DOCSLIB.ORG

Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism in the Early Histories of Political Economy1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism in the Early Histories of Political Economy1 Donald Winch Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism in the Early Histories of Political Economy1 One indication that political economy had acquired a secure place on the European map of knowledge by the end of the eighteenth century was the sound of the first shots being fired in disputes over the original nationality of the infant science. Then as now, these disputes concerned the respective claims of different founding figures and precursors classified according to nationality, priority, and relative importance. The chief contenders were, and have largely remained, French, Italian, and British, though for my purposes it will also be necessary to distinguish between English and Scottish writers. I shall not present new evidence designed to settle what have frequently been sterile debates, but I shall be particularly concerned -- to begin with at least -- with what has come to be known as Scottish political economy. In Britain, during the first two decades of the nineteenth century, there was an early association of the science with Scottish authors, chiefly but not solely as a result of Adam Smith’s Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. For those who had given the subject some thought, it could also be recalled that David Hume had published a penetrating sequence of essays on economic topics in 1752; that in one of those essays Hume had engaged in a learned dispute on the populousness of nations with a fellow-Scot, Robert Wallace; and that Sir James Steuart had published his Inquiry into the Principles of Political Oeconomy in 1767. It was entirely appropriate, therefore, that the first course of lectures on post-Smithian political economy should be given by Dugald Stewart, who for a decade after 1799 employed his Chair of Moral Philosophy at Edinburgh for this purpose. The result of Stewart’s initiative was to produce for Smith a small band of Scottish-educated grandchildren in the shape of those who founded the Edinburgh Review in 1802, making it the main organ for disseminating the latest views on political economy for the next three 1 This essay first appeared in M. Albertone and A. Masoero (eds), Political Economy and National Realities, Torino: Fondazione Luigi Einaudi, 1994. 1 decades. When David Buchanan produced a critical edition of the Wealth of Nations in 1814, and two other Scottish-born economists, John Ramsay McCulloch and James Mill, emerged in the 1820s as the leading popularizers of the new science, the association with Scotland was complete. Indeed, it was strong enough to form part of an English caricature of the ‘Scotch pheelosopher’, where an interest in the subject went along with another Scottish style of thinking -- the pursuit of the origins and development of civil society from ‘rudeness to refinement‘ by means of a form of conjectural history in which universal psychological principles and social circumstances played twin illuminating roles.2 In retrospect, of course, the fact that McCulloch and Mill were both disciples of David Ricardo, the figure whose theories, along with those of Robert Malthus, were reshaping Smith’s legacy, may be more significant to the history of economic thought than their place of birth and education. This was a sign not merely that the science was capable of development, but that whatever it was that gave a distinctive Scottish flavour and breadth to the science was in the course of being diluted and narrowed as a result of the intellectual arena being shifted to London.3 In fact one could argue that having lost whatever significance it once had ‘Scottish political economy‘ has been reinvented in the late twentieth century. It has become a sophisticated term of interpretative art that has at least two different meanings, depending on the interests of those who employ it. When used by economists it becomes a means of recapturing historical, psychological, and sociological dimensions that have been lost to ‘English’, Anglo-American, and modern economics generally.4 Alternatively, and with different connotations, it has been widely employed by those who are chiefly concerned with the collective characteristics of another fairly recent coinage, the Scottish Enlightenment. Within the latter category falls the work of those cultural historians and political theorists 2 The term ‘Scotch pheelosopher‘ was coined by the radical publicist William Cobbett. For a somewhat better-informed contemporary caricature of Scottish political economy see Thomas Love Peacock’s novel, Crotchet Castle. 3 For studies of the early nineteenth-century fate of various Scottish intellectual enterprises, including political economy, see the first three essays in Stefan Collini, Donald Winch, and John Burrow, That Noble Science of Politics; A Study in Intellectual History, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983), pp.23-126; and Biancamaria Fontana, Rethinking the Politics of Commercial Society: the Edinburgh Review, 1802-32, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985), pp.1-111. 4 For a useful compendium of economists‘ views on this matter see Douglas Mair (ed), The Scottish Contribution to Modern Economic Thought, (Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, 1990), especially the contributions of A. L. Macfie, Sheila C. Dow and Terence Hutchison. 2 who are anxious to relate Scottish ideas to the social and political context of eighteenth- century Scotland, thereby adding greatly to our knowledge of the context in which these ideas took shape.5 But if inquiry is confined to contemporary usage and reputation we can still say that while there was an early association of political economy with Scotland, the attribution of qualities to it that are only explicable in terms of special Scottish circumstances and intellectual preoccupations during the eighteenth century is of fairly recent origin. *** When the Wealth of Nations had begun to make its way in the world -- a process that was slower than was once thought to be the case6 -- the question of Smith’s borrowings from other, chiefly French, authors began to be the subject of speculation and argument. Only three years after Smith’s death in 1790 Stewart found it necessary to answer this question in his Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith, and he opened his discussion with an acceptance of similarity followed by a counter-claim: ‘That [Smith’s] doctrine concerning the freedom of trade and of industry coincides remarkably with that which we find in the writings of the French Economists, appears from the slight view of their system which he himself has given. But it surely cannot be pretended by the warmest admirers of that system, that any one of its numerous expositors 5 One could date the beginning of such attempts to the first Marxist-inspired interpretations of why Scotland, despite its comparative economic backwardness, should have been the seed-bed for political economy and a stage-view of social development that bore a family resemblance to Marx’s materialist theory of history. Here the work of Roy Pascal (1938) and Ronald Meek is preeminent: for bibliography and comment see A. S. Skinner, ‘A Scottish Contribution to Marxist Sociology?‘ in I. Bradley and M. Howard (eds), Classical and Marxian Political Economy, (Macmillan, London, 1982), pp. 79-114. More recently detailed work has been undertaken on the social and cultural history of the Scottish Enlightenment, where the work of three representative authors can be mentioned: N. Phillipson, ‘Culture and Society in the Eighteenth- Century Province; The Case of Edinburgh and the Scottish Enlightenment‘ in L. Stone (ed), The University in Society, (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1974), volume II, pp. 407-48; J. Robertson, The Scottish Enlightenment and the Militia Issue, (John Donald, Edinburgh 1985); and R. B. Sher, Church and University in the Scottish Enlightenment; The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh, (Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh,1985). For an indication of my reasons for differing with both the Marxist and more recent cultural and ‘ideological‘ attempts to interpret Adam Smith within a purely Scottish context see ‘Adam Smith’s "Enduring Particular Result": A Cosmopolitan and Political Perspective‘ in I. Hont and M. Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue; The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983), pp. 253-69. This collection also contains some of the best material illustrating the new approach by cultural historians to Scottish political economy. 6 For evidence of the slowness with which the Wealth of Nations actually made its way in the world see K. Willis, ‘The Role in Parliament of the Economic Ideas of Adam Smith, 1776-1800’, History of Political Economy, XIV (1979), 505-44; S. Rashid, ‘Adam Smith’s Rise to Fame; a Reexamination of the Evidence’, The Eighteenth Century, XXIII (1982), 64-85; and R. F. Teichgraeber, ‘"Less Abused than I had Reason to Expect": the Reception of the Wealth of Nations in Britain, 1776-90’, Historical Journal, XXX (1987), 337-66. 3 has approached to Mr. Smith in the precision and perspicuity with which he has stated it, or in the scientific and luminous manner in which he has deduced it from elementary principles.’7 Stewart also noted that French economists had published their views on freedom of trade before Smith, mentioning Turgot’s articles in the Encyclopédie in 1756 in particular. On this question of priority Stewart first called upon the recollections of those who had attended Smith’s Glasgow lectures in the early 1750s, but fortified them by citing a document in which Smith himself laid claim to having first lectured on the importance of leaving trade to the ‘natural course of things‘ at Edinburgh in 1748 and in all the lectures he had given at Glasgow after he was appointed to a Chair at that university in 1752/3. At this time, Stewart emphasized, ‘there existed no French performance on the subject, that could be of much use to [Smith] in guiding his researches’, basing this statement on Du Pont de Nemour’s early exercise in the history of French economic thought published in the Ephèmérides du Citoyen in 1769.8 This citation was not as innocent as might appear at first sight.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Working Papers Series, Entitled “Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics”
    Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics no. 74 the other canon foundation, Norway Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance CONTACT: Rainer Kattel, [email protected]; Wolfgang Drechsler, [email protected]; Erik S. Reinert, [email protected] 80 Economic Bestsellers before 1850: A Fresh Look at the History of Economic Thought Erik S. Reinert, Kenneth Carpenter, Fernanda A. Reinert, Sophus A. Reinert* MAY 2017 * E. Reinert, Tallinn University of Technology & The Other Canon Foundation, Norway; K. Car- penter, former librarian, Harvard University; F. Reinert, The Other Canon Foundation, Norway; S. Reinert, Harvard Business School. The authors are grateful to Dr. Debra Wallace, Managing Director, Baker Library Services and, Laura Linard, Director of Baker Library Special Collections, at Harvard Business School, where the Historical Collection now houses what was once the Kress Library, for their cooperation in this venture. Above all our thanks go to Olga Mikheeva at Tallinn University of Technology for her very efficient research assistance. Antiquarian book dealers often have more information on economics books than do academics, and our thanks go to Wilhelm Hohmann in Stuttgart, Robert H. Rubin in Brookline MA, Elvira Tasbach in Berlin, and, above all, to Ian Smith in London. We are also grateful for advice from Richard van den Berg, Francesco Boldizzoni, Patrick O’Brien, Alexandre Mendes Cunha, Bertram Schefold and Arild Sæther. Corresponding author [email protected] The core and backbone of this publication consists of the meticulous work of Kenneth Carpenter, librarian of the Kress Library at Harvard Busi- ness School starting in 1968 and later Assistant Director for Research Resources in the Harvard University Library and the Harvard College 1 Library.
    [Show full text]
  • STEWART, DUGALD, 1753-1828. Dugald Stewart Letter to Olinthus Gregory, 1804
    STEWART, DUGALD, 1753-1828. Dugald Stewart Letter to Olinthus Gregory, 1804 Emory University Pitts Theology Library 1531 Dickey Drive, Suite 560 Atlanta, GA 30322 404-727-4166 Descriptive Summary Creator: Stewart, Dugald, 1753-1828. Title: Dugald Stewart Letter to Olinthus Gregory, 1804 Call Number: Manuscript Collection No. 266 Extent: 0.01 cubic ft. (1 folder) Abstract: Consists of one handwritten letter addressed to Mr. Olinthus Gregory in Woolwich, from Dugald Stewart in Edinburgh. Language: Materials entirely in English. Administrative Information Restrictions on Access Unrestricted access. Terms Governing Use and Reproduction All requests subject to limitations noted in departmental policies on reproduction. Citation [after identification of item(s)], Dugald Stewart Letter to Olinthus Gregory, Archives and Manuscript Dept., Pitts Theology Library, Emory University. Processing Processed by Courtney Williams, 2003. Collection Description Biographical Note Dugald Stewart was born on November 22, 1753 in Edinburgh, Scotland. At the age of 13, he studied at the University of Edinburgh where his father was the chair of the mathematics department. He eventually taught in the mathematics department with his father, then took over as chair after his father’s death. In 1785, he was made the professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. Emory Libraries provides copies of its finding aids for use only in research and private study. Copies supplied may not be copied for others or otherwise distributed without prior consent of the holding repository. Dugald Stewart Letter to Olinthus Gregory, 1804 Manuscript Collection No. 266 Stewart’s chief concern was to formulate a philosophy of the mind through the use of the inductive method of Sr.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17533-4 — A Brief History of Economic Thought Alessandro Roncaglia Table of Contents More Information Contents Preface page ix 1 Introduction: The History of Economic Thought and Its Role 1 1.1 Why the History of Economic Thought Is Considered Useless: The Cumulative View 1 1.2 The Competitive View 3 1.3 The Stages of Economic Theorising: Conceptualisation and Model-building 7 1.4 Economics and the History of Economic Thought 8 2 The Prehistory of Political Economy 10 2.1 Why We Call It Prehistory 10 2.2 Classical Antiquity 14 2.3 Patristic Thought 16 2.4 The Scholastics 17 2.5 Usury and Just Price 19 2.6 Bullionists and Mercantilists 22 2.7 The Naissance of Economic Thought in Italy: Antonio Serra 23 3 William Petty and the Origins of Political Economy 27 3.1 Life and Writings 27 3.2 Political Arithmetic and the Method of Economic Science 28 3.3 National State and the Economic System 31 3.4 Commodity and Market 33 3.5 Surplus, Distribution, Prices 35 4 From Body Politic to Economic Tables 39 4.1 The Debates of the Time 39 4.2 John Locke 40 4.3 The Motivations and Consequences of Human Actions 42 4.4 Bernard de Mandeville 43 4.5 Richard Cantillon 45 4.6 François Quesnay and the Physiocrats 48 4.7 The Political Economy of the Enlightenment; Turgot 51 4.8 The Italian Enlightenment: the Abbé Galiani 53 4.9 The Scottish Enlightenment: Francis Hutcheson and David Hume 55 v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17533-4 — A Brief History of
    [Show full text]
  • Objective Beauty and Subjective Dissent in Leibniz’S Aesthetics
    Zlom1_2018_Sestava 1 23.3.18 11:39 Stránka 67 Carlos Portales OBJECTIVE BEAUTY AND SUBJECTIVE DISSENT IN LEIBNIZ’S AESTHETICS CARLOS PORTALES According to the classical view, beauty is grounded on the universe’s objective harmony, defined by the formula of unity in variety. Concurrently, nature’s beauty is univocal and independent of subjective judgement. In this paper I will argue that, although Leibniz’s view coincides with this formula, his philosophy offers an explanation for subjective dissent in aesthetic judgements about nature. I will show that the acceptance of divergences on aesthetic value are the result of a conception of harmony that includes qualitative variety and dissonance. I. INTRODUCTION Leibniz’s aesthetics fall within the Pythagorean tradition in so far as he agrees that the beauty of the universe is an objective value grounded on the harmony of the cosmos. In this view, harmony is a property of systems, defined as unity in variety, which is univocal and indifferent to subjective judgement. In this paper I argue that, despite Leibniz’s complete adherence to this formula, his interpretation explains and justifies the subjective dissent in aesthetic judgements. I show that the possibility of valid divergences regarding the aesthetic value of nature is the result of a Leibnizian conception of the universe’s harmony, which includes qualitative variety and dissonance. The secondary objective of this paper is to present some aspects of the underrepresented views of Leibniz on beauty and aesthetics in general. Even though aesthetics as a discipline was baptized by a Leibnizian philosopher – namely, Alexander Baumgarten –, few papers and book chapters explain Leibniz’s own views on the topic.
    [Show full text]
  • Locke-Stewart-Mill: Philosophy of Science at Dartmouth College, 1771
    INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE, VOL. 15, NO. 2, 2001 Locke–Stewart–Mill: philosophy of science at Dartmouth College, 1771–1854 DAVID K. NARTONIS Boston, USA American colleges began to teach Locke’s philosophy of science early in the 18th century. Many religious people, however, rejected the theological implications of Locke’s philosophy and in 1769 Princeton College initiated a popular reaction against it. That year, a new president dropped Locke’s text from the curriculum and replaced it with a book by Scottish professor, Thomas Reid (1710–1796). Teaching from Reid’s book, the new president attempted to reverse Locke’s effect on the American view of science by insisting that the study of nature is an essentially religious enterprise, consisting entirely of the collection, classi cation, and generalization of facts, with no room for conjectural theories (Bozeman, 1977, pp. 5, 7, 23–28, 45, 54–61; Laudan, 1970, pp. 103–131). This reactionary movement, often called Baconianism after the 17th century English philosopher, Francis Bacon, spread from Princeton to a large sector of American Protestantism and has had a long life in religious movements such as Fundamentalism and Creation Science (Noll, 1985, 1995). Because this long-lived reaction against Locke enjoyed wide popularity in the early national period, it might be thought that Princeton was typical of American colleges at the time. But, in fact, few colleges joined Princeton in rejecting Locke or adopting Reid. As an illustration of the way most American colleges dealt with Locke’s religious implications, this paper tells the story of the philosophy of science at Dartmouth College from its founding in 1771 until 1854.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Rationalist Orthodoxy: Towards a Complex Concept of the Self in Ipe
    BEYOND RATIONALIST ORTHODOXY: TOWARDS A COMPLEX CONCEPT OF THE SELF IN IPE by SIMON GLAZE A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Political Science and International Studies The University of Birmingham May 2009 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract In this thesis I investigate the intellectual foundations of International Political Economy (IPE) in order to develop a more complex account of agency than that currently provided to the subject field by neoclassical economics. In particular, I focus on the thought of Adam Smith, whose ideas are gaining interest in IPE owing to an increasing recognition of his seminal contribution to the subject field. I investigate the secondary debate on Smith, his influences, his distance from his peers in the Scottish Enlightenment and his ongoing influence across the social sciences. I also analyse the thought of William James, and argue that his similarly influential concept of agency offers a complex view of the self that is complimentary to Smith’s account. I suggest that the framework of the self that these thinkers provide can present critical IPE theorists with an alternative concept of agency than the reductive account currently employed in the subject field.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Economy: Merchants in Seventeenth-Century England
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History 12-11-2017 Creating Economy: Merchants in Seventeenth-Century England Braxton Hall Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Recommended Citation Hall, Braxton, "Creating Economy: Merchants in Seventeenth-Century England." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2017. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/116 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CREATING ECONOMY: MERCHANTS IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND by BRAXTON HALL Under the Direction of Jacob Selwood, PhD ABSTRACT Between 1620 and 1700, merchants in England debated the economic framework of the kingdom. The system they created is commonly referred to as ‘mercantilism’ and many historians have concluded that there was a consensus among economists that supported the balance of trade and restricted foreign markets. While that economic consensus existed, merchants also had to adopt new ways of thinking about religion, foreigners, and naturalization because of the system they created. Merchants like Josiah Child in the latter part of the seventeenth century were more acceptant of strangers and they were more tolerant of religion that their predecessors
    [Show full text]
  • Expansion and Consolidation of Colonial Power
    Expansion and Consolidation of Colonial Power Subject: History Unit: Expansion and Consolidation of Colonial Power Lesson: Expansion and Consolidation of Colonial Power Lesson Developer : Prof. Lakshmi Subramanian College/Department : Professor, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Kolkata Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi Expansion and Consolidation of Colonial Power Table of contents Chapter 2: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power • 2.1: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power • Summary • Exercises • Glossary • Further readings Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi Expansion and Consolidation of Colonial Power 2.1: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Introduction The second half of the 18th century saw the formal induction of the English East India Company as a power in the Indian political system. The battle of Plassey (1757) followed by that of Buxar (1764) gave the Company access to the revenues of the subas of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and a subsequent edge in the contest for paramountcy in Hindustan. Control over revenues resulted in a gradual shift in the orientation of the Company’s agenda – from commerce to land revenue – with important consequences. This chapter will trace the development of the Company’s rise to power in Bengal, the articulation of commercial policies in the context of Mercantilism that developed as an informing ideology in Europe and that found limited application in India by some of the Company’s officials. This found expression until the 1750’s in the form of trade privileges, differential customs payments and fortifications of Company settlements all of which combined to produce an alternative nucleus of power within the late Mughal set up.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 1 – Oxygen: the Gas That Changed Everything
    MYSTERY OF MATTER: SEARCH FOR THE ELEMENTS 1. Oxygen: The Gas that Changed Everything CHAPTER 1: What is the World Made Of? Alignment with the NRC’s National Science Education Standards B: Physical Science Structure and Properties of Matter: An element is composed of a single type of atom. G: History and Nature of Science Nature of Scientific Knowledge Because all scientific ideas depend on experimental and observational confirmation, all scientific knowledge is, in principle, subject to change as new evidence becomes available. … In situations where information is still fragmentary, it is normal for scientific ideas to be incomplete, but this is also where the opportunity for making advances may be greatest. Alignment with the Next Generation Science Standards Science and Engineering Practices 1. Asking Questions and Defining Problems Ask questions that arise from examining models or a theory, to clarify and/or seek additional information and relationships. Re-enactment: In a dank alchemist's laboratory, a white-bearded man works amidst a clutter of Notes from the Field: vessels, bellows and furnaces. I used this section of the program to introduce my students to the concept of atoms. It’s a NARR: One night in 1669, a German alchemist named Hennig Brandt was searching, as he did more concrete way to get into the atomic every night, for a way to make gold. theory. Brandt lifts a flask of yellow liquid and inspects it. Notes from the Field: Humor is a great way to engage my students. NARR: For some time, Brandt had focused his research on urine. He was certain the Even though they might find a scientist "golden stream" held the key.
    [Show full text]
  • 6. Classical Economics from Smith to Malthus Robert L
    Section XIV: The ndusI trial Revolution, Classical Contemporary Civilization (Ideas and Institutions Economics, and Economic Liberalism of Western Man) 1958 6. Classical Economics from Smith to Malthus Robert L. Bloom Gettysburg College Basil L. Crapster Gettysburg College Harold L. Dunkelberger Gettysburg College See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/contemporary_sec14 Part of the Economic History Commons, and the Economic Theory Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Bloom, Robert L. et al. "6. Classical Economics from Smith to Malthus. Pt XIV: The ndusI trial Revolution, Classical Economics, and Economic Liberalism." Ideas and Institutions of Western Man (Gettysburg College, 1958), 16-20. This is the publisher's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ contemporary_sec14/6 This open access book chapter is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 6. Classical Economics from Smith to Malthus Abstract In 1776, several years after his good friend James Watt ah d obtained the first patent covering the steam engine and several years before the process for making wrought iron was devised, Adam Smith (1723-1790), a retired professor of moral philosophy at the University of Glasgow, published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. This book was immediately popular.
    [Show full text]
  • Uadphilecon National & Kapodistrian University of Athens Department of Economics Nicholas J
    UADPhilEcon National & Kapodistrian University of Athens Department of Economics Nicholas J. Theocarakis 2014 History of Economic Thought Web Links on Mercantilism1 Bullionists “W.S.” (John Hales d.1571, Sir Thomas Smith ) A Discourse of the Common Weal of this Realm of England, 1581 or A Compendious; Or Briefe Examination of Certayne Ordinary Complaints of Diuers of Our Countrymen in These Our Dayes (Written 1541, not by William Shakespeare despite the 1751 edition) Thomas Milles, c.1550-1627. The Customers Replie, or Second Apologie :…, An Aunswer to a confused Treatise of Publicke Commerce . in favour of the . Merchants Adventurers,' &c., 1604 Gerard de Malynes, c.1586-1641 Saint George for England Allegorically Described, 1601. A Treatise on the Canker of England's Commonwealth, 1601. Consuetudo vel Lex Mercatoria or the Ancient Law- Merchant, 1622. The Maintenance of Free Trade, 1622. The Centre of the Circle of Commerce, 1623. 1 Based on the History of Economic Thought Website [now a dead link] UADPhilEcon, HET, Mercantilists 1/7 Traditional Mercantilists John Wheeler, c.1553-1611. Treatise on Commerce, 1601 Edward Misselden, 1608-1654. Free Trade and the Means to Make Trade Flourish, 1622 Circle of Commerce 1623. Thomas Mun, 1571-1641. A Discourse of Trade from England unto the East- Indies, 1621. in England's Treasure by Forraign Trade, 1664. (Written 1628) facsimile Lewis Roberts, 1596 – 1640 The Merchantes Mappe of Commerce , 1638 The Treasure of Traffike, 1640 John Locke, 1632-1704. A Letter Concerning Toleration, 1689. Two Treatises on Government, 1690. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690. pt 2 Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and Raising the Value of Money, 1692 Further Considerations Concerning Raising the Value of Money, 1695.
    [Show full text]
  • Soda Can Calorimeter
    Publication No. 10861 Soda Can Calorimeter Energy Content of Food Introduction Have you ever noticed the nutrition label located on the packaging of the food you buy? One of the first things listed on the label are the calories per serving. How is the calorie content of food determined? This activity will introduce the concept of calo- rimetry and investigate the caloric content of snack foods. Concepts • Calorimetry • Conservation of energy • First law of thermodynamics Background The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. This fundamental law was used by scientists to derive new laws in the field of thermodynamics—the study of heat energy, temper- ature, and heat transfer. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that the heat energy lost by one body is gained by another body. Heat is the energy that is transferred between objects when there is a difference in temperature. Objects contain heat as a result of the small, rapid motion (vibrations, rotational motion, electron spin, etc.) that all atoms experience. The temperature of an object is an indirect measurement of its heat. Particles in a hot object exhibit more rapid motion than particles in a colder object. When a hot and cold object are placed in contact with one another, the faster moving particles in the hot object will begin to bump into the slower moving particles in the colder object making them move faster (vice versa, the faster particles will then move slower). Eventually, the two objects will reach the same equilibrium temperature—the initially cold object will now be warmer, and the initially hot object will now be cooler.
    [Show full text]