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A Worm by Any Other Name Must Surely Be As Tasty! Inconsistent Use

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What’s in a name? A worm by any other name must surely be as tasty! Inconsistent use of common and species names of bait polychaete worms can affect management C.A. Simon, A.N. du Toit, H. van Rensburg, C. Naidoo, C.A. Matthee Stellenbosch University FBIP Forum, Cape St. Francis, 2018 Polychaetes used as bait, according to Dept. of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Species Common name All species of the genus Bloodworm Arenicola All marine species of the Any seaworm, including phyla Platyhelminthes, polychaete, wonder shingle, Nemertea, Sipunculida and moonshine, coral, pot, Annelida, but excluding the pudding, rock, tape & genera Nereis, Pseudonereis flatworms, but excluding and Gunnarea mussel worms and Cape reef- worms Which polychaete species are used: field guides Common name Species name according to Species name according to field DAFF guides # +*$ Bloodworm Arenicola loveni Arenicola loveni 1998 Wooldridge * ; Cape reef-worm Gunnarea gaimardi (capensis) Gunnarea gaimardi (capensis) $ Whibley 2003 The South The 2003 Whibley Case worm X Diopatra cuprea+ # Coral worm Gunnarea gaimardi (capensis) Eunice aphroditois* Errant worm Eunice aphroditois X Estuarine wonderworm X Marphysa elityeni$ Moonlight#/moonshine Arabella iricolor X worm Pseudonereis podocirra Mussel worm# Pseudonereis podocirra (variegata) +*$ of life marine tothe guide A Oceans. Two 2010 etal. Branch (variegata) $ ; Pot, pudding, shingle Nephtys, Lumbrineris spp X worm Rock worm Pseudonereis podocirra (variegata) X Wonderworm# Marphysa elityeni Eunice aphroditois$ Day 1969 A guide to marine life on South African shores African South on life tomarine guide A 1969 Day + Field guide to the Eastern & Southern Cape coasts; Cape Southern & Eastern tothe guide Field Fisherman African Africa southern Names of bait polychaetes according to literature P. vulgaris 100% Nereididae 90% 2 P. podocirra 1 1 80% Marphysa sp. 1 70% M. elityeni Eunicidae 1 60% Eunice aphroditois 50% 14 1 5 1 1 1 1 3 Diopatra cuprea 40% 9 Frequency of Frequencyuse 1 30% Diopatra sp. Onuphidae 1 20% 1 D. neapolitana 1 10% G. gaimardi Sabellaridae 0% A. loveni Arenicolidae Aim: Determine which polychaete species are utilised as bait, and the common names by which collectors know them Objectives: • Identify bait polychaetes collected by bait collectors • Develop consensus of names according to general usage • Generate barcodes for species collected Bait collections • 22 bait collectors Veldrift, Saldanha Bay, Melkbosstrand, Kommetjie, Muizenburg, Strand, Betty’s Bay, Hermanus, Pearly Beach, Struisbaai, Witsand, Knysna, Port Elizabeth Identified to common name • In lab Photographed and identified to species name using Day (1967) Names according to Bait collectors 12 S. dayi Sipunculidae 100% 1 P. namibia 90% Nereididae P. podocirra 80% 1 Lumbrineridae 70% 4 L. tetraura 2 2 60% M. elityeni 11 50% 1 1 1 1 1 1 M. corallina Eunicidae 40% Frequency ofuse Frequency 5 L. natalensis 30% H. quinquedens Onuphidae 20% 3 1 1 Diopatra sp. 10% 1 G. gaimardi Sabellaridae 0% 11 A. loveni Arenicolidae A. gilchristi Online Survey • Photographs of worms included in survey Of worms collected by bait collectors Of worms identified by DAFF (supplied by Charles Griffiths and George Branch) • 82 responses 2 KZN 4 Gauteng 13 Eastern Cape 64 Western Cape Identifications according to online survey Eastern Cape Western Cape 100% 100% 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 10 2 4 1 54 1 2 90% 1 90% 4 1 1 1 2 9 8 5 40 Perinereis 1 80% 2 80% 4 11 1 45 Pseudonereis 2 Perinereis 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 Pseudonereis70% 58 Nephtys 70% 11 11 1 Nephtys 2 1 61 Arabella 60% 3 60% 16 53 11 Arabella 1 11 21 1 4 Lumbrineris Lumbrineris 2 2 54 50% 2 10 50% Lysidice 5 Lysidice 1 36 40% 7 Marphysa40% Marphysa 1 1 24 5 Euniceof Frequencyuse Frequency of use Frequency 1 2 Eunice 19 42 3 30% 30% 11 Heptaceros 2 1 2 1 1 1 Heptaceros Diopatra 9 54 20% 10 20% 15 8 Gunnarea 2 1 Diopatra 3 24 1 1 Arenicola 5 1 51 2 10 10% Gunnarea 10% 9 3 Abarenicola 1 2 1 40 Arenicola 5 1 0% 0% 1 Abarenicola Recommendations: Permitted worms Snake, Pudding, Pot worm = Moonshine worm = Onuphidae Lumbrineridae, Arabellidae Bloodworm = Wonderworm, Shingle = Eunicidae Arenicolidae Recommendations: Prohibited worms • Prohibited species should be specified by name and habitat Mussel worm, rock worms = Coral worm = Sabellaridae Nereididae living within mussel beds forming extensive biogenic reefs DNA Barcoding/sequencing • COI marker amplified and sequenced for all worms collected • Results of 5 species raised warning flags Diopatra sp Lysidice natalensis Lumbrineris tatraura Marphysa Gunnarea gaimardi Diopatra species Hendré van Rensburg Mediterranean COI Marphysa spp • Two species collected as wonderworm COI M. elityeni M. corallina Originally described from Hawaii – alien or undescribed indigenous species? Gunnarea gaimardi • Two distinct lineages Two species? Lumbrineris tetraura Lysidice natalensis • Scenario 1 Species from SA ≠ species from China • Species from SA ≠ species from 2 species in SA India • Scenario 2 1 widespread species that includes 4 others Conclusions • Inconsistent use of common and species names creates loopholes and confusion Develop identification guide, using easy to see characteristics, to be distributed with bait collecting permits • Further studies with additional markers needed to resolve taxonomy of Marphysa corallina, Lumbrineris tetraura & Gunnarea gaimardi Thank You • Organisers of FBIP Forum • Bait collectors • Research partners • Funders Thank you: Students .
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