THE GREAT INDIAN SCIENCE STORY
SCIENCE INDIA FORUM, Shastra Pratibha Examination, 2016 BAHRAIN (Handout for Sub-Juniors ) in loving memory of
15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015 ) ...... Dr. APJ ABDUL KALAM ( ...... 2
Science India Forum , Bahrain Sastra Pratibha, 2016 (Sub-Juniors)
Proof Copy: Not optimised for high quality printing or digital distribution Proof Copy: Not optimised for high quality printing or digital distribution Proof Copy: Not optimised for high quality printing or digital distribution 2 Science India Forum , Bahrain ...... Dr. APJ ABDUL KALAM ( in loving memory of 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015 ) Sastra Pratibha, 2016 (Sub-Juniors) been significant developments inthefieldofscience and technology. years, from around 3000BCto 1500BC. were standardised across thisvast geography, for ofover a period 1,000 region abouthalfthesize ofEurope. Weights andlinguisticsymbols of being spread acrosshad thedistinction many towns, covering a were smalltowns withone central valley complex, civilisation theIndus cooling architecture. While theotherancient civilisations oftheworld underground drainage, civil sanitation, hydraulic engineering, andair- Indus Valley Civilisation was theworld’s first to buildplanned towns with conditioning, complex engineering. andconstruction stone work, The the design andplanningofwater supply, traffic flow, natural air indigenous technologies were sophisticated. very They included of the Vedic era. and metaphysics are inthe alldescribed use ofweights andmeasures. Moreover, many concepts ofastronomy already theHarappan inuseduring civilisation. This isevident intheir in Vedic literature; someare as1500BC. asearly The decimalsystem was power,twelfth algebraic formulas, andastronomy have alltheirorigins triangles, to fractions,express andtheability thenumberten to the around AD500,invented ‘zero’. The concept ofsquares, rectangles, circles, back to the Vedic thefamousmathematician wholived era. Aryabhata, ofscientific discoveriesThe history anddevelopmentsIndia dates in period Pre-independence A India’s contributionto scienceandtechnology the development of human civilisation. In India hasalsotherethe development India has ofhumancivilisation. In dvancement inscience in andtechnology hasbeenamajorfactor From complex Harappan towns to Delhi’s Ironpillar, India’s Rig VedaRig text , anancient Hindu
VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant Water management was dividedinto five elements namely, ( earth The concept ofatom canbetraced to ancient India. The material world Physics fertilisers, storage methodsfor crops, etc. methods, plans, pesticidesand irrigation application ofeco-friendly was includedsoiltesting aheadofitstime. technique, It crop rotation technology farming was mostlyindigenouslydevelopedIndian and Farming techniques andfertilisers even today, isatestimony to that technology. sword making. The whichisalmostrustfree famousIronpillarofDelhi, free iron. Europe Suchmetalfromwasin contemporary famous India for wasAncient pioneerindeveloping India technology ofproducing rust- ofironRole andsteel have literally civilisation. beenpillarsofmodern Iron andsteel man-made pondsandlakesinIndia. is estimatedpurpose. that even It today, there are more than a million we consider. Water hasbeenusedfor storage, andirrigation drinking with advancedconstructed technologies inwhatever timeanddynasty the Harappan time. Wells, ponds, lakes, dams, andcanalshave been have beendeveloping water management techniques even before Water insettingupofany hasbeenacrucialfactor civilisation. Indians divided further. atom) was considered whichcannot be to be thesmallestparticle, (Vayu), water ( Jal), andetherorspace ( I ndIa ’ s
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technology Prithvi), fire ( Paramanu (beyond Agni), air Medicine and surgery Medicine andsurgery technology, isamongthetop five India nations ofthe world. and technical manpower intheworld. launch field ofmissile the In science, anddefence. electronics hasthethird India largest scientific achievements have been made inthe areas ofnuclear and space of independence in1947 to thecurrent Rs30billion.Significant infrastructure hasgrown upfrom aboutRs10millionat thetime and technology post-independence. The science andtechnology haswitnessedconsiderableIndia growth inthefieldofscience Post-Independence period based trading system. ocean- inoneoftheearliest-known of seafaring, participated Indians Ocean longbeforeIndian Europe. inthescience Using theirexpertise most sophisticated shipswere andChina. builtinIndia their boats fromandnotEurope. India oftheworld’s Some largest and purchased theirboats inIndia. The Portuguese alsocontinued to get dismantled itandformally Arab banneditin1788.Medieval sailors Shipbuilding was oneofIndia’s tilltheBritish industries majorexport andshipbuilding Shipping prominent incontributing moreinto knowledge Ayurveda. basis of about variousailments, diseases, symptoms, diagnosis and cure isthe systemoldest andstructured ofmedicalscience intheworld. Knowledge Ayurveda The compass andothernavigation tools were already inusethe Ayurveda. andShushrutahave Many scholarslikeCharaka been (Ayur meanslife, I ndIa ’ s
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VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan biology, virology, technology. andsoftware and astrophysics, condensed matter liquidcrystals, physics, molecular inthefieldsofastronomy alsohasexpertise India and transportation. communications, environment, industry, mining, nuclearpower, space, in thefieldofagriculture, medicine, biotechnology, cold regions, researchand industry. path-breaking scientists are Indian making inthecountry.activities for organising, coordinating, andpromoting science andtechnology of science andtechnology andplays therole ofanodal department Science and Technology inMay 1971.DSTpromotes newareas (DST) of economic of planning, withtheestablishment oftheDepartment monitoring, meteorological etc. services, .India’s firstsatellite communications, remote sensingfor resource survey, environmental research, development andoperation inthespace through satellite ofSpace (DOS),isresponsible for(ISRO), under the Department crossed numerous milestones. SpaceThe Research Indian Organisation research organisation intheworld. Since itsestablishment in1969ithas Space ResearchIndian Organisation largest space (ISRO) isthesixth Space nuclear stations produce eight ofelectricity. billionkilowatt reactors are now designed andbuiltindigenously. Currently, eight in nucleartechnology. Accelerators andnuclearresearch andpower areas. istoday India recognised asoneofthemostadvanced countries power generation, inagriculture, medicine, industry, research andother The ofIndia’s mainobjective nuclearenergy programme isto use itfor Atomic energy India’s resources are usedto getmaximumoutputinagriculture Science andtechnology hasbeenbrought intothe mainstream I ndIa ’ s
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technology Aryabhata Gangotri was establishedthere.Gangotri was second A station, permanent Maitri, Indian research permanent 1983thefirst station1981. In Dakshin hassent 13 scientific India research expeditions to Antarctica since bed topography, andconcentration ofmineral nodules. andquality potential. , haveSampada beenusedfor assessingandevaluating theresource ocean energy. Two research vessels, ORV non-living resources suchashydrocarbons andminerals, andto produce 1981 to ensure optimumutilisation oflivingresources, exploitation of islands. ofOcean Development was establishedin The Department longandincludes1,250 hasacoastline ofmoreIndia than7,600km Oceanography hasgrown inIndia at anaverageindustry annualrate of30%. tenthe last years, 2006-07. In in Dollars whopping 50 billion US a the IT years. India’s grew from in1990-91to ITindustry 150millionUSDollars economy. hasregisteredThe ofIndia ITsector hugegrowth inrecent intheIndian industries Technology isoneofthemost important (IT) These centres units. helpsmallandmediumelectronics Information and development centres andregional laboratories have beensetup. products, ofindigenouslymanufactured oftest aseries the quality hasalsobeenreceiving sectors specialattention.service For upgrading Application inareas ofelectronics as agriculture, such and health, development.development for anduseofelectronics socio-economic playsof Electronics thepromotionalThe role Department forthe andInformationElectronics Technology Chandrayaan-1 becameIndia’s firstmissionMoon. to the was followedwas builtby in1975.It ISRO by many more. 2008, In Survey andexploration have efforts Survey beendirected to assesssea- I ndIa ’ s
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant the technology missionsevolved by theGovernment. andfield extension centres.It plays aleading role inthefulfilment of two cooperative research industrial institutions and more than100 researchindustrial inthecountry. of40laboratories, hasanetwork It in 1942,andistoday thepremier institutionfor scientific and ResearchThe Industrial Council and ofScientific (CSIR) was established andIndustrial ResearchCouncil ofScientific development ofvaccines for variousdiseases. plant varietiesforof disease-resistant obtaininghigheryields, and improvement transfer through embryo technology, in 1986. The areas which have beenreceiving attention are cattle herd Biotechnology of newly emerging createdwas field..Department A to foster programmes andstrengthen indigenous capabilitiesinthis animal life. The National Biotechnology Board was constituted in1982 agricultural andinimproving production, andindustrial humanand oftheirapplications unlimited inincreasing possibility the practically biotechnology, activities recognisingpromoting multi-disciplinary hasbeenthefrontrunnerIndia among thedeveloping countries in Biotechnology development ofocean-related technologies. phenomena. of theatmosphere, opticalaurora, geomagnetic pulsation andrelated been usedto studytheozone constituents layer andotherimportant completed by theeighth 1988-89. expedition during The stations have A NationalofOcean Institute Technology hasbeensetupfor the I ndIa ’ s
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan 0 VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant studied malaria between 1882and 1899. studied malaria in badairandlivinga hot, humidandmarshy environment. Ross and SirPatrick Mansion. previously putforward independently by scientists Alphonse Laveran doingsoheconfirmed the mosquitoes In andmalaria. hypotheses treating patients malaria inthearmy. hewas sent ofhiswork to where was Madras services alarge part mind. medical oftheBritish-Indian When returned aspart Ross to India recovered.but fortunately animpressionThis inhis deadlydiseaseleft malaria. hisfather fellWhile was Ross inIndia illwithmalaria, seriously London. England. Hospital in Helater studiedmedicinefrom St Bartholomew lived until hewas eight. inIndia Hewas sent to aboarding schoolin father was ageneral Army His Ross intheBritish Uttarakhand. inIndia. inpresent in1857at Almora was inIndia district Ross born Ronald Till that timeitwas believed thatwas malaria causedby breathing proved Ross Ronald linkbetween in1897thelong-suspected When was Ross asmallboy, hesaw many fallillwith peopleinIndia n obel Sir Ronald Ross Sir l aureates
of I ndIa named Sir Ronald Ross Road. Ross named SirRonald site isaheritage andtheroad leadingupto thebuildingis airport, parasite,the malarial located near theoldBegumpet inSecunderabad recognition ofhis service. The buildingwhere heworked anddiscovered of Institute Ross as SirRonald Tropical andCommunicable Diseasesin regional infectiousdiseasehospitalat Hyderabad him was namedafter are roads himinmany towns namedafter Indian andcities. The World War. Greece, Cyprus Lanka, and many Mauritius, Sri areas affected by the First andinitiating schemesinmanysurveys places, including West Africa, the causeandprevention indifferent ofmalaria countries by conducting London, whichwas founded inhishonour. dedicatedly Ross advocated andHospitalfor Institute Director oftheRoss Tropical Diseasesin of hisgreat contribution to theworld ofmedicine. 1926,hebecame In work andwas onmalaria conferredremarkable asmark Knighthood importantly, study. hemademathematical modelsfor further andbroughtof malaria andassessment. Most amethodto itssurvey lifethis parasite. of cycle He contributed to majorly theepidemiology parasite.observed study,Through further heestablished the complete a mosquito Hefound fed victim. thepreviously onthebloodamalaria them species ofmosquito, ofthegenus He discovered thepresence parasite ofthemalarial withinaspecific transferred to themedicalschoolinOsmaniaUniversity, Secunderabad. In India, Ross is remembered Ross India, withgreatIn and love. respect There was 1902,Ross awardedIn theNobelPrize for inMedicine his thestomach of whiledissecting madehiscrucialdiscovery Ross While posted inOoty, hefell After this, illwithmalaria. hewas . dapple-wings n obel l aureates *****
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant there, hisresearch work cameto thenotice ofthe Vice Chancellor researchwas theonlyIndian institutioninthosedays. While working called Institute Association‘Indian for theCultivation ofScience’, which India. ofBritish (now whichwas Myanmar), then apart andpostedBurma Hewas to selected Rangoon, inIndia. conducted not affordIndian Raman examination, took the it, Service Financial examination, onehadto goto London. As hewas poorandcould (ICS)examination.compete Butto write that for Civil Service theIndia in London wanted noted thetalent ofthisyoungRaman to Indian. science Nature journal many. Onreading thisarticle, eminent scientists physics andhesent itto the Hehadadeepinterestexaminations withhighdistinction. inphysics. Presidency College, (now Madras Chennai). HepassedhisBAandMA passed hismatriculation whenhewas twelve years ofage. Hejoinedthe in physics, inalocalcollege. motherParvathi was His ahousewife. He Tiruchhirapalli, Tamil father, Nadu. His Iyer, Chandrasekhara was alecturer Chandrasekhara Venkata wason7November born Raman 1888at
Later, heassociated himselfwithan inKolkata, whileworking While doing his MA, Raman wrote an article on the subject of onthesubject While wrote doinghisMA, Raman anarticle n obel Sir C Sir V Raman l Philosophical Magazine aureates
of I ndIa and the British andtheBritish Raman. country. DrHomiBhabhaand Vikram Sarabhai were thestudents of inhisown andwantsdeclined stating that to heisan Indian serve The University ofCambridge offered hima Professor’s job,Raman which post ofdirector andcontinued to work onlyinthephysics department. ofScience, Institute Bangalore,the Indian asDirector. Later hequitthe asthe day isobserved ‘National Science Day’ 1933,hejoined In inIndia. Indian scientist first to receive theNobel Prize. got himtheNobelPrize for Physics for theyear 1930.Hebecamethe by honoured Empirediscovery theBritish withknighthood in1929.His sohonoured. was Indian Raman - only thefourth of theRoyal Society in physics was well known. Three years later aFellow hewas elected asthe came to be known Effect”.“Raman blue becauseofthe ‘scattering ofsunlight’ by seawater. This discovery his research onlight. Hefound outby experiment that thesealooks wondered why thewaters oftheseaappeared blue. This doubtinitiated conference in1921. as aProfessor hegotaninvitation from Englandto attend ascience profession andjoinedtheacademiccareer. When hewas working buthesacrificed his was inagoodpositionthefinancialservice, appointed himasaProfessor ofPhysics inCalcutta University. Raman of Calcutta University SirAshutosh Mukherjee. The Vice Chancellor Sir C breathedV Raman hislaston21November 1970. discoveredRaman Effecton28 1928andthis theRaman February Raman’s thetimeofhisfirstvisit By to Englandin1921, reputation As theship was sailingthrough Raman theMediterranean Sea, n obel l aureates *****
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant his juniorat the Presidency College inMadras. LalithaDoraiswamy. married September 1936,Chandrasekhar She was Associate at theUniversity ofChicagoandremained there ever since. In University,Harvard was offered Chandrasekhar Research apositionas at Trinity visitto College 1936,whileonashort for 1933-37.In theperiod to 1933,hewas aPrize elected October summer of1933.In Fellowship Cambridge, England. was awarded a Government scholarship for of India graduate studies in Bachelor’s degree, (Hon),inPhysics BSc July1930, he inJune1930.In School. Presidency HejoinedtheMadras College in1925.Hepassedhis private tutors. 1922,at theageof12,heattendedHigh In theHindu hadhiseducation at homeunderhisparentsof 12,Chandrasekhar and to getNobelPrizeIndian inscience, was hispaternal uncle. Till theage was awoman attainments. ofhighintellectual SirC thefirst V Raman, Indianofficer in Auditsand HismotherSitalakshmi Accounts Service. (now father, inPakistan). His Subrahmanya Chandrasekhara was an Iyar 1910inLahoreSubrahmanyan wason19October born Chandrasekhar Chandrasekhar completedChandrasekhar hisPhD degree at Cambridge inthe Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar n obel l aureates
of I ndIa died on21August 1995. nuclear astrophysicist W AFowler) theNobelPrize inPhysics in1983.He ofblackholes(1974- 1983). (1962-1971); andthemathematical theory ofrelativity andrelativistic astrophysics(1961-1968); thegeneral theory in collaboration R with Norman figures partly Lebovitz ofequilibrium, ofellipsoidal andthestability (1943-1950); the equilibrium the sunlitsky oftheillumination andthepolarisationof motion (1938-1943);theory Brownian of done bySubrahmanyan includes:theory Chandrasekhar neutron star, andblackhole. on themassthere are three possiblefinalstages ofastar-white dwarf, Limit ledto ofneutron thediscovery starsandblackholes. Depending pressure ofgravitational forces. The formulation oftheChandrasekhar become would a white dwarf. continue It to collapse undertheextreme evolution. themassofastarexceeded If thislimit, thestarwould not Sun. LimitplaysThe Chandrasekhar acrucialrole inunderstandingstellar atomic nuclei. The value ofthislimitisabout1.44timesthemass againstgravity by pressurecan besupported and madeupofelectrons ‘Chandrasekhar Limit.’ Heshowed that there isamaximummasswhich Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was awarded (jointly withthe Subrahmanyan was awarded Chandrasekhar (jointly Limit, othermajorworks from ofChandrasekhar discovery Apart Subrahmanyan for isbestknown of hisdiscovery Chandrasekhar n obel l aureates *****
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant was theAlfred PSloanProfessor at Emeritus ofBiology andChemistry of thegeneticcode, andprotein itsfunction synthesis. Till hisdeath, he with M 1968 along and R Nienberg W Holley forW the interpretation later of Institute joinedMassachusetts Technology (MIT). work onproteins andnucleicacids. Columbia Research Council in Vancouver andcontinued hispioneering Swiss wife EstherElizabethSibler. Later hetook upajobat theBritish work at Switzerland’s Federal of Institute Technology, where hemethis workhis doctoral andgothisDoctorate in1948.Hedidpostdoctoral degree inscience in1945.HejoinedtheUniversity ofLiverpool for Panjab University, Lahore, in1943andwent onto acquire hisMasters the DAV School. Hegraduated High Multan High inscience from father was apatwariHis , anagricultural India. taxationinBritish clerk inPunjabRaipur (now inPakistan) andwas theyoungest offive siblings. called a smallvillage 1922 in 9 January wason born Khorana Har Gobind Khorana receivedKhorana the Nobel Prize in Physiology in or Medicine joinedtheUniversity of Khorana Wisconsin in1960,and10years schoolingat home. hadhispreliminary LaterKhorana hejoined Dr HarGobindKhorana Dr n obel l aureates
of I ndIa Massachusetts, on9November 2011. dint ofsheertalent rose andtenacity to beoneofscience’s immortals. his fame. HewasinapoorfamilysmallvillagePunjab, born butby more interested andexperiments project thancashinginon inthenext education to thousandsofstudents for more thanhalfacentury. Hewas about 100people.” Following hisfather’s footsteps, imparted Khorana we were theonlyliterate practically familyinthevillageinhabited by “Although poor, my father was dedicated to educating hischildren and life andstayed away from theglare ofpublicity. ofHonor.the EllisIslandMedal Butheremained modestthroughout his LaskerawardAlbert for medicalresearch, ofScience, National Medal and 1969. MIT. The Government honoured ofIndia himwithPadma Vibhushan in Dr Har Govind Khurana diedinahospital inConcord,Dr HarGovind Khurana anote winningtheNobelPrize, after In wrote: DrKhorana wonKhorana numerous otherprestigious awards, includingthe n obel l aureates *****
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant universities intheUSfor position.Buthewas unsuccessful. afaculty As ribosomes. After completing thisresearch, heappliedto 50 nearly fellow withPeter Moore at Yale University, where heworked on andSubrahmanyan Khorana HarGobind Raman, Chandrasekhar. origin toNobel Prizescientistwin a Indian of in scienceC Sir after V along with Thomas E. Steitz andAda E. Yonath. Hebecamethefourth ribosome, whichfetched himtheNobel Prize in2009, for Chemistry was there thatIt of he cracked andstructures thecomplex functions University ofCalifornia. higher studiesinphysics. Hethenchanged his field to biology at the Convent inBaroda. Hemigrated ofJesusandMary to USAto dohis University inBaroda, Gujarat. at Sayajirao Maharaj were and Rajlakshmi ofbiochemistry lecturers Cuddalore in district Tamil parents Nadu in1952.His C V Ramakrishnan wasinChidambaram, born asmalltownVenkataraman in Ramakrishnan Venkataraman Ramakrishnan beganhiscareerVenkataraman asapostdoctoral Ramakrishnan Venky moved Biology, ofMolecular to Laboratory MRC Cambridge. Venky, didhisschoolingfrom known, the asheispopularly Venkataraman Ramakrishnan n obel l aureates
of I ndIa second highestcivilianaward, thePadma Vibhushan in2010. Society. Biochemistry to medicine. 2008, he was presented In ofBritish withHeatley Medal 2007, hewas awarded withtheLouis-Jeantet Prize for hiscontribution memberoftheUSNational Academyan honorary ofSciences. In Cambridge aFellow andwas elected oftheRoyal Society. Heisalso anditcreatedribosome biology. asensation instructural Venkataraman submitted acomplete of30ssubunit structure resolution thefollowing of30ssubunitribosome. structure In year, ribosomes. Biology, ofMolecular Laboratory where hebegandetailedresearch on Research intheMedical Council working to England where hestarted of Biochemistry. Heworked there for almostfour years andthenmoved Brookhaven National Laboratory. a result ofthis, hecontinued to work from onribosomes 1983to 1995at For hiscontribution to science, Venkataraman wasconferred India’s Venkataraman afellowship earned from the Trinity College, 1999,alongwithhisfellowIn mates, hepublisheda5.5-angstrom 1995,hegotanofferIn fromUtah University of to asa work Professor n obel l aureates *****
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t 0 Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Inspiring People and their Contributions wine to minimisethepainofsurgical incisions. intestines by using ant-headsstitching as material. He even introduced surgery.cataract There ofmethod stitching isalsodescription the diseases, symptoms, prognosis, medical/surgical and interventions toreaction injuries. about76signs Hehasdescribed ofvariouseye twelve varietiesoffractures andclassifiedthebones according to their types ofdislocations, Heclassifieddetailsofthesix section. caesarian removalalso described oftheprostate gland, surgery, andhernia and excisions, cauterisation, andthermal tooth extraction, alkali etc. He incisions,techniques probing, ofmaking offoreign extraction bodies, place where today’s Varanasi issituated. at a onthebanksofGanges He lived, hisart taught andpractised surgical ineight categories. instruments andclassified humansurgery over inwhichhedescribed Samhita 300surgical procedures, 120 is regarded asthefather ofsurgery. Heauthored thebookSushruta Sushruta madenumerous contributions to thefieldofsurgery. Sushruta surgeonAn ancient dating Indian backto almost2500years ago, and mineral origin. Other chapters in and mineral origin. Other In his In ofhiscontributionsSome includesurgical demonstration of , Sushrutadetailsabout650 drugsofanimal,Samhita plant, I nspIr Ing p eople Sushruta
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theIr c ontr Ibutons four namely parts, finite numberisdivided by zero, the result isinfinity. Healso accurately coefficient anddifferential calculus. differential calculus. Hethefirstwas perhaps to conceive thedifferential wasof to apioneer insomeoftheprinciples suggestthat Bhaskara credited withdifferential andintegral calculus, there isstrong evidence problems andcomputations. While Newton andLeibniz have been ofdifferentialthe principles itsapplication calculusand astronomicalto for known of thediscovery respectively. isparticularly Bhaskaracharya deals with centre ofancient India. at Ujjain, the leadingmathematical headed theastronomical observatory work on the systematic useofthedecimalnumbersystem. Healso Mahesvara. Aleadingmathematician of12thcentury, hewrote hisfirst a familyofscholars, helearntmathematics from hisastrologer father to Born Vijjadavida Bijapur)inthestate ofKarnataka. (modern-day wasinAD1114near born asBhaskaracharya, II,alsoknown Bhaskara He conceived mathematical themodern findingthat whena Bhaskaracharya’s mainwork arithmetic, algebra, mathematics oftheplanets, andspheres, I nspIr Lilavati, Bijaganita Ing p eople Bhaskara II Bhaskara
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant 24,900 miles. scientificmiles whereascalculation shows themodern-day it to be also calculated thatAryabhatta thecircumference is24,835 of the Earth states andplanetsshineby thatAryabhata theMoon reflected sunlight. andlunareclipseswereSolar scientifically explained by Aryabhata. are by epicycles. eachcarried They revolve inturn around theEarth. a geocentric modelofthesolarsystem, inwhichtheSunandMoon and water clocksofat leasttwo types stick semicircular andcircular (dhanur-yantra /chakra-yantra ), acylindrical instrument (chhaya yantra devices, ), possiblyangle-measuring astronomical instruments like contains ofseveral description I.It Brahmagupta andBhaskara Varahamihira andlater mathematicians andcommentators, including and isevident through ofAryabhata’s thewritings contemporary, who created theformula (a+b) yasti-yantra, anumbrella-shaped device calledthe India’s first satellite was namedinhishonour. Aryabhata was aware rotatesAryabhata thatonitsaxis. theEarth Hedescribed dealswithastronomical otherwork Arya-siddhanta calculationHis I nspIr Ing p eople 2
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2 theIr +b − bow-shaped andcylindrical. c 2 + 2ab. ontr Ibutons chhatra-yantra, students by making extensivestudents useofscientific by demonstrations. making Many of popularandengagedtheinterestJagdish Chandra was Bose very his of from thedate hejoined thecollege.was paidfullsalary As ateacher, college ultimately conceded hisdemandandJagdish Chandra Bose the jobbutrefused inprotest. to draw After three hissalary years the halfthat ofhisEnglishcolleagues. Heaccepted withasalary Kolkata at Cambridge). degreewith aBSc andNatural Science Tripos (aspecialcourse ofstudy Science at Christ’s College, Cambridge. 1885,he returned from In abroad a year, hemoved toCambridge totake upascholarshipto Naturalstudy University for ayear, butgave itupbecauseofhisown illhealth. Within BA inPhysical Sciencesin1879. at St Xavier’s andCollege. School Hewas abrilliantstudent. Hepassed He wasat senttheageof11to Englishandwas to learn educated Kolkata Magistrate. received Bose education early inavillagevernacular school. father(now BhagabanChandra was Bose aDeputy inBangladesh).His Jagadish Chandra wason30November Bose born 1858inMymensingh After hisreturn, hegotalecturer’s jobat Presidency College, went 1880,Bose In to England. Hestudiedmedicineat London I nspIr Jagadish Chandra Bose Jagadish Chandra Ing p eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant carries outresearchcarries onotherfields too. devoted(now Kolkata), mainlyto thestudyofplants. Today, theInstitute recognised Hefounded at itsimportance. Institute Calcutta theBose his work was recognised onlywhenthe inthecountry Western world in plants. feelings. Heinvented aninstrument to record theminutest movement metals andthenplants. Hewas thefirst proveto that plants havetoo in public. Marconi patented thisinvention, haddemonstrated Bose itsfunctioning as theinventor ofwireless telegraphy. 1895,ayear In before Guglielmo involving andpolarisation.Heisnow refraction, diffraction recognised in thePresidency College into alaboratory. outexperiments Hecarried pure research. Heconverted asmallenclosure adjoiningabathroom right andtheyincludedSatyendra Saha. NathandMeghnad Bose his students at thePresidency College later becamefamousintheirown Jagdish Chandra diedon23November Bose 1937. Althoughdid invaluable JagadishChandraBose workscience, in Jagadish Chandra later Bose switched from physics to thestudyof 1894,JagadishChandra decided to Bose devoteIn himselfto I nspIr Ing p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons wonders of science for ofthemasses. theuplift He wrote several articles Presidentelected Science Congress. ofIndian and seminarsasarepresentative universities. ofIndian 1920,hewas In under hisguidance. Heattended several international science congresses India’s first pharmaceutical company, whichprogressed phenomenally 1892,hefounded ChemicalsandPharmaceutical1902. In Bengal Works, work work inAyurveda. His a renowned French hedidcommendable research chemist, Berthelot, higher education at theEdinburgh University inUK. With thehelpof completing in1889after the Presidency College inchemistry asalecturer home inthevillage. However, heutilisedthistimeinreading literature. postpone hisstudiesfor acouple ofyears andreturn to hisancestral standard, hesuffered from asevere andhad to attack ofdysentery and hiselderbrother were admitted to Hare School. When inthefourth school inhisvillage. 1870hisfamilymigrated In to Calcutta andRay a landproprietor. Upto theageofnine, Prafulla Chandra studiedina fatherChandra inpresent-day was Harish Ray Bangladesh.His district PrafullaAcharya Cha Prafulla Chandra Ray’s ultimate aimwas to make useofthe A pioneerofchemicalresearch Prafulla inIndia, Chandra joined Ray Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray PrafullaChandra Acharya I nspIr ndra wason2August, Ray born 1861inKhulna Ing p eople was publishedin ofHinduChemistry History
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t 0 VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant co decadent socialcustoms suchasuntouchability. Hecontinued withhis cottage industries. believer Afirm in rationalism, he condemned the Bengal. Headvocated1922 innorth theuseof an ardent socialworker, hewas involved actively infaminerelief work in on science whichwere ofthetime. publishedinleadingjournals Also structive social-reformnstructive work tillhisdeath on16June1944. I nspIr Ing p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons and started several andstarted khadi using simple instruments and his huge knowledge ofancient plants,using simple instrumentsknowledge and hishuge discovered somenewgenera ofplants. in Bihar, which is atreasure houseoffossils ofancient plants. Here he Gondwana Indian floraMahal hills region. of Sahni also Raj explored the and geology. was Sahni thefirstbotanist Birbal to study extensively the Palaeobotany that requires isasubject ofbothbotany theknowledge was thefounder ofPalaeobotany, Institute Sahni ofBirbal Lucknow. who took aninterest inhiswork andwas aconstant companion. and Panjab University for aboutayear. Savitri Suri, 1920,hemarried In and worked asProfessor ofBotany University, at Banaras Hindu Varanasi Emmanuel College, Cambridge in1914. Government College, Lahore andPanjab University. Hegraduated from Hestudiedat Sahani. the son ofIshwari andLalaRuchiRam Devi ofPunjab,1891 inShahpurDistrict now inPakistan. Hewas the third The renowned wason14November Sahni, palaeobotanist,born Birbal was not Birbalonly abotanistbut also ageologist. Sahni By studiedthefossils Sahni subcontinent.Birbal oftheIndian He After completion camebackto ofhiseducation,Sahni India Birbal I nspIr Ing p eople Birbal Sahni
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant the Birbal Sahni Institute ofPalaeobotany. Institute Sahni the Birbal completed undone. thetaskhehadleft The institute istoday as known week ofthefoundation stone laying ceremony ofhisinstitute. wife His intheworld. diedonthenight Sahni 1949 kind of10April ofBotany.Department The ofPalaeobotany Institute isthefirstofits ofIndia. Wright oftheNumismatic Society Medal technique ofcastingcoinshewas awarded inancient India theNelson ofcointhe discovery mouldsinRohtak in 1936.For hisstudiesonthe period, about62millionyears old. Oneofhisinvestigations ledto He found that theDeccan Traps inMadhya Pradesh were ofthetertiary the saltrange, now inPakistan Punjab, is40to 60millionyears old. he estimated theageofsomeoldrocks. Heshowed to thepeoplethat Being ateacher,Being first Sahni raised thestandard of teaching at the I nspIr Ing p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons − lessthana and asaresult inhisroom inthe Presidency College asmallstatistical and anthropology. Many ofhiscolleagues took interest instatistics realised usefulin solvingproblems that related it was very to meteorology in physics. hewas introduced Soon ofstatistics and to theimportance and was invited by thePrincipal ofPresidency College to takeclasses mathematician. After completion ofhisstudies, hereturned to India thefamousIndian withSRamanujan, studies andcameincontact in physics. for theyear left England for In 1913,Mahalanobis further himself at Presidency College degree andgotaBSc withspecialisation initial education from Brahmo Boys inCalcutta. School Then heenrolled surrounded by reformers sociallyactive andintellectuals. Hehadhis in Bangladesh.As achild, grew Mahalanobis upinan environment founded Statistical inKolkata. Institute theIndian andhad studiesinthefieldofanthropometry also madepioneering field ofstatisticsMahalanobis Distance. was the Besides these hehad mostsignificantand asanappliedstatistician. His contribution inthe sampling. isremembered Mahalanobis scientist asanIndian by Indians isgreatlyMahalanobis popularfor introducing newmethodsof statistician andscientist,A well-knownIndian Prasanta Chandra Originally the family of Mahalanobis belongedtoOriginally thefamily ofMahalanobis Bikrampur, now I nspIr Ing P. C.Mahalanobis p eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant birthday ofMahalanobis, astheNational Statisticalbirthday Day. 2006,Governmentduties perfectly. declared In ofIndia 29 June, the inhisresearch ageheparticipated a ripe work anddischarged allhis immense contribution to thefieldofscience. second highestcivilianaward ofthecountry, Padma Vibhushan, for his in the Vishva-bharati University. was honoured Mahalanobis withthe theforeign during visitsofthegreatparticularly poetandalsoworked bent ofmind. to Rabindranath Hehadworked asasecretary Tagore, statistics, Besides alsohadaculturalmethodology inIndia. Mahalanobis hadalsocorrected someoftheerrorsMahalanobis ofthecensus anditassisted intherapidplan ofIndia industrialisationofthecountry. contributedIndia. to plansof thefive-year the Planningmember of a as significantly Commissionhe India, of histenurea memberofthePlanning Commission During ofIndia. cropmeasuring yields. thelater In stageofhislife, became Mahalanobis andsamplingmethods.surveys Healsointroduced amethodof samplesurveys. Hehadpioneered theconceptto large-scale ofpilot Kolkata and moved to itspresent campuson Barrackpore Trunk near Road Presidency College, butlaterpassing timetheinstitute with expanded was theInstitute located1932. Initially inthePhysicsof Department Statistical Institute,Indian whichwas formally registered on28April The meetingsanddiscussionsledto theformal establishment ofthe inthediscussions. participated actively andSirRNMukherji Sen, Ranjan grewlaboratory upwherescholars likePramatha NathNikhil Banerji, Mahalanobis diedon28June1972at theage78.EvenMahalanobis at such was implementedThe Model Mahalanobis inthesecond five-year contributionsare ofMahalanobis relatedThe mostimportant I nspIr Ing p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons Bagha Jatin. withgreatin contact leadersofhistime, likeSubhashChandra and Bose While incollege, hegotinvolved withthefreedom struggleandcame decided toMeghnad doresearch inphysics andappliedmathematics. inappliedmathematics inpureMeghnad andBose mathematics. rankedexam, firstinMSc andMeghnad 1915,bothSNBose In of India. first position was taken Satyendraby NathBose, another great scientist major andgotthesecond rank intheUniversity ofCalcutta, whereas the Collegiateinto Dhaka School. living. middleschool test andgotadmitted Heranked firstintheDhaka house neartheschoolandhadto work inthat houseto meetthecost of away(about 12km) from staying hisvillage. inadoctor’s Hestarted free time. Hegotadmitted into amiddleschoolwhichwas seven miles school whileattending to thefamily shopduring the village primary the village. family’s His bad. financial Hestudiedin condition was very father shopin now Jagannath hadagrocery Saha inBangladesh.His wasonthe6October, Saha born Meghnad 1893inavillagenearDhaka, He graduated from Presidency College, withmathematics Kolkata I nspIr Ing p Meghnad Saha eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant throughout India. It was a mammoth task, buthediditsuccessfully. was amammothtask, throughout It India. calendar basedonscientific study, which could beadopted uniformly Committee. The taskbefore theCommittee was to prepare anaccurate was Saha’s in1952. It of India which led to the effort formation ofthe of theCalendar Reform Committee appointed by theGovernment significant.reform calendarwas He very was theChairman ofIndian ofParliament. astheMember elected Besides, Saha’s work relating to ofNuclearPhysics.Institute thanbeingascientist, hewas also Other ofNuclearPhysicsInstitute whichlater himasSaha was namedafter Royal Society. Germany. asaFellow was Saha elected 1927,Meghnad In ofLondon’s astrophysics. Hewent abroad andstayed for two years inLondon and Saha got interestedSaha in nuclear physics. 1947, he established In contribution to maderemarkable thefieldof Saha Meghnad I nspIr Ing p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons 1916 to 1921. He joined the newly established Dhaka University in 1916 to 1921.Hejoined thenewlyestablished Dhaka as aLecturer inPhysics inCalcutta University. here from Heserved mathematics physics. andmodern hiscareer in1916 started SNBose andMSc. the university inBSc Presidency College, withmathematics ashismajor. Kolkata Hetopped Hewas abrilliantstudent and didhiscollegein Kolkata. from the children. Satyendra Nath was the eldest ofhis seven Railway; of the East India father Surendranath was Bose employed inthe Engineering Department and areas known ‘bosons’ hisname. after Statistics’ that follow andaclassoffundamental particles thisstatistics for hiswork inquantum physics. Heisfamousfor the ‘Bose-Einstein Satyendra physicist. Nathwas Bose anoutstanding Indian Heisknown of the discovery boson’,‘Higgs asthe known alsopopularly ‘God Particle’. Satyendra Nathhasbeeninthenews Bose oflate with in connection In 1916, the Calcutta University started MSc classes in modern classesinmodern MSc 1916,theCalcutta University started In School Satyendra Nathdidhisschoolingfrom High Bose Hindu His 1894inKolkata. Satyendra Nathwason1January Bose born I nspIr Satyendra Nath Bose Ing p eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant years. on4February 1974. HediedinKolkata for ascholar,highest honourinthecountry apositionheheldfor 15 achievements. 1959, hewas appointed In asaNational Professor, the the Government in1954recognition ofIndia ofhisoutstanding London. bharati University. aFellow 1958,hewas elected In oftheRoyal Society, Professor.as Emeritus Later hebecamethe Vice Chancellor ofthe Visva- 1956. The University honoured himonhisretirement by appointing him of Physics inCalcutta University. Heretired from Calcutta University in the ScienceCongress. 1945,hewas appointed Professor In asKhaira ScienceCongressIndian GeneralPresident andin1944hewas elected Satyendranath ofthePhysics Chairman ofthe was Bose elected Section he was appointed asProfessor onEinstein’s recommendation. 1929, In University.Dhaka Though hehadnot completed hisdoctorate tillthen, became famousto thescientists as Statistics’.‘Bose-Einstein The hypothesis received great attention andwas highlyappreciated. It publication to inGermany, afamousperiodical it somuchthat hehimselftranslated itinto andsent itfor German Hypothesis’. Einstein. Einstein was sent appreciated to Albert This article titled publishedanarticle Bose Planck’s‘Max Law andLight Quantum ofPhysics. intheDepartment 1924,Satyendra1921 asaReader Nath In Satyendra Nathwas Bose honoured with ‘Padma Bhushan’ by 1926,Satyendra NathbecameaProfessorIn Bose ofPhysics in I nspIr Ing p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons Zeitschrift furPhysik . place frequently. bird, excited. hegotvery visiting the After that, theyoung started Salim see many stuffed birds. Salim finally When killed saw abird similar tothe Amazed at the unusualinterest oftheyoung boy, took Millard himto (BNHS). Society the Bombay of Natural History Secretary the Honorary about thebird. Unableto answer, hisuncletook himto W. S.Millard, Curious,showed he sparrow the toand wantedhis uncle more to know like ahousesparrow, buthadastrange yellowish shadeonthethroat. down. Tender heinstantly ran andpickeditup. at appeared heart, It him to nature. brought upby hismaternal uncle, Amiruddin Tyabji whointroduced be amere funfor many. young age, at Orphaned avery Ali Salim was to agreatcourse inIndia of ornithology extent. researchsystematic onbirdsHis inIndia. work survey hasshapedthe the as Heisalsoknown in Mumbai. ‘birdmanof India’. He pioneered a The famousornithologist-naturalist wason12 November born 1896 Abdul Ali Moizuddin orDrSalim is synonymousDr Salim withbirds. As a10-year-old, once Salim noticed a flyingbird andshotit A great visionary, hemadebirds pursuitwhenitusedto aserious I nspIr Ing p eople Dr Salim Ali Salim Dr
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t 0 VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant Padma Vibhushan in1983.Hediedat theageof90,on20June1987. Forests Government Ali Salim was (MoEF), honoured of India. witha at Anaikatty, Coimbatore, ofEnvironment and aidedby theMinistry Ali Centre (SACON)for andNatural Ornithology History was established andtheSilent Rajasthan Valley National Park 1990,theSalim inKerala. In Prime Pandit Minister Jawahar Lal Nehrufor financialhelp. and managedto save the200-year oldinstitutionby to writing thethen in thefieldofornithology. publication ofhisfindingsonthebird in1930brought him recognition oftheBaya orthe hisfirstobservations began making Weaver bird. The wife Tehmina moved acoastal where to villagenearMumbai, Kihim, he due to lack offunds. Unableto findasuitablejob,Salim Aliandhis he discovered that positionhadbeeneliminated theguidelecturer Zoological University. ofBerlin Museum Onhisreturn in1930, to India to Germany, where hetrained underProfessor Stresemann at the Erwin the Prince of Wales Hewent inMumbai. Museum onstudyleave in1928 in section in1926atguide lecturer thenewlyopenednatural history dropout.) He, however, hewas hired after as decidedto studyfurther dueto lackofaproperof India university degree. (Hewas acollege Dr Ali’s influence in helpedsave theBharatpur BirdSanctuary oftheBNHS influentialthesurvival inensuring AliSalim was very Ali failedto getanornithologist’s positionat theZoological Survey I nspIr Ing p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons at Allahabad University. students. Hepursuedhispostgraduate university education in botany following histeacher’s advice, Maheshwari didtrain ahostoftalented replied, for“Do your students what Ihave donefor you.” Meticulously Panchanan to askwhat hecould dofor histeacher inreturn. Dudgeon of him,itwillgive himgreat satisfaction. These words encouraged to beofimmensehelpto plant breeders. cannot cross-bred naturally canbedonenow. The technique isproving and appliedbotany. Cross-breeding ofmany flowering plants that new avenues and found in plant applications embryology in economic intest-tubes.fertilised Maheshwari’s technique immediately openedup angiosperms. Till thennoonethought that flowering plants could be teacher. missionary anAmerican Dudgeon, was hiscollege afamousbotanist. days, During hewas inspired by Dr W November in9 Born 1904inJaipur, Panchanan Rajasthan, Maheshwari He went on to establish the Department ofBotanyHe went at theUniversity onto establishtheDepartment teacher onceHis expressed that ifhisstudent progresses ahead Maheshwari invented thetechnique oftest-tube of fertilisation I nspIr Panchanan Maheshwari Ing p eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant Till hisdeath on18May 1966, hewas editor ofPhytomorphology. ofPlant 1951,hefounded Morphologists.In theInternationalSociety books for schoolsto improve thestandard ofteaching oflife sciences. Academy,several and other institutions ofexcellence. wrote Healso fellowships ofLondon, National oftheRoyalScience Indian Society and apopularmagazine He alsofounded aninternational research journal pollination andintra-ovarian wontube fertilisation worldwide acclaim. days, tissueculture hasbecome inscience. alandmark work ontest His culturefor ofimmature initiation ofwork onartificial embryos. These embryology, physiology andgenetics. Healsoemphasisedtheneed to herhousehold duties. Way between backin1950hetalkedofcontacts Centre ofAdvanced Study inBotany. was recognisedThe department by University Grants Commission asa asapremierof Delhi centre ofresearch andtissueculture. inembryology Maheshwari’s wife assisted himinpreparation ofslidesinaddition I nspIr Ing p The Botanica in1950.He was honoured with eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons Phytomorphology Pusa, Bihar, damageditsmainbuilding, asevere butafter earthquake Agricultural Research (IARI)in1947.IARIwas located Institute earlier in AgriculturalImperial Research Institute, whichwas renamed theIndian moved to Pusa, Bihar, to become theSecondEconomic at Botanist the ofAgriculture. thesameyear, Department October in theBurmese In he of wheat hybrids. the Green Revolution, essentially basedonthe commercial exploitation coveted Plant Breeding Institute. This provided thebasisfor thedesign of Pal worked withSirFrank Engledow onhybrid vigour inwheat at the permitted himtopursue hispost-graduate studies at Cambridge,UK. science streams intheUniversity. Hewas awarded ascholarshipwhich where healsowon Hunter theMatthew Prize for topping amongall was fond ofgardening andpainting. inMaymyo,School frombeing abrilliantstudent, Pal Apart Burma. also colony,British to workOfficer. asaMedical Michael’s Palstudied at St family later26 May 1906.His moved to (now Burma thena Myanmar), Dr. B. P. Pal, thefamous agricultural scientist, wasinPunjab born on In March 1933,DrPalIn was appointed Assistant Research Rice Officer 1929,PalIn qualified Botany in for MSc Rangoon University from I nspIr Ing p eople Dr. B. P. Pal
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant received numerous honoursincludingthePadma Vibhushan. for 25years. aFellow Hewas elected in1972and oftheRoyal Society Breeding andedited the Society. andPlant ofGenetics Healsofounded Society theIndian varieties. Hewas founder President andBougainvillea Society oftheRose offood.became anexporter Dr Pal was instrumental inchanging India’s globalimageanditsoon people. ofstarving food intheworld andwasasacountry crisis known with resistance to rustdisease. wasThenreeling India a severe under therefore, developed asystematic breeding methodto develop varieties that rustdiseasewas largely responsible for low yieldsofwheat and, Revolution was inthearea ofwheat geneticsandbreeding. Heobserved with outstandingsuccess. theGreen whichperiod 1972,during Revolution was launched January Agricultural Research Heheldthispositionfrom (ICAR). May 1965to Indian ofthe Council of when hebecamethefirstDirector-General Pusa until in1950.HecontinuedMay inthat 1965, capacity to serve atDirector oftheIARIinNewDelhi itsnewcampus, whichwas named to was in1936.DrPalthe Institute shifted NewDelhi Indian was thefirst Dr Pal was alsoarose andcreated breeder ofdistinction several Dr Pal’s majorcontribution oftheGreen to thescientific aspects I nspIr Ing p Indian Journal of Genetics andPlant Breeding ofGenetics Indian Journal eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons his life time. dominantas a influence allthecreative in during heundertook work painting interests inthefine arts andtheNehrufamily. Gandhi of Mahatma The familyalsohadcultivated family was imbuedwithastrong nationalistic undertheinfluence spirit, ofthetwentieth century.engineering education, part intheearly The inthefieldsofmetallurgy,projects power generation, andscience and his mother’s side, was closeto thehouseof Tatas, who hadpioneered to thecountry. and service learning The family, bothonhisfather’s and a metallurgist. that on his return he could to join the India Tata in Jamshedpuras Mills Tata, whowanted himto getadegree inmechanicalengineering so to theCambridge University, forced by hisfather andhisuncleDorabji anddidhiscollegeGrammar School from Elphinstone College. Hewent HereceivedMumbai. education hisearly at Mumbai’s Cathedral Programme, Parsi wasinarich born 1909in familyon30October AtomicHomi Jehangir Bhabha,themainarchitect ofIndia Energy Bhabha’s familybackground illustrious hadalongtradition of − that aroused Bhabha’s aestheticsensibilities, and remained Homi JehangirBhabha(0-) I nspIr Ing p particularly − particularly Western classicalmusicand eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant attend ameetingoftheInternationalAtomic Energy Agency. 1966,whileonway to Blancon24January near Mont Vienna, Austria, to which was Bhabha’s ancestral home. Bhabhadiedinaplanecrash was formally inaugurated inDecember 1945in the ‘Kenilworth’ building, 22 years, from 1944till1966. The Tata ofFundamental Institute Research Bhabha was soondesignated asProfessor ofCosmic Research. Ray ofPhysics.was HeadoftheDepartment appointed Initially asaReader, Bangalore, where SirC India’sV Raman, firstNobellaureateScience, in Second World War. to ofScience, workInstitute Heelected at theIndian in1939,andhadtoto stay India backonaccount oftheoutbreak ofthe in1940,at theyoungof theRoyal ageof31.Bhabhareturned Society original research relating to cosmic rays. This for earned himaFellowship physics. outoutstanding 1930-1939,Bhabhacarried theperiod During Bhabha’s leadershipofIndia’s atomic energy programme spanned completionBhabha, after ofhisengineering, switched over to I nspIr Ing p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons rays andtheotherunder theveteran meteorologist R.Ramanathan K. Sarabhailines —oneunder time variations dealingwiththe cosmic of the Ahmedabad Education Society. Thecovered scientific activities two in Ahmedabad. Initially, itconsisted ofrooms at of theScienceInstitute whohelpedhimestablishthePhysicalRamanathan, Research Laboratory 1947hewas awarded1945. In thePhD degree and theHimalayas to studycosmic rays. Hereturned to Cambridge in inBangalore,C settingupobservatories Pune that hestarted V Raman, of Science, Bangalore where hestudiedtheeffectsof cosmic rays. returned andbecamearesearch to India Institute scholarat theIndian year 1940andtheworld wasSecond fighting the World War.So, Sarabhai There, anundergraduate Sarabhai earned degree. tripods That was the forleft Englandin1937,to studyphysics at St John’s College, Cambridge. bent ofmind. After studyingat theGujarat College inhishometown, he family. wasyears hisearly at aprivate It schoolthat shapedhisscientific Sarabhai wasinAhmedabad on12August born 1919to anaffluent Fondly referred to asthe ‘Father space programme’, oftheIndian Vikram Sarabhai’s real work beganin1947alongwithmeteorologist, KR was at Bangalore,It guidance underthedirect ofNobellaureate, Dr I nspIr Vikram AmbalalSarabhai Ing p eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant and Padma Bhushanin1966. Vikram himShanti Sarabhai earned Swarup in1962 Bhatnagar Medal age of52on31December 1971. Space ResearchIndian Organization (ISRO). Hediedinhissleepat the crash. Sarabhai’s greatest achievement was theestablishment ofthe Commission in1966following Bhabha’s untimely demiseinaplane Sarabhai wasAtomic appointed oftheIndian Chairman Energy ofHomiBhabhafrom theAtomicwith support Energy Commission. TERLS at Thumba onthecoast oftheArabian on21November Sea 1963 chaired by Sarabhai. National Committeeset uptheIndian for Space Research (INCOSPAR) Soviet Unionlaunched International Geophysical Year of1957. Around thistime, theerstwhile end here. Hewas askedto programmeorganise theIndian forthe ofAtomic Energy.and theDepartment didnotjust And thesupport from Research Industrial the Scientific and Council of financial support physics. variations insolaractivity. This ledthemto pioneerresearch insolar to comprehend variations inthecosmic rays; theyhadto relate itto Sarabhai’s team realised that evaluating theweather was notenough covering the areas ofionosphere andupperatmosphericphysics. The work pioneering onspace science andresearch doneby Dr scientist setupIndia’sThe visionary first rocket launchingstation, With suchabigbreakthrough inhand, Sarabhai soonreceived I nspIr Ing -1. India, nottoo farbehind,Sputnik-1. India, decidedto p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons owned by farmers. And thisismilkwithadifference –pasteurised, branded, packaged, and in more than1,000cities throughout thelengthandbreadth ofIndia. buffalo’s milkinstead of cow’s packed milkisnow Quality available milk. inventing milkpowder theprocess of making andcondensed milkfrom and involves millionsofIndians. Kurien andhisteam were pioneersin the Amul food brand. brand ofglobalstandard Amul isatruly Indian Federation, Marketing Milk thecooperative organisation that manages milk producer intheworld. Heisthefounder oftheGujarat Co-operative engineered the thelargestWhite andmade India Revolution inIndia, the Anand modelofcooperativedevelopmentmodernise andthus dairy development programmethe largest dairy intheworld. Kurien helped Statefrom Michigan University. a governmentMetallurgical in scholarshiptohisMSc Engineering earn Jamshedpur, from where hegraduated in1946.Hethenwent to USAon completing hisdegree, hejoinedthe Tata Steel Technical Institute, fromand thendidBE(Mechanical) the University ofMadras. After Cochin. Hegraduated inphysics from Loyola College, in1940 Madras November 1921inKozhikode, father was Kerala. acivilsurgeon His in Fondly calledthe ofIndia’, Man ‘Milk Verghese Kurien wason26 born Kurien is famously known asthearchitect ofOperationKurien isfamouslyknown Flood— I nspIr Ing p Verghese Kurien eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t 0 VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant a wheat plant that yielded much more grain thantraditional types. cross-breeding andafter Borlaug themwithlocalspeciescreated into seeds developed India in Mexico by US agricultural guruNorman of biodiversity.emphasised onpreservation Swaminathan brought andadvocatedpoverty thecauseofsustainabledevelopment. Healso food scenario. avisiontoworld seea devoid Henurtured and ofhunger andworkback to here India for thebetterment ofourcountry’s poor US. There down heturned aprofessorship. Hewas clearaboutcoming studiesat University andthendidfurther Wisconsin University inthe career hisPhD 1952,heearned ingeneticsfrom path. In Cambridge but a1949fellowship to changedhis studygeneticsintheNetherlands professions andstudiedagriculture. He almostbecameapolice officer, college,instilled asenseofpatriotisminhim.In herejected more lucrative Research Foundation inChennai. of 20thcentury. Heisfounder oftheMSSwaminathan andChairman magazine placed himintheTime’s 20list ofmostinfluential Asian people India’s scenario by farming introducing highyieldingcrops. The behind India’s ‘Green Revolution’, aprogramme, whichrevolutionised Kumbakonam,famous TamilNadu. This Sambasivan SwaminathanMaankombu wason7August born 1925in His physicianHis father was anardent follower andit ofGandhiji I nspIr Dr. M.S.Swaminathan Ing p eople
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geneticist is known as the man as geneticist isknown c ontr Ibutons Time Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership in1971. of Nature andNatural Resources in1988.Hereceived theRamon and becamePresident oftheInternationalUnion for theConservation Agriculture from asDirector GeneraloftheIRRI 1979to 1980.Heserved of Agricultural Research from 1972to for 1979andwas UnionMinister wheat ayear, compared to 12milliontonnes intheearly ‘60s. of the1980sand90s. new era ofhopefor Asia, paving theway for theAsian economic miracle accomplished the samemiracle for rice. tragedy to turned Imminent a atResearchScientists (IRRI)inthePhilippines InternationalRice Institute Swaminathan served as the Director General of the Indian CouncilSwaminathan astheDirector General oftheIndian served I nspIr Ing Today, grows India some70milliontonnes of p eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant powerful telescope inKavalur,powerful Tamil Nadu. 1986,heestablishedIndia’sof it. In with a largest opticalobservatory andcontributed alotinthemodernisation Observatory the Kodaikanal inNainital. 1960,hetook over In State astheDirector of Observatory in 1953 andplayedto India amajorrole Pradesh inbuildingtheUttar astheBappu-Wilsonstars anditcametobe known effect. He returned of kind of particular abouttheluminosity observation an important and joinedthePalomar University inthe US. HeandColin Wilson made Hecompleted his PhD in1952 andGordon Bok Newkirk. colleagues Bart himandhis after comet, which was thennamedBappu-Bok-Newkirk receiving degree hisMSc inphysics from University. Madras Bappu joinedtheprestigious University onascholarshipafter Harvard much to the revival ofopticalastronomy inindependent India. of thegreatest astronomers ofIndia, Vainu Bappuhascontributed man behindthecreationofAstrophysics. Institute oftheIndian One Hyderabad, Kukuzhi Bappu. Manali MK Vainu Bappu iscredited asthe (now Chennai)to aseniorastronomerObservatory, intheNizamiah Kallat Manali Vainu Bappu wason10August born 1927inMadras Within a few months ofcompleting hisstudies, hediscovered a I nspIr Ing M K Vainu Bappu p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons Vainu Vainu Bappuisregarded astronomy. asthefatherIndian ofmodern Astronomical oftheAmerican Member Society.was anHonorary Today, Foreignthe Honorary Fellow of theBelgium Academy of Sciences and of theInternationalAstronomical as Unionin1979.Hewas alsoelected ofthePacificSociety in1949, asthe Vainu Bappu was elected President Awarded theprestigious Comet Donhoe by Medal theAstronomical I nspIr Ing p eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t 54 VVidyarthiiSastradyarthi Pratibha VVigyanigyan contes MManthananthant powerful telescope inKavalur,powerful Tamil Nadu. 1986,heestablishedIndia’sof it. In with a largest opticalobservatory andcontributed alotinthemodernisation Observatory the Kodaikanal inNainital. 1960,hetook over In State astheDirector of Observatory in 1953 andplayedto India amajorrole Pradesh inbuildingtheUttar astheBappu-Wilsonstars anditcametobe known effect. He returned of kind of particular abouttheluminosity observation an important and joinedthePalomar University inthe US. HeandColin Wilson made Hecompleted his PhD in1952 andGordon Bok Newkirk. colleagues Bart himandhis after comet, which was thennamedBappu-Bok-Newkirk receiving degree hisMSc inphysics from University. Madras Bappu joinedtheprestigious University onascholarshipafter Harvard much to the revival ofopticalastronomy inindependent India. of thegreatest astronomers ofIndia, Vainu Bappuhascontributed man behindthecreationofAstrophysics. Institute oftheIndian One Hyderabad, Kukuzhi Bappu. Manali MK Vainu Bappu iscredited asthe (now Chennai)to aseniorastronomerObservatory, intheNizamiah Kallat Manali Vainu Bappu wason10August born 1927inMadras Dr Kalam translatedbeen into many Indian languages. names inIndia and among Indian nationals abroad. books have These Minds: Unleashing power the within India - have become household Fire, India 2020-AVision for New the Millennium, My Journey, and Ignited and operation of Agni and Prithvi Missiles. DrKalam’s -Wings books of PSLV configuration. Dr Kalam was responsible forthe development evolutionthe of ISRO’s launch vehicle programme, the particularly India an exclusive member of Space the Club. He was responsible for injected Rohini the satellite in anear-earth orbit inJuly 1980and made first indigenous SatelliteLaunch Vehicle (SLV-III)which successfully Dr Kalam played role avital as aProject Director to develop India’s rolepolitical inIndia’s Pokhran-II nuclear tests in1998. noteworthy. He played also apivotal organisational, and technical developmentthe ofmissile and ballistic spacerocket is technology and Development Organisation Kalam’s (DRDO). contribution in India, he worked as an aerospace engineer with Defence the Research Madras Institute of Technology. Before becoming President the of helped him in his life. Hein aeronautical specialised engineering from Kalam inherited his parent’s honesty and discipline which President.11th Missile Man of India worldwide, popular as India’s very became he also Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam on 1931at 15October Born Rameswaram inTamil Nadu, DrAvul Pakir Within a few months ofcompleting hisstudies, hediscovered a was one of most the distinguished scientists of India with I nspIr Ing D r APJAbdulK M K Vainu Bappu p eople was aman of great distinction. Known as the
and
theIr c alam ontr Ibutons Vainu Science, ThiruvananthapuramScience, among many others. at IIM,Ahmedabad, IIM,Indore, Chancellor of Indian Institute of Space civilian award Bharat (1997).He Ratna Padma Bhushan (1981) and Padma Vibhushan (1990) and highest the and institutions. He awarded has been coveted the civilian awards - uniquethe honour of receiving honorary doctorates from 30universities Vainu Bappuisregarded astronomy. asthefatherIndian ofmodern Astronomical oftheAmerican Member Society.was anHonorary Today, Foreignthe Honorary Fellow of theBelgium Academy of Sciences and of theInternationalAstronomical as Unionin1979.Hewas alsoelected ofthePacificSociety in1949, asthe Vainu Bappu was elected President Awarded theprestigious Comet Donhoe by Medal theAstronomical I nspIr Ing p eople *****
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VVidyarthiidyarthi VigyanVigyan ManthanManthan 55 Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant (2005–2008), a high-level advisory bodyto thePrime ofIndia, (2005–2008), ahigh-level Minister advisory immunisation, oilseeds, etc. through several missionsontelecommunications, literacy, dairy, water, case for usingtechnology for thebenefitandbetterment ofsociety only heralded thetelecom revolutiona strong butalsomade inIndia, Technology Advisor to Prime Minister, in1984,Pitroda Gandhi Rajiv not for changesinIndia’s bringing inrevolutionary telecom sector. As and Innovations, heisalsowidelyconsidered to have beenresponsible Advisor to on Public thePrime ofIndia Information Minister Infrastructure Technology inChicago. of engineering fromInstitute Illinois obtained aMastersinelectrical from Sayajirao Maharaja University in Vadodara. Hewent to theUSand Vidyanagar inGujarat andcompleted inphysics hisMSc andelectronics philosophy.imbibe Gandhian He completed hisschooling from Vallabh Gujarat andwerePitroda Gandhians. So strict was sent to Gujarat to on4May 1942atborn parentsTitlagarh, His Odisha. were originally from Satyanarayan Pitroda Gangaram Pitroda asSam known popularly was He has served as Chairman oftheNational Commission asChairman Knowledge He hasserved Pitroda isaninnovator, entrepreneur andpolicymaker. Currently I nspIr Ing p eople Sam Pitroda Sam
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theIr c ontr Ibutons living mainlyinChicago, Illinois, USAwithhiswife andtwo children. ups, extensively andlectures around theworld. Since 1964hehasbeen around 100keytechnology patents, hasbeeninvolved inseveral start- related institutionsandinfrastructure inthecountry. Pitroda holds set upto recommendations give policy for improving knowledge- I nspIr Ing p eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant India’s self-reliance by asafuelfor usingthorium nuclearenergy. sovereignty for India’s nucleartests. Hestrongly advocates thecauseof indemanding hasbeenplaying acrucial part Energy in2000.Kakodkar ofAtomic to theGovernment Department ofIndia, andSecretary (AEC) and 1998. of thecore team ofarchitects ofIndia’s Peaceful Nuclear Tests in1974 country’s Pressurised Heavy Water technology. Reactor Hewas apart HomiBhabha. He ledthe indigenous development after BARC ofthe becametheyoungest Director ofthe 1996,Kakodkar tech project.In oftheDhruva reactor,and construction acompletely original buthigh- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and playedrole akey (BARC) in design Engineering. VJTI inBombay University in1963to obtainadegree inMechanical andgraduatedMumbai from thenjoined theRuparel College. Kakodkar were bothGandhians. Hedidhisschoolingin andPKakodkar Kakodkar 1943 inthevillageBarawani, Madhya Pradesh. parents His Kamala Dr Anil Kakodkar, nuclearscientist, wason11November theIndian born Kakodkar took over oftheAtomic asChairman Kakodkar Energy Commission Engineering Divisionofthe joinedtheReactor 1964,Kakodkar In I nspIr Ing Dr. AnilKakodkar p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons access to information on important aspects like landuse/landcover,access aspects to information onimportant soil life ofthepoorpeoplein villages. More than 430 haveVRCs now through satellite connectivity, which aimsat improving of the quality hospitals.specialty remote/rural/district hospitalsincluding10mobileunitsand46super EduSAT andtelemedicine to network isextended 315hospitals a result, more than31,000classrooms have underthe beenconnected education andtelemedicine for at large. meetingtheneedsofsociety As were accomplished. Hetook a keeninterest in programmes such astele- hissix-yearDuring tenure at ISRO, asmany as25successful missions the in1967. Thumba Equatorial LaunchingStation Rocket (TERLS) training at BhabhaAtomic Research Centre Bombay. (BARC), Hejoined engineering from theUniversity ofKerala in1966.Hethenunderwent mission to theMoon. asthemanbehind (ISRO) isknown Kerala. This Space former Research oftheIndia Organisation chairperson Dr. 1943in G.Madhavan Nairwason31October born Thiruvananthapuram, Nair alsoinitiated the Village scheme Resource Centres (VRCs) andcommunicationNair didhisgraduation inelectrical I nspIr Dr. G.Madhavan Nair Ing p eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t 0 VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant award, in2009. honoured withthePadma Vibhushan, India’s second highestcivilian on Peaceful Uses ofOuter Space (UN-COPUOS) since 1998.Hewas ofUniteddelegation to Nations Committee theS&TSub-Committee international cooperative agreements. Madhavan NairhasledtheIndian etc., outmutuallybeneficial andhasbeeninstrumental inworking agencies andcountries, especiallywithFrance, Russia,Brazil, Israel, delegations for bilateral cooperation andnegotiations withmany space decisions basedontheirquery. and ground important water intaking andenablethefarmers prospects In theinternationalIn arena, Madhavan NairhasledtheIndian I nspIr Ing p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons and Goa. and eGovernace Committee ofGovernments Chairman ofMaharashtra the Cabinet, Government Governing Council ofIndia, ofCSIR, Member Baroda andaPhD inEngineering from in1972. IIT Delhi, VNIT Nagpur in1965. This was followed by masters from MSUniversity, obtained hisBachelor of Engineering degreeMaharashtra, Bhatkar from initiatives.path-breaking 1946at Muramba, Akola, on11October Born hasgiven GISTmultilingualtechnology andalotofother Bhatkar India International Multiversity. being C-DAC, I2IT, ER&DC,IIITM-K, Research Lab, ETH MKCL andIndia the creation ofseveral national institutions, notableamongstthem DAC, India’s national initiative insupercomputing. Heiscredited with supercomputer ‘Param’ andasthefounder Executive Director ofC- architectas the ofIndia’s is bestknown He India. leaders of and IT first Dr Vijay Pandurang is oneofthemostacclaimed scientists Bhatkar A FellowIEEE, of ACM, CSI,INAEandleading scientific, engineering Committee hasbeenamemberofScientific to Advisory Bhatkar As thearchitect ofIndia’s Param ofsupercomputers, series Dr I nspIr Ing Dr. VijayBhatkar p eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant Bharati. oftheBoardChairman ofIIT-Delhi, andNational President of Vijnana Multiversity, Research Lab, ofETH Chairman ChiefMentor ofI2IT, others. HK Firodia andDataquest Lifetime Achievement Awards, andmany include Saint Dnyaneshwar World Peace Prize, Lokmanya Tilak Award, Padma andMaharashtra Shri Bhushanawards. recognitions Other hasbeenhonouredand professional with Bhatkar societiesofIndia, Dr Bhatkar ispresently International Dr Bhatkar theChancellor ofIndia I nspIr Ing p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons charge ofdeploying themalfunctioning flight. herfirst during oftheEarth orbits 375 hoursinspace, asshetravelled over in252 10.4 millionkilometres crew onSpace Shuttle mission to ofa6-astronaut space beganon19November 1997aspart avid musiclover. aerobatics, vegetarian tail-wheel airplanes.andwas an Shewas astrict interest inflying, gliding, hiking, travelling and reading. Sheloved flying Jean-Pierre afreelance Harrison, flyinginstructor. Shealso took keen Ames Research Center. Chawla Soon, becameaUScitizen andmarried University ofColorado. thesameyear, In at NASA’s working shestarted years later, Chawladoctorate a earned in aerospace engineeringfrom degree inaerospace engineering from University of Texas in1984,four aeronautical dream, shemoved to After America. obtaininganMSc aeronautical engineering from Panjab University. To give wingsto her fly.Karnal’s She didherschoolingfrom TagoreSchool, andlater studied She was inspired by India’s firstpilotJRD Tata andalways wanted to Chawla was on1July1961inHaryana’s born Kalpana district. Karnal Chawla joined NASA’s space programme in 1994 and herfirst I nspIr Ing Columbia flight STS-87. Sheloggedmore than p Kalpana Chawla Kalpana eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant disaster in 2003. was oneoftheseven intheSpace Shuttle crew memberskilled woman inspace. Indian-American butalsothefirst Indian-born she was notonlythefirst As a mission specialist and primary robotic operator, arm As amissionspecialistandprimary Chawla I nspIr Ing p eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons Columbia 33 ontheInternationalSpace Station. 2012 onboard aRussian 1995. The 46-year-old Sunitawent onhersecond space missioninJuly in engineering management from Florida of Institute Technology in science from theUnited States Naval Academy in1987,and aMSdegree graduating in1983.She went onto receive degree aBSc inphysical walks (29hoursand17minutes). number ofspace walks (four), andlongesttotal timespent onspace records asafemale astronaut Pandyato andBonnie DrDeepak inOhiotheUS,sheholdsthree Chawla.on19September1965 Born NASA space Kalpana missionafter Sunita Williams isthesecond womanorigin to have ofIndian goneona Sunita attended Needham High School inNeedham,Massachusetts, Sunita attendedSchool NeedhamHigh I nspIr Ing craft. Sheisthecommander craft. Soyuz ofExpedition p Sunita Williams Sunita eople − longestspace flight (195days), largest
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant firm. anotherventure, to start Microsoft Arzoo Inc., ane-commerce he left for alittleover ayear theHotmailacquisition after 1999, and inApril eventual acquisition in1998.Bhatia worked by at Microsoft Microsoft and CEO, heguidedHotmail’s leadershipandits rapid to rise industry providers with overe-mail 369millionregistered users. As President up Hotmailon4July1996. via awebInternet browser. He, alongwithhiscolleague JackSmith,set he was that amazed hecould at access the fact any onthe software a hardware engineer andFirepower Systems Inc. thereWhile working University. amaster’searned engineering degree fromStanford the in electrical of Technology aforeign after transfer from BITS Pilani, He Rajasthan. he went to theUSto getabachelor’s degree at theCalifornia Institute Pune andthenat St Joseph’s Boys’ inBangalore. School 1988, High In up inBangalore education andhadhisearly at The Bishop’s in School Bhatiaon30December 1968.HegrewSabeer wasinChandigarh born Into the21stcentury, Hotmailbecameoneofworld’s largest After graduation, briefly Sabeer worked for Apple Computers as I nspIr Ing p Sabeer Bhatia Sabeer eople
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theIr c ontr Ibutons to have thegreatest ontechnology and awarded impact ‘TR100’. 1997’, MITchosehimasoneof100young innovators whoare expected Drapercapital firm namedhimFisher Jurvetson ‘Entrepreneur ofthe Year Bhatia’s success himwidespread hasearned acclaim; Theventure I nspIr Ing p eople
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant in the extraction andprocessing ofiron.in theextraction upof98%wrought Made iron testament achieved to thehighlevel by iron ofskill ancient Indian smiths the last1600years, despite harshweather conditions. The pillarisa world for years. haswithstood structure corrosionThis marvellous for T the attention ofarchaeologists andmetallurgists from allover the he IronPillarcomplexattracted has New Delhi in Minar the Qutab in The Iron PillarofDelhi The Iron Pillar inDelhi dynasty that ruled northern India during 320–540CE. during India that rulednorthern dynasty on careful analysis ofthearcher-type Guptagoldcoins) oftheGupta Chandragupta II (375–414 CE) (interpretationVikramaditya based content away iscarried by theslag. iron that islater converted into steel. theprocess, In mostphosphorous hand, uselimestone inplace ofcharcoal yieldingmolten slagandpig one step by mixingitwithcharcoal. blastfurnaces, Modern onthe other by ancientpractised ironsmithswhoreduced inIndia iron into steelin process was asacatalyst. auniqueiron-making phosphorus that acted It The protective layer was formedpresence inthe amountshigh of of years, the film has ofamillimetregrown thick. justone-twentieth the pillarandhasbeengrowing ever soslowly since then.After 1600 rust. The protective film took withinthreeform of erection years after of iron, oxygen andhydrogen –hasprotected thecastiron pillarfrom at IIT-Kanpur have discovered that athinlayer of ‘misawite’ –acompound mystery behind1600-year-old iron pillarintheyear 2002.Metallurgists of Institute at theIndian Experts Technology, resolved Kanpur the inches (40.6cm). of pure quality, itis23feet 8inches(7.2m)tallandhasadiameter of16 The pillar, weighing more thansixtonnes, was erected by t he I ron p ***** Illar
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t 0 VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant treatment process. Kerala, Ayurveda isnottreated asalternative but more asamainstream popular worldwide for treatment itsboomingayurvedic centres. In treatment ofvariousailments. Kerala, stateis thesouthern ofIndia, number ofmedicinalpreparations andsurgical procedures for the thefollowingOver centuries, developed practitioners a ayurvedic of medicineandare regarded asthefoundational works ofAyurveda. ’and ‘Charaka‘Sushruta Samhita ’ Samhita are considered origin. scienceyears ofIndian health-care ago. isatime-tested The It Some of the popular ayurvedic treatment ofthepopularayurvedic Some methodsare listed below. constipation, Parkinson’s disease, frozen shoulder, tennis elbow, etc. obesity, stress management, psoriasis, spondylitis, insomnia, arthritis, popularintreating isnow common very healthproblemsIt suchas cleansing, andhaseffectonthehealthofmind, body, andspirit. ‘Pitta’,and ‘Kapha’ inthebodythrough diet, lifestyle, exercise, and body A which provide more resistance againstvirusesanddiseases. increase ofwhite theproduction bloodcorpuscles andantibodies, to aging early and relievesknown is also pain. It muscular achesand This treatment is good for and prevents the general health of the skin oils and appliedalloverherbal the bodystimulating vital points. the The massageisdonewithacombination ofspeciallyprepared ayurvedic ofthebody). developed dueto parts lackofbloodcirculation incertain usefulintreating anddiabeticgangrene obesity is very (a condition is aform ofalternative medicinethat originated over inIndia 5000 whichliterally translatesyurveda, as for knowledge longlife’‘the
Ayurveda emphasisestherestoration ofthebalance of ‘ Abhyangam Ayurveda and itsvarious treatment methods : Abhyangam ofoilmassageand isaspecialtype encyclopaedias encyclopaedias ,Vata’, loss, and certain skin diseases. skin loss, andcertain treatment isidealfor insomnia,mental disorders, neurasthenia, memory rhythmic methodfor about45minutes inaday for 7to 21days. This etc., buttermilk, aremilk, allowed to flow on the forehead inaspecial is considered goodinrelieving stress andstrain andinducing sleep. uninterrupted flow from ahanging vessel to the forehead andscalp. This Siro dhara giving, after agoodheadmassage, oilispoured herbal inan Psoriasis, diabetes, hypertension, complaints. hairloss, andotherskin In and scalp. Thisgood intreating is scalpproblemsas dandruff, such is poured inanuninterrupted flow from ahanging vessel to the forehead then medicated lukewarmoilispoured into itastheprocess lasts for In In Dhara Sirovasthy : In Thakra dhara giving, after headmassage, medicated buttermilk In theDhara treatment: In process, oils, herbal medicated a yurveda Sirovasthy, acapisfitted onthepatient’s head and
and
Its
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant numbness in the head, dryness ofnostrils, throatnumbness inthehead, andheadaches. dryness about halfanhour. effectively treats It insomnia,facialparalysis, and and many nervous-related problems. treats paraplegia, problems paralysis, like arthritis, sexual dysfunction, a rhythmicfor style aboutanhour. The vigorous sweating intheprocess other problems inthelower area. vertebral pastes. treats madeofherbal backpainand It 45 minutes inaboundary medicated oil. The oiliskeptonthelower backofthepatient for 30to and helpsinproper assimilation ofthefood. toxin-free, itbenefitstheentireIt helpsincrease bodysystem. appetite toproblems thistreatment. resort When thedigestive iscleanand tract excess biletoxins from theintestines. People withdigestion-related of thebowels through theuseofpurgative eliminates medicines. It Pizhichil: Virechanam: Kativasthy Kayavasthy: In , thebodyistreated withwarm In In a Pizhichil, yurveda Virechanam isthemethodofcleaningandevacuation
and warm herbal oilisappliedtowarm herbal theentire bodyin
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methods tonnes. 178 specieshave annualconsumption levels inexcess of100metric 960 speciesofmedicinalplants are estimated to beintrade, ofwhich this, 6,000–7,000speciesare estimated to have medicinalusage. About climatic zones and17,000–18,000 species offlowering plants.Out of either indietortheform ofmedication. ofcooking. Ayurvedic style medicineusesallofthese used inIndian fennel, turmeric, clove, cardamom, cinnamon,cumin,coriander, fenugreek, Ayurveda. Many andspices, medicinalherbs suchasonion,garlic, ginger, A per cent ofthepopulation dependsontraditional medicinesor andmedicinalplants are synonymous.yurveda 70 rural India, In As Plants perthe National Medicinal Board, has15agro- India ajwain, anise, bay leaf,hing (asafoetida), andblackpepperare A fewherbsthat have medicinalvalue Medicial plants
Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant disorders, constipation, andbronchitis. is alsoadiuretic. It power. Brahmi formulations are prescribed inrheumatism,mental useful for treating thediseasesofbrain andto improve memory leaves. Brahmi isfound is ofIndia. inmoistorwet It places inallparts ailments, cerebral andvascular diseases, andhypertension. of ailments suchasneurological conditions, leprosy, diseases, heart skin isusedinthetreatment It ofvariouscategories Rajasthan. particularly below. share intheworld trade, at present, however, isquite low. US dollars today, to is expected reach US dollars by 7 trillion 2050.India’s world trade. herbal The world trade, herbal whichstandsat 120billion traditional andalternative systems, health-care resulting inincreased Tulsi, acommon medicinalplant Brahmi that isaherb spreads on ground withfleshy stems and Guggulu are ofthemostpopularmedicinalplants inIndia listed Some is ashrubfound zones andsemi-arid ofIndia, inthearid m edIcal
plants to thetune ofRs10billion. alsoaccountproducts for exports medicinalplants andtheir Indian the order ofRs80–90billion. The trade oftheAYUSH isof industry medicinal plants. The domestic isthelargest producerIndia of segment population. ofIndian to alargeand healthsecurity butalsoprovide livelihoodindustry traditional medicineand herbal only amajorresource basefor the There is global resurgence in plants areMedicinal not recommend chewing theleaves, leaf, capsulesofdried taking ordrinking skin. skin. believed to helpinsustainingyouth, dueto itspositive effectsonthe veraAloe has Vitamins India, A,B1,B2,B6,B12,C,andE. In eight essential aminoacids, and11ofthe14 “secondary” aminoacids. because thebodycannotfabricate them. 22 aminoacidsfor goodhealth--eight ofwhichare called “essential” all ofwhichare essential to thehumanbody. The humanbodyrequires tumours, leucoderma, anaemia,excessive perspiration, etc. discharges,fractures, diseases, ulcers, biliousness, asthma, urinary heart Unani systems ofmedicine. According to Ayurveda, itisusefulincuring an aphrodisiac. isusedto treat It andrheumatism. general weakness isprescribed disorders for andisalsoconsidered It nervous ofIndia. parts haemorrhages, flatulence, etc. anti-pyretic andtonic.isprescribed incolic problems, It jaundice, isregarded It medicinal properties. asadigestive, carminative, laxative, found throughout India. The paleyellow for fruitisknown itsvaried Ashwagandha Amla Neem vera containsAloe popular medicinalplant.overis a It 20 minerals, The Arjuna is famousfor properties. itsbloodpurifying or the Indian gooseberry isamedium-sized deciduoustree gooseberry or theIndian tree holdsareputed positioninbothAyurvedic and is asmall-ormedium-sized shrubfound inthedrier Amla orIndiangooseberry Amla m edIcal
plants Aloe vera Aloe contains allofthese
Many herbalists Aloe veraAloe is
Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant on upgradation ofAYUSH educational standards, control quality and homoeopathy systems ofmedicines. lays emphasis The Department and researchAyurveda, in yogaand naturopathy, and siddha, Unani, AYUSH isto provide focussed attention to thedevelopment of education of Government ofIndia. ofthe Department objective The primary ofHealthandFamilyHomoeopathy), undertheMinistry Welfare, ofAYUSHrenamed astheDepartment (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani,Siddha, (ISM&H) was created. Later, was inNovember 2003,thisdepartment Systems ofIndian and Homoeopathy ofMedicine the Department March 1995, In corrective action. taking systemhealth-care andstarted live.most Indians not penetrate muchinto therural areas ofthecountry, whichiswhere areas.especially inurban Allopathic treatment, beingexpensive, could thus helpingitto gainacceptance amongthepeopleofcountry, education system, post-Independence, seemedto favour Allopathy, hasprevailed.of thecountry The variouspolicies, programmes, and in1947,the western influenceout ofthecountry onthemedicalsystem invasion by were Although theBritish theBritish. ofthecountry driven recent years. This changeinstatus ofAyurveda canbeattributed to the was relegated medicines(allopathy) asmodern in took centre-stage However, this 5,000-year old, traditional medicalscience time-tested, and hadremained amainstream system health-care inthecountry. Till recently, allhouseholds by Ayurveda practically hadbeen practised Ayurveda, assuch,doesnotneedany introduction to thepeopleofIndia. oforganised developmentHistory ofAyurveda inmodernIndia andcold sores.warts cantreat andfungalinfectionsorparasites. antiviral bacterial activity Its strengthens isextremelyeffective theimmunesystem. ineliminating It helps thegastrointestinal the bitterliver, the tea. It system,supports and The inthe Government noticed thisanomalyanddisparity ofIndia m edIcal
plants Expo, organised by the NGO, Vijnana by Bharati, whichis ablysupported needs specialmention here. The World Ayurveda Congress and AROGYA position.Oneoftheawareness generation activities its pre-eminent organisations (NGOs),Ayurveda isslowly and steadily coming back to system. and mainstreaming AYUSH systemsmedicines into of health the public to isitsgoalonrevitalising theAyurveda sector localhealthtraditions or weak infrastructure. Among itsvarious goals, theonethat pertains special focus on18states, whichhave weak publichealthindicators and/ effective healthcare to rural with population throughout the country programme oftheGovernment ofIndia. The NRHMseeksto provide cultivation. and programmes for thegrowth and conservation, oftrade, export, coordinating allmatters relating to medicinalplants, includingpolicies mandateThe NMPBwas of setupinNovember 2000withtheprimary research onscientific linesin and Siddha systems of medicine.Ayurveda (NMPB). The CCRAS issetupfor thecoordination andpromotion of Ayurveda andSiddha(CCRAS) Plants andtheNational Medicinal Board includetheestablishment ofCentralcountry Council for Research in ofAYUSHby theDepartment towards strengthening Ayurvedathe in education to thousandsofstudents. oftheconcrete Some steps taken today,in thecountry undergraduate imparting andpostgraduate importantly, there are 252Ayurveda medicalcolleges (publicandprivate) systemspushing traditional Indian ofmedicineto themainstream. Most ofthe systems domesticallyand internationally.the efficacy material, research anddevelopment, andawareness generation about standardisation ofdrugs, improving theavailability ofmedicinalplant With ofthegovernment theefforts andseveral non-governmental The (2005–2012) is amajor National Rural HealthMission Today, almostallstate governments ofAYUSH have aDepartment m edIcal
plants
Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant various countries aswell. common citizens. and educational institutions –generates awareness of amonglakhs exhibition that displays products, ayurvedic treatment methodologies, eachofitseditions,7–10 December 2012.In theAROGYA Expo–an in its5theditionnow, to beheldinBhopal, Madhya Pradesh, during two years,in 2002andheldevery the World Ayurveda Congress is that allstakeholders, attracts bothnational andinternational. Began ofAYUSH,the Department samassive promotional event onAyurveda Today, promotes theGovernment actively ofIndia Ayurveda in m edIcal *****
plants used interchangeably. Arenewable energy resource isonewhose about. sources that might beentirely neworjustoldones we have forgotten future we have to lookbeyond coal and petroleum andexplore energy enough for two centuries. thenext For dependablesources ofenergy in estimates willtell you two decadeswhile otherswould say we have will runoutoffossil that we fuels, will runoutofthem.Some itiscertain resources to step in. Though itisdifficult toestimate whenthe world avenues ofenergy. foreign sources ofoilisonemore reason why we are new exploring more than70%ofourpetroleum needs. ourdependence Reducing on by coal. Butwe donothave enoughpetroleum reserves, sowe import ofcoalreserves andsomore than 50%ofourenergy needsare met us tonow lookfor spurring alternative energy sources. We have abundant story. Growing energy demandsandconcerns for are energy security usage and has rapidly increasing itsgrowth energy demands to support Revolution. ortheIndustrial farming start significantly increased –bethat whenpeoplesettledinto villages to made abreakthrough inourlifestyle, ourenergy consumption hasalso oflife.is itsquality ofourspeciesweWhenever have inthehistory E you that the more energy consumes per capita, a thebettersociety nergy isaninevitablerequirement for growth. Researchers willtell Often theterms Often ‘renewable’ and ‘non-conventional’ are erroneously This iswhere we want therenewable andnon-conventional energy As adeveloping country, isinastate India oftransition inenergy Conventional, non-conventional and clean energy sources ofIndia
Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t 0 VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant accident at anuclearpowerplant mightdo to areas, theneighbouring at better disposaltechnology soon. to thinkofwhat an While itisscary elementsremain can for active years, thousandsof is tothe hope arrive cannot affectlivingbeings. But someofthese considering radioactive in concrete insidedeepminesorbore holes from where theirradiation a problem. As ofnow, thesefuelrods them are disposedofby burying fuel rods are stillconsiderably radioactive, whichmakestheirdisposal Even thoughtheycannolongerbeusedfor power these production, not emitany pollutants, withspent nuclearfuelrods. the problem starts ofanuclearplantsThough life does thepower cycle part production amounts offuelsintheform sandsfor ofthorium breeder reactors. developed, indigenousnuclearpower programme andconsiderable renewable –acommon example beingnuclearenergy. hasawell- India require similarvolumes ofresearch andpatience. thatperplexing growth ofnon-conventional energy sources would also use. or Hence itshouldnotbesurprising reliability andlarge-scale century, went into gettingthemto where theyare today interms of amount ofresearch from andscientific thenineteenth genius, starting just become ubiquitous sources ofenergy overnight. Aconsiderable and nuclearenergy. Onemustremember that coal orpetroleum didnot more efficient. Examples are hydroelectricity, solarphotovoltaic plants, scientists continuously are to working maketheirutilisation process historically used. So, thetechnology for theiruseisstilldeveloping and have to benon-conventional andneitherdoesitneedto beclean. stretches offorest lands. itisarenewable If source ofenergy, itdoesnot kept theirfurnaces fired up for thousandsof years by renewably utilising Archaeological digstell usaboutmetalworks inancient world that had energy forms suchaswood, charcoal, andbio-wastesare allrenewable. canbereplenishedreserves from timeto time. Many andtrusted tried A non-conventional energy source neednotalways becleanand Non-conventional energy sources are thosewhichhave notbeen c onventIonal , non - conventIonal
and
clean
energy
sources
of I ndIa hydro-turbines runningonsmallorlarge rivers withoutneedinggigantic and interest regarding micro-hydroelectric projects. These would small much ofithasalready beenfulfilled. Currently, there ismuchstress our discussionto cleanandrenewable sources. fossil fuelshaveour environments. on So,here, weconfine shallprimarily not somuchbedueto endoffossil fuelsasdueto effect theharmful by mostresearchers that thedrive to move to renewable energy would energy –renewable, non-conventional, andclean.But, itisanticipated a conventional power plant. power plant muchmore robust andsafe thananyone would ever make arethese perils wellto thedesigners known whohence makeanuclear India haslimited potentialIndia inthefieldof and hydroelectricity hasvast potentialsIndia for developments inallthree forms of c onventIonal , non - conventIonal A windfarm
and
clean
energy
sources
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant transportation. transportation. This hasalsoseenthe growth sector ofmany newfuels hydrocarbons andsynthetic petroleum inthelongrun. One oftheways ofSyngas, isproduction whichcanbeused to produce develop newways ofgenerating energy from organic matter andwaste. pilot biogas plants inseveral villages across the country. Research isonto waste into energy. We have hadsomesuccess inthisregard by installing large landarea requirement. to developmentbarriers ofsolarpower –large initialinvestment and to drive for aturbine power generation. There are, of course, theusual plant would usetheSun’s energy to vaporisewater andusethesteam power solarthermal plants inregionslarge-scale Sucha ofRajasthan. homes, hospitals, andhotels. There are future plansofestablishing water, water purification,andotherheating requirements for private are operational giving ChennaiandBengaluru hot incitieslikeDelhi, are photovoltaic in nature installations whilesmall-scalesolar thermal usingsunlight.to Currently, generate electricity allsolarpower projects –that ofGujarat have andRajasthan uninterrupted– likeparts sunshine regular occurrence ofmonsoonrains meansthat there few are areas very hadbeeninstalled.energy capacity production ofwind Till themiddleof2012,more than17GW(1=10,00,000kW) still inprogress. We might have aneven larger potential thanestimated. of windenergy. are of thecountry Wind oflarge energy parts surveys requirements ofseveral villages. alongthe river ofsuchturbines canmeettheenergy Aseries river bank. dams andaimingto satisfyenergy the village onthe a single needsof One vital aspect of energy use, apart from ofenergy power use,One vitalaspect apart generation, isin Another viablemeans of energy isconversion production of organic locatedBeing neartropics, receives India ofsunlight. plenty Butthe ofIndia’sMost renewable energy potential liesinthedevelopment c onventIonal , non - conventIonal
and
clean
energy
sources
of I ndIa reach long-term energy security. less. As we continuously strive towards thesegoals, we are bound to power plants that may coal burn butdoitmore completely andpollute off dependingonamount ofsurrounding light. We needmore efficient more efficient lighting systems andstreet lights that light upandshut have more efficient refrigerators andair-conditioners. Weneed to have hour isefficient useofenergy andendofall wasteful usage. Weneed to replacement for fossil fuelsisgoingto upsuddenly. turn The needofthe for usiseconomicother priority useoftheresources we have. No fossil fuels. fuels have minimaladverse effectsonthe atmosphere compared to limited withdieselin20:80ratio. use asadmixture These alternative of plants likejatropha, hydrogenpetrol-burning in engines too. Biodiesels–derived fromoil gas (CNG), ofCNGandhydrogen. mixtures Future plansincludeuseof fuels, we now useliquefiedpetroleum gas(LPG), compressed natural petrol.that could endourdependence onimported Amongst alternative Parallel withdeveloping newenergy andexploring sources, one c onventIonal , non - conventIonal karanja andeven from algae–are currently in *****
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant D Ministry ofHealthandFamilyMinistry Welfare. ofHealthResearch, the Government through ofIndia theDepartment oldest medicalresearch bodiesintheworld. The ICMRisfundedby coordination andpromotion ofbiomedicalresearch, isoneof the forThe the apex bodyinIndia ICMRinNew Delhi, theformulation, Research (ICMR),withconsiderably expanded scope offunctions. of theIRFA.activities was renamed Council in1949 as Indian It ofMedical changes wereseveral important madeintheorganisation andthe and coordinating medicalresearch inthecountry. After Independence, Fund Association (IRFA) ofsponsoring in1911withthespecific objective models. government initiatives, (PPP) andfocus onpublic–private partnership improving healthinsurance penetration, increasing disposableincome, health issues, cheapercosts oftreatment, thrustinmedicaltourism, includeincreasingthe sector population, growing lifestyle-related around 20%ayear. thegrowth driving ofthemajorfactors Some in US dollarsby 2015from thecurrent 65billionUSdollars, growing at outcomes. to using technology for water safer andimproving drinking treatment insurance coverage for thepoorandbuildinghospitalsinsmallertowns, gap. Advances are underway onseveral fronts, from expanding health andprivateof India companies have begunbridging thehealth-care technologies, forged processes by andpartnerships theGovernment medical community, providers. insurers andotherservice Innovative presents enormous challenges and opportunities for the presents challengesandopportunities enormous elivering affordable healthcareIndia’s to billion-pluspeople The British Government of India had set up the Indian ResearchThe Government hadsetuptheIndian British ofIndia to isexpected reach sector 100billion health-care The Indian Health andmedicineinIndia US, theUKaswell asmany Asian countries are now coming for to India private residing inrural areas, thepoor, women, andchildren. of, andaccess to, healthcare quality for people, especiallyfor those to facilitate healthcare. The goalofNRHMis to improve theavailability water.drinking alsoaimsat mainstreaming systems Indian It ofmedicine the determinants identified are sanitation, nutrition, hygiene, andsafe approach by relating healthto determinantsof ofgoodhealth.Some adoptsasynergistic system theMission existingdelivery inrural India, architectural inthebasichealth-care correction out necessary focussing of India ontherural areas ofthecountry. to carry Seeking (2005–2012) is onesuchprogramme launchedby theGovernment programmes isalsoasimportant. The National Rural HealthMission disciplines. indifferent Board comprising eminent experts Advisory biomedical Minister. isassisted inscientific and It technicalmatters Scientific by a well-being ofthepopulation. view to reducing thetotal burden ofdiseaseandto promote healthand witha (including traditional remedies). are All undertaken theseefforts and haematological disorders; mental healthresearch anddrugresearch cancer, cardiovascular diseases, blindness, diabetes, andothermetabolic health problems; research diseaseslike onmajornon-communicable containment withinsafety limitsofenvironmental andoccupational disorders, developing alternative strategies for delivery, health-care control,fertility maternal andchildhealth,control ofnutritional suchascontrolpriorities andmanagement ofcommunicable diseases, Council’s 32research institutes/centres/units. India isfastbecoming aglobalhealth destination.India Patients from the outhealth-related creatingBesides institutions, carrying The Governing ofICMRispresided Body over by theUnionHealth The Council’s research coincide withthe national priorities health
Intramural research outcurrently iscarried through the h ealth
and
medIcne
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant threatening diseases. potential, capacity, andthecalibre to successfully cure many life- stem cell treatments have Stem emerged cell inIndia. therapies have research anddevelopment agrowing activities, numberofsuccessful diseases withgoodresults. thepastfew Over years, withincreased cord have been successfully used to treat a numberof life-threatening from varioussources includingthosefrom bonemarrow andumbilical taken itup. This areaandthere isnewinIndia are only afew institutionswhichhave drugs, diseasediagnosis, metabolicfingerprinting, andbasicbiology. integration cangive information path-breaking ontoxicity analysis of system anditsresponse to individual. This holisticapproach ofdata formulating mathematical ofthe modelsthatthestructure describe informational pathway responses; integrating thesedata; andultimately, integrating themwith processes likemonitoring thegene, protein, and the molecularlevel, there isaneedto studythebiological systems by systems.than any complex artificial To understand this at complexity and data analysis. The biological complexityofourbodyisfar greater – genetics and biochemistry, bioinformatics, computer modelling, asteady progress.making standards. Given below technologies isalistofmodern whereis India research. However, ithasalongway to goto match global health issteadily adoptingnewerIndia methodsofmedicaltreatment and orthopaedic procedures. efficient, bypasses or andcheap coronary quick, or liver transplants, patients from thedeveloped nations come here for come mainlyfor to India procedures suchaspaediatriccardiac surgery health care. While patients from countries likeBangladeshandPakistan Newer techniques: drugdelivery Stem cellresearch: Since 1988,stem cell therapy usingstem cells Systems biology: Systems field biologyisahighlyinterdisciplinary h ealth
and
medIcne Conventional forms of drug
In I ndIa
institutions andresearchers keeninterest are taking in. and treatment are alsosomeoftheotherfieldswhereIndianmedical MRIs, Rays,etc.), portable andgeneticscreening body imaging (T research may revolutionise theway many drugsare delivered. systemsled to that delivery improve humanhealth,andcontinued (for example, theeye orbeneath theskin). These techniques have already materialsor polymeric that are placed indesired bodilycompartments are into injected thebloodstream, anddrugentrapment withinpumps modification by chemicalmeans, drugentrapment insmall vesicles that approaches have beendeveloped. These approaches includedrug intravenous solutions. Recently, anumberofnovel drugdelivery administration generally rely onpills, eye drops, ointments, and Tissue engineering,regeneration BIOMEMS, research and in h ealth
and *****
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant relations keepchanging. Secondly, grains, by we importing could not perennial ordependable source grains forasinternational importing grains to feedon imported ourpopulation. Firstly, there isnever a was wellcommon. understood It that we could notforever depend couldproduction hardly keep up. became Deathsfrom starvation our population grew at apace withwhichthegrowth inagricultural to feed ourpopulation. The situation onlyworsened with timewhen Asproduction. such,we were grains heavily dependent onimporting ofland,distribution andalmostzero useoftechnology to improve suffering from many facilities, illsincludinglackofirrigation inequitable (suchasagriculture)products needto bestrong. economy andfor itto have that generate sectors strong basics, primary for sector), thelong-term healthofan on value addition(liketheservices canbeachieved growth bybased economicshort-term activities spurts imports. The otherrelates to thebasicstrength ofany economy. While need to feedour ever-growing populationwithout dependingonfood to ourcountry.to what makesagriculturalimportant sector Oneisthe their livelihoods from thecountry’s farmlands. There are two aspects engaged inagriculture andrelated stillmake Indians Most activities. population is ofourworking butthelargest sector part the services ofthenationalmajor growth income comes from andmajorportion ofoureconomy.up thelargest part As oureconomy standsnow, the I Agriculture it was 60years agoeven thoughtoday agriculture doesnotmake ndia isanagrarian country. The statement remains astruetoday as When India gainedIndependence,When ouragriculturalwas India sector Agriculture, biotechnology, and nanotechnology inIndia a majorrole. Among theother steps taken include:development the group ofindigenousscientists ledbyS SwaminathanM Dr played alongwith useofhigh-yieldingproduction crop varieties. thistask, In from there. Several measures were introduced to improve agricultural pointthe turning for ouragriculture andwe have beenmoving ahead who iscredited Borlaug. withitisDrNorman to have saved oftheworld’s thelives ofone-third population. The man facilitiesusheredirrigation intheGreen Revolution, whichissupposed of wheat, andexpansion of coupled withuseofchemicalfertilisers At high-yielding varieties thispoint intime, theintroduction ofdwarf their independence andtheywere strugglingto feed theirpopulations. was Alotof notuniqueto India. Third World countries hadrecently got check therate oftheirpricethe1960sthough,thissituation rise. In The introduction was high-yielding varietiesofwheat inIndia a gr Iculture A typical result ofGreen Revolution , bIotechnology , and
nanotechnology
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t 0 VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant fertilisers and insecticides and there hasbeenconsiderable andinsecticides success.fertilisers have beenfocussingfinding organic on alternatives chemical the to second Green Revolution. For thepastdecade, agricultural scientists resistance intheweeds, pests, Now andinsects. istheidealtimefor a chemicals have ledto deterioration ofthe soilanddevelopment of rotation to revitalise theirfields. As a result, prolonged useofsynthetic farmlands. Farmers no longerdependonany natural manures orcrop made possibleby thelongandindiscriminate useof chemicalsinour haveproductions been ableto keepup. thishasbeen Unfortunately population haskeptincreasing asever andalthoughouragricultural of decades, thetotal landarea hasdecreased, underproduction our about previously. What we have realised is that over thelastcouple suffered.productions This isinspite ofthehigh-yield crops we talked few changesmadeinourapproachvery to agriculture andasaresult, better yield andlowers for therisks farmers. local crop varietiesintheimproved seeds. This makesthemhave even researchers have to tried includethehardiness andpestresistance of varieties that were developed inothercountries for theirconditions, our monsoon –floodingordroughts. Unliketheinitiallyintroduced crop varieties that are suited to typically ourclimate andthevagariesof decision haspaidoffhugely by developing wheat andpaddycrop of growth couldknowhow. befacilitated by and ourown efforts This agricultural universities andresearch laboratories wave sothat thenext machineries.running offarm availability ofagricultural loans, to facilitate andrural electrification smoother easierand functions, and post-harvest tilling,harvest holdings under pesticides, landreforms, insecticides, andconsolidation ofland facilities,of irrigation more widespread useofchemicalfertilisers, Unfortunately, for theGreen longafter Revolution, there were Simultaneously, thegovernment alsoinvested inopeningof a gr Iculture chakbandi, chakbandi, , bIotechnology use ofmechanisedinstruments inland , and
nanotechnology
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specific amounts of fertilisers orpesticides.specific amounts of fertilisers and hasalsoreduced asnow expenses ofthefarmers theyhave to use farmers. This has madetheprocess muchmore offarming scientific which hasenabledtheresearchers to provide better guidance to the a growing trend ofsoiltesting andfieldevaluations oflocal conditions, contamination areas ofneighbouring and water resources too. There is decreased indiscriminate andhence useofchemicalsinourfarms the that theycangetbetter yieldswithoutover-stressing theland. This has chemicals, how muchto use, andwhat organic supplements to useso now able to betterkind of determine specifics ofwhen to usewhat quantities. consultation In withtheagricultural scientists, are farmers There are weedicides that are effective even whenusedonlyinlimited now that haveand insecticides to beusedinmuch smallerquantities. to target-specific bring solution to them.trying We have better fertilisers to work have more and country closelywiththefarmers beentrying water harvesting. power supplyandground water recharging usingtechniques likerain are concentrating withdependable oncompleting rural electrification fromeliminating ahighlyvariablefactor crop Initiatives production. istoobjective makeourfieldslessdependent onthemonsoons, thus more conscious ofmaintaining astableunderground water table. The facilitieshaveIrrigation alsobeenimproved andpeopleare growing therapies to deal with age-old adversaries likecancer,therapies to dealwith age-old vaccinations, and medicine,sectors. In itwould mean better andcheapermedicines, new wein India, tend ofitsuseinhealthandagricultural to talkprimarily organism to improve humaninitiatives. When we talkofbiotechnology nanotechnology. Biotechnology dealswithapplications ofliving There hasbeenconsiderable hopeputonbiotechnology and Biotechnology andnanotechnology The agricultural research institutes andacademicinstitutes inthe a gr Iculture , bIotechnology , and
nanotechnology
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant need to spray justahandfulofitover anentire hectare. future, where we we could insecticides have would nanoparticles-based resources, crops more and making resistant attacks. to pestorinsect In helping genetic improvements, helpwith treatment ofpolluted water nanotechnology research for by enhancingagricultural productivity faster.efficient, andmedicines working Thecurrent goalis todirect flawsstructural canbe removed, thingsstronger, making catalysts more scales, thoughthebasicnature ofmatter remains thesame, alotof ofahumanhair.– athousandtimessmallerthanthickness At such with itare great. smallscales Nanotechnology isatechnology ofvery with onlygovernment-funded research sofar. Butthehopesassociated conclusively established. there isnocultivation ofsuch cropstilltheirsafety hasbeen inIndia or theenvironment stillremains to beexamined. For thetimebeing, are relatively newideasandtheirlong-term effectsonpublichealth outespecially beforebe carried introduction ofGMfood crops. These lowered costs farming too. There remains, however, alotofresearch to experience withuseofGMcotton varietiesthat improved yieldsand (Genetically orbiotech Modified) India hashadsomegood varieties. and targeted tools to modifyacrop species. Suchspeciesare calledGM the currentofbiotechnology, knowledge scientists have more specific much coarser methodsinvolving cross-breeding andmutation. With those crops too were geneticallymodified. Butthose were thedays of grain annuallydueto production poorstorage facilities. Foodis essential, preservation we as our food30% of still losealmost andfood andprocessing. preservation pesticides andbio-fertilisers, genesofplants,higher yieldingseedsby manipulating thevery bio- diagnostics. agriculture, In are theexpectations terms inofdeveloping Nanotechnology, onthe other hand, is arelatively unexplored area introducedWhen DrBorlaug thehigh-yielding varietiesofwheat, a gr Iculture , bIotechnology , and
nanotechnology
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right track andthefuture lookspromising. and biotechnology onhumanhealth. Today, seemsto beonthe India achieved, especiallyassessment oflong-term useofnanotechnology There are lotsofhurdles to overcome before thesegoalscanbe a gr Iculture , bIotechnology ***** , and
nanotechnology
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant D astronomers ofthebygone days –solarge inscaleissupposed to have – whichwere designs basedonearlier ofsimilarinstruments usedby the instruments positions relative Making star and planetary to earth. time measurement, improved ofeclipses, predictions of better tracking motions ofthemajorstarsandplanets–to beusedfor more accurate and makeamore accurate oftablesthat could collection the predict astronomy texts. Five Jantar were Mantars builtto revise thecalendars wereastronomical observations fundamentally basedonancient India’s ofhugeinstruments for thesecollections in theeighteenth century comes to mindisthat ofJantar Mantar. Builtby Sawai JaiSinghofJaipur space exploration andresearch inastronomy. Vedic timesto thecurrent day, now headingour withtheISRO evelopment ofastronomy hascome alongway inIndia from the When mentioning Indian astronomy,When mentioning Indian animagethat automatically Space andastronomySpace inIndia The JantarMantar inDelhi were introduced back inEurope. the Islamicworld. Through theIslamicworld, astronomy ideasofIndian other contacts, we influenced the course ofastronomy inChinaand influenced by theideasofGreeksRomans. and Later through trade and in night sky. thedays In ofitsbeginning, astronomy Indian hadbeen and theideathat ourSunwas nodifferent from the countless otherstars accurate calculations foryear thelengthofa andtheEarth’s dimensions system, for ellipticalorbits planets instead ofcircular ones, reasonably oftelescopes.kind for the solar theory theSun-centric They putforth achievements are even more baffling they never considering used any astronomersAncient Indian were notable inseveral respects. Their Pancha-siddhantikaAryabhatasiddhanta, , andLaghubhaskariyam. astronomy. The more familiaronesamongtheseworks are AD–theclassicalera ofIndian between the5thand15thcentury astronomy ofancient texts Indian hadbeencompiled most important likethosebytexts Aryabhata, Varahamihira, etc. Bhaskaracharya, The astronomers. method inthemindsofourpast strong display ofthescientific inquiry andagain the verify overalldifferent ofEarth results. parts This shows a Thus, onecould checkthepositionreadings ofheavenly bodiesfrom an instrument. Also, thefivewere observatories infive different cities. obviously reduced thehumanerror involved readings on whentaking could be verified againstthoseofanother.kind of verification This the results. Hebuiltfive sothat the results given by oneobservatory five built them.He of Raja could have andbeenhappy justone built with largest sundialandliterally seetheSun’s movement second. every been aimedat increasing theiraccuracy. there, In onecanfindthe world’s Somewhere during the Middle Ages,Somewhere theMiddle during progress in thefieldof The ideasbehindJantar camefrom Mantar texts, ancient Indian lessonto from learn theJantar isthat Mantars the One important s pace
and
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In I ndIa Aryabahteeya,
Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant our observatories. western taken from colleagues withuniqueastronomical observations can findin Asia. Currently,Indian astronomers cooperate andaidtheir opticaltelescope,has a2.3metre aperture whichisthelargest one Dr Bappu, isoneofthebestequippedineastern hemisphere. It intheworld.largest ofitskind The observatory, namedafter Kavalur Meter-wave Radio Telescope nearPune at Khodad isthe (GMRT) ittoastronomy great andtaking lengths. inIndia Currently, theGiant 1979 to 1982.Heisthepersonresponsible for reviving observational thepresidentelected oftheInternationalAstronomical Unionfrom to havethe only Indian acomet him/her. namedafter Dr Bappu was astronomy,the sideofobservational we hadDr Vainu Bappu–till date are two worldChandrasekhar renowned namesinastrophysics. On astronomers andastrophysicists. andSubrahmanyan Saha Meghnad inastronomyto fields important andspace exploration. be setupandmore research to contribute laboratories started directly ofAtomicresearch Energy. underDepartment to started Observatories was theirtirelessVikram Sarabhai.efforts, whichinitiated It inspacework contributions by two giants inthefieldofphysics –HomiJBhabhaand himpraise earned even fromobservations theBritish. andhisuseofsimpleinstruments ingetting accurateSidhant Darpana book His was Samanta Chandrasekhara. India in pre-Independence of astronomy displaced ourown. astronomerThe lastremarkable meant. their observations With thecolonisation, theEuropean school kept improving. They had,however, tounderstand what stopped trying were andthat art ofthenight sky stillinterested observations inmaking to dominate.blind faithandsuperstitionsstarted Interestingly, people arose. This association withastrology astronomy derailed Indian and astronomy stood ofastronomy stillandanadmixture andastrology Over this period oftime, alsoproduced thisperiod Over India someremarkable ourpresent spaceIn era, programme theIndian standsonthe s pace
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In I ndIa consistently aidedour country’s progress. ISRO, largest space asthe sixth andgeologicalprediction, exploration. These developments have being usedfor communication, remote sensing, imaging, weather even offering economical satellite to othernations. launchfacility vehicle fleetsincludingthePSLV, theGSLV, andtheGSLV MIII, we are oflaunch collection launch oursatellites. With ourstate-of-the-art they have beencrossing another. after one landmark research uptheirplans, andhard workitisalsonowonder backing that programmesISRO have become more andmore ambitious. With solid Indian satellite tothe first thelunarChandrayaan mission Aryabhata -I. in1969.Fromentity path then,ithashadaglorious from launching Simultaneously, better satellites have beenlaunchedthat are areGone thedays whenwe hadto dependonothernations to Space ResearchIndian Organisation (ISRO) becamea separate Chandrayaan enters theorbitofmoon s pace
and
astronomy
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Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant Soviet mission. ofa own technology didaspart andthusemulate Sharma what Rakesh weMars. Soon, would to beabletospace Indian using our sendan exploration, Moon andevenspace missions, sendaprobe further to other nations. thefuture, In intends ISRO to work onsendingmanned and credibility andhasimproved bilateral ties with similaragenciesof intheworld,exploration now agency commands considerable respect s pace
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In I ndIa H experimenting inalab. experimentation isnotthat farfrom andcareful ascientist observation, that have process skills beenhonedovercooking inherkitchen, years of the laboratories orclassrooms. ofher What your motherdoesaspart of any questioncanbecalledscience. Scienceisinnoway limited to growth ofsystematic analysis ofdifferent questions. Systematic analysis generation. the next wasThis more ability orlessresponsible for the gave toin turn passoninformation ustheskill from onegeneration to in theirown right. From Greeks the early and to peoplelikeGalileo fire, the group that discovered agriculture, these were allscientists sustained for any considerable duration. facts. This ensuresthat ‘false science’erroneous and be cannot claims the rational thought process ofallrelated scholarsagrees with those by multipleindependentit hasbeencross-checked researchers and knowledgelarger in bodyofscientific reputed scientific publications, views. However, ofthe circulated whensomethingisactually aspart think that what appearinscientific are writings theauthor’s personal truths arenot relativistic atis easy to times a matter or of opinion.It also getthesameresult usingthesameinputandinstruments. Scientific result multipletimesandsomeoneelseinalabin,say, Japanshould s/heshouldbeable to getthesame one persondoesinalabIndia, litmus test for science: results mustberepeatable andreproducible. What it is obvious to gather some views and answers. Then comes the second importance is the ability to communicate istheability anduselanguage.importance This uman beingsdiffer from otheranimalsinmany ways.Of particular Once any query isanalysedOnce inaparticular, any query rational The person who invented thewheel, the person who discovered Science anditsvariousScience branches modus operandimodus ,
Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Sastra Pratibha contes t 00 VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant chemistry, histwo majorcontributions being laws ofelectromagnetics had peoplelikeFaraday, whomadeexcellent contributions to physics and of studysuchasphysics, life sciences, chemistry, etc. For sometime, we impossible. peopleneededto So specialise and there developed topics to beableto assimilate oftopics andwork would onsuchvariety be itwas found of university curricula, that forbecame part oneperson ourunderstandingofthenaturalnatural world. sciences to further made breakthroughs inmathematics andthenappliedthemto the comes across nameslikeGauss, Euler, Pascal Bernoulli, –peoplewho his just mathematicians. Newton himselfisequallyfamousasboththough in thehistory, itbecomes difficult toclassifypeopleasjustscientists or of science, whichever branch your interest might bein.Many atimes enjoysMath theundisputed positionofbeingtheuniversal language manifestation discharge andalsoinvented electric bifocal lenses. ofnature whoproved observer was alsoaskilled that lightning was a Franklin,person likeBenjamin whowas apoliticiananddiplomat, but like atelescope oramicroscope. thesetimes, In you could alsofinda need to therange extend ofhumansenses, theyalsoinvented devices to come upwithsuitableexplanations. whentheyfelt Sometimes the or branch ofstudy. They analysed itandtried nature astheyobserved Galileo, da Vinci, Kepler, andNewton; theyalsodidnothave afixed area or biology. This trendseen inthetimesofpeoplelike canalsobe withthedivisionsofphysics, withoutbothering knowledge chemistry, like Archimedes andAristotle contributed to allbranches ofhuman branches cameaboutwith thegrowthknowledge. ofscientific People was anaturalist. Darwin divisionofscienceThe into muchstricter or naturalists. Archimedes was aphilosopheraswas Galileo, while Newton, whowe callscientists, themselves described asphilosophers Principia wouldbeconsidered primarily a mathematical One text. As the body of scientific knowledgeAs increased thebodyofscientific andstudyofscience Science andmathematics have always beencloselyintertwined. s cIence
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VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant 0 0 VidyarthiSastra Pratibha Vigyan contes Manthant and propagate life. The diversity isever increasing. a molecularbiologists studyingthefundamental moleculesthat sustain lives. Then you might have amicrobiologist studyingmicroorganisms or livingorganisms,dealing withnormal theoneswe seeinoureveryday where theinterests ofdifferent scientists lie. You could have abiologists these two extremes, you canimagine awholerange ofscalesizes between In as thegalaxiesto particles. scientists studyingsub-atomic from theirscaleofstudies. We have scientists whostudythingsasbig system allonthecomputer. onthe experiments beingperformed equations orsimulate certain where onemay simulate to asystem solve onacomputer its andtry massive increase inuse of computers – is thecomputational approach about thesystem beingstudied. Anewlyemergent approach –dueto either to verify a hypothesis made by the theoreticians or to more learn have experimentalists whodesign experiments aset-up andconduct to model theproblem aswell assolutionusingmathematics. Then we researchers to whostudyproblems, hypothesise solutions, try andtry terms ofhow theywork ontheirrespective fields. There are theoretical development, landmanagement, anddisaster relief. research includeglobalwarming, sustainable use multi-disciplinary An interesting differentiation ofthedisciplinesoccurs quite naturally differentiationAnother important exits amongstscientists in s cIence
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