La Mise En Scène Du Spectacle De Lutte Professionnelle Au Québec, Des Années 1950 Aux Années 1970

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La Mise En Scène Du Spectacle De Lutte Professionnelle Au Québec, Des Années 1950 Aux Années 1970 DÉPARTEMENT D'HISTOIRE Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines Université de Sherbrooke Entre quatre câbles : la mise en scène du spectacle de lutte professionnelle au Québec, des années 1950 aux années 1970 par ÉRIC GOUDREAU Mémoire présenté pour l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en histoire (M.A) Sherbrooke mai 2012 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Héritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-90971-3 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-90971-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, télécommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protégé cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada COMPOSITION DU JURY Entre quatre câbles : la mise en scène du spectacle de lutte professionnelle au Québec, des années 1950 aux années 1970 Éric Goudreau Ce mémoire a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Guy Laperrière, directeur de recherche (Département d'histoire, Université de Sherbrooke) Harold Bérubé, membre du jury (Département d'histoire, Université de Sherbrooke) Résumé Bien qu'aujourd'hui, l'intérêt populaire pour la lutte professionnelle au Québec se soit essoufflé, il est indéniable que cet univers, avec sa conception unique de l'idée de «sport- spectacle», nous a laissé son empreinte dans l'univers sportif et culturel québécois. En effet, des années 1950 à 1980, la lutte au Québec, connaîtra une explosion de popularité grâce à la diffusion des combats à la télévision où il y a, à son apogée en 1957-1958, près de 1 500 000 spectateurs rivés hebdomadairement devant leur téléviseur pour assister aux tribulations de certaines personnalités qui marquent encore aujourd'hui l'imaginaire collectif tels : le «lion» Yvon Robert, le magnifique Édouard Carpentier ou le terrible et détestable Maurice «Mad Dog» Vachon. Face à la popularité de la lutte professionnelle au Québec, il serait important d'analyser comment la mise en scène du spectacle s'effectue et permet une participation émotive de ses spectateurs, afin de mieux comprendre l'héritage culturel que nous a laissé la lutte québécoise des années 1950 aux années 1970. Quelles sont les représentations de la lutte pour le public et pour le lutteur professionnel ? Qui va participer au spectacle de lutte ? De fait, c'est par le biais du rituel, en lien avec une « mythologisation » du spectacle, de l'accentuation du sentiment d'appartenance communautaire et de la création de symboles identitaires (personnalités « phares », les héros) que se construisent et se véhiculent différents symboles et valeurs concernant : la justice (l'idée que le gentil lutteur doit suivre les règles et la notion de vengeance), la douleur (du déni de celle-ci à sa surreprésentation) et la masculinité (discours sur ce que doit être un vrai homme et présentation de symboles machistes). Mots clés : lutte professionnelle, sport, spectacle, symboles et valeurs identitaires. Table des matières Introduction 1 L'objet d'étude 2 La problématique 5 L'hypothèse 5 Les sources 6 Journaux 6 Magazines de lutte 8 Fonds de la Commission Athlétique de Montréal 9 Autobiographies et biographies 10 Témoignages par des contemporains 12 Documents visuels 12 Internet 14 L'historiographie 15 L'histoire du sport au Québec 16 Le sport et les médias 17 La sociologie de la lutte professionnelle 18 Le plan 21 Chapitre 1 : L'histoire de la lutte professionnelle au Québec, un survol 22 1.1 Les premiers combats de lutte (1870 à 1900) 22 Les lutteurs du Québec 23 1.2 La lutte s'organise (1900 à 1930) 24 La lutte scénarisée 24 Les promoteurs du Québec 26 1.3 Le début de la lutte professionnelle au Québec (années 1930) 28 Une première grande vedette du Québec : Yvon Robert 30 Le krach boursier et la Seconde Guerre mondiale 31 I 1.4 L'âge d'or de la lutte professionnelle au Québec (années 1950) 34 La télévision et la lutte 37 Le clergé catholique, le sport et la lutte 40 1.5 La fin d'une époque (années 1960) 46 La fin des galas à Radio-Canada : une vision dépréciée de la lutte 47 La Révolution tranquille et la Commission La Roche 48 « Maîtres chez nous », l'essor de nouvelles promotions de lutte 53 1.6 Un nouveau souffle (années 1970) 54 Les entreprises sportives de l'Est : famille Rougeau et Cie 54 La guerre des promotions, la fin d'un monopole 55 1.7 L'invasion américaine : l'exil des derniers lutteurs québécois (années 1980) 57 Les causes du déclin de la lutte locale 57 La WWF 59 Chapitre 2 : Les caractéristiques de la lutte 61 2.1 La lutte, sport ou spectacle ? 61 La lutte comme spectacle 61 La lutte comme sport 62 La lutte comme sport-spectacle 64 2.2 La structure des combats de lutte 65 2.3 Les quatre acteurs de la lutte 67 Le promoteur 67 Le lutteur 73 Le bon et le méchant 76 L'arbitre 78 Le public 81 Chapitre 3 : La mise en scène du spectacle de lutte 86 3.1 Le rituel 86 Du mystère à l'ambiguïté 87 L'entrée en scène 89 II 3.2 Les mythologies 93 Les chorégraphies 93 La construction des héros 95 3.3 La télévision et la lutte 98 Deux nouveaux angles narratifs 99 La télévision, la lutte et la femme 101 Le sentiment d'appartenance 104 Chapitre 4 : Les manifestations des symboles et valeurs 108 4.1 La justice 108 Œil pour oeil 109 Le public et la justice 110 4.2 La douleur : du déni à la surreprésentation 115 Le déni de la douleur 115 Du baptême à la vie de super vedette 116 La solidarité : sur le ring et en dehors de celui-ci 120 De l'authenticité à la surreprésentation : l'art du spectacle 124 4.3 La masculinité 126 L'éloge des valeurs masculines : de corps et d'esprit 127 Ambiguïté et contre-hégémonie 134 Conclusion 139 Bibliographie 146 III Table des illustrations Figure 1.1 - Louis Cyr 23 Figure 1.2 - Parc Sohmer 24 Figure 1.3 - Eugène Tremblay 26 Figure 1.4 - Yvon Robert et Eddie Quinn 30 Figure 1.5 - Encadré publicitaire pour un spectacle de lutte mettant en vedette : « Les deux « plus jolies femmes-lutteuses » d'Amérique. » 44 Figure 1.6 - « On l'appelle l'Ange mais c'est le démon » 45 Figure 2.1 - Abdullah « The Butcher » en compagnie d'Eddie Creatchman 77 Figure 2.2 - Décision impopulaire de l'arbitre Eusèbe Choquette 79 Figure 2.3 - La foule scandalisée 84 Figure 3.1 - « L'accident » Kowalsky / Eric 88 Figure 3.2 - Yvon Robert 90 Figure 3.3 - Les frères Leduc 92 Figure 3.4 - Johnny Rougeau 92 Figure 3.5 - Publicité d'Yvon Robert pour les montres MARK-VII 96 Figure 3.6 - « D'une étoile à l'autre ...» Publicité pour la compagnie Tony Tailor 96 Figure 3.7 - Des sièges de premier choix avec la télévision 99 Figure 3.8 - Images captées au Forum de Montréal lors d'un spectacle de lutte en 1960 103 Figure 4.1 - Violent combat entre Yvon Robert et « The Great » Togo 109 Figure 4.2 - « Yvon Robert enseigne la lutte à Johnny Rougeau » 116 Figure 4.3 - Liste des blessures en carrière d'Yvon Robert 119 Figure 4.4 - Une prise de lutte 120 Figure 4.5 - Abdullah « The Butcher » et ses effusion de sang 125 Figure 4.6 - Edouard Carpentier 127 Figure 4.7 - Gorgeous George 135 IV Remerciements La conception d'un mémoire de maîtrise, c'est comme...un véritable combat de lutte! J'aime faire cette comparaison aussi boiteuse qu'amusante, car à sa façon, chaque chapitre est un round, avec ses moments douloureux, ses grandes réussites. L'étudiant combat la peur de la page blanche, de l'inconnu, avec rage, et s'obstine à continuer à travailler malgré les embûches. Dans mon cas, la réussite de ce mémoire, je la dois en grande partie à l'implication des personnes fantastiques qui m'ont soutenu tout au long de ce projet. J'ai eu la chance d'avoir dans mon coin, comme entraîneur, Guy Laperrière, un formidable directeur de recherche qui m'a toujours supporté et encouragé même dans mes plus folles démarches ! Merci aussi à Serge Gaudreau pour votre temps et votre intérêt constant par rapport à ce projet, ce fut grandement apprécié.
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