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5 Physical Processes and Design Tools 1 5 Physical processes and design tools 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CIRIA C683 481 5 Physical processes and design tools CHAPTER 5 CONTENTS 5.1 Hydraulic performance. 487 5.1.1 Hydraulic performance related to waves . 487 5.1.1.1 Governing parameters . 487 5.1.1.2 Wave run-up . 491 5.1.1.3 Wave overtopping. 500 5.1.1.4 Wave transmission . 517 5.1.1.5 Wave reflection . 520 5.1.2 Hydraulic performance related to currents . 524 5.1.2.1 Governing parameters . 524 5.1.2.2 Seepage flow . 525 5.1.2.3 Hydraulics of rockfill dams . 526 5.2 Structural response to hydraulic loading . 536 5.2.1 Stability concepts and parameters . 536 5.2.1.1 Introduction to stability concepts. 536 5.2.1.2 Governing parameters to evaluate stability . 539 5.2.1.3 Critical shear concept . 545 5.2.1.4 Critical or permissible velocity method . 551 5.2.1.5 Critical wave height method . 553 5.2.1.6 Critical head or height of overtopping . 553 5.2.1.7 Critical discharge method. 553 5.2.1.8 Transfer relationships. 553 5.2.1.9 General design formulae . 556 5.2.2 Structural response related to waves . 557 5.2.2.1 Structure classification . 558 5.2.2.2 Rock armour layers on non- and marginally overtopped structures . 562 5.2.2.3 Concrete armour layers . 585 5.2.2.4 Low-crested (and submerged) structures . 598 5.2.2.5 Near-bed structures . 607 5.2.2.6 Reshaping structures and berm breakwaters . 609 5.2.2.7 Composite systems – gabion and grouted stone revetments. 616 5.2.2.8 Stepped and composite slopes . 618 5.2.2.9 Toe and scour protection . 621 5.2.2.10 Filters and underlayers. 630 5.2.2.11 Rear-side slope and crest of marginally overtopped structures . 630 5.2.2.12 Crown walls. 635 5.2.2.13 Breakwater roundheads . 642 5.2.3 Structural response related to currents . 647 5.2.3.1 Bed and slope protection . 648 5.2.3.2 Near-bed structures . 655 5.2.3.3 Toe and scour protection . 656 5.2.3.4 Filters and geotextiles. 657 5.2.3.5 Stability of rockfill closure dams . 658 5.2.4 Structural response related to ice . 674 5.2.4.1 Introduction . 674 482 CIRIA C683 Contents 5.2.4.2 Ice loads . 674 1 5.2.4.3 Ice interaction with rock revetments and breakwaters . 676 5.2.4.4 Slope protection . 680 5.2.4.5 Codes. 681 5.3 Modelling of hydraulic interactions and structural response . 682 5.3.1 Types of models and modelling . 682 2 5.3.2 Scale modelling . 685 5.3.2.1 Coastal structures . 685 5.3.2.2 Fluvial and inland water structures . 689 5.3.3 Numerical modelling. 691 5.3.3.1 Coastal structures . 691 3 5.3.3.2 Fluvial and inland-water structures . 693 5.4 Geotechnical design . 697 5.4.1 Geotechnical risks . 698 5.4.2 Principles of geotechnical design . 700 4 5.4.2.1 General . 701 5.4.2.2 Geotechnical design situations . 701 5.4.2.3 Ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state . 702 5.4.2.4 Characteristics and design values. 703 5.4.2.5 Safety in geotechnical design for ULS . 705 5 5.4.2.6 Serviceability control for SLS . 707 5.4.2.7 Suggested values of safety and mobilisation factors . 707 5.4.2.8 Probalistic analysis . 708 5.4.3 Analysis of limit states . 708 5.4.3.1 Overview of limit states. 709 6 5.4.3.2 Slope failure under hydraulic and weight loadings . 710 5.4.3.3 Bearing capacity and resistance to sliding . 711 5.4.3.4 Dynamic response due to wave impact . 711 5.4.3.5 Design for earthquake resistance . 711 5.4.3.6 Heave, piping and instabilities of granular and geotextile filters. 719 5.4.3.7 Settlement or deformation under hydraulic and weight loadings . 727 7 5.4.3.8 Numerical and physical modelling . 727 5.4.4 Geotechnical properties of soils and rocks . 730 5.4.4.1 General . 730 5.4.4.2 Correspondences and differences between soil and rock . 730 5.4.4.3 Determination of geotechnical properties of soils, rock and 8 rockfill . 732 5.4.4.4 Permeability of rockfill . 732 5.4.4.5 Shear resistance of granular materials. 734 5.4.4.6 Stiffness of soils and rockfill . 736 5.4.5 Pore pressures and pore flow . 738 9 5.4.5.1 General . 738 5.4.5.2 Pore pressures due to stationary and quasi-stationary actions . 739 5.4.5.3 Pore pressures due to non-stationary actions . 743 5.4.6 Geotechnical design report . 755 5.5 References . 756 10 CIRIA C683 483 5 Physical processes and design tools 5 Physical processes and design tools Chapter 5 presents hydraulic and geotechnical design approaches equations. Key inputs from other chapters Chapter 2 project requirements Chapter 3 material properties Chapter 4 hydraulic and geotechnical input conditions Key outputs to other chapters parameters for structure design Chapters 6, 7 and 8 NOTE: The project process is iterative. The reader should revisit Chapter 2 throughout the project life cycle for a reminder of important issues. This flow chart shows where to find information in the chapter and how it links to other chapters. Use it in combination with the contents page and the index to navigate the manual. 2 Planning and designing 4 Physical site conditions 3 Materials rock works and data collection Chapter 5 Physical processes and design tools 5.1 5.2 5.4 Hydraulic performance Structural response Geotechnical design waves: run-up, overtopping, stability parameters; geotechnical risks,.
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