International Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Journal 2(4): 74-82, 2020; Article no.IAARJ.65112 An Integrated Model of a Light Speed Rotating Universe U. V. S. Seshavatharam1* and S. Lakshminarayana2 1Honorary Faculty, I-SERVE, Survey no-42, Hitech City, Hyderabad-84, Telangana, India. 2Department of Nuclear Physics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-03, AP, India. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author UVSS designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author SL managed the analyses of the study and managed the literature searches. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information Editor(s): (1) Dr. Swarniv Chandra, Techno India University, India. (2) Dr. Hadia Hassan Selim, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Egypt. Reviewers: (1) Mônica Calixto Ribeiro de Holanda, Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada (UAST), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Brazil. (2) Ajit Kumar Sethi, Berhampur University, India. (3) Alfred Yusuf Shaikh, Indira Gandhi Kala Mahavidyalaya, India. (4) Koustubh Ajit Supriya Kabe, Mumbai University, India. (5) Marcos Rincon Voelzke, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Brazil. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/65112 Received 25 November 2020 Accepted 30 January 2021 Short Communication Published 25 February 2021 ABSTRACT With reference to Stoney scale, Wien’s displacement law and considering a light speed rotating black hole universe, in this letter, an attempt is made to estimate cosmic expansion rate, galactic dark matter, galactic flat rotation speeds and galactic radii. It can be appealed that, as ‘spin’ is a basic property of quantum mechanics, from the subject point of quantum gravity, universe must have ‘rotation’. If it is assumed that, universe is a ‘growing black hole’, it is quite natural to expect ‘cosmic rotation’. Based on the proposed assumptions, cosmic radius seems to be shortened by a factor of 148 and cosmic age seems to be shortened by a factor of 147. Independent of the galactic redshift data and its controversial analysis and by continuously measuring the rate of decrease in current cosmic temperature, future cosmic expansion rate can be understood confidently. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; Seshavatharam and Lakshminarayana; IAARJ, 2(4): 74-82, 2020; Article no.IAARJ.65112 Keywords: Stoney scale; Wien’s displacement law; Schwarzschild radius; light speed rotation; cosmic angular velocity. 1. INTRODUCTION particle having an heuristic gravitational attractive property. In addition to that, Even though standard model of cosmology is ultimately somehow, one should suppose standing on 5 pillars namely, Big Bang, inflation, the existence of some kind matter for super luminal expansion, dark matter and dark understanding the unexpected massive energy, it is emphasized that, nature of trillions of observed galaxies. 8) Kurt Gödel [1] put lot of efforts in 1) James Peebles, the famous cosmologist developing a realistic universe model with and 2019 Nobel laureate, strongly believes rotation and expansion. His heuristic that Big bang is an inappropriate concept results were presented at International in understanding the universe. Readers Congress of Mathematics held at are encouraged to visit, Cambridge (Massachusetts) from 30th https://phys.org/news/2019-11- August to 5th September 1950. According cosmologist-lonely-big-theory.html to S. W. Hawking, Godel’s models could 2) Theoretically Big Bang, Inflation, Dark well be a reasonable description of the energy and Super luminal expansion are universe that we observe [2], however no way connected with Planck scale which observational data are compatible only is having a major role in understanding with a very low rate of rotation. The first quantum cosmology having information experimental evidence of the Universe passing at speed of light. rotation was done by Birch in 1982 3) Experimentally so far no one could evidently [3]. According to Birch, there understand Big Bang, Inflation, Dark appears to be strong evidence that the energy, Dark matter and Super luminal Universe is anisotropic on a large scale, expansion with reference to any producing position angle offsets in the underground or ground or satellite based polarization and brightness distributions of experiment. radio sources. These can probably be 4) Big Bang, Inflation and Super luminal explained on the basis of a rotation of the expansion are no way giving a clue for Universe with an angular velocity of −13 unifying general theory of relativity and approximately 10 rad/year. quantum mechanics. 9) According to Kansas State University’s 5) Even though most of the cosmological very recent study conducted by Lior observations are being studied and Shamir [4], an analysis of more than understood with photons that propagate 200,000 spiral galaxies has revealed with speed of light, it is very unfortunate to unexpected links between spin directions say that, most of the cosmologists are of galaxies and the structure formed by strongly believing in hypothetical ‘super these links might suggest that the early luminal expansion’ of space. Recently universe could have been spinning. For a detected gravitational waves that are brief report readers are encouraged to supposed to originate from massive black visit: https://www.k- holes are also confirmed to be moving at state.edu/media/newsreleases/2020- speed of light. If so, superluminal 06/study-suggests-universe-has-defined- expansion can be considered as a pure structure.html. human intellectual concept having no 10) It is better to understand and develop experimental support. models of cosmology based on well 6) Big Bang, Inflation and Dark energy are supported physical concepts rather than inference based intellectual concepts extraordinary physical hypothesis that having no proper physical base and demand super-normal efforts. probably may misguide the future generation. In this letter, with reference to beginning of the 7) Compared to Big Bang, Inflation, Dark life cycle of living creatures, un-quantified pre energy and Superluminal expansion, Dark and post physical conditions of ‘Big Bang’ [5], matter is having some sort of physical unidentified reasons pertaining to presumed support in terms of an unknown, exponential expansion in cosmic size associated unidentified and unseen elementary with inflation [6,7], unaccounted exponential 75 Seshavatharam and Lakshminarayana; IAARJ, 2(4): 74-82, 2020; Article no.IAARJ.65112 increase in cosmic time associated with centre. If, R2 GM c2 c , presumed cosmic inflation and independent of t t t M c3 2 G where M = cosmic mass, R redshift data, an initiative has been taken in t t t t developing a quantum model of cosmology = cosmic radius and = cosmic angular t associated with time reversed Black holes having velocity. Stoney scale origin [8,9], total dark matter and light speed rotation. Compared to Planck scale, Assumption-2: by considering Stoney scale, arbitrary numbers 1 1 can be eliminated and understanding can be x 22c x 2 4GMM , t s enhanced. f m 2 y t s y c 2. ASSUMPTIONS where , represent wavelengths f m In earlier publications, by considering Planck associated with cosmic temperature scale, the authors developed various models of pertaining to Wien’s displacement law and quantum cosmology [10-15]. In this paper, by c3 Stoney scale angular velocity. considering Stoney scale, authors propose a s 2GM simple variant of quantum cosmology. As per s Stoney scale, independent of the Reduced Note-1: Based on assumptions (1) and (2), it is Planck’s constant, Stoney mass can be 2 2 2 3t c e 9 possible to show that, 0.9623 1 expressed as, M 1.85924 10 kg . 8G aT 4 s 4 G t 0 It can be considered as a representation of mass 32c 2 where t represents cosmic mass-energy of the baby universe. With reference to Quantum 8G theory of light, Stoney mass can be expressed 4 density and aTt represents cosmic thermal hc 9 as, Ms 1.82386 10 kg x y 45 G energy density associated with temperature Tt . where x, y 4.96511423,2.82143937 2 . Error Note-2: It is also possible to show that, is around 2% and needs further study. 3 3 c c t s T . Understanding cosmology with two or three t 2x y kB G MM t s 7.486 k B G MM t s 3.743kB simple assumptions seems to be insufficient and current observations are raising doubts on the basic assumptions of standard cosmology. In this Assumption-3: Ratio of Hubble parameter context, authors developed 6 assumptions under to angular velocity can be expressed as, three groups. First group constitutes 3 Ht s assumptions associated with cosmic geometry, 1 ln t where H = Hubble t thermal behavior, angular velocity and expansion t t rate. Second group constitutes two assumptions parameter. associated with galactic dark matter, visible matter, flat rotation speeds and radii. Third 2.2 Group-2 group constitutes one assumption associated with cosmic radius and age. With these set of Assumption-4: Galactic dark matter MGd assumptions it is possible to understand the t and visible matter M are interrelated in observed universe in all aspects. With further Gv t study, proposed assumptions can be refined and such a way that, MMM and minimized in a better way. Right from the Gt Gdt Gv t beginning of Stoney scale, at any stage of MM G dt G v t cosmic expansion, where MM G vt X t 2.1 Group-1 1 MMM 0.25 3 4 = time dependent dark- Assumption-1: Universe is rotating with Xt t s speed of light from and about the cosmic visible reference mass unit. 76 Seshavatharam and Lakshminarayana; IAARJ, 2(4): 74-82, 2020; Article no.IAARJ.65112 Assumption-5: Galactic flat rotation speed znew c 1 z c can be expressed as, dG short z 1 1 1 z 0 z 0 4 4 VMMGt Gt Gt 0.841 where M = 1 lns , 0 .