An Integrated Model of a Light Speed Rotating Universe

International Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Journal

2(4): 74-82, 2020; Article no.IAARJ.65112

U. V. S. Seshavatharam1* and S. Lakshminarayana2

1Honorary Faculty, I-SERVE, Survey no-42, Hitech City, Hyderabad-84, Telangana, India. 2Department of Nuclear Physics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-03, AP, India.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author UVSS designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author SL managed the analyses of the study and managed the literature searches. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

Editor(s): (1) Dr. Swarniv Chandra, Techno India University, India. (2) Dr. Hadia Hassan Selim, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Egypt. Reviewers: (1) Mônica Calixto Ribeiro de Holanda, Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada (UAST), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Brazil. (2) Ajit Kumar Sethi, Berhampur University, India. (3) Alfred Yusuf Shaikh, Indira Gandhi Kala Mahavidyalaya, India. (4) Koustubh Ajit Supriya Kabe, Mumbai University, India. (5) Marcos Rincon Voelzke, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Brazil. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/65112

Received 25 November 2020 Accepted 30 January 2021 Short Communication Published 25 February 2021

ABSTRACT

With reference to Stoney scale, Wien’s displacement law and considering a light speed rotating black hole universe, in this letter, an attempt is made to estimate cosmic expansion rate, galactic dark matter, galactic flat rotation speeds and galactic radii. It can be appealed that, as ‘spin’ is a basic property of quantum mechanics, from the subject point of quantum gravity, universe must have ‘rotation’. If it is assumed that, universe is a ‘growing black hole’, it is quite natural to expect ‘cosmic rotation’. Based on the proposed assumptions, cosmic radius seems to be shortened by a factor of 148 and cosmic age seems to be shortened by a factor of 147. Independent of the galactic redshift data and its controversial analysis and by continuously measuring the rate of decrease in current cosmic temperature, future cosmic expansion rate can be understood confidently.

______

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected];

Seshavatharam and Lakshminarayana; IAARJ, 2(4): 74-82, 2020; Article no.IAARJ.65112

Keywords: Stoney scale; Wien’s displacement law; Schwarzschild radius; light speed rotation; cosmic angular velocity.

1. INTRODUCTION particle having an heuristic gravitational attractive property. In addition to that, Even though standard model of cosmology is ultimately somehow, one should suppose standing on 5 pillars namely, Big Bang, inflation, the existence of some kind matter for super luminal expansion, dark matter and dark understanding the unexpected massive energy, it is emphasized that, nature of trillions of observed galaxies. 8) Kurt Gödel [1] put lot of efforts in 1) James Peebles, the famous cosmologist developing a realistic universe model with and 2019 Nobel laureate, strongly believes rotation and expansion. His heuristic that Big bang is an inappropriate concept results were presented at International in understanding the universe. Readers Congress of Mathematics held at are encouraged to visit, Cambridge (Massachusetts) from 30th https://phys.org/news/2019-11- August to 5th September 1950. According cosmologist-lonely-big-theory.html to S. W. Hawking, Godel’s models could 2) Theoretically Big Bang, Inflation, Dark well be a reasonable description of the energy and Super luminal expansion are universe that we observe [2], however no way connected with Planck scale which observational data are compatible only is having a major role in understanding with a very low rate of rotation. The first quantum cosmology having information experimental evidence of the Universe passing at speed of light. rotation was done by Birch in 1982 3) Experimentally so far no one could evidently [3]. According to Birch, there understand Big Bang, Inflation, Dark appears to be strong evidence that the energy, Dark matter and Super luminal Universe is anisotropic on a large scale, expansion with reference to any producing position angle offsets in the underground or ground or satellite based polarization and brightness distributions of experiment. radio sources. These can probably be 4) Big Bang, Inflation and Super luminal explained on the basis of a rotation of the expansion are no way giving a clue for Universe with an angular velocity of −13 unifying general theory of relativity and approximately 10 rad/year. quantum mechanics. 9) According to Kansas State University’s 5) Even though most of the cosmological very recent study conducted by Lior observations are being studied and Shamir [4], an analysis of more than understood with photons that propagate 200,000 spiral galaxies has revealed with speed of light, it is very unfortunate to unexpected links between spin directions say that, most of the cosmologists are of galaxies and the structure formed by strongly believing in hypothetical ‘super these links might suggest that the early luminal expansion’ of space. Recently universe could have been spinning. For a detected gravitational waves that are brief report readers are encouraged to supposed to originate from massive black visit: https://www.k- holes are also confirmed to be moving at state.edu/media/newsreleases/2020- speed of light. If so, superluminal 06/study-suggests-universe-has-defined- expansion can be considered as a pure structure.html. human intellectual concept having no 10) It is better to understand and develop experimental support. models of cosmology based on well 6) Big Bang, Inflation and Dark energy are supported physical concepts rather than inference based intellectual concepts extraordinary physical hypothesis that having no proper physical base and demand super-normal efforts. probably may misguide the future generation. In this letter, with reference to beginning of the 7) Compared to Big Bang, Inflation, Dark life cycle of living creatures, un-quantified pre energy and Superluminal expansion, Dark and post physical conditions of ‘Big Bang’ [5], matter is having some sort of physical unidentified reasons pertaining to presumed support in terms of an unknown, exponential expansion in cosmic size associated unidentified and unseen elementary with inflation [6,7], unaccounted exponential

Seshavatharam and Lakshminarayana; IAARJ, 2(4): 74-82, 2020; Article no.IAARJ.65112

increase in cosmic time associated with centre. If, R2 GM c2  c  , presumed cosmic inflation and independent of t t t M c3 2 G where M = cosmic mass, R redshift data, an initiative has been taken in t t t t developing a quantum model of cosmology = cosmic radius and  = cosmic angular t associated with time reversed Black holes having velocity. Stoney scale origin [8,9], total dark matter and light speed rotation. Compared to Planck scale, Assumption-2: by considering Stoney scale, arbitrary numbers 1 1   can be eliminated and understanding can be x 22c  x  2 4GMM ,     t s enhanced.  f m      2 y t s  y   c 2. ASSUMPTIONS where ,  represent wavelengths  f m  In earlier publications, by considering Planck associated with cosmic temperature scale, the authors developed various models of pertaining to Wien’s displacement law and quantum cosmology [10-15]. In this paper, by c3    Stoney scale angular velocity. considering Stoney scale, authors propose a s 2GM simple variant of quantum cosmology. As per s

Stoney scale, independent of the Reduced Note-1: Based on assumptions (1) and (2), it is Planck’s constant, Stoney mass can be 2 2 2 3t c e 9 possible to show that, 0.9623  1 expressed as, M  1.85924  10 kg . 8G aT 4 s 4 G  t  0 It can be considered as a representation of mass 32c 2  where t  represents cosmic mass-energy of the baby universe. With reference to Quantum 8G  theory of light, Stoney mass can be expressed   4 density and aTt represents cosmic thermal   hc 9   as, Ms   1.82386  10 kg x y 45  G energy density associated with temperature Tt .    where x, y  4.96511423,2.82143937 2 . Error       Note-2: It is also possible to show that, is around 2% and needs further study. 3 3 c  c  t s T    . Understanding cosmology with two or three t 2x y  kB G MM t s 7.486 k B G MM t s 3.743kB simple assumptions seems to be insufficient and current observations are raising doubts on the basic assumptions of standard cosmology. In this Assumption-3: Ratio of Hubble parameter context, authors developed 6 assumptions under to angular velocity can be expressed as, three groups. First group constitutes 3 Ht s  assumptions associated with cosmic geometry, 1  ln   t where H = Hubble   t thermal behavior, angular velocity and expansion t t  rate. Second group constitutes two assumptions parameter. associated with galactic dark matter, visible matter, flat rotation speeds and radii. Third 2.2 Group-2 group constitutes one assumption associated with cosmic radius and age. With these set of Assumption-4: Galactic dark matter MGd  assumptions it is possible to understand the t and visible matter M are interrelated in observed universe in all aspects. With further  Gv t study, proposed assumptions can be refined and such a way that, MMM  and minimized in a better way. Right from the Gt Gdt Gv  t beginning of Stoney scale, at any stage of MM  G dt G v  t cosmic expansion,  where  MMG v X t t 2.1 Group-1 1 MMM 0.25 3 4 = time dependent dark- Assumption-1: Universe is rotating with Xt t s  speed of light from and about the cosmic visible reference mass unit.

Seshavatharam and Lakshminarayana; IAARJ, 2(4): 74-82, 2020; Article no.IAARJ.65112

Assumption-5: Galactic flat rotation speed z c   1   z   c  d new  can be expressed as,  G short           1 1 z  0     z  z  1    0  4 4 VMMGt Gt   Gt        0.841   where M = 1  lns ,   0 . c2 M M t where z  z It may be t   t   z  z new cosmic total mass. noted that, at present, their actual distances are higher than the observed distances and can be 2.3 Group-3  0 znew  c  expressed as d G      . It actual   Assumption-6: Cosmic radius can also be z  0  t H  needs further study and validation. expressed as, RR et . Then, t s Rt  4. UNDERSTANDING COSMIC ROTATION t Ht  ln  . Hence, Rs  According to Vladimir A. Korotky, Eduard Masár Rt1  s 1 1 1  1  1 and Yuri N. Obukhov [17]: “In observational t ln  ln    1  .     cosmology, the main difficulty for detecting a RHHHs t  t t  t t   t   t global rotation is its smallness-less than 13 Note-3: Based on the above assumptions, 10 rad/year according to the generally accepted estimated current cosmic radius and age are assessment. It is impossible in the Universe to approximately 148 times higher than observed distinguish the direction corresponding to the magnitudes. Hence observed cosmic radius and axis of rotation, with respect to which one could age can be considered as ‘shortened’ forms of notice deviations (in the standard tests) from the actual cosmic magnitudes and can be expressed Friedman standard cosmology. In theoretical cosmology, the main difficulties are related, on RR0  0  as, R actual  actual and the one hand, to the lack of simple models of an  0 short  0 147.95 expanding and rotating Universe in general shortened cosmic age can be expressed as, relativity (GR) similar to Friedman–Robertson– Walker models. On the other hand, there are no t0   t 0   t actual    actual . This is the key convincing predictive effects of cosmic rotation  0 short      0 1   146.95  that are consistent with the capabilities of the point to be understood in this paper. With further equipment of modern astronomical study, background reasons can be understood. observatories”.

3. ISSUES CONNECTED WITH COSMIC In this context, authors strongly propose that, as RED SHIFT AND HUBBLE’S LAW ‘spin’ is a basic property of quantum mechanics, from the subject point of quantum gravity, It may be noted that, increased redshifts and universe must have ‘rotation’. If it is assumed increased distances forced Edwin Hubble to that, universe is a ‘growing black hole’, it is quite propose the Hubble’s law [16]. With reference to natural to expect ‘cosmic rotation’. Considering laboratory, appropriate definition of cosmic the 6 major applications of dark matter in view, by estimating the currently believed dark mass of redshift  z seems to be, a galaxy with its corresponding visible mass and       z  by replacing the ‘acceleration’ parameter z OL 1 L   1. new        Here,  cH  6  of Modified Newtonian Dynamics OO      z 1  0  (MOND) [18,19] with current cosmic angular as usual, O is the wave length of light received acceleration c0  , authors try to fit the flat from observed galaxy, L is the wave length of rotation speed of a galaxy. One most interesting OLO      light in laboratory and z     1  . as well as speculative point is that, even though LL     MOND approach is ‘the best’ in fitting galactic Thus, at present, with reference to Hubble’s law, rotation curves, its back ground physics is (shortened) light travel distances as expected in unclear with respect to galactic structures and the standard model of cosmology can be cosmic acceleration parameter cH0 . It can be expressed as, confirmed with the conclusion section of recent

Seshavatharam and Lakshminarayana; IAARJ, 2(4): 74-82, 2020; Article no.IAARJ.65112

paper authored by Stacy McGaugh [20]. Here, In this context, authors would like to suggest the authors approach is having 5 different actions: following two points.

1) To estimate the generally believed dark 1) By giving a priority to galactic ‘visible mass of a galaxy. matter’, dark matter can be expressed as, 3 2) To implement cosmic angular acceleration Dark matter   Visible matter2 . in understanding galactic structure. 2) By giving a priority to galactic ‘dark 3) To fit flat rotation speed of a galaxy. matter’, visible matter can be expressed 4) To estimate the radius of a galaxy. 2 5) Finally, to reveal the existence of cosmic as, Visible matter   Dark matter3 . rotation. By considering current cosmic mass as 5. CURRENT COSMIC ANGULAR ‘complete dark matter’ and considering visible VELOCITY AND EXPANSION RATE matter as a cosmological action of transformation of dark matter, an attempt is Matter creation rate can be expressed as, made to estimate galactic dark matter associated with galactic visible mass via a characteristic M c32 G and M  c 3 2 G  . With reference t t  t t reference mass unit [13,14,15] of to currently believed cosmic temperature of MMM0.25 4 3  3.4  10 38 kg. It needs T  2.7255 K [21,22] and by considering X0 s 0 further study. c3 T0  2.7255 K, an attempt is 7. GALACTIC APPLICATIONS OF COS- 7.486k G M M B0 s MIC ANGULAR VELOCITY made to estimate the current cosmic angular velocity 0 and expansion rate H0. Estimated By considering the sum of galactic dark matter and visible matter along with current cosmic magnitudes are,  1.643  1020 rad.sec -1 and 0 angular acceleration c , an attempt is made to H  75.0 km/Mpc/sec respectively [18,19]. 0 0 fit galactic flat rotation speeds, radii and angular Corresponding current cosmic radius and mass velocities. Corresponding relations can be 28 are R0 c  0 1.83  10 m and expressed as follows. For the present case,

M c32 G  1.232  10 55 kg respectively. It 0 0 1  may be noted that, based on ‘Planck mass’ M  4 G 4  calculations our earlier estimated values [12,15] VGG  c  G M c 0  2 M  of current Hubble parameter range is, 0   3  H0  66 to 70 km/Mpc/sec. Authors would like to GMVGG rGG a n d    emphasize the point that, with this kind of c 0 G M G  quantum cosmology models, current Hubble parameter can be estimated. where, M Gv = Visible mass of galaxy

6. TO ESTIMATE THE MAGNITUDE OF M = Dark mass of galaxy= GALACTIC DARK MATTER Gd 3

M 2 M Galactic dark matter seems to have a major role Gv X in understanding 6 different issues pertaining to MG = M Gv + MGd many massive galaxies. They are: rG = Radius of galaxy  = Angular velocity of galaxy 1) Galactic formation and evolution. G

2) Galactic rotational curves. It may be noted that, based on assumptions (4) 3) Gravitational lensing. and (5), it is possible to show that, massive 4) Galactic collisions. galaxies dark matter content is (90 to 97)% of 5) Motion of galaxies within galaxy clusters. their total matter. Considering galactic flat 6) Cosmic microwave background rotation speeds authors observed that, currently fluctuations. believed standard ruler of 490 Mly associated

Seshavatharam and Lakshminarayana; IAARJ, 2(4): 74-82, 2020; Article no.IAARJ.65112

with Baryonic acoustic oscillations [23,24] can be 32c 2  c4  understood with an expression of the form t      0, it is possible to show 8GG  t  8         1 cVGG cV    . For Milky Way, if 4 8G aTt  0  0  H 0   that, t  . Here authors would like to c4 cV appeal that, compared to the relation, G  336 Mly. VG  200 km/sec, Authors are 4 H 2  8G aTt 0 3t   t   , t  is having more working in this direction and it needs further c2  c4 study.   c4  physical meaning where can be 8. TIME LINE OF NUCLEOSYNTHESIS   8G  AND EARLY GALAXIES FORMATION considered as a representation of constant According to standard model of cosmology, gravitational binding force associated with primordial nucleosynthesis seems to be happen- cosmic evolution. Clearly speaking, attractive ed in between first (3 to 20) minutes of Big Bang force being a constant, Lambda term decreases [25]. Expected approximate cosmic temperature with decreasing thermal energy density. With range for this characteristic time period is reference to Stoney scale, binding force being a 9 7 4 2 10 to 10 K. Based on our assumptions,  pl T      cosmic constant, s    s . In this 4   2  without considering time shortening, i.e. without t Tt   t  considering corresponding t 1 values, for way, it seems possible to understand the issues 9 connected with currently believed cosmological 10 K, estimated actual cosmic age is 7.47 constant problem [26]. minutes and for 107 K, estimated actual cosmic age is 0.142 years. For a temperature of 3000 K, 10. UNDERSTANDING COSMIC EXPAN- estimated actual cosmic age is 15,80,000 years. SION RATE WITH TEMPERATURE Clearly speaking, there exist two time scales, DROP ‘actual’ and ‘shortened’. Standard model of cosmic age can be refereed to ‘shortened’ time Authors would like to emphasize the point that, scale. Respective shortened time for galactic red shift data and its advanced analyzing 109 to 10 7  K are 4.17 seconds and 640 minutes patterns clearly show a serious controversy in understanding the true nature of cosmic rate of respectively. For a temperature of 3000 K, its expansion. References [27] and [28] indicate an shortened age is 11,885 years. Here authors accelerating expansion. Reference [29] indicates would like to emphasize the point that, with a constant rate of expansion and reference [30] reference to shortened cosmic age- first indicates a static universe. Most worrying thing is hydrogen atoms formed at 11885 years from the that, all these four references got published in beginning of cosmic evolution but not at 3,80,000 main stream journals having very high impact. In years. Considering this point, early galaxies this context, independent of the controversial formation can be understood. galactic redshift data,

9. ISSUES CONNECTED WITH COSMO- 1) It is absolutely possible to consider cosmic LOGICAL CONSTANT temperature as a probe of understanding the true cosmic expansion rate. Considering the repulsive nature of Lambda term 2) By considering the actual rate of decrease c4  in current cosmic temperature, future  , cosmic expansion rate can be understood. as t   attractive nature of mass energy 8G  At present, root mean square error in current 2 2  3t c cosmic microwave back ground radiation density as   and based on the results (CMBR) temperature is 18 micro Kelvin and 8 G  average error is around 60 to 70 micro Kelvin. of assumption-3, if one is willing to consider the With further study and observations, it is combined role of both terms as necessary to continuously monitor the drop in

Seshavatharam and Lakshminarayana; IAARJ, 2(4): 74-82, 2020; Article no.IAARJ.65112

CMBR temperature. Drop in CMBR temperature seems to possess very little dark matter. It can can be considered as a standard index for be confirmed with very recent observations understanding the actual cosmic rate of pertaining to NGC1052-DF2 and NGC1052-DF4 expansion. galaxies. Recommended visible mass of 8 NGC1052-DF2 [32-34] is 1  10 MSun and its 10.1 Issues Connected with Cosmic estimated dark mass is Shortened Age 3  2.0 10382 3.4  10 38  1.53 10 38 kg. Sum    Based on our assumptions, current cosmic age is   1  1 of dark mass and visible mass is t 1   1915.8 Gy and its shortened actual   9 0   0  0.3510 MSun . Corresponding flat rotation age is speed is 21.9 km/sec and effective radius is 3.15 1 1  1   1  1 kpc [35]. It needs further study with respect to tshort 1      1    12.95 Gy. NGC1052-DF2 refined data. 0  0   0    0  H 0 Authors would like to appeal that, By means of tidal mass loss [36], if dark matter shifts from satellite galaxy to its mother galaxy, 1) Cosmic age comparison depends on the based on our proposed concepts, mother accuracy of the present Hubble parameter galaxy’s flat rotation speed must increase and assumptions-6 needs a review with significantly due to increase in total matter. It is respect to other five assumptions. for future observational testing. 2) Coupling cosmic time with other cosmic physical phenomena is highly complicated. 11. UNDERSTANDING COSMIC HORIZON, FLATNESS AND ACCELERATION 10.2 Issues Connected With Nature of ISSUES Dark Matter When it is assumed that, present universe is a Authors would like to appeal that, when total or light speed rotating black hole, there exists no most of the cosmic matter is believed to be in the scope for causal disconnection of galaxies and form of dark nature having interactions only with no scope for ‘horizon’ problem. According to gravitation, it may not be logical to attribute its Phillip Helbig [37,38], “Flatness is not really a nature to any known or unknown elementary problem but rather a misunderstanding”. When it particle supposed to be originating from is assumed that, universe is a light speed interactions involved with elementary mass rotating black hole having a positive curvature spectrum having negligible gravity at atomic, and drop in cosmic temperature is an index of nuclear and electroweak scales. actual rate of cosmic expansion, with reference to observed current isotropic CMBR temperature, there exists no scope for ‘flatness problem’ and 10.3 Issues Connected with Magnitude of ‘acceleration’ [27-29]. Galactic Dark Matter 12. CONCLUSION It may be noted that, with reference to recommended visible mass of Milk Way and its Even though, estimated theoretical cosmic radius estimated dark mass, estimated flat rotation is 148 times higher the Hubble radius, estimated speed is 200 km/sec and effective radius is 294 angular velocity is 148 times less than the kpc [31]. Alternatively, for any galaxy, by Hubble parameter and is close to field experts’ knowing the flat rotation speed, its total mass can advocated value. It is directly helping in be estimated with, M V4 Gc . By estimating galactic flat rotation speeds and GG 0 working radii. Authors are working on finding considering the relation, other applications of estimated cosmic total mass MMMM1  and with a simple and angular velocity. Further study and G Gv Gv X  advanced telescopes may help in thoroughly computer program, visible and dark masses can exploring the deep & dark cosmic space and be estimated. Proceeding further, galaxies understanding aged galaxies early formation. whose visible mass approaches the proposed Independent of the galactic redshift data and its 38 reference mass unit of M X  3.4  10 kg, controversial analysis and by continuously 0

Seshavatharam and Lakshminarayana; IAARJ, 2(4): 74-82, 2020; Article no.IAARJ.65112

measuring the rate of decrease in current cosmic 11. Seshavatharam UVS, Tatum ET and temperature, future cosmic expansion rate can Lakshminarayana S. On the role of gravita- be understood confidently. tional self energy density in sphere cal flat space quantum cosmology. Journal of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Applied Physical Science International 2015;4(4):228-236. Author Seshavatharam is indebted to Professors 12. Seshavatharam UVS and Lakshminara- Shri M. Nagaphani Sarma, Chairman, Shri K.V. yana S. Light speed expansion and Krishna Murthy, founder Chairman, Institute of rotation of a primordial cosmic black hole Scientific Research in Vedas (I-SERVE), universe having internal acceleration. Hyderabad, India and Shri K.V.R.S. Murthy, International Astronomy and Astrophysics former scientist IICT (CSIR), Govt. of India, Research Journal 2020;2(2):9-27. Director, Research and Development, I-SERVE, 13. Seshavatharam UVS and Lakshminara- for their valuable guidance and great support in yana S. To correlate galactic dark and developing this subject. visible masses and to fit flat rotation speeds via mond approach and cosmic COMPETING INTERESTS angular acceleration. International Astro- nomy and Astrophysics Research Journal. Authors have declared that no competing 2020;2(3):28-43. interests exist. 14. Seshavatharam UVS and Lakshmina- rayana S. Light speed expansion and REFERENCES rotation of a very dark Machian universe

having internal acceleration. International 1. Godel K. Rotating universes in general Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics. relativity theory. Proceedings of the inter- 2020;10:247-283. national congress of mathematicians in 15. Tatum ET, Seshavatharam UVS and Cambridge. 1950;1:175-181. Lakshminarayana S. The basics of flat 2. Hawking SW. Introductory note to 1949 space cosmology. International Journal of and 1952 in Kurt Gödel, Collected works, Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2015;5:116- Volume II (S. Feferman et al., eds). 124. 3. Birch P. Is the Universe Rotating? Nature. 16. Hubble EP. A relation between distance 1982;298:451-454. and radial velocity among extra-galactic 4. Shamir L. Patterns of galaxy spin nebulae, PNAS. 1929;15:168-173. directions in SDSS and Pan-STARRS 17. Vladimir A Korotky, Eduard Masár, Yuri show parity violation and multipoles. Astro- Obukhov N. In the Quest for Cosmic phys Space Sci. 2020;365:136. Rotation. Universe. 2020;6:14. 5. Abhas Mitra. Why the big bang model 18. Brownstein JR, Moffat JW. Galaxy rotation does not allow inflationary and cyclic curves without non-baryonic dark matter. cosmologies though mathematically one The Astrophysical Journal. 2006;636:721– can obtain any model with favorable 741. assumptions. New Astronomy 2014;30:46- 19. Milgrom M. A modification of the 50. newtonian dynamics as a possible 6. Roger Penrose. Difficulties with inflationary alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. cosmology. Annals of the New York Aca- Astrophysical Journal. 1983;270:365-370. demy of Sciences. 1989;571:249-264. 7. Steinhardt PJ, Abraham Loeb. Inflationary 20. Stacy McGaugh. Predictions and schism. Physics Letters B. 2014;736:142. outcomes for the dynamics of rotating 8. Stoney GJ. On the physical units of nature. galaxies. Galaxies. 2020;8(2):35. Phil. Mag. 1881;11:381-91. 21. Planck Collaboration: Planck results. vi. 9. Seshavatharam UVS and Lakshmi- Cosmological parameters; 2018. narayana S. On the Evolving Black Holes 22. Adam G. Riess et al. Large Magellanic and Black Hole Cosmology-Scale Indepen- cloud cepheid standards provide a 1% dent Quantum Gravity Approach. Frontiers foundation for the determination of the of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmolo- Hubble constant and stronger evidence for gy. 2015;1(1):1-15. physics beyond ΛCDM. ApJ.2019;876:85 10. Seshavatharam UVS. Physics of rotating 23. Eisenstein DJ et al. Detection of the and expanding black hole universe. Prog- baryon acoustic peak in the large-scale ress in Physics. 2010; 4:7-14 correlation function of SDSS luminous

Seshavatharam and Lakshminarayana; IAARJ, 2(4): 74-82, 2020; Article no.IAARJ.65112

red galaxies. Astrophys J. 2005;633:560- 31. Laura L Watkins et al. Evidence for an 574. Intermediate-mass milky way from Gaia 24. César Hernández-Aguayo et al. Measuring DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions. The the BAO peak position with different galaxy Astrophysical Journal. 2019;873:118. selections. Mon Not R Astron Soc. 2020; 32. Alis J Deason et al. The edge of the 494(3):3120-3130. galaxy. The Edge of the Galaxy, Mon. Not. 25. Gamow G. The origin of elements and the R. Astron. Soc 2020;496(3):3929-3942. separation of galaxies. Physical Review 33. Pieter van Dokkum et al. A second galaxy 1948;74(4):505. missing dark matter in the NGC1052 26. Larry Abbott. The Mystery of the Cosmo group. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. logical Constant. Scietific American. 1998; 2019;874:L5. 106-113. 34. Lewis Geraint F et al. The globular cluster 27. Perlmutter S et al. Measurements of Ω and population of NGC 1052-DF2: evidence for Λ from 42 high-redshift supernovae. rotation. Mon Not R Astron Soc Lett. 2020; The Astrophysical Journal. 1999;517:565- 495(1):L1-L5. 586. 35. Shany Danieli et al. Still missing dark 28. Riess AG et al. Observational evidence matter: KCWI high-resolution stellar from supernovae for an accelerating kinematics of NGC1052-DF2. The Astro- universe and a cosmological constant. The physical Journal Letters. 2019;874:L12. Astronomical Journal. 1998;116:1009- 36. Daneng Yang, Hai-Bo Yu, Haipeng An. 1038. Self-interacting dark matter and the origin 29. Nielsen JT, Guffanti A, Sarkar S. Marginal of ultradiffuse galaxies NGC1052-DF2 and evidence for cosmic acceleration from type -DF4. Phys Rev Lett. 2020;125:111105. ia supernovae. Scientific Reports. 2016;6. 37. Phillip Helbig. Is there a flatness problem Article No. 35596. in classical cosmology? Monthly Notices of 30. Eric J Lerner. Observations contradict the Royal Astronomical Society. 2012; galaxy size and surface brightness predi- 421(1):561–569. ctions that are based on the expanding 38. Phillip Helbig. The flatness problem and universe hypothesis. Monthly Notices of the age of the Universe. Monthly Notices the Royal Astronomical Society. 2018;477 of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020; (3):3185–3196. 495(4):3571–3575. ______© 2020 Seshavatharam and Lakshminarayana; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Peer-review history: The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/65112