction. Also provide information on affinities of the organism(s) with other organism(s) in New Zealand. This information should be relevant to the identification of the risks of the organism (section 5).

3.2.1 Ring-tailed Lemur - Lemur catta (Linnaeus, 1758 )

Habitat and Range The Ring-tailed Lemur inhabits the dry forests, spiny bush, and anthropogenic savannah, areas of lowland and upland southern and south-western Madagascar (Goodman et al. 2006 cited in IUCN 2009). Ring-tailed lemurs daily range averages 1km (Jolly 1966; Sussman 2000 cited in Cawthon, 2005).

Physical characteristics and adaptations Male and female ring-tailed lemur exhibit little sexual dimorphism. Both sexes have a long, vividly striped, black-and-white tail which they hold erect when they walk around. Their bodies are covered in a thick dense grey fur whilst their faces are white with black spectacles around the eyes and muzzle. Their eyes are a striking deep orange. Lemurs do not have a prehensile tail but exclusively use their hands and feet to move through the trees. They also spend a lot of time on the ground, which is unusual among lemur species (National Geographic Society, 2009). About 33% of an average day is spent on the ground (with 70% of group travel on the ground), the rest of its time is spent in mid- or upper-level canopy trees (23% and 25%, respectively), in small bushes (13%), or in the emergent layer of the canopy (6%) (Sussman , 2000, cited in Cawthon, 2005).

Male and Female Size Head and body, 17.75 in (45 cm); Tail Length tail, 21.75 in (55 cm) Weight 5 to 7.5 lbs (2.3 to 3.4 kg) Longevity Up to 18yrs in the wild; up to 27 years in captivity Reproductive Age Gestation 139 days Number of young 1-2 (adapted from Cawthon, 2005 and National Geographic Society, 2009)

Feeding Lemur are herbivorous foraging primarily for fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, tree bark, and sap (National Geographic Society, 2009). They will forage throughout the day with the highest feeding activity in the afternoons (Cawthon, 2005).

Behaviour and social requirements Ringtailed lemurs are diurnal. They live in mixed sex troops of 6 to 30 animals (average troop size 17) with a dominant female. The group may split into separate sleeping groups each night (Jolly 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

1966; Sussman 2000 cited in Cawthon, 2005). In the morning they may be found in their typical “lotus” position sunning themselves for thermoregulation (Jolly 1966 cited in Cawthon, 2005). The most active times of day are around early- mid afternoon when they are foraging, feeding and traveling. The troop will take several brief briefs throughout the date particularly if it is hot. After intensely feeding in the late afternoon, the entire group travels back to the sleeping tree where as a group they remain for the rest of the night, but during which individuals may move about the tree, groom, and interact (Jolly 1966; Sussman 2000 cited in Cawthon, 2005). Ring-tailed lemurs have strong scent glands and use their unique odor as a communication tool and for scent marking on trees. Their scent glands are also utilised during territorial displays during mating season. Male lemurs cover their long tails with these secretions and wave them in the air to determine which animal is more dominant (National Geographic Society, 2009).

Special Considerations Lemurs are susceptible to any disease or health problems common to other primate species (including humans). As such people with colds, or viruses should avoid contact with lemur. Staff should wear gloves when working with lemur to prevent transfer of pathogens. Lemur will also be susceptible to Giardia (potentially present in water sources) and toxoplasmosis (carried by feral cats).

As with other primate species, social structure is very important and care must be taken to ensure that lower status individuals within a troop are not picked on by others. Contraception is important to ensure that balance in social groups is maintained (ie number of males versus females remains stable).

Although the most terrestrial of all lemurs they require a variation of vegetation levels (inclusive of large trees which can support their weight) to climb into. If lemur feel threatened they will seek trees to escape into from perceived danger.

References

Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R.A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J.C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Sussman, R., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. 2008. Lemur catta. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . . Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 September 21. Primate Factsheets: Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed December 2009.

. Goodman et al, 2006. Cited in IUCN, 2009. IUCN Red List. Retrieved from www.iucnredlist.org December 2009.

. Jolly, 1996. Cited in Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 September 21. Primate Factsheets: Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed 2010 January. 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

. National Geographic Society downloaded November 2009 from http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/ring-tailed-lemur.html . Sussman, 2000. Cited in Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 September 21. Primate Factsheets: Ring- tailed lemur (Lemur catta) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed 2010 January.

3.2.2 Black and White Ruffed Lemur - Varecia variegata variegata (Kerr, 1792)

Habitat and Range Ruffed lemur inhabit lowland to mid-altitude rain forests (sea level to 1,350 m) in eastern Madagascar. They maintain large home ranges consisting of primary forest with tall trees. (Vasey, 2003 cited in IUCN, 2010).

Physical characteristics and adaptations Black and white ruffed lemur are one of the largest of the lemur species. Males and females exhibit no sexual dimorphism, both having distinctive black and white markings and a white ruffed neck. Their faces, ventral surface, hands, feet and tail are black while their ears, arms and dorsal surface are white. They have the distinctive dark orange eyes of other lemur species. Ruffed lemur are a diurnal lemur species and are exclusively aboreal. They are significantly larger and more powerful than ring tailed lemur.

Male and Female Size 43-57 cm Tail Length 60cm Weight 2.6 -4.1kg (average 3.3 kg (females and 3.6kg (males)) Longevity 20-25 years in the wild and 36 years in captivity Reproductive Age 2 years Number of young 1-5 Gestation (adapted from Gron, 2007)

Feeding Ruffed lemur are almost exclusively frugivorous and are very selective feeders (White et al. 1995, Ratsimbazafy 2002), They also enjoy nectar and flowers, followed by leaves and some seeds (Sussman, R.W. (2003).

Annually, ruffed lemurs spend an average of 28% of their time feeding, 53% resting, and 19% traveling with females resting less and feeding more than males. They are least active during the cold seasons (Vasey, 2005 cited in Gron, 2007).

Behaviour and social requirements Ruffed lemurs are highly territorial and practice communal care for infants. Group size and structure appear to vary considerably (Andrainarivo et al, 2008). 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

They are the only lemur which build nests high in the trees (10-20m) constructed of small branches, leaves and moss to give birth in. The young are initially left in the nest and are then carried in the mothers mouth (Mittermeier et al, 2008).

The mating season for black-and-white ruffed lemurs is during the dry season. Potentially large litters of 1-5 young which mature rapidly are born after a relatively short gestation period, reproductive traits normally found in nocturnal lemur (Sussman, 2003). Young are born at the onset of the rainy season when food is most plentiful. Parents take turn watching the young however only about one-third of the young survive infancy as falls are quite common. (Wild Madagascar.org, 2010)

Ruffed lemurs are found mainly in the crowns of trees during the day, preferring heights of 15 to 20m (49.2 to 65.6 ft), followed by 20 to 25m (65.6 to 82.0 ft) and finally 10 to 15m (32.8 to 49.2 ft) (Vasey 2004 cited in Gron, 2007).

Special Considerations Unlike ringtailed lemur, ruffed require an extensive aboreal environment of tree/structure types able to support their larger size and weight.

As with other primate species, social structure and health considerations are very important.

References Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R.A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J.C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. 2008. Varecia variegata. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . Downloaded on 10 February 2010.

Gron KJ. 2007 August 17. Primate Factsheets: Ruffed lemur (Varecia) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed December 2009. Mittermeier, R.A. 2008. Cited in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . Downloaded on 10 February 2010. Ratsimbazafy 2002. Cited in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . Downloaded on 10 February 2010. Sussman, R.W. (2003) [1999]. Primate Ecology and Social Structure. Vol. 1: Lorises, Lemurs, and Tarsiers (Revised 1st Edition ed.). Pearson Custom Publishing. pp. 195–200. ISBN 0-536- 74363-0. Cited in Wikipedia retrieved August 2010. Vasey 2003. Cited in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . Downloaded on 10 February 2010. Vasey, 2004. Cited in Gron KJ. 2007 August 17. Primate Factsheets: Ruffed lemur (Varecia) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed 2010 February 15. 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Vasey, 2005. Cited in Gron KJ. 2007 August 17. Primate Factsheets: Ruffed lemur (Varecia) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed 2010 February 15. White et al. 1995, Cited in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . Downloaded on 10 February 2010. Wild Madagascar.org. 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2010.

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3.2.3 Cotton Top Tamarin

Habitat and Range Cotton-top tamarins are one of three species of tamarin in the Amazon and are found in a small area of northwest Colombia (Snowdon & Soini 1988; Groves 2001). They inhabit humid tropical forest, dry deciduous forest, and secondary growth forest rarely above 400m (Hernández-Camacho & Cooper 1976; Snowdon & Soini 1988; Mast et al. 1993; Kinzey 1997). Rainfall varies between 500 and 1300 mm and there are periods when the forest floor is flooded (Neyman 1977).

Physical characteristics and adaptations Cotton-top tamarins are categorized in the bare-face group of tamarins (Garber 1993). They have a distinictinve fan of long white hair on their heads, mottled gray-brown shoulders, back, and rump and white stomach and limbs. They have reddish-brown hair on the back of their thighs and base of their tail but the rest of the tail is gray-brown-black (Rowe 1996; Groves 2001). Cotton-top tamarins are not sexually dimorphic. They are extremely light and agile running on all fours along fine to medium sized branches and leaping between trees (Rowe 1996; Kinzey 1997).

Male and Female Size 20.8-25.9cm Tail Length 33.0 -41.0cm Weight 416.5g (wild) – 565.6g (captive) Longevity Up to 24yrs in captivity (average 13.5 in wild) Reproductive Age Number of young Gestation 6 months (183 days)

(adapted from Hershkovitz, 1977, Rowe 1996 and Savage 1990)

Feeding Tamarins feed primarily on insects, fruit, plant exudates, and nectar, but have also been recorded eating reptiles and amphibians. It is important for tamarins to have a high-quality, high-energy diet because of their small-body size, limited gut volume, and rapid rate of food passage (Garber 1993).

Behaviour and social requirements Tamarins live in extended family groups of between four and 15 individuals, but usually 2-8. Saguinus oedipus lives in groups of 2-9. Generally, only one female per group breeds during a particular breeding season. Lives in groups of 2-9 individuals.(IUCN redlist).

Special Considerations Refer to previous primate considerations in regards social structure, zoonotic diseases.

References

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

. Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 May 18. Primate Factsheets: Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed December 2009.

. Garber 1993. Cited in Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 May 18. Primate Factsheets: Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed December 2009.

. IUCN, 2009. IUCN Red List. Retrieved from www.iucnredlist.org December 2009.

Savage, A. & Causado, J. 2008. Saguinus oedipus. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . Downloaded on December 2009. . Snowdon & Soini 1988;. Cited in Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 May 18. Primate Factsheets: Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed December 2009.

. Groves 2001. Cited in Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 May 18. Primate Factsheets: Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed December 2009.

. Hershkovitz, 1977. Cited in Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 May 18. Primate Factsheets: Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed December 2009.

. Kinzey 1997. Cited in Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 May 18. Primate Factsheets: Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed December 2009.

. Mast et al. 1993. Cited in Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 May 18. Primate Factsheets: Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed December 2009.

. Rowe, 1996. Cited in Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 May 18. Primate Factsheets: Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed December 2009.

. Savage, 1990. Cited in Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 May 18. Primate Factsheets: Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . . Accessed December 2009.

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3.2.4 Red Panda

Habitat and Range The Red Panda is endemic to temperate forests in the Himalayas ranging from Nepal in the west to China in the East (Stone). They live at an altitude of 2,200 - 4,800 meters with temperatures ranging between 10 and 25 °C with little annual change. Red pandas prefer mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests, especially with old trees and dense understories of bamboo (Glatston 1994; Roberts and Gittleman, 1984).(IUCN)

Physical characteristics and adaptations The Red Panda is a small arboreal mammal and the only species of the genus Ailurus. Males are significantly heavier than females but otherwise do not display any sexual dimorphism. They have dense, soft reddish-brown fur on their dorsal surface, black fur on the ventral surface and a white muzzle, eyebrows and cheek markings. Its roundish head has medium-sized upright ears, a black nose, and very dark eyes. Its long bushy tail with six alternating yellow/ red transverse rings provides balance and camouflage (Stone, ). The legs are black, short with thick fur on the soles of the paws hiding scent glands and serving as thermal insulation on snow-covered or ice surfaces (Pocock, 1941).

Male Female Size 79 -120 cm long (including tail) Tail Length 30-60cm Weight 4.5 -6.2kg 3 -4.5kg Longevity 8-10 yrs average (15 years in captivity) Reproductive Age 18 months Gestation 112 to 158 days (mean 134days) (adapted from Roberts, 1993) The Red Panda is specialized as a bamboo feeder with strong, curved and sharp semi-retractile claws standing inward for grasping of narrow tree branches, leaves and fruit. Like the Giant Panda, it has a “false thumb” that is an extension of the wrist bone (Wang et al, 2008). Their fur is very thick and dense to protect against their natural cold mountain habitat.

The Red Panda are crepuscular and nocturnal spending the majority of the day sleeping spread out on tree branches or hollows and are most active at dusk, night and dawn (Roberts & Gittleman, 1984).

Feeding The Red Pandas diet, like its distant relative the Giant panda, consists of about two –thirds bamboo. As bamboo is not highly nutritious and pandas cannot digest cellulose, they must consume large volumes of high quality tender leaves and shoots each day for maintenance (over 1.5 kilograms of fresh leaves and 4 kilograms of fresh shoots daily), but they also eats berries, fruit, mushrooms, roots, acorns, lichen, and grasses. Red panda occasionally supplement their diet with young birds, 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

fish, eggs, small rodents, and insects. In captivity it readily eats meat (Wei, Fuwen et al 1999). Red panda diet is largely vegetarian, and consists chiefly of young leaves and shoots of bamboo, yet also includes fruit, roots, succulent grasses, acorns, lichens, bird eggs, insects, and grubs (Choudhury 2001, cited in Wang et al, 2008).

Behaviour and social requirements The Red Panda is territorial. Adults are solitary except during mating season. Both sexes may mate with more than one partner during the mating season (mid-January to early March)(Nowak, 1999).A few days before the birth, the female begins to collect material, such as brushwood, grass, and leaves, to use for the nest. The nest is normally located in a hollow tree or a rock crevice. (Roberts & Gittleman, 1984).

Males rarely help raise the young, and only if they live in pairs or small groups (Nowak, 1999). Red pandas are mainly active from dusk to dawn, and are largely sedentary during the day.

Special Considerations Red pandas come from temperate habitats in the Himalayas as such they are very heat sensitive, with an optimal “well-being” temperature between 17 and 25 °C, and do not tolerate temperatures over 25 °C (Roberts & Gittleman. 1984).

References

Choudhury, A. 2001. An overview of the status and conservation of the red panda Ailurus fulgens in India, with reference to its global status. Oryx 35: 250-259. Cited in Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda. Glatston, A.R (ed). 1994. Status survey and conservation action plan for Procyonids and Ailurids: The red panda, olingos, coatis, raccoons and their relatives. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Cited in Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda. Nowak R. M. 1999. Walker’s Mammals of the World. 2 (sixth ed.). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. pp. 695–696. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9. http://books.google.com/books/jhu?q=ailurus+fulgens&hl=en&vid=9780801857898&btn G=Go#v=snippet&q=ailurus%20fulgens&f=false. Retrieved 2009-10-31 Cited in Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda. Pocock, R. 1941. The Fauna of British India. Mammalia Volume II, Carnivora. Taylor and Francis, Ltd., London,. pp. 250-264. http://www.archive.org/details/PocockMammalia2. Retrieved 2010-02-23. Cited in Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda. Roberts, M. S.; Gittleman, J. L. 1984. "Ailurus fulgens". Mammalian Species (222): 1–8. http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/4231/1/Roberts1984.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09- 17. Cited in Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda.

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Stone, D. Raccoons and their relatives. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Species Survival Commission. ISBN 2831700515. Cited in Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda. Wang, X., Choudhry, A., Yonzon, P., Wozencraft, C. & Than Zaw 2008. Ailurus fulgens. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . Downloaded on December 2009. Wei, Fuwen; Feng, Zuojian; Wang, Zuwang; Zhou, Ang; Hu, Jinchu. 1999. "Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the red panda Ailurus fulgens". Journal of Zoology 248: 535–541. Abstract retrieved on 2009-10-25 Glatston 1994:20 Cited in Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda.

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3.2.5 Meerkat

Habitat and Range Meerkat are native to and widespread in Angola; Botswana; Namibia; South Africa (IUCN). They inhabit arid, open country, characterized by short grasses and sparse woody growth. They are absent from true desert and forested areas, and also from mountainous terrain (Macdonald in press, cited in IUCN). Meerkats dig extensive burrow systems which are utilised by the entire group to raise pups and as a defence from larger predators.

Physical characteristics and adaptations Meerkats are small muscular members of the mongoose family with non retractable claws adapted for digging. They are a golden-grey colouration with distinctive dark grey mask, pale underside and face and banded rump (Kingdon, 2004).

Male and Female

Size 24.5 -31cm Tail Length 19-24cm Weight 620 -970g Longevity 21 years Reproductive Age 1 year Number of young 2-4 Gestation 77 days (adapted from Kingdon, 2004 and The website of Everything, 2010)

Feeding Meerkats have relatively high activity levels and spend a large portion of their day hunting and digging for food and digging. They are carnivorous, feeding mostly on invertebrates such as termites, larvae and pupae (Kingdon, 2004).

Behaviour and social requirements Meerkats are a very social and hierarchical species forming groups of around 10 animals which may include several breeding pairs (Kingdon, 2004). A dominant female keeps stability within a group and determines breeding of other females. Meerkats practice a seasonal breeding order which, amongst others, allow for no more than one female to breed at the same time within the same group. Depending on availability of resources, females will produce between one and three litters per year. The entire group participates in the care of young. While the others are out foraging for food, one helper remains at the den to tend to the young and there is always a sentry to alert the rest of the group while they are sleeping. (WAZA, 2010)

Special Considerations Due to their strong social hierarchies, dominance issues particularly between females can be an issue. Maintenance of group stability is therefore very important.

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasmosis gondii is an intestinal parasite widespread in their host species, cats (both domestic and wild species). Cats may not show clinical signs of the parasite, and naturally shed it into the environment in their faeces. Pregnant woman are especially at risk from ingestion of the parasite as it can cause severe birth abnormalities in human foetuses. Meerkats are also known to be extremely susceptible to toxoplasmosis (Juan-Salles, 1997) with multiple deaths of meerkats in zoos throughout New Zealand having been recorded from this disease. Infected cats defecate in the sandy substrate of the meerkats enclosure and the parasitic oocytes are ingested by the meerkats during grooming. Care should therefore be taken to ensure cats do not have access to the meerkats enclosure at anytime.

References

Juan-Salles, c., Prats, N., Lopez, S., Domingo, N., Marco, J.A., Fernandez-Moran, J. 1997. Epizootic Disseminated Toxoplasmosis in captive Slender Tailed Meerkats (Suricata suricata). Vet Pathol. 34:1-7. Macdonald, D. & Hoffmann, M. 2008. Suricata suricatta. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . Downloaded on 10 February 2010 Macdonald, D. W. In press. Suricata suricatta. In: J. S. Kingdon and M. Hoffmann (eds), The Mammals of Africa, Academic Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Cited in IUCN Redlist. The Website of Everything. 2010. Meerkat. Retrieved from http://thewebsiteofeverything.com/animals/mammals/Carnivora/Herpestidae/Suricata/Suricata- suricatta.html June 2010. WAZA . 2001. http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/small-carnivores- 1254385523/suricata-suricatta

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3.2.7 Greater Flamingo

Range and Habitat Flamingos are found in warm, lakes and lagoons on many continents including Africa, Asia, Europe and Central and South America (San Diego Zoo). They favor estuarine environments and saline or alkaline lakes thriving on the extensive mud flats where they breed and feed (Birdlife International, 2009).

Physical characteristics and adaptations Greater flamingos are a tall, distinctive pink bird inhabiting lakes and lagoons. They have long, long, curved necks and black-tipped bills with a distinctive downward bend which allow them to feed in deep water. They are also strong swimmers (National Geographic, 2010; San Diego Zoo, 2010). They are born gray and white and do not turn pink for two years. The pink colouration is due to the food that they eat (National Geographic, 2010). Flamingos are also strong swimmers.

Male and Female Size 91 to 127 cm tall Wing span 152 cm Weight 4 kg Longevity 20-30 average (but up to 50years) Reproductive Age 3-5 years Incubation 27-31 days Number of eggs laid 1 (adapted from National Geographic 2010; San Diego Zoo, 2010)

Feeding Flamingos are omnivorous, feeding on plankton, tiny fish, crustaceans, fly larvae, the seeds or stolons of marsh grasses, algae, diatoms and decaying leaves which they filter through a structure in their bent beak (Birdlife International, 2009). They use their long legs and webbed feet to stir up the mud from mudflats and shallow water. Any muddy water sucked in is expelled leaving only food items (San Diego Zoo, 2010; National Geographic, 2010).

Behaviour and social requirements Greater flamingos live and feed in colonies of a few pairs to as many as 10,000 birds (San Diego Zoo, 2010). As a prey species, they find safety in numbers. Greater flamingos breed while gathered in groups on the mudflats. Once mating is complete, a pair takes turns incubating their single egg on a nest (National Geographic, 2010) made of mud approximately 30cm high above the water (San Diego Zoo, 2010). In years when wetlands and pools are dry and food scarce, flamingoes may not breed.

Special Considerations

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

The flamingo’s pink color, which is very important for stimulating reproduction, comes from the food they eat, including algae, diatoms, and small aquatic insects and crustaceans (San Diego Zoo, 2010). As such flamingos in captivity require appropriate dietary supplementation to mimic their wild diet and stimulate reproduction. Social and environmental conditions are also important for reproduction; these include appropriate numbers of males versus females and appropriate water and nesting conditions.

Flamingo are physically delicate and can be injured very easily. As such direct contact with visitors is not appropriate.

References BirdLife International 2009. Phoenicopterus roseus. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . Downloaded on 10 February 2010. National Geographic retrieved from http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/greater-flamingo.html on January 2010. San Diego Zoo. Retrieved from http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-flamingo.html January 2010.

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3.2.8 Brazilian Tapir

Habitat and Range The Brazilian tapir not only inhabits Brazil but also occurs through a wide geographic range from North-Central Colombia and east of the Andes throughout tropical lowland rainforest in South America. It is best suited to primary or old growth secondary forest (TSG, 2010). All tapir prefer a wet climate and usually live near water, although sometimes they are found in comparatively dry forests (TTG, 2010).

Physical characteristics and adaptations The Brazilian tapir is brown in colour with a stiff mane or crest running from shoulder to forehead ( possibly as a protection from jaguars (TTG, 2010)). It is the size of a small pony and when running, resembles the galloping of a horse. They possess large teeth, for grinding up plants and seeds, and a prehensile proboscis or snout, which they use to reach for leaves and fruits (TSG, 2010). New born tapirs weigh approximately 15-25 pounds at birth (TTG, 2010) and have white spots on a brown to reddish-brown background. This provides camouflage in the forest. (TSG, 2010) Tapir are strong swimmers, known to cross rivers to bathe and take to the water to escape predators. Their splayed feet, help them walk in muddy and soft ground. All are dense and bulky with hard, tough skin which provides protection from predators. Tapir are crepuscular commonly, sleeping during the middle part of the night. Both male and female tapirs are generally territorial with partially overlapping ranges. Although considered solitary, new research shows that pairs may stay together and potentially mate for life. At times small tapir family groups are seen in the wild - most often a mother and offspring (TTG, 2010).

Male and Female Size Up to 1.8m long Weight Up to 225kg Longevity 30 years Reproductive Age Number of young 1 (twins rare) Gestation 12- 13months (adapted from TSG, 2010 )

Feeding Tapirs are herbivorous eating fruits and grazing on other vegetation. They are considered important seed dispersers (TSG, 2010). They are crepuscular feeders, feeding in the early or late hours of the day (TTG, 2010).

Behaviour and social requirements The Brazilian tapir is primarily solitary and shy, grazing and foraging at night, and resting or hiding during the day. (TSG, 2010). Young tapir are born able to walk and can swim at a very young age. They are left hidden in thick foliage for the first few weeks of its life while the mother forages for food during the night. When she returns, she nurses the baby, always lying down to do so. Baby tapir feed predominantly on 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

mothers milk for the first few months and up to over a year. After a few weeks, the baby begins to follow the mother, mouthing leaves and fruit alongside her. The role of the father in the family and in rearing the young is not clearly determined, but in the few cases in captivity where pairs have been kept together throughout the birth and early rearing process, the father seems to take an active role in watching the youngster (TSG, 2010)

Special Considerations Tapir are powerful animals which if alarmed will seek refuge in water or forested areas. As such appropriate areas must be made available to ensure that they do not inadvertently push through fencing when frightened.

References TTG - The Tapir Gallery. Retrieved from http://www.tapirback.com/tapirgal/describd.htm 10th January. TSG - Tapir Specialist Group. Retrieved from http://www.tapirs.org/tapirs/index.html January 2010.

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3.2.9 Antelope

Antelope are species that are preyed upon in the wild by Lions, African Wild Dogs and other large predators. Because of this they live in herds as a form of protection. Animals will not willingly leave the herd as this would make them more susceptible to predation. As such this would help prevent animals from escaping containment as they would not readily leave the rest of the herd. The Standard requires the containment enclosure to reflect the size of the species being contained, a minimum of 1.8 m high fence will be required for any of the species covered by this application.

We are specifically interested in importing the following antelope:

Nyala

Habitat and Range Nyala inhabit dense lowland woodlands and thickets near water in southern Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and eastern South Africa (IUCN, 2002 cited in Ultimate Ungulate, 2010). The Impala is a water-dependent and typical ecotone species, associated with light woodlands and savannas, selecting open Acacia savannas with nutrient-rich soils providing good-quality grass, and high-quality browse in the dry season (Fritz and Bourgarel in press).(IUCN SCC Group, 2008).

Physical characteristics and adaptations Nyala are the most sexually dimorphic of all antelopes (Ultimate Ungulate, 2010). Females and immature males have no horns or mane and have a reddish coat with 10 or more vertical white stripes up the sides. They also have white spots on the face, throat, flanks, and thighs.

Males are larger than females, and have a shaggy dark brown to charcoal grey coat, often with a bluish tinge. The length of this coat generally obscures the torso stripes. There are fewer and less conspicuous markings than on the female, but there is a bold erectile white dorsal crest. The lower legs are tawny. The yellow-tipped horns have 1-1.5 twists, and grow 60-83 cm long. Both sexes have a white chevron between the eyes, and the bushy tail is white on the underside (Ultimate Ungulate, 2010).

Male Female Size 135-195 cm Shoulder height 80-120 cm Tail Length 40-55 cm Horns 60 – 83cm N/A Weight 55-140 kg Longevity Up to 16 years Reproductive Age 18mths 11-12 months Gestation 7months 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Number of young 1 (adapted from Ultimate Ungulate, 2010)

Feeding Nyala like other ungulate species are herbivorous browsing on leaves and fruits and grazing on grasses (Ultimate Ungulate, 2010).

Behaviour and social requirements Nyala live in single sex groups and mixed family groups of 2-10 individuals. Mature bulls are solitary (Ultimate Ungulate, 2010).

Nyala are very shy and cautious in open spaces preferring to stay in forested areas. Most sightings of nyala occur at water holes. They are most active during the early morning and late afternoon, resting in thick brush during the hottest times of the day. The alarm call is a sharp, dog-like bark. Individual home ranges average 0.65 square km for males and 0.83 km for females. These individual areas overlap extensively, and there is no indication of territoriality (ultimate Ungulate, 2010). Two birthing peaks occur - one in spring and one in autumn. After birth, kids lie concealed away from their mother, subsequently joining a 'kindergarten' group with other animals of the same age. (Ultimate Ungulate, 2010).

Special Considerations Nyala are a woodland species and as such require dense areas to hide in to ensure their mental and physical health. Provision of viewing waterhole areas will provide observation opportunities. As with all ungulate species it is important to ensure appropriate herd makeup and size. As a prey species it is also necessary to ensure that species appropriate areas and cover are provided to ensure animals do not become stressed.

References

IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008. Aepyceros melampus. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . Downloaded on 10 February 2010. Ultimate Ungulate, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Tragelaphus_angasii.html February 2010.

Impala

Habitat and Range Impala inhabit wooded savannahs in eastern Africa, and in an isolated pocket in Namibia (Ultimate ungulate, 2010).

Physical characteristics and adaptations

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Impala have a light tan torso with a reddish saddle. Their undersides are white, as are the rings around the eyes. The muzzle and chin are a lighter tan. The ear tips are black and there are three black stripes on the rump (two on the flanks and one down the tail). Tufts of dark hair above the rear hoofs give the impala its name. The male only has lyre-shaped horns with ridges and are "S"- shaped and slender (Ultimate Ungulate, 2010).

Male Female Body Length 120-160 cm Shoulder height 75-95 cm Tail Length 30-45 cm Horns 45-92 cm N/A Weight 40-80 kg Longevity Up to 15years Reproductive Age 1.5 years 1 years Gestation 6.5 -7 months Number of young 1

(adapted from Ultimate Ungulate, 2010) Feeding Impala are herbivorous browsing on leaves, blossoms, fruit and grazing on grasses (Ultimate Ungulate, 2010).

Behaviour and social requirements Male impala stay in herds of about 30 and females and young in herds of up to 200.

About 1/3 of adult males hold territories, which vary in size from 0.2-0.9 square kms. These territories are marked with urine and feces, and are defended against the intrusion of rival males. The owner of the territory attempts to control any female herds which wander into it.

Impala can leap up to 2.5m high and over 9 m long. Unlike many other plains grazers, the impala flees into dense vegetation rather than out into the open grassland. Impala are active throughout the 24-hour day, alternating resting and grazing. Herds have a home range of about 2-6 square km (Ultimate Ungulate, 2010).

Special Considerations As with all ungulate species it is important to ensure appropriate herd makeup and size. As a prey species it is also necessary to ensure that species appropriate areas and cover are provided to ensure animals do not become stressed.

References Ultimate Ungulate. Retrieved from http://www.ultimateungulate.com/artiodactyla/aepyceros_melampus.html February 2010.

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008. Aepyceros melampus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2. . Downloaded on 04 Feb 2010.http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/550/0

Greater Kudu

Habitat and Range Kudu inhabit woodlands, scrub, and open forests up to 2,450 m in Eastern and Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe) (IUCN, 2002 cited in Ultimate Ungulate, 2010).

Physical characteristics and adaptations Kudu are a grayish tan to bluish grey colour. There are numerous white markings on their short coat, including 6-10 vertical stripes along the sides, a chevron between the eyes, and cheek spots. On the neck and shoulders is an erectile crest, while underneath a mane extends along the throat. The black-tipped, bushy tail is white underneath, and there are black garters on the upper legs. Kudus ears are large and round and very sensitive. The males spiraled horns have up to 3 full turns, diverging slightly as they slant back from the head. (Ultimate Ungulate, 2010).

Male Female Body length 185-245 cm Shoulder height 100-160 cm Tail Length 30-55 cm Weight 120-315 kg Longevity Up to 23 years Horns 100-140 cm N/A Reproductive Age 21-24 months 15-21 months Gestation 7-9 months (adapted from Ultimate Ungulate, 2010)

Feeding Greater kudu browse on leaves and grasses (Ultimate Ungulate, 2010).

Behaviour and social requirements As with other ungulate species, Greater kudu may be active throughout the 24-hour day. They are shy and difficult to approach and can easily jump up to a height of 2.5m.

Kudu live in small single sex groups up to 10, though congregations of 20-30 individuals have been recorded (ultimate ungulate, 2010). They are not territorial, although they do have 'home' areas. Home ranges of males are approximately 11 square kms and overlap with 2-3 female groups. 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Males will fight using their spiral horns which can become interlocked and so cause death (Ultimate Ungulate, 2010).

References Ultimate Ungulate, 2010. Downloaded from http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Tragelaphus_strepsiceros.html February 2010

IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008. Tragelaphus strepsiceros. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2. . Downloaded on 04 August 2010.http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/22054/0

Eland

Habitat and Range

Physical characteristics and adaptations Eland have a short smooth tan coat may with narrow white vertical stripes on the flanks. Males are usually darker, with a gray or bluish tinge to their coat, and have a distinctive dark 'rug' of hair on their foreheads. There is a pendulous, black-tufted dewlap on the lower throat. The slightly diverging horns are found in both sexes and are virtually straight, with 2 tight twists. Horns in females are longer and thinner than in males.

Male Female Body length 200-345 cm Shoulder height 130-180 cm Tail Length 60-90 cm Horns Up to 65cm Up to 68cm Weight 300-1,000 kg Longevity Up to 25yrs Reproductive Age 4-5 years 15-36 months Gestation 9mths Number of young 1 (adapted from Ultimate Ungulate, 2010)

Feeding Eland are herbivorous browsing on leaves, blossoms, fruit and grazing on grasses (Ultimate Ungulate, 2010). 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Behaviour and social requirements Eland live in large mixed herds, of around 25-70 individuals. They are most active in the morning and late afternoon, resting during the heat of the day. Elands are extremely fast for their size reaching speeds of over 70 km/hr and jumping heights of 1.5 m. Eland are not territorial but adult males within female herds do show a distinct social hierarchy. Home range sizes vary dramatically with respect to sex and season. In the dry season, males used an average of 11.7 square kms out of their 41.1 square kms total range. Female herds had a dry season range of 26.1 square kms, while in the wet season this expanded to 222.0 square kms (Ultimate Ungulate, 2010).

References Ultimate Ungulate, 2010. Downloaded from http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Taurotragus_oryx.html February 2010

IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008. Tragelaphus oryx. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2. . Downloaded on 04 Feb 2010.

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Section Four – The Proposed Containment System and its Effectiveness

4.1 Describe the proposed containment system (physical and operational) and the ability of the organism(s) to escape from this system. The adequacy of the containment regime is a principal consideration so you need to provide comprehensive information on the containment system. Containment facilities must be registered by MAF, and you should provide documentary evidence of this. Refer to relevant containment manuals as appropriate. Please also ensure that ERMA New Zealand has an up-to-date copy of the containment manual relating to this facility. Identify possible pathways of escape of the organism(s) from containment, including through lapses of security or sabotage. Describe the biological features of the organism(s) that might affect its ability to escape from containment.

4.1.1 General All enclosures (indoor and outdoor) will take into account species physical and psychological requirements and as such take into account topography, shelter, substrate, drainage and access to feed and water at all times.

All containment areas will comply with the MAF Biosecurity Authority Standard 154.03.04, Containment Facilities for Zoo Animals.

Maintenance of enclosures and systems (as per 4.2.4 of the Standard) The following applies to all species individual enclosure systems:

Qualified staff will carry out, as part of their daily routine, integrity checks on all boundary and perimeter fences, gates and locks. Any inconsistencies or failures will be reported to the Farm Manager immediately and the resident animals will either a) not be given access to that enclosure or b) removed from the enclosure until such a time as the integrity of the facility has been restored. Animals will only be released back into an enclosure once clearance has been given by the Farm Manager.

All functioning systems will be inspected daily by keeping staff and audited objectively by non- keeping staff on a 6 monthly basis. Maintenance of any substandard systems may be carried out by keeping staff if appropriate to their skills and experience. More extensive restorative work or proactive maintenance will be carried out by appropriately skilled staff as organised by the Farm Manager. All maintenance work will be recorded in a daily diary and thus reported to the Farm Manager.

Instructions on functioning systems including electric fences, heating, housing, water supply, lighting systems, any hydraulic gating systems, locking and manual gating systems, fire alarms, fire equipment and additional mechanical, transport or electrical maintenance equipment will be clearly displayed in appropriate facilities. All keeping staff will be trained in the use of all functioning systems as part of their induction and ongoing professional development.

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Access of People to the Containment Facility (as per 4.4 of the Standard) The following will apply to all enclosures except those where supervised access to invited guests is allowed (ie lemur, tamarin and red panda enclosures):

Prominent signs will be displayed at all entrances to the exotic animal areas to show that the premises are a containment facility and that any unauthorized entry by people and animals is prohibited. Procedures in place to ensure that unauthorized access does not occur will include locked gates with restricted key access. Although there will be no paid public entrance into the facility, any visitors to the facility will only be allowed access to the outside of the enclosure and protected and supervised contact with animals at all times.

All entrances to the containment facility will be kept locked unless in active use.

All appropriate measures will be taken to ensure the safety of all staff and visitors including an evaluation of any accidents and potential accidents on site.

General Housing Requirements Dimensions of each enclosure will be appropriate to the species requirements (physical and behavioural), and proposed animal numbers. Materials will be appropriate to the environmental conditions and sympathetic to the surrounding landscape. They must also be of a strength and type appropriate to the species size and strength.

Species specific indoor areas will be accessible to the animals at all times and provide for their thermoregulation and security as well as provide a means for separating animals off where necessary for treatment, isolation and/or transport requirements.

4.1.2 Species Specific Enclosures

Lemur (Ring-tailed and Black and White Ruffed) (Primates P2 to be held as per MAF Biosecurity Standard 154.03.04). It is envisaged that lemur containment areas will be located on islands within one of the properties existing lakes).

Access of People to the Containment Facility There will be no unauthorised public access to the lemur area. Visitors will be able to access the lemur islands under supervision of trained animal keepers. Access will be via a “lemur bridge” (or approved equivalent) either with or without a double gated door system. Visitors will be contained within a specific area in the enclosure, barriers restricting access to lemur only areas on the island to ensure animals do not become stressed.

Barriers The enclosure area will be positioned within a lake in such a way to meet the Enclosure Standards for Primates P2 (MAF Biosecurity Authority Standard 154.03.04). A water barrier has been successfully used to contain lemurs within New Zealand facilities (eg Auckland Zoo and Orana Park). Access to the island area by visitors may be via a “lemur proof bridge” or its equivalence. 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

A lemur bridge is made from metal grating with hot wired rails embedded in them. Power is turned on only at night or occasionally when the exhibit is closed. Lemurs tend not to walk on metal grating and remain accustomed to not touching the bridge when they have learned about the hot wire. This design has been used successfully at Zoo Muenster, Germany (Zoolex).

Outdoor Enclosure: The main outdoor enclosure areas for each lemur species will take into account their physical and psychological requirements through provision of adequate trees of varying sizes and canopy heights (particularly in the case of ruffed lemur) balanced with open grassed areas (particularly in the case of ring-tailed lemur). Food, water and shelter will be accessible to all animals at all times.

Indoor Enclosure: Separate indoor enclosures will be available to each species and provide warm secure night time quarters and the ability to separate and where necessary isolate individuals from the main group through provision of raceway which leads into and between indoor areas.

References

Zoolex downloaded February 2010 from http://www.zoolex.org/publication/fiby/paignton04/paignton04.html

Cotton top Tamarin (Primates P2 to be held as per MAF Biosecurity Standard 154.03.04) It is envisaged that tamarins may be kept in a treed area on one of the properties islands or in appropriately contained area on the properties mainland.

Access of People to the Containment Facility (as per 4.4 of the Standard) Visitors will not have access to the tamarin enclosure unless under supervision by animal manager or keeper under authority of the animal manager. Such access will be monitored and for the purposes of education and advocacy.

Barriers A horizontal or vertical barrier as per Enclosure Standards for Primates P2 (MAF Biosecurity Authority Standard 154.03.04) will be provided to meet containment requirements. This will be in the form of either a body of water (both a physical and psychological barrier) and/or walled areas (physical barrier) where applicable.

Outdoor Enclosure: Outdoor area will provide for the species physical and behavioural needs through provision of appropriately treed environment and access to food and water at all times. Enclosure areas are to be accessed by secure double boundary system.

Indoor Enclosure: An indoor den area will be provided to ensure animals may be contained at night and isolated or separated when required. All animals will be conditioned to enter these areas as per general husbandry practice. 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Red Panda (Carnivore C3 to be held as per MAF Biosecurity Standard 154.03.04)

Access of People to the Containment Facility (as per 4.4 of the Standard) Visitors will not have access to the red panda enclosure unless under supervision by animal manager or keeper under authority of the animal manager. Such access will be monitored and for the purposes of education and advocacy.

Barriers A horizontal or vertical barrier as per Enclosure Standards for Procyonidae (MAF Biosecurity Authority Standard 154.03.04) will be provided to meet containment requirements.

Indoor Enclosure: A suitable indoor area with associated access will be accessible at all times and allow isolated or separated when required. All animals will be conditioned to enter these areas as per general husbandry practice.

Meerkat (Carnivores C3 as per MAF Biosecurity Standard 154.03.04) P 39 Meerkats are to be held in a separate area from other species.

Access of People to the Containment Facility (as per 4.4 of the Standard) There will be no public access to the meerkats containment area.

Barriers Meerkats are excellent diggers but poor climbers, jumpers or swimmers. As such a vertical height twice the body length plus 15% (as per MAF B1 requirements) or horizontal width 4x body length plus 15% is more than adequate. Any barrier should ensure that the public cannot reach the meerkats (as meerkats are known to bite). Any barrier must however have foundations set to an appropriate depth and set within a substrate unsuitable for digging (scoria etc) to ensure that containment is not breached via digging beneath the barrier fencing. Staff entrance should be through a double door system to ensure meerkats are not able to escape when perimeter door is opened.

Outdoor Enclosure: An outdoor area will be provided that provides for all social, physical and psychological requirements of meerkats. This will include adequate substrates for digging (whilst ensuring perimeter integrity), adequate space for group numbers and correct siting to take into account

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

vantage points to encourage sentry behaviour and discourage breach by other animals into the enclosure (ie feral cats, dogs, large animals that can climb over smaller barriers etc).

Indoor Enclosure: Meerkats are an African savannah species and as such provision of some source of heat is required during winter. An indoor area with heat lamps and tunnel access into the outside burrow areas will provide for the physical requirements of this species and also allow for catching up and/or segregation of animals for treatment where required.

Greater Flamingo (Avian Species to be held as per MAF Biosecurity Standard 154.03.04) Flamingo will have wings clipped and as such be held as per 1.1.2 for non-flighted birds.

Access of People to the Containment Facility (as per 4.4 of the Standard) There will be no public access to the flamingo containment area.

Barriers Containment area will be located within one of the properties lake areas with a vertical containment structure erected of a height from the water to exceed jumping height plus 15%. Flamingos are not known for their jumping abilities and assuming that the depth of the water is greater than their leg length (so as to ensure flamingo are not able to stand on the bottom) the structure above the water may be no more than 500-900mm. Alternatively an electric wire may be erected just above the waters surface to provide both a physical and psychological barrier.

Outdoor Enclosure: The outdoor enclosure area will provide for all physical and psychological requirements of the species including adequate space to ensure ability to flock, access to shallow water areas to allow appropriate feeding, reproductive and nesting behaviours and provision of natural shelter from wind, rain and sun. Enclosure area will be accessible through a double gated system.

Indoor Enclosure: An indoor area will be provided to ensure additional shelter. This area will also provide the ability for birds to be segregated, isolated or introduced as required.

Ungulate Species: Tapir, Nyala, Impala, Greater Kudu, Eland (Ungulates to be held as per MAF Biosecurity Standard 154.03.04) All ungulate species with the exception of Tapir will be housed in a mixed species outdoor enclosure area potentially with the existing giraffe and zebra or similar enclosure. Each of the listed species will additionally have access to separate indoor housing and yard areas to enable proper husbandry and fulfilment of specific species requirements.

Tapir will be contained in separate outdoor enclosure areas, with access to water (and potentially housing with other South American species such as tamarin), however containment requirements will be as for all other ungulate species.

Access of People to the Containment Facility (as per 4.4 of the Standard) 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Except for tapir where supervised access may be allowed, there will be no public access inside the ungulates containment area.

Barriers: For all species except tapir, impala and kudu the following will apply: . Natural water areas in conjunction with electric fencing where appropriate . Dry moats/haha – slope down to 1.5m deep, 4.5m wide at bottom and rising from outside wall at 60º angle. . Large vertical poles or logs of spacing to contain all animals . Fencing – 1.8m high and strong enough to withstand any animal leaning on it to reach any overhanging trees. . All fencing will consist of 3m tanalised posts pile driven 1200mm into the ground Tapir do not jump and as such do not require a high vertical barrier.

Impala and greater kudu are known to jump up to 2.5m and as barriers will be required to Outdoor Enclosure Areas Outdoor enclosure will provide for each ungulates requirements (ie forested areas for more secretive species and water areas for tapir).

Indoor Housing and Yards Housing Dimensions of each indoor housing area will be appropriate to the species requirements (physical and behavioural), and proposed animal numbers. Materials will be appropriate to the environmental conditions and sympathetic to the surrounding landscape. They must also be of a strength and type appropriate to the species size and strength. Appropriate crush facilities for each species will be in place to allow for appropriate and safe management of all animals. Access doors and gates will be appropriate to access type: animal, human and vehicular.

Yards Yards will completely surround each indoor housing area and provide for separate areas that may be opened up to provide access throughout. Yards size will be dependant on species type and their physical and psychological requirements and numbers of animals to be held Both the yards and indoor housing areas will be accessed by two double hinged gates large enough for vehicular access – one to be used as access from the Farm and the other as animal access to the main enclosure. For all ungulate species (except tapir), yard fencing will be constructed of 1.8m cyclone mesh topped by a triple hot wire extending the height to 2m, attached to galvanized poles. Exterior to this will be a secondary perimeter boundary fence or alternatively a haha and bunt to provide a 2 metre rise.

The human access doors will be locked with a numerical combination coded system. The animal doors will be bolted in place and secured with padlocks. External yard doors will be locked with high quality safety padlocks that do not release the key unless locked. This will ensure that locks are not left open accidentally.

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Section Five - Identification and Assessment of Risks, Costs, and Benefits This section must include information on the beneficial and adverse effects referred to in the HSNO Act. It is easier to regard risks and costs as being adverse (or negative) and benefits as being positive. You should consider costs and benefits with respect to both non-monetary and monetary (dollar) terms and also consider the distribution of this incidence. Provide a brief description of where the information in the application has been sourced from, e.g. from in-house research, independent research, technical literature, community or other consultation.

5.1 Ability of organism(s) to establish a self-sustaining population. Discuss the ability of the organism(s) to establish an undesirable self-sustaining population, should an escape from containment occur, and the ease with which such a population could be eradicated. You should consider the ability of the organism(s) to survive and reproduce if it did escape from containment.

KWC proposes to hold Lemur (Ring-tailed and Black and White Ruffed), Cotton- top Tamarin, Tapir (Brazilian), Red Panda, Greater Flamingo, and Meerkat with initial animals being imported from within New Zealand. The KWC also proposes to hold antelopes such as Nyala, Impala, Kudu and Eland which will be brought into New Zealand in collaboration with other New Zealand zoo facilities.

Possible pathways of escape are: Escape during transport to containment facilities accidental or deliberate escape from enclosure, escape due to accidental/unintentional or deliberate removal by people, and escape from containment following natural disaster (flood, earthquake etc.) or fire.

The containment standard 154.03.04 requires measures be taken to prevent escape by any of these pathways.

For the imported animals to establish a self-sustaining population in the wild, a male and female (or pregnant female) would need to escape, evade capture, breed and/or produce offspring that would need to survive and breed themselves.

If escape from containment were to occur, all ungulate species would also have to negotiate a large number of deer fences, farm fences, cattle stops, natural tree barriers, lakes, hahas and the Kaipara harbour shoreline before leaving the property.

In the event that any of the primate and carnivore species escaped containment the above barriers would also apply (to a greater or lesser extent depending on the species). Lemur, tamarin and red panda are predominantly aboreal species which would seek treed areas if threatened. Assuming this scenario was to occur, all animals (including flamingo) would be very conspicuous within the natural landscape and be easily identifiable. In addition they would be unlikely to live unsupported 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

in the wild short term due to the fact that many of the described species naturally exist only in the open savannah areas of Africa, tropical lakes, forests of Asia and South America and mountains of Nepal and are unlikely to tolerate New Zealand’s climatic conditions for extended periods of time without additional nutritional and housing support.

To date, no animals have escaped from containment at Keystone since we have strict procedures in place as discussed above. However, we note note that some of the animals included in this application have escaped from containment but were recaptured. For example, Two red pandas escaped from Wellington Zoo in 2005. Three incidents were recorded of a Lemur escaping their enclosure at Hamilton Zoo in 2006. Meerkat escaped from enclosure at Auckland Zoo in 2007. Two cotton top tamarins escaped from Auckland Zoo in 2008.

Keystone contains contingency plans in event of escape of any containment species, including plans for recapture or destruction as necessary. Also, our maintenance schedules ensure that all trees inside and outside the enclosure are regularly checked and trimmed to prevent animals escaping.

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

5.2 Identify all potential adverse effects of the organism(s). Identify potential adverse effects associated with the organism(s) and with any inseparable organisms, both within containment, and outside of containment (should an escape occur). Consider effects on the environment, and human health and safety (e.g. of workers in the containment facility), and any ethical and cultural effects. It is important to think about the source of the risk, i.e. the way in which the risk is created (the exposure pathway), and then the consequences of exposure. Adverse effects should be identified for the following categories:

A. Potential adverse effects on the environment, in particular on ecosystems and their constituent parts (e.g. adverse effects on: life supporting capacity of air, water, soil and ecosystems; native and valued introduced flora and fauna; natural habitats and the intrinsic value of ecosystems; New Zealand’s inherent genetic diversity; animal or plant health)

As stated above breaching containment beyond the property is almost impossible. However in the event that containment is breached, the following applies:

5.2.1 Lemur (Ring-tailed and Black and White Ruffed) Lemur are a small to medium size highly vocal social primate species which rely on specific conditions and specialist food types not available in New Zealands natural landscape to survive. They are also very conspicuous, both behaviourally and visually and as such would not be able to remain undetected in the environment for long. Catching up of all individuals would be relatively easy as they are a social species and as such would stay together in a group. Adverse effects on the environment for a short period of time before recapture would be negligible.

5.2.2 Cotton top Tamarin Tamarins are a tiny primate species that although they may be able to remain inconspicuous for a time in the environment are very reliant on specific conditions and foods to survive. As such, and in the event of an escape, it is unlikely that they would survive for long as they would also be subject to predation particularly by other introduced species (inclusive of stoats, rats and cats and birds of prey). Additionally as an exclusively aboreal species, they would be restricted to treed areas and would not travel on the ground to reach other treed areas. In the farmed environment of Keystone they would be very restricted in their movements and as such be effectively contained. Their impact on the environment would be considered negligible.

5.2.3 Red Panda Red pandas are also a predominantly aboreal species and as such would be unlikely to move far from their natural environment. In cases where red pandas have escaped their zoo enclosures, they have been found a matter of metres away in another treed area. In the event of an escape, red panda are conspicuous and would be relatively easy to catch with minimal risk to the public. Their impact on the environment for the time that they were loose would be considered negligible and their ability to establish an inconspicuous viable population undetected in the surrounding countryside and without specialist food types and conditions would be minimal.

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

5.2.4 Meerkat Meerkat are a conspicuously social mongoose species. As such an individual animal is unlikely to leave the immediate area of the environment and a full scale breach by an entire group would be very obvious. Although a group of meerkats on the loose could potentially cause a trail of havoc, in the farm situation this would have minimal impact on the natural environment and the general public. Although a family group of meerkats may have the ability to reproduce, their requirement for specific environmental conditions and food types would ensure that their ability to establish an inconspicuous viable population undetected in the surrounding countryside would be minimal.

5.2.6 Greater Flamingo Flamingo are a tall delicate bird species that live in conspicuous flocks. As such escape of an individual bird would be unusual and would result in the bird staying close to the enclosure perimeter making it easy to re-catch and return to the flock. If a breach of the enclosure resulted in release of all the birds, then it would be likely they would move only as far as the next body of water if at all (there are a number of lakes within the farm area which could be accessible). Movement as far as the harbour would be unlikely as the flamingos would be unable to fly and would not risk walking at least a kilometre across open farmland to get there. Their impact on the environment in the event of a release would be negligible in the short term and their ability to reproduce undetected in the surrounding area would be minimal (flamingos have not successfully reproduced in New Zealand to date).

5.2.7 Ungulate Species: Tapir, Nyala, Impala, Greater Kudu, Eland These medium - large sized ungulate species have the ability to blend individually into the surrounding landscape, however as individuals they are unlikely to have any effect on the environment and valued flora and fauna. If they manage to negotiate all the specifically ungulate designed barriers within the farm, as herd animals they will be conspicuous in the landscape. As slow reproducing animals in relatively small numbers they will have minimal ability to establish viable populations undetected in the surrounding countryside.

B. Potential adverse effects on public health (including occupational exposure)

All access to any potentially harmful species such as large ungulate, and meerkat within the containment facility is limited to authorised, trained personnel only. Should any of the animals breach their containment facility suitable emergency procedures are in place to reduce the likelihood of injury to staff and visitors on the property. In the extremely unlikely event of animals breaching property boundaries, further emergency procedures would be in place to ensure that either the animals are humanely destroyed or isolated and returned to the facility before any contact is made with the general public.

There is a small chance of physical danger to those who come into contact with an escaped animal due to the natural defensive behaviour of these species. The chances of injury are generally directly related to the body size of the animal and to a certain extent species specific behaviour. As such the large male ungulates would be considered the most dangerous given their size and defensive weaponary. A small carnivore such as the meerkat on the other hand would only be a risk if a member of the public tried to touch it without protective gloves. 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Qualified and experienced staff should be at minimal risk in the day to day care of these animals. However, procedures such as staff training, external review processes on containment standards and emergency procedures, regular maintenance, and husbandry routines inclusive of daily checks by all staff (including a large cohort of horticultural staff) are in place to ensure no unsupervised contact and safe staff practices. Additionally the horticultural staff are available at all times as directed by the keepers to proactively maintain all trees and shrubs in such a way that damage to enclosure boundaries and/or avenue for escape via plant growth is negated.

The Keystone Trust has cared for and maintained a variety of animals for 14 years during which time there has been no breach of containment by any exotic species.

C. Potential adverse effects on the relationship of Māori and their culture and traditions with their ancestral lands, water, sites, waahi tapu, valued flora and fauna and other taonga (taking into account the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi). For example, you should consider whether the organism(s) would have an effect on specific native flora or fauna if they escaped from containment.

There would be minimal adverse effects of an escaped animal on valued native flora and fauna in the area surrounding Keystone. All land in the surrounding area is extensively altered and managed as farmland with introduced exotic flora and fauna. We will inform the local iwi, Te Rūnanga ō Ngāti Whātua, of any animal escape. Given the procedures in place the likelihood of escaping outside the confnes of Keystone land is neglibible. In the event of an escape, all animals contained are exotic and therefore of no value to Maori if they are required to be destroyed.

D. Other potential adverse effects (such as New Zealand’s international obligations, social or economic adverse effects, ethical issues)

Nil

5.3 Provide an assessment of the adverse effects identified in Sections 5.2. The assessment should include the nature, likelihood or probability of occurrence, and magnitude of each adverse effect (i.e. the risk), and the value (in monetary or non-monetary terms) of a particular adverse effect (i.e. the cost). The uncertainty bounds of the information contained in the assessment should also be discussed. Adverse effects should be assessed in relationship to:

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

5.3.1 Lemur (Ring-tailed and Black and White Ruffed) Source of Risk Adverse Management of Likelihood of Magnitude of Effect Evaluated And Pathway Effect Risk Adverse Effect (if it occurs) Level of Risk Occurring (based on containment system)

Damage to native Consumption Contained in MAF Highly unlikely Minimal, wild Insignificant flora or fauna. of valued regulated enclosures population easily Aboreal flora (plant) and strict security. identified and removed. herbivorous Negligible damage to primate species native plant species. (mainly frugivores) Potential carrier of Source of Captive bred animals Nil Minimal,. No native Nil exotic diseases Infection of within NZ with no primate species exist in with the potential Valued history of disease. New Zealand that to infect other Fauna with Isolation procedures could be put at rish. wildlife Exotic both pre and post Potentially devastating Diseases transport to provide exotic diseases will be further screening. ruled out by MAF and strict monitoring.

Potential carrier of Infection of As per above plus Highly unlikely Minimal, MAF and Insignificant micro-organisms humans regular testing and strict monitoring will with the potential coming into monitoring and rule out zoonotic to infect humans contact with preventative diseases. lemur. treatments. Treating as appropriate.

Non aggressive Injury to Monitored and Highly unlikely Lemur are a non Insignificant prey species of humans restricted access by aggressive species but small - medium coming into visitors to lemur could deliver a painful build and power contact with containment area. bite if restrained. lemur. Lemur are considered non aggressive and have not been known to attack humans.

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5.3.2 Cotton top tamarin

Source of Risk Adverse Management of Likelihood of Magnitude of Evaluated And Pathway Effect Risk Adverse Effect (if it occurs) Level of Risk Effect Occurring (based on containment system) Damage to native Consumption Contained in MAF Highly Minimal; wild Insignificant flora or fauna. of valued regulated enclosures. unlikely population would Small aboreal flora and remain localised omnivorous small fauna and be unable to primate. (insects and withstand NZ small conditions. reptiles) Negligible damage to native plant and animal species. Potential carrier of Source of Captive bred animals Nil Minimal, Nil exotic diseases infection of within NZ with no potentially with the potential valued fauna history of disease. devastating exotic to infect other with exotic Isolation procedures diseases will be wildlife diseases both pre and post ruled out by MAF transport to provide and strict further screening. monitoring.

Potential carrier of Infection of As per above plus Highly Any diseases that Insignificant micro-organisms humans regular testing and unlikely are likely to effect with the potential coming into monitoring and tamarins would be to infect humans contact with preventative more detrimental to tamarind (eg treatments. the tamarind (and diseases that Treating as as such be clinically effect appropriate. apparent). Minimal, primate MAF and strict species). monitoring will rule out zoonotic diseases. Potential of injury Injury to Small size of species Highly Physical damage Insignificant to humans. humans unlikely not possible Tiny size – non coming into dangerous species contact with tamarin.

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

5.3.3 Red Panda

Source of Risk Adverse Management of Likelihood of Magnitude of Effect Evaluated And Pathway Effect Risk Adverse Effect (if it occurs) Level of Risk Occurring (based on containment system)

Damage to native Consumption Contained in MAF Highly unlikely Minimal, wild Insignificant flora or fauna. of valued regulated enclosures population readily Aboreal flora (plant) and strict security. localised and easily herbivorous removed. Negligible carnivore species damage to native plant (mainly frugivores) species. Potential carrier of Source of Captive bred animals Nil Minimal,. No native Nil exotic diseases infection of within NZ with no panda species exist in with the potential valued fauna history of disease. New Zealand that to infect other with exotic Isolation procedures could be put at risk. wildlife diseases both pre and post Potentially devastating transport to provide exotic diseases will be further screening. ruled out by MAF and strict monitoring.

Potential of injury Injury to Monitored and Highly unlikely Red panda are a non Insignificant to humans. humans restricted access by aggressive species but Non aggressive coming into visitors to red panda could deliver a painful species of small contact with containment area. bite if restrained. build. red panda. Red panda are considered non aggressive.

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

5.3.4 Meerkat Source of Risk Adverse Management of Likelihood of Magnitude of Effect Evaluated And Pathway Effect Risk Adverse Effect (if it occurs) Level of Risk Occurring (based on containment system)

Damage to native Consumption Contained in MAF Highly unlikely Minimal, wild Insignificant flora or fauna. of valued regulated enclosures population easily Small social small fauna and strict security. identified and removed. carnivore species (small reptile Negligible damage to or insect native fauna in species). immediate area. Potential carrier of Source of Captive bred animals Nil Minimal. No native Nil exotic diseases Infection of within NZ sourced mammalian species with the potential valued fauna with no history of exist in New Zealand to infect other with exotic exotic disease. that could be put at wildlife diseases Isolation procedures risk. Potentially both pre and post devastating exotic transport to provide diseases will be ruled further screening. out by MAF and strict monitoring.

Potential carrier of Infection of As per above plus Minimal Minimal, MAF and Insignificant micro-organisms humans regular testing and strict monitoring will with the potential coming into monitoring and rule out zoonotic to infect humans contact with preventative diseases. meerkats treatments. This disease is infected with Treating as naturally occurring in toxoplasmosis. appropriate. New Zealand domestic cats. Potential of injury Injury to No entrance by Highly unlikely Meerkats are part of Insignificant to humans. humans visitors to meerkats the mongoose family Small social coming into containment area. and could deliver a carnivore species contact with Human contact will painful bite. of small build. meerkats. be restricted to keepers only.

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5.3.6 Greater Flamingo

Source of Risk Adverse Management of Likelihood of Magnitude of Effect Evaluated And Pathway Effect Risk Adverse Effect (if it occurs) Level of Risk Occurring (based on containment system)

Damage to native Competition Contained in MAF Highly unlikely Minimal, wild Insignificant flora or fauna. of natural regulated enclosures population localised Flighted avian food sources and strict security. and easily eliminated. species associated with other Negligible damage to with saline, estuarine native ecosystem and alkaline waterways feeders food chain. Potential carrier of Source of Captive bred animals Nil Minimal,. Potentially Nil exotic diseases Infection of within NZ with no devastating exotic with the potential Valued history of disease. diseases will be ruled to infect other Fauna with Isolation procedures out by MAF and strict wildlife Exotic both pre and post monitoring. Diseases transport to provide further screening.

Potential of injury Injury to To protect flamingo Highly unlikely Flamingo are a non Nil. to humans. humans there will be no aggressive, delicate Non aggressive coming into contact with the bird species. filter feeders of contact with public. Access by delicate build and flamingo. staff only to minimal power enclosure area.

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5.3.7 Brazilian Tapir Source of Risk Adverse Management of Likelihood of Magnitude of Effect Evaluated And Pathway Effect Risk Adverse Effect (if it occurs) Level of Risk Occurring (based on containment system)

Damage to native Consumption Contained in MAF Highly unlikely Minimal, wild Insignificant flora or fauna. of valued regulated enclosures population localised Grazing, medium flora (plant) and strict security. and easily eliminated. sized herbivore Negligible damage to species native plant species or evironments. Potential carrier of Source of Captive bred animals Highly unlikely Minimal,.Potentially Insignificant exotic diseases infection of within NZ with no devastating exotic with the potential valued fauna history of disease. diseases will be ruled to infect other with exotic Isolation procedures out by MAF and strict wildlife diseases both pre and post monitoring. transport to provide further screening.

Potential of injury Injury to No access will be Highly unlikely Tapir are a non Insignificant to humans. humans allowed by visitors to aggressive ungulate Non aggressive coming into tapir containment species although they ungulate species of contact with area. are of a size which medium build and tapir. could unintentially power. cause injury.

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

5.3.8 The following species from the family Bovidae: Nyala, Impala, Greater Kudu, Impala, Eland. Source of Risk Adverse Effect Management of Risk Likelihood of Magnitude of Effect Evaluated And Pathway Adverse Effect (if it occurs) Level of Risk Occurring (based on containment system) Damage to Consumption of Contained in MAF Highly unlikely Minimal, wild Insignificant native flora or valued flora regulated enclosures and population localised fauna. Adaptive (grass and shrub strict security. and easily eliminated. grazing and species) Negligible damage to browsing native grass/shrub herbivores species. Potential carriers Source of Animals imported from Highly unlikely Minimal, potentially Insignificant of exotic infection of outside sources to be held devastating exotic diseases with the valued fauna in quarantine as per diseases will be ruled potential to with exotic ERMA/MAF out by MAF and strict infect other diseases requirements. Animals monitoring. wildlife and will have gone through domestic rigorous quarantine species. procedure prior to introduction to NZ. Quarantine procedures both pre and post transport to provide further screening.

Potential carrier Infection of As per above plus regular Highly unlikely Minimal, MAF and Insignificant of micro- humans coming testing and monitoring strict monitoring will organisms with into contact. and preventative rule out zoonotic the potential to treatments. diseases. infect humans Treating as appropriate. Maintained in total containment – protected contact with all species by trained staff only. Attention to hygiene by staff.

Potential of Risk of injury to Maintained in total Highly unlikely Minimal, contact will Insignificant injury to humans coming containment. be strictly limited to humans. into unprotected Protected contact only by trained individuals. Potentially contact with Zoo staff. Ungulates will only dangerous prey larger species. have protected contact species of with zoo staff. If medium to large startled could inflict size. substantial damage.

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5.4 Identification of beneficial effects (benefits) Identify and describe monetary and non-monetary benefits associated with importing the organism(s) into containment. Outline and discuss the purpose(s) for the importation and the potential use of the organism(s). Focus on the immediate benefits, as well as longer-term benefits. For example, “increase in scientific knowledge”, “increased production of agricultural produce”. Substantiate claims by reference to sources of information. Specify whether the benefits identified are environmental, public health or economic benefits; and/or are specific benefits to Maori.

In the immediate future there will be an enormously beneficial effect on the ex-situ programmes across New Zealand facilities through the freeing up of valuable space for further breeding of these species. KWC has been approached by several reputable zoos and establishments in New Zealand to assist in holding of valuable animals for just such purposes and to aid in the import of several other species in a collaborative breeding effort within Australasia. In addition the advocacy/education value of the facility through collaboration with tertiary organisations and exposure to invited public is potentially substantial. It is hoped that the advocacy process would be extended to benefit the New Zealand environment. Moreover funds generated from such visits may be distributed for the wider conservation needs. In the longer term these animals may be a valuable genetic source for future breeding or worst case scenario as a distinct population for preservation. In addition it is hoped that research projects maybe generated utilising these animals, eg, AI techniques, enrichment techniques, training and conditioning and behaviour research.

5.5 Provide an assessment of the benefits identified in Section 5.4. Estimate the likelihood that the benefits will be realised, the magnitude of benefits associated with importing the organism(s) into containment, and any uncertainties associated with this assessment. You should also indicate who would receive the benefits and the expected time-course of delivery of the benefits.

The benefits described above in 5.4 are likely to be realised through the holding of these species for conservation, education/advocacy and research.

5.6 Overall evaluation of risks, costs, and benefits This overall evaluation is the main task of the Authority. The Authority has to decide whether the beneficial effects of having the organism in containment outweigh the adverse effects of the organism and any associated inseparable organisms. The Authority must also be satisfied that the organism can be safely contained. You may wish to express a view on the relative importance of the different risks, costs and benefits and how they should be brought together in making a decision.

KWC holds a number of large bovid, cervid and ovid species and was approved in December 2006 as a containment facility under MAF Standard 154.03.04. In 2007 Keystone was approved by ERMA to import giraffe into containment followed by approval to import Zebra into containment in 2007. Two Rothschild giraffe were imported from Orana Park (Christchurch) in December 2007 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

followed by another male in 2008. Two male zebra were imported into containment in 2008 from Auckland Zoo. ZAA full institutional membership was obtained in 2009.

Given this and their connection with the conservation community their ability to provide the benefits listed in 5.4 is certainly realistic. In addition the acquisition of this exotic species may allow for further training of student keepers through the tertiary education system and as such become a valuable teaching resource. In contrast the risks of holding the listed species as outlined in previous sections are negligible.

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Section Six – Additional Information

6.1 Do any of the organism(s) need approvals under any other New Zealand legislation or are affected by international obligations? For example, indicate whether the organism is subject to other New Zealand legislation, e.g. the Biosecurity Act 1993, or Animal Welfare Act 1999; or if the organism(s) are listed in CITES, then approval is required from both the importing and exporting countries.

. Biosecurity Act 1993. . Animal Welfare Act 1999 (Transportation)

6.2 Have any of the new organism(s) in this application previously been considered in New Zealand or elsewhere? For example, has the organism(s) been previously considered for import (e.g. under the Plants Act)?

The following species are housed in zoo facilities around New Zealand as follows:

Ring-tailed Lemur Red Panda Wellington Zoo Auckland Zoo Orana Park Orana Park Auckland Zoo Hamilton Zoo Hamilton Zoo Wellington Zoo Franklin Zoo Brooklands Zoo Brooklands Zoo Willowbank Meerkat Auckland Zoo Ruffed Lemur Orana Park Orana Park Hamilton Zoo Hamilton Zoo Wellington Zoo Wellington Zoo Greater Flamingo Cotton – top tamarin Auckland Zoo Auckland Zoo Orana Park Brazilian Tapir Hamilton Zoo Hamilton Zoo Wellington Zoo Franklin Zoo Nyala Brooklands Zoo Wellington Zoo

The following species are under application to be brought into New Zealand by Wellington Zoo in collaboration with other zoos around the country (inclusive of Keystone Wildlife Conservancy). Impala Greater Kudu 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Eland

6.3 Is there any additional information that you consider relevant to this application that has not already been included?

The KWC is a full institutional member of ARAZPA (ZAA) and as such reaches the ethical and husbandry standards specified by that organisation and the containment requirements under MAF. The KWC has also developed supportive associations with other key zoos within New Zealand and is working collaboratively with them towards common conservation goals.

This application meets the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (New Organisms Forms and Information Requirements) Form 2, Application for Approval to Import New Organism into Containment, Reg 5.

6.4 Provide a glossary of scientific and technical terms used in the application.

ZAA Zoo Aquarium Association – formerly known as ARAZPA

Ex-situ conservation Conservation centred in captivity or away from an organisms natural habitat.

ASMP Australasian Species Management Programme

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

Haha Dry moat

IUCN(NR) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

Peracute mortality Sudden death brought on by stress or dietary deficiencies

Ruminant Herbivore with 4 chambered stomach which chews cud

Sexual dimorphism Clear physical differences between the male and female of a species.

TAG Taxon Advisory Group

Ungulate Group of mammals which use the tips of their toes, usually hoofed, to sustain their whole body weight while moving.

List of appendices. List any appendices included with this application. Any information that is commercially sensitive, or additional material included with the application (such as details of consultations, referenced articles) should be contained in appendices. The main application should refer to the relevant appendices but be able to be read as a stand-alone document. 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Appendix One

Species of antelope included in this application: Addax Addax nasomaculatus (de Blainville, 1816) Arabian Oryx Oryx leucoryx (Pallas, 1777) Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra (Linnaeus, 1758) Blesbok Damaliscus dorcas philipsi (Pallas 1766) Also given as Damaliscus albifrons Bongo Tragelaphus eurycerus (Ogilby, 1837) Bontebok Damaliscus dorcas dorcas (Pallas 1766) Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus (Pallas, 1766) Duiker (red flanked) Cephalophus rufilatus (Gray, 1846) Duiker (blue) Cephalophus monticolor (Thunberg, 1789) Duiker (crowned) Sylvicapra grimmia (Linnaeus, 1758) Duiker (red) Cephalophus natalensis (A. Smith, 1834) Eland Taurotragus oryx (Grubb in Wilson and Reeder, 1993) Four Horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis (Blainville, 1816) Gemsbok Oryx gazella (Linnaeus, 1758) Gerenuk Litocranius walleri (Brooke, 1879) Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti (Brooke, 1872) Grysbok Raphicerus sharpei (Thomas, 1897) Impala Aepyceros melampus (Lichtenstein, 1812) Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus (Zimmermann, 1783) Kob Kobus kob (Erxleben, 1777) Kongoni/Cokes's hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (Pallas, 1766) Kudu (greater) Tragelaphus strepsiceros (Pallas, 1766) Lechwe Kobus leche (Gray, 1850) Mountain gazelle Gazella gazella (Pallas, 1766) Nilgai/Indian antelope Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas, 1766) Nyala Tragelaphus angasii (Gray, 1849) Oribi Ourebia ourebi (Zimmermann, 1783) Oryx or Beisa Oryx Oryx gazella beisa (Rüppell, 1835) Pronghorn Antilocapra americana (Ord, 1815) Reedbuck Redunca arundinum (Boddaert, 1785) Ribbok(vaal or grey) Pelea capreolus (Forster, 1790) Roan antelope Hippotragus equinus (Desmarest, 1804) Sable antelope Hippotragus niger (Harris, 1838) Also given as Ozanna grandicomis Saiga antelope Saiga tatarica (Linnaeus, 1766) Scimitar Horned Oryx Oryx dammah (Cretzschmar, 1826) Sitatunga Tragelaphus spekii (Sclater, 1863) Slender horned gazelle Gazella leptoceros (F. Cuvier, 1842) Speke's gazelle Gazella spekei (Blyth, 1863) Springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (Zimmermann, 1780) Steenbok Raphicerus campestris (Thunberg, 1811) 20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Suni Neotragus moschatus (Von Dueben, 1846) Thomson's gazelle Gazella thomsonii (Günther, 1884) Topi Damaliscus lunatus korrigum (Ogilby, 1837) Tsessebe Damaliscus lunatus (Burchell, 1823) Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus (Ogilby, 1833) Wildebeest (blue) Connochaetes taurinus (Burchell, 1823) Wildebeest (black) Connochaetes gnou (Zimmermann, 1780)

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Section Seven – Application Summary Summarise the application in clear, simple language that can be understood by the general public. Include a description of the organism(s) to be imported into containment, and any risks and benefits associated with their importation. This summary will be used to provide information for those people and agencies who will be notified of the application (e.g Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Conservation, Crown Research Institutes) and for members of the public who request information. Do not include any commercially sensitive information in this summary.

The Keystone Trust was set up in 1997 and has objectives in both the art and natural history arenas. The Keystone Trust formed the Keystone Wildlife Conservancy (KWC) as a specialized subsidiary division in October 2005. The Conservancy has been established to manage a range of non-domestic species, inclusive of present stock, and any future acquisitions. In December 2006, the KWC was approved as a containment facility under MAF Standard 154.03.04 and was approved by ERMA to import into containment giraffe and zebra,. Three Rothschild giraffe are now in residence at Keystone imported from Orana Park (Christchurch) in December 2007 and Auckland Zoo 2008. Two zebra were also imported into containment from Auckland Zoo in 2008. Also, Keystone secured Zoo Aquarium Association full institutional membership in 2009.

It is the intention of the KWC to now procure further exotic species to fulfil the remit of the Conservancy. The KWC recognizes that in doing so, they potentially become a valuable resource for New Zealand and Australasian Zoo industry and therefore wish to further establish a working relationship that may benefit all parties.

KWC now wishes to transfer Lemur (Ring-tailed and Black and White Ruffed), Cotton- top Tamarin, Tapir (Brazilian), Red Panda, Greater Flamingo, antelopes and Meerkat into their containment facility from within New Zealand.

In the immediate future it is envisaged there will be an enormously beneficial effect on the ex-situ programmes across New Zealand facilities through the freeing up of valuable space for further breeding of the species. In addition the advocacy/education value of the facility through collaboration with tertiary organisations and exposure to invited public is potentially substantial. It is hoped that the advocacy process would be extended to benefit the New Zealand environment. Moreover funds generated from such visits may be distributed for the wider conservation needs.

In the longer term these animals may be a valuable genetic source for future breeding or worst case scenario as a distinct population for preservation. In addition it is hoped that research projects maybe generated utilising these animals, eg, AI techniques, enrichment techniques, training and conditioning and behaviour research.

Risks to the environment and the public are negligible given the purpose built MAF approved containment facility, the husbandry practices in place, the trained keeping staff employed and the actual species to be acquired. It is clear that the benefits significantly outweigh the risks in this case.

20 Customhouse Quay, Cnr Waring Taylor & Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04-916 2426 Fax: 04-914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz

Checklist

Please check and complete the following before submitting your application: All sections completed Yes Appendices enclosed Yes/ NA* Confidential information identified and enclosed separately Yes/NA Copies of additional references attached Yes/NA Cheque for initial fee (incl. GST) enclosed Yes/No If “yes”, state amount: $………. Direct credit made to ERMA bank account: Yes/No If “yes” give date of direct credit …/…/… and amount deposited: $………. Application signed and dated Yes Electronic copy of application e-mailed to ERMA New Zealand Yes

*NA – not applicable

Signed: Date:

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