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Dissertation for Ph. D. in Law a Comparative Dissertation for Ph. D. in Law A Comparative Study on Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction ——with Focus on the Chinese Laws & through Mainly Comparing with Relative Rules in International Conventions and Other Countries Supervisor: Prof. Dae Chung August 2008 Maritime Law Department Graduate School of Korea Maritime University Fu Ben-Chao 本本本 論文을을을 付本超의의의 法學博士 學位論文으로 認准함함함 委員長 法學博士 鄭暎锡锡锡 (印) 委委委 員員員 法學博士 朴恩京 (印) 委委委 員員員 法學博士 李溶熙 (印) 委委委 員員員 法學博士 金仁猷 (印) 委委委 員員員 法學博士 丁丁丁 大大大 (印) 2008 年年年 6 月月月 181818 日日日 韓國海洋大學校 大學院 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------1 1.1 Purpose of the Study---------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.2 Scope of the Study-----------------------------------------------------------------------3 1.3 Methods of the Study--------------------------------------------------------------------5 Chapter 2 General Theory of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction -----8 2.1 The Overview of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction--------------------------------- 8 2.1.1 The Definition of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction-------------------------------8 2.1.2 The Origin and Historical Development of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction-------------------------------------------------------10 2.1.3 The Jurisdictional Scope of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction------------------11 2.1.4 The Category and Legal Characteristics of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction-------------------------------------------------------16 2.2 Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction Involving Foreign Elements------------------- 27 2.2.1 Fact Basis of Performance of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction Involving Foreign Elements---------------------29 2.2.2 Legislative Authority of Performance of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction Involving Foreign Elements---------------------31 2.2.3 Reasons for Conflict of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction Involving Foreign Elements---------------------31 2.2.4 Principles and Ways of Solving the Conflict of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction Involving Foreign Elements---------------------33 Chapter 3 Comparative Analysis of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction -------------- -------------------------------37 3.1 Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction in International Conventions-------------------37 3.1.1 The Importance of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction in Procedural Justice---37 3.1.2 International Conventions - i - concerning Legal Rules of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction--------------------------39 3.2 Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction in European Union------------------------------48 3.2.1 The Concept of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction in European Union-------- 48 3.2.2 Characteristics of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction in European Union------49 3.2.3 Legal Basis of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction in European Union----------51 3.3 Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction in Korea-------------------------------------------53 3.3.1 General Aspects of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction in Korea-----------------53 3.3.2 Legal Rules Concerning Domestic Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction in Korea-----------------------------------54 3.3.3 Legal Rules Concerning Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction Involving Foreign Elements in Korea-------------58 3.4 Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction in China-------------------------------------------62 3.4.1 Legal Rules Concerning Domestic Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction in China------------------------------------------------------------------------62 3.4.2 Legal Rules Concerning Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction Involving Foreign Elements in China----------------------------------------------------68 3.5 Summary of Comparative Analysis on Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction-------76 3.5.1 Comparative Analysis on Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction between International Conventions and China------------------------------------------76 3.5.2 Comparative Analysis on Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction between European Union and China----------------------------------------------------- 77 3.5.3 Comparative Analysis on Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction between Korea and China------------------------------------------------------------------79 Chapter 4 Specific Solutions on Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction in Chinese Laws------------------ 82 4.1 Rules of Jurisdiction Clauses of Bill of Lading-------------------------------------82 4.1.1 Analysis of Jurisdiction Clauses of Bill of Lading in Nomology-------------- 82 4.1.2 Analysis of Jurisdiction Clauses of Bill of Lading in Effectiveness-----------84 4.1.3 Attitude Concerning Jurisdiction Clauses of Bill of Lading of America------90 - ii - 4.1.4 Standpoints Concerning Jurisdiction Clauses of Bill of Lading of Japan---- 93 4.1.5 Cognizance Concerning Jurisdiction Clauses of Bill of Lading of Korea----94 4.1.6 The Specific Solution on Jurisdiction Clauses of Bill of Lading in China---96 4.2 Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction on the Ship-owner’s Global Limitation Cases-----------------------------------------102 4.2.1 Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction on the Ship-owner’s Global Limitation---102 4.2.1.1 The Legal Meaning of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction on the Ship-owner’s Global Limitation------102 4.2.1.2 Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction on the Ship-owner’s Global Limitation in Pollution from Ship Cases-------------105 4.2.1.3 Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction on the Ship-owner’s Global Limitation in Collision Cases--------------------------106 4.2.1.4 Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction on the Ship-owner’s Global Limitation and Forum Non Conveniens-------------- 110 4.2.2 Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens--------------------------------------------- 111 4.2.2.1 The Concept of Forum Non Conveniens---------------------------------------111 4.2.2.2 The Origin and Development of Forum Non Conveniens-------------------112 4.2.2.3 The Application of Forum Non Conveniens-----------------------------------117 4.2.2.4 Comment and Analysis on Forum Non Conveniens------------------------- 128 4.2.2.5 The Judicial Practice of Forum Non Conveniens in China------------------137 Chapter 5 Conclusions and Suggestions -------------------------------------148 5.1 Conclusions---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 148 5.2 Suggestions-----------------------------------------------------------------------------150 5.2.1 Carrying out Special and Centralized Jurisdiction over Maritime Litigation------------------------------- 151 5.2.2 Respect Agreed Jurisdiction of Parties to Maritime Litigation---------------------------------------------------------152 5.2.3 Trying to Realize the Unification of Maritime Litigation Jurisdiction through Establishment of Rules and Regulations--------------------------------------153 - iii - References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 156 Abstract in Korean ------------------------------------------------------------------ 162 Appendices ------------------------------------------------------------------------------164 Postscript -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 203 - iv - Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose of the Study Basing on the achievements obtained over the past centuries and with the economic internationalization and fast increasing international trade and rapidly developing science & technology, ocean transportation and other ocean-related activities are increasing day by day. China is an important ocean state. She has about 18,000 km coastal line and exercises jurisdiction of different degrees over a large ocean area. China-related international investment and trade are developing at an astonishing speed, and ocean transportation is becoming more and more important in China. The Republic of Korea (hereinafter referred to as “Korea”) is a friendly neighbor of China. Since the establishment of formal diplomatic relationship between the two countries, the bilateral trade and investment has increased at an astonishing speed, and therefore there are more and more cases concerning the two countries. It is very necessary to conduct a comparative study on the legal regimes of these two countries. Settlement methods of conflicts of the special law are usually paid more attention, and the legal conflicts of the maritime law in many countries are of the same. It seems that there’s never more attention paid to the uniform problems of a legal region than that of the internationalization of the maritime law. Development from the Hague Rules in 1924 to Hague-Visby Rules in 1968 and Hamburg Rules in 1978 promotes the maritime law to incline to the limited uniformity. Besides, activities of government organizations (such as International Maritime Organization, IMO for short) and non-government organizations (such as Committee Maritime International, CMI for short) further promotes the uniform trend of maritime rules. 1) While the endeavor and headway to uniformity is not obvious as to the procedural jurisdictional problems of maritime litigation. Jurisdictional problems of maritime litigation in many international 1) Committee Maritime International, since established in 1897, has successively formulated some international conventions and customs of maritime including international conventions concerning some laws and rules for unification of the bill of lading, the York-Antwerp Rules, International Regulation for Preventing Collisions at Sea, International Convention on Salvage, International Convention on Civil Liability or Oil Pollution Damage and so on. The 37th Singapore
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