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Bell & Howell Infomiaüon and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA National Library Bibliothèque nationale I*(of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Yaur fi& Vafre reterence Our h& Nom retefenc8 The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, Loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. The end product of an academic work is rarely the fruit of one person's labour. This thesis is no exception. Without the constant support and encouragement and occasional kind harassrnent of my three supervisors, Florian Bail, Dr. Edna Keeble and Dr. Pierre Lizee, this work would not have been possible. Through their wisdom and input, the work turned corners co wnich I might otherwise have been bllnd. 1 can only offer my wholehearted thanks £or their patience, knowledge and belief in my work; no graduate student could expect more £rom a comrnittee than that which was qiven sa generously to me. Any errors in this text are completely within the scope of responsibility of the author solely. 1 must also thank the Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies at York üniversity and the University of Tormto. Without their financial support, rny fieldwork in Cambodia would have been impossible. The Cambodia Institute of Cooperation and Peace in Phnom Penh, and in particular its Director Kao Kim Hourn, are due many thanks as well. Over my time in Cambodia their guidance and support were crucial. 1 cannot even imagine what this work rnight have been like without that sxperience. Many words of thanks are also due my husband, Nick Pettit, who put up with grouchiness, Lnsecuri ty, rebelliousness, defeatism, arrogance, poverty and bis own occasional loneliness, solely because he believed in nie and this work. And finally, but no less important, for my farnily and grad school friends who listened to me rant, served as sounding boards, kept the real world infused within our limited academic landscape and always made sure 1 knew why 1 wasn't in commerce. 1 hope you al1 enjoyed it as much as 1 did. Thank you al1 from the bottom of my heart, Tania Theriault This thesis 2xamines attempts to foster democracy in post- conflict nations. Usinq Carnbcdia as a càse study, it traces Camiiodim history and sxarnines the country's political culture CO determine srructures which ma- help or hinaer che democracization process. Further ic argues that ~hemode1 of ciemocrctization attempteci by rh5 United Nations in Csmbodia durinq the UNTAC mission frorr! 1591 ïo 1993 was proc2durally baseci arid inappropriate to Cambodia qiven ~hishistcry and politlcol culture. The key ïneorstical argument is rhdt ïhe pro~lernwith the UNTAC accempt ât democratization in Cârnbodiz is found in the underpinninas of UN peacebuildincj ~olicy. Guided by ~hetenecs of the New Orthodoxy schooi of theorists in political developmenc, the iJN did noc undertoke che kind of anclysis of Câmbodiats political, social and historlcal resciiness for dernocracy orfered by an alternative schooi of thought, such as the political economy scho~l. In terrns of reorienting policy, the ïhesis ârgues is that crue dernocracy in Carnbodia must be developed over ei lonq cime perioci, through a bottom up sçrategy. This srrategy is the oniy effective nethod of developing a dernocrac y with accountzbility and transparency in Carnbodia which -:itends beyond fhe capital of Phnom Penh, to have a direct effect on che lives of Carnbodia's 85 per cent rurally-based population. Tmia Theriault Spetember 13, 1599 Acknowl edgmen ts page i Abstract page ii Table ûf Contents page iii Ir:troductorjr Quote! page iv Chaptet 1 - Introduction pg. 1-13 The problern of democratization in peacebuilding Case study selection and UN solution Faiiure of QN mociei Chapter OutLine Chapter 2 - The Case of Cambodia page 14 The Angkor Empire paqe 15 Colonialism in Cambodia page 18 Toward Independence page 29 Khmer Rouge regirne page 32 Vietnamese occupation page 30 Chapter 3 - Analyzing the Case page 39 Pervasive violence page 41 Rural-urban divide page 48 The party system paqe 50 Lack of accountability/transparency page 56 Chapter 4 - The UN Response page 61 Context to UN actions paqe 62 Democracy, Deveioprnent and Peace page 66 The 'bias' of the UN formula page 83 Modernization and Asian Values page 87 Neo-liberal bandwagon page 96 Chapter 5 - The Alternative Political Economy perspective page 104 Constructing a bottom-up democracy page 113 Chapter 6 - The Conclusion Overcoming Karaoke Country page 126 Appendix T: Cambodia' s Political Parties page 138 Appendix II: Abbreviated Political History page 140 Appendix III: Methodology Notes page 150 Bibliography page 157 A huge crowd of fureigners have invaded the country. They are constantly to be seen in big, white cars with "üN" stdnlped on them. They have a stupendous amount of dollars in their pockets. They say we shall have to vote, that Cambodians should express themselves. But they know nothing. They will come and go like rainclouds. And we are the frogs. If there is no noise, if everything is quiet, we may &re to raise Our heads above the water. But at the first noise, we had better hide. Raised heads are easily cut off. We know because we have seen it. AU these people who have been, or dream of becoming our mlers again, are ready to cut each other's throats. There is roam for only one water buffalo in the pond. And when big people fight among themselves sntall people die. Violence is everywhere lying in wait. Fear is everywhere too. It is not easy to be Cambodian.' Serge Thion describes the influx of UNTAC from the Cambodian point of view in Warchine-odia. i v How do states recover from decades of civil war? In what order should mechanisms for re-building states be undertaken? Should dernocratization precede econornic development or vice- versa? Or can development and dernocratization be pursued simultaneously? What role should the internâtionàl comunity play, if any? 1s it possible for the international cornmunit- to Lmplernent one stanàarci approach for post-conflict peacebuilding that would be applicable to any country? The purpose of this thesis is to address these questions using Cambodia as a case study. The Cambodian experience Fs used as a benchmark for tentative îonciusions about development and democratization in a post-confiict peacebuilding context. In 1993, Cambodia became the target state of an international intervention to restore peace ar,d prosperity and to implement democracy in the country. Cambodia had been in a state of civil war for over 23 years at the time. The country had been subjected to a severe totalitarian regime, the Khmer Rouge, for four years from 1975 to 1979. While this time period is relatively brief compàred to other such regines, the Khmer Rouge regirne has since been revealed as one of the most brutal in recent history-. Their legacy in Cambodia of over a million dead in a country of approximately 7 million inhabitants at 1975, belies their longevity cf pwer . Cambodia alone did not free itself of the rnuraerous Kbxner Rouge regirne. It was only throuah a Vietnamese intervention, which in the end became an occupation of ten years-, that Carnbodia escaped the terror of the Khmer Rouge. While ending what history has branded à genocide, the Vietnarnese intervention brought Carnbodia new problems. At the time, Vietnam was isolated from the West. Its relaticns with China were stormy. Its off and on alliances with the Soviet Union caused the ASEAN countries, and particularly Thaiiand, to view Vietnarnese actions in Cambodia as a threat to their own security. In the end, the Vietnamese occupation isolated Cambodia almost cornpletely and insured that the notion, drawn nie Khmer Rouge regime has been weli documented by the Cambodia Genocide Centre and scholan such as Michaei Vickery (Carnbodia, 1975- 1982, Boston: South End Press.

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