Virtual Reality and Technologies for Combat Simulation (Part 4 of 6)

R eferences and Bibliography

The following works (not all of which are cited in the text or the footnotes of this background paper) are alpha- betized by author and by date for each author. The works include paper documents, videocassettes, online resources, and other types of information resources. The acronym URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, a specification—in a standard format used by the World Wide Web [12,77]—for resources available via the Inter- net. Unless otherwise noted, a citation containing a URL refers only to an online resource; a paper version may not be published. 1. 4th Wave, Inc., “Virtual Reality Market Esti- 10. Baumann, J., “Military Applications of Virtual mates,” Multimedia Monitor, July 1994, p. 28. Reality,” Encyclopedia of Virtual Environ- 2. Adam, J. A., “Virtual Reality Is for Real,” IEEE ments, as of Aug. 16, 1994. Spectrum, Special Report: Virtual Reality, Octo- URL=http://gimble.cs.umd.edu/vrtp/ ber 1993, pp. 22-29. eve-articles/11 .G.Military.html. 3. Adam, J. A., “Medical Electronics,” IEEE Spec- 11. Bickers, C., “UTD: High Fidelity at Low Cost,” trum, January 1994, pp. 70-73. Jane’s Defence Weekly, Aug. 27, 1994, p. 24. 4. Alluisi, E. A., “The Development of Technology 12. Boutell, T., et al., “World Wide Web Frequently for Collective Training: SIMNET, a Case Histo- Asked Questions,” Sept., 2, 1994. ry,” Human Factors, vol. 33, no. 3, 1991, pp. URL=http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/ 343-362. www–faq.html. 5. Andrews, A., and Maples, C., “VIEWSTM: The 13. Bricken, M., “Building the VSX Demonstra- Virtual Interactive Environment Workspace,” tion: Operations with Virtual Aircraft in Virtual unpublished brochure, July 1, 1994. Space,” HITL-M-90-9 (Seattle, WA: University 6. Apostolakis, G., “The Concept of Probability in of Washington, Human Interface Technology Safety Assessments of Technological Systems,” Laboratory, 1990). Science, vol. 250, Dec. 7, 1990, pp. 1359-1354. 14. Bricken, M., “Gender Issues in Virtual Reality 7. “Arcade System Sources,” PCVR Magazine, no. Technology,” presentation, HITL-P-91-6 15, May/June 1994, p. 9. (Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Hu- 8. Aukstakalnis, S., and Blatner, D., Silicon Mi- man Interface Technology Laboratory, 1991). rage, S.F. Roth (cd.) (Berkeley, CA: Peachpit 15. Brill, L.M., “Virtual Reality,” Funworld, July Press, 1992). 1994, pp. 18ff. 9. Bartle, R., “Interactive Multi-User Computer 16. Brooks, F., Ouh-Young, M., Batter, J., and Kil- Games,” December, 1990; (c) MUSE Ltd., Brit- patrick, P., “Project GROPE—Haptic Displays ish Telecom plc. for Scientific Visualization,” Computer Graph- URL=ftp://cogsci.uwo.ca/pub/vr/papers/ ics, vol. 24, no. 4, August 1990, pp. 177-185. mudreport.txt. 137 38 I Virtual Reality and Technologies for Combat Simulation

17. Brooks, F. P., testimony, in U.S. Congress, Sen- URL=ftp://eta.lut.ac.uk/Public/vrsig94/ ate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Proceedings.txt and Transportation, Subcommittee on Science, URL=ftp://eta.lut.ac.uk/Public/vrsig94/ Technology, and Space, New Developments in Proceedings.ps. Computer Technology: Virtual Reality, hearing, 28. CM Research, “Thermal Feedback,” PCVR Serial No. 102-553, May 8, 1991. Magazine, no. 14, March/April 1994, pp. 14- 18. Brown, A.C., Bodyguard of Lies (New York, 18. NY: Harper and Row, 1975). 29. Cook, N., “VR: Even Better than the Real 19. Burdea, G., and Coiffet, P., Virtual Reality Thing,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, vol. 21, no. 8, Technology (New York, NY: John Wiley &Sons, February 26, 1994, pp. 24-25. 1994). 30. Cramer, J.G., “News from CyberSpace: VR and 20. Burgess, D., “3-D Sound FTP Site,” as of Aug. Hypertext, Analog Science Fiction and Fact, 16, 1994. vol. 114, July 1994, pp. 217-221. URL==ftp://multimedia.cc.gatech.edu/papers/ 31. Criterion Software Ltd., “DOSTANK,” a Ren- 3Daudio/README.html. derWareTM software demonstration program, 21. Cantele, J., et al., “Silicon Graphics’ SILICON Aug. 5, 1994. SURF Home Page,” June 22, 1994. URL=ftp://l92.88.128.32/pub/renderware/dos/ URL-http://www.sgi.com/. demo/dostank.zip. 22. Cartwright, G.F. “Virtual or Real? The Mind in 32. Cruz-Neira, C., et al., Scientists in Wonderland: Cyberspace,” The Futurist, March-April 1994, A Report on Visualization Applications in the pp. 22-26. CAVE Virtual Reality Environment, as of Aug., 23. Casner, S., “Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) 17, 1994. on the Multicast Backbone (MBONE),” Aug. URL=http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/EVL/docs/ 15, 1994. cave/vrpaper/report.html URL=ftp://venera.isi.edu/mbone/faq.txt. 33. CyberEdge Journal (quarterly), vol. 1, no. 1, 24. Ceranowicz, A., “Modular Semi-Automated Special edition: Military & Aerospace (Sausali- Forces,” Proceedings of Elecsim 1994: Elec- to, CA: The Delaney Companies, fall 1993). tronic Conference on Constructive Training 34. Cynamon, J.J., “The Basics,” Simulation Val- Simulation, R.D. Smith (cd.) (conducted on the idation Workshop Proceedings (SIMVAL II), Internet, April 11 - May 27, 1994). A.E. Ritchie (cd.) (Alexandria, VA: Military URL=ftp://ftp.mystech.com/pub/elecsim Operations Research Society, April 1992). ELECS194.ZIP, May 27, 1994. 35. Davis, P. K., “Some Lessons Learned from URL=ftp://ftp.mystech.com/pub/elecsim/ Building Red Agents in the RAND Strategy As- ELECS194.sea.hqx, June 8, 1994. sessment System (RSAS),” Human Behavior 25. Chien, Y.T., and Jenkins, J. (eds.), VirtualReal- and Performance as Essential Ingredients in ity Technology (Washington, DC: U.S. Gover- Realistic Modeling of Combat-MORIMOC II, nment Printing Office, 1994). (Alexandria, VA: Military Operations Research 26. Christenson, W.M., and Zirkle, R.A., 73 Easting Society, February 1989). Battle Replication JANUS Combat Simula- 36. Davis, P. K., A Framework for Verification, Val- tion, IDA P-2270 (Alexandria, VA: The Institute idation, and Accreditation, report R-4249-ACQ for Defense Analyses, September 1992). (Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corp., 1992). 27. Clark, S., "A Review of VR Resources on the In- 37. Davis, P. K., “A Framework for Verification, ternet,” pp. 47-53 in Proceedings of the First Validation, and Accreditation,” Simulation Val- U.K. Virtual Reality Special Interest Confer- idation Workshop Proceedings (SIMVAL II), ence, Held on the 14th March 1994 at Notting- A.E. Ritchie (cd.) (Alexandria, VA: Military ham University. Operations Research Society, April 1992). URL=ftp://eta.lut.ac.uk/Public/vrsig94/ 38. Davis, P.K., and Blumenthal, D., The Base of Proceedings.zip. Also available as Sand Problem: A White Paper on the State of References and Bibliography 139

Militaq Combat Modeling, RAND Note 49.“ Emerson, T., “Virtual Interface Technology N-3148 -OSD/DARPA (Santa Monica, CA: The Bibliography, Selected Citations from the Liter- RAND Corporation, 1991). ature,” revised 1994. 39. DeFanti, T. A., Sandin, D. J., and Cruz-Neira, C., uRL=ftp://stein2 .u.washington.edu/public/ “A ‘Room’ with a ‘View,’” Z&Z~ Spectrum, Oc- VirtualReality/HITL/papers/tech-reports/ tober 1993, pp. 30-33. emerson-B-93-2.txt 40. Delaney, B., “A Survey of Head Mounted Dis- 50. Emerson, T., “Information Resources in Virtual plays,” Al Expert, Virtual Reality ’93: Fall Spe- Reality (IRVR),” Apr. 6, 1994. cial Report, September 1993, pp. 21-24. URL=ftp://stein2 .u.washington.edu/publ ic/ 41. Delaney, B., “Virtual Reality Lands the Job,” VirtualReality/H ITL/papers/tech-reports/ ZVewMedia, ISSN 1060-7188, vol. 4, no. 8, Au- irvr.txt. gust 1994, pp. 40-45. 51. Emerson, T., Virtual Reality Updute, vol. 2, no. 42. DIASPARTM Virtual Reality Network, computer 3, September 1994. bulletin board system (BBS), dial (714) URL=ftp://l 40. 142.56 .2/public/VlrtualReality/ 376-1200 for a 1,200-baud connection or (714) HITL/Bibliographies/VRU/vru-v2n3 .txt. 376-1234 for a 9,600-baud connection. Also ac- 52. Emmett, A., “Simulations on Trial,” Technology cessible by telnet. Review, May/June 1994, pp. 30-36. URL=telnet://diaspar. corn. 53. Erichsen, M. N., Weapon System Sensor Integra- 43. DIS Steering Committee, The DIS Vision, A tion for a DIS-Compatible Virtual Cockpit, Map to the Future of Distributed Simulation, thesis, Air Force Institute of Technology, AFIT/ version 1, IST-SP-94-01 (Orlando, FL: The Uni- GCS/ENG/93-07, December 1993. DTIC versity of Central Florida, Institute for Simula- AD-A274 088. tion and Training, May 1994). 54. “Europeans, Japanese Invest Heavily in MEMS 44. Division, Inc., “Review,” (brochure), 1993. Research,” Aviation Week and Space Technolo- 45. Dunn, W. H., (U.S. Army Modeling and Simula- gy> March 1, 1993, p. 39. tion Management Office) “VV&A Implementa- 55. Farrow, S., “Multi-Service Distributed Training tion Initiatives in Army & DoD,” briefing Testbed (MDT2),” Distributed Interactive Sim- charts, University of Alabama in Huntsville, ulation (DIS) Joint Newsletter, vol. 2, no. 5 (Or- Mar. 22, 1994. lando, FL: Naval Air Warfare Center, Training 46. duPont P., electronic mail message, with attach- Systems Division, July 1994). ments, to Toni Emerson, Apr. 12, 1994, archived 56. “Feedback Devices,” PCVR Magazine, no. 14, in: March/April 1994, p. 19. URL=ftp://stein2 .u.washington.edu/publ ic/ 57. Firday, P. N., and Wilson, J. M., “The Paucity of v irtual-worlds/faq/commerc ial/Division-press- Model Validation Operational Research Proj- releases. ects,” OR, the journal of the Operational Re- 47. Emerson, T., Virtual Reality Updute, vol. 2, no. search Society, vol. 39, no. 4, 1987, pp. 303-308. 2, March/April 1994. 58. Flexman, R.E., Roscoe, S. N., Williams, A.C. URL=ftp://stein2 .u.washington.eduJpubl ict Jr., and Williges, B. H., Studies in PiZot Training: VirtualReality/H ITL/BibliographieslVRU/ The Anatomy of Transfer (Urbana, IL: Engineer- vru-v2n2.txt. ing Publications Office, College of Engineering, 48. Emerson, T., “Virtual Audio Bibliography,” University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, technical report B-94-2, (Seattle, WA: Universi- 1972). ty of Washington, Human Interface Technology 59. Freedman, J. E., and Starr, S. H., “Use of Simula- Laboratory, 1994). tion in the Evaluation of the IFFN Process,” in URL=ftp://stein2 .u.washington.edu/public/ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) VirtualReality/H ITL/Bibliographies/ Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Virtual-Audio-B ibliography.txt. Development (AGARD) Conference Proceed- 40 I Virtual Reality and Technologies for Combat Simulation

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Mxe added inproo~” The National Academy of Sciences has announced the release of National Research Council, Committee on Virtual Reality Research and Development, Virfual Realify: Scientific and Technological Challenges (Anne Mavor, Study Director) (Washington, DC: Nation- al Academy Press, 1994). A press release surnmarizing the committee’s conclusions and recommendations is available on the Internet by ftp, gopher, and World Wide Web: National Academy of Sciences, “Substantial Technology Gap Exists Between What Is Virtual, What Is Reality,” Sept. 20, 1994. URL=http://xerxes.nas.edu:7O/ l/onpi/pr/virtual.