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Linux Guide Contents LINUX GUIDE CONTENTS 1. Introduction-of-Linux 2. Is Linux hard to learn ? 3. Difference between Unix and Linux ? 4. Features of Linux 5. Command line interface 6. Advantage or Disadvantage 7. Connect to Linux 8. Hardware information 9. Terminal shortcut 10. Basic command 11. Vim Editor 12. How to edit text documents using vi editor 13. User and group 14. File system 15. Disk Partitions 16. Formatting 17. Mounting a partition 18. Directory structure 19. File Type 20. File permissions 21. Files processing 22. Cut 23. Paste 24. Copy 25. Jion 26. Grep © CEHPOINT E-LEARNING 2020 ( 1 ) 27. Sed 28. Awk 29. Find 30. Locate 31. Archives 32. RegEx & Wildcards 33. Network configuration 34. Troubleshooting 35. Services 36. Package management 37. Yum & Rpm 38. Remote connection 39. FTP,NFS,SAMBA Contributors Abhinay Kumar, Gulam Rabbany(MrGr33n) © CEHPOINT E-LEARNING 2020 ( 2 ) Chapter 1 Introduction-of-Linux The architecture of Linux can be divided into four levels of functionality as shown in below figure. Hardware - It is a combination of all peripherals associated with the system. For example, RAM, CPU,Hard disk etc... Kernel - It is the core part of the operating system and manages the CPU, memory, and peripheral devices. The kernel is the "lowest" level of the OS. Linux kernel is written in the version of the C programming language. It is responsible for all major activities of this operating system.It manages the communication between devices and software, manages the system resources (like CPU time, memory, network...) and shields of the complexity of device programming from the developer as it provides an interface for the programmer to manipulate hardware. Shell - Shell acts as a user interface, interpreting user commands and starting an application. Users typically interact with a Linux shell using a terminal emulator, however, direct operation via serial hardware connections, or networking sessions, are common for server systems. System utilities - The system tools are built using the system libraries and enable administrators to administer the system, manage processes, navigate on the file system, execute other applications,configure the network etc.. The Linux OS is a collection of a number of components The Boot-loader - It is a program that loads the Linux kernel into the computer's main memory, by being executed by the computer when it is turned on and after the firmware initialization is performed. The kernel - It is the core part of the operating system and manages the CPU, memory, and peripheral devices. Daemons - These are background services that either startup during boot, or after you log into the desktop. The Shell - Shell is a command processor that allows you to control the computer via commands typed into a text interface. System Libraries - System libraries are special programs that help in accessing the kernel's features. Programmers have developed a standard library of procedures to communicate with the kernel. Each operating system supports these standards and then these are transferred to system calls for that operating system. Graphical Server - This is the sub-system that displays the graphics on your monitor. It is commonly referred to as the X server or just "X". © CEHPOINT E-LEARNING 2020 ( 3 ) System Tools- Linux OS has a set of utility tools which are usually simple commands. It is a software which GNU projects has written and published under their open source license so that software is freely available to everyone. What is Linux ? Like Windows and Mac OS, Linux is the best known and most used open source operating system. As an operating system, Linux manages the communication between your software and your hardware. Without the operating system, the software wouldn't function.Linux is a multi-tasking and multi-user operating system. Linux was originally developed for personal computers but due to its some fantastic features and robustness, it is used in with various hardware. Currently Linux is a very popular operating system for servers. Linux is the leading operating system on servers and mainframe computers, and is used on 99.6% of the TOP 500 super computers. Some mobile operating systems like Android are also built on Linux kernel.As Linux is an opensource version of Unix, Linux kernel code is freely available. You can download the Linux kernel code and modify it as per your business requirement and create your own operating system. Because of the dominance of Android on smartphones, Linux has the largest installed base of all general purpose operating systems. Difference between Unix and Linux ? Unix is an operating system developed in the 1970s at Bell Labs by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others. Unix and Linux are similar in many ways, and in fact, Linux was originally created to be similar to Unix. Both have similar tools for interfacing with the systems, programming tools, filesystem layouts, and other key components. However, Unix is not free. Over the years, a number of different operating systems have been created that attempted to be unix-like or unix-compatible, but Linux has been the most successful, far surpassing its predecessors in popularity. Is Linux hard to learn ? If you will take Linux as general operating system software then Linux is even easier than other operating systems. Linux is not only a powerful OS but it is easy to use and has lots of flexibility for user.Current there are lots of GUI (Graphics user interface) available in Linux. But still the command line interface of Linux is great. You can solve your all problems using a simple command line.Once you will start using Linux you will realize the biggest power of Linux as easy to use. Difference between Unix and Linux ? Unix is an operating system developed in the 1970s at Bell Labs by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others. Unix and Linux are similar in many ways, and in fact, Linux was originally created to be similar to Unix. Both have similar tools for interfacing with the systems, programming tools, filesystem layouts, and other key components. However, Unix is not free. Over the years, a number of different operating systems have been created that attempted to be unix-like or unix-compatible, but Linux has been the most successful, far surpassing its predecessors in popularity. © CEHPOINT E-LEARNING 2020 ( 4 ) Chapter 2 Is Linux hard to learn ? If you will take Linux as general operating system software then Linux is even easier than other operating systems. Linux is not only a powerful OS but it is easy to use and has lots of flexibility for user.Current there are lots of GUI (Graphics user interface) available in Linux. But still the command line interface of Linux is great. You can solve your all problems using a simple command line.Once you will start using Linux you will realize the biggest power of Linux as easy to use. © CEHPOINT E-LEARNING 2020 ( 5 ) Chapter 3 Difference between Unix and Linux ? Difference between Unix and Linux ? Unix is an operating system developed in the 1970s at Bell Labs by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others. Unix and Linux are similar in many ways, and in fact, Linux was originally created to be similar to Unix. Both have similar tools for interfacing with the systems, programming tools, filesystem layouts, and other key components. However, Unix is not free. Over the years, a number of different operating systems have been created that attempted to be unix-like or unix-compatible, but Linux has been the most successful, far surpassing its predecessors in popularity. © CEHPOINT E-LEARNING 2020 ( 6 ) Chapter 4 Features of Linux Multi-User :Multiple users can access system resources at the same time. Multi tasking :Multiple jobs can run at the same time. Multiprogramming :Linux is a multiprogramming system meaning multiple applications can run at same time. Open Source :Linux is an open source operating system, a freely distributed, cross-platform operating system based on Unix. Portable :All programs can run on different systems in the same functionality. Communication :Linux provides Electronic mail. The communication may be within the network of a single computer, or between two or more such computer networks. Hierarchical File System :Linux has the hierarchical file system. start from / (root) directory. Shell :It provides an interface to the users to run their programs. Security :Linux provides high security. users and passwords are strictly managed. In Linux no need for other anti-malware applications because itself provides high security. Help Facility :Linux provides manual pages for LINUX commands. Widely used Linux distributionsDebian : It is a non-commercial distribution and one of the earliest, maintained by a volunteer developer community with a strong commitment to free software principles and democratic project management. Knoppix: It is the first Live CD distribution derived from Debian to run completely from removable media without installation to a hard disk. Linux Mint Debian Edition (LMDE): It uses Debian packages directly. Ubuntu: It is a desktop and server distribution derived from Debian, maintained by British company Canonical Ltd.Kubuntu, the KDE version of Ubuntu.Linux Mint, a distribution based on and compatible with Ubuntu. Supports multiple desktop environments.Trisquel, an Ubuntu-based distribution based on Linux-libre kernel composed entirely of free software.Elementary OS, an Ubuntu-based distribution with a strong focus on the visual experience without sacrificing performance. Fedora :It is a commercial distribution sponsored by American company Red Hat. It aims to be a technology testbed for Red Hat's commercial Linux offering, where new open source software is prototyped, developed, and tested in a communal setting before maturing into Red Hat Enterprise Linux.Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL): It is a derivative of Fedora, maintained and commercially © CEHPOINT E-LEARNING 2020 ( 7 ) supported by Red Hat.
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